句子成分与句子结构

语法复习----句子成分

构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。

一.主语(Subject)

❖是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。

主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词等充当。例如：

1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.

2.We often speak English in class.

3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.

4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.

5.Smoking does harm to the health.

6.The rich should help the poor.

二.谓语:说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语由动词（或动词短语）充当，一般放在主语之后,并且由时态和语态(即主动语态和被动语态)来决定谓语的形式。

He practices running every morning.

The p lane took off at ten o’clock.

You may keep the book for two weeks.

He has caught a bad cold.

三．宾语

宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词或介词后面。

例如：1.They went to see an exhibition yesterday.

2. He is thinking of a difficult problem.

宾语可以用名词、代词、动名词、不定式和名词化的形容词等来充当。

1.They went to see an exhibition yesterday.

2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.

4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.

5.He pretended not to see me.

6.I enjoy listening to popular music.

❖双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）

To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等

如：He sent the novel to William yesterday.

For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等

如：She bought a gift for her mother

❖下列动词只能接不定式做宾语

ask, agree, choose, , want, desire demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, wish, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse等

❖下列动词只能接动名词做宾语

admit, avoid, advise, suggest, consider, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise等

❖下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如stop, mean, remember, forget, regret等。

四．表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等表示。

1.Our English teacher is an American.

2.Is it yours?

3.The weather has turned cold.

4.The speech is exciting.

5.The students are excited.

6.His job is to teach English.

7.His hobby is playing football.

8.The meeting is of great importance.

9.Time is up. The class is over.

系动词的分类：

1．be: He is a teacher.

2.表示保持某种状态：有keep，remain, stay

He always kept silent at meeting.

3．表示“看起来像” ,主要有seem, appear, look,

He seems (to be) very sad.

4．表示“感官”系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste,

This kind of cloth feels very soft.

5．表示“变得”主要有become, grow, get, turn, go, fall

The climate is becoming warmer and warmer.

Meat goes bad easily in hot weather.

He fell ill last night.

6.表达"证实":prove, turn out

The rumor proved false.

His plan turned out a success.

五．宾语补足语

英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：

❖某些及物动词：如have/get/make/find(发现)/see/hear等+宾语+宾补

❖宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语等充当。

1.His father named him Dongming.

2.They painted their boat white.

3.Let the fresh air in.

4.You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.

5.We saw her entering the room.

6.We found everything in the lab in good order.

六．定语：修饰名词或代词，一般翻译成“……的"

1. Guilin is a beautiful city.

2.China is a developing country。

3．America is a developed country.

4 .His rapid progress in English made us surprised.

5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.

6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.

7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.

七．状语

修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语

10种状语种类如下：