(完整版)大学跨文化交际期末总结word打印版
英语跨文化交际期末总结
英语跨文化交际期末总结Introduction:Intercultural communication is the process of exchanging information and ideas between individuals from different cultural backgrounds. It involves understanding and respecting different cultural norms, beliefs, and values. As our final reflection, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the key concepts, lessons learned, and personal experiences gained during the course of studying intercultural communication.I. Overview of Intercultural Communication:1. Definition and Importance2. Challenges and Barriers3. Strategies for Effective Intercultural CommunicationII. Understanding Cultural Dimensions and Differences:1. Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions2. Individualism vs. Collectivism3. High-Context vs. Low-Context Cultures4. Verbal and Nonverbal CommunicationIII. Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination:1. Types of Stereotypes2. Ethnocentrism and its Impact on Communication3. Overcoming Stereotypes and Promoting Cultural SensitivityIV. Effective Communication in Diverse Contexts:1. Intercultural Communication in Business2. Intercultural Communication in Healthcare3. Intercultural Communication in EducationV. Case Studies:1. Miscommunication During a Business Negotiation2. Cultural Sensitivity in Multicultural Teams3. Communication Challenges in a Healthcare SettingVI. Personal Reflection:1. Cultural Identity and Self-Awareness2. Lessons Learned and Skills Developed3. Personal Growth and Future DirectionsConclusion:Intercultural communication is a complex and dynamic process that requires continuous learning and adaptation. Through this course, I have gained a deeper understanding of different cultural dimensions, communication styles, and the impact of stereotypes. I have also developed strategies for effective communication in various contexts, such as business, healthcare, and education. This knowledge has broadened my cultural sensitivity and self-awareness, allowing me to navigate intercultural interactions with more confidence and respect. Going forward, I intend to apply these learnings in my personal and professional life, fostering inclusivity and understanding in all my interactions.。
大学英语跨文化交际总结
Chapter 1 cultureThe nature of culture:1.culture is like an iceberg2.culture is our software3.culture is like the water a fish swims in4.culture is the grammar of our behaviorCharacteristics of culture:1.culture is learned (through proverbs, folklore, art, mass media)2.culture is dynamic 动态的3.culture is pervasive 普遍的4.culture is integrated 综合的5.culture is adaptiveCultural identity 文化认同1.cultural identity defined2.formation of cultural identity (unexamined, search, achievement)3.characteristics of cultural identityCultures within culture1.subculture亚文化群2.Co-culture 共文化3.Sub-group 亚群体SummaryMany of us take our culture for granted. The only time when we may ever think about it is when we leave our own country to travel abroad or when we encounter someone with a culture so different from ours that we have to examine our own beliefs. Much of what we think is the "right" or "correct" way to act or do something is actually part of the knowledge that we have learned from our culture.Culture is a large and inclusive concept. The first definition of culture, by the English anthropologist Edward B. Tylor, involves knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Although this definition has tried to cover more aspects that may direct human behavior, more inclusive definitions continue to come into being. However, in this book, culture is defined from the intercultural communication perspective: culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.Compared with the different ideas on what culture is, scholars agree on the characteristics of culture. Generally speaking, culture is learned, dynamic, pervasive, integrated and adaptive.Cultural identity refers to one's sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. People identify with being a member of a group. Being a member of a group helps to define who we are. We are all members of groups of different sizes.One of the largest groups that a person can belong to is a culture. Everyone belongs to a culture.Other groups that people may be a member of are subcultures (also called co-culture) and subgroups. Subcultures exist within dominant culture, and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.Co-culture refers to groups or social communities exh 如ting communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do. Subgroups can be as small as a few people or as large as a major religion. Subgroups provide their members with norms that tell people how to behave and think. Subgroups can be considered "deviant" forms of behavior. Subgroups can also be defined as "non-exclusive" and "temporary" forms of behavior.Chapter 2 intercultural communicationCommunicationmunication definedponents (组成)of communication(sender/message/encoding/channel/receiver/decoding 编石马/feedback/noise/context)Characteristics of communicationmunication is dynamicmunication is systematicmunication is symbolic 象征的munication is irreversible 不可逆的munication is transactional 相互作用的munication is self-reflective 自我反思的munication is contextual 前后关系的Culture and communicationCulture and communication, although two different concepts, are directly linked. They are so inextricably bound that some anthropologists believe the terms are virtually synonymous. Whenever people interact, they communicate. Culture is learned, acted out, transmitted, and preserved through communication. Although the concepts of communication and culture work together, we separate them here for purposes of our discussion, we begin by examining "communication" because to understand intercultural interaction, you must first recognize the role of communication in that process.Cultures inherently contain communication systems. Communication and culture are inseparable. One implication of this insight is that cultures generate symbols, rituals, customs, and formats. To use a simple example, every culture has rules forachievement and attainment. In Western culture, the symbols include degrees, promotions, certificates, material objects, technology, and other symbols of material wealth. However, nationals in rural Botswana take pride in the primary group and not just individual attainment. Cultural misunderstanding occurs when we fail to match the appropriate symbols and general communication system to the culture. Just witness the awkwardness of an expatriate who attends a gathering in a host culture, but fails to wear the appropriate clothes. One cannot escape this inseparability of culture and communication.Each culture encourages a particular communication style expected within it. This implies not only using correct symbols, but also applying the appropriate communication style for the occasion. Communication styles include mannerisms, phrases, rituals, and communication customs appropriate for various situations in a culture. For instance, in Saudi Arabia the correct interpersonal communication style upon meeting one's host is often language loaded with compliments and thanks. Public criticism of fellow workers in this culture is rare, for such a message would appear disrespectful. Some West Africans exhibit a friendly and warm interpersonal communication style. Some Asians are described as conscious of propriety, ceremony, and rules of respect and honor. Some U.S. culture members appear informal and uninhibited Some Britons display a reserved manner, preferring understatement and control in interpersonal interaction. These examples remind us of the importance of understanding intercultural communication style.Areas like loudness, pitch, rate, and certain stances and gestures characterize communication behaviors. A specific culture expects an "ideal" communication style.The contrasts are striking, such as when an American speaks in a "normal" conversational voice, a "quiet" Thai national may think the voice is too loud and interpret the American to be angry.Intercultural communication1.intercultural communication defined2.forms of intercultural communication (international communication/interracialcommunication 跨人种/interethnic communication 跨种族/intraculturalcommunication 同一文化内)SummaryCommunication is an element of culture. It is believed that every cultural pattern and every single act of social behavior involves communication. When a baby is just born, he usually cries. His crying communicates something. When you graduate, your friends usually say "Congratulations!" to you. When a driver sees the red light, he/she will stop. All these are cases of communication.Communication is derived from the Latin word communicate, meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.However, like culture, the term "communication" has been defined from different perspectives. In fact, the way that people view communication - what it is, how to do it, and reasons for doing it - is part of their culture. Western culture emphasizes the instrumental function of communication and the prior consideration is to achieve the sender's personal goal, while in Eastern culture, in addition to sending and receiving messages simultaneously, communicators take their relationship into account.The process of communication has nine components: sender/source, message, encoding, channel, receiver, decoding, feedback, noise and context. The sender encodes a message (information that the sender wants to share with other people) by putting it into symbols (usually words or nonverbal gestures) and then sending it through a channel. A channel can be printed media such as magazines and newspapers; electronic media such as television, radio, and the Internet; or sounds traveling through the air when two people speak face to face. Sometimes, it is difficult for the message to reach the receiver. The difficulty is due to "noise". When receivers get the message, they must "decode" or try to understand it. For example, if the sender encodes a message using English, the receiver must use their knowledge of English language to understand it. Often, the sender pays attention to the feedback of the receiver. The communication takes place within a setting or situation called context.Any communication process demonstrates several characteristics, that is, dynamic, systematic, symbolic, irreversible, transactional, self-reflective and contextual. When communicating with people from different cultures, it is important to remember that culture and communication are strongly connected. Culture is a code we learn and share, and learning and sharing require communication. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event. Intercultural communication as a term was first used in 1959 by Edward T. Hall—an American anthropologist. Intercultural communication includesinternational communication, interracial communication, interethnic commurucat10n and intracultural communication.Chapter 4 barriersEmotional problems as barriers1.anxiety and uncertainty (definition/strategies to overcome)2.assuming similarity instead of difference 假想相同点多于不同点Attitudinal problems as barriers1.ethnocentrism 种族或民族中心主义(defined/various forms)2.stereotyping (definition/categories)3.prejudice4.racism5.reasons for the persistence of ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism(socialization 社交化/social benefits/economic benefits/psychologicalbenefits)Translation problems as language barriersck of vocabulary equivalenceck of idiomatic equivalenceck of grammatical-syntactical equivalenceck of experiential equivalence 经验ck of conceptual equivalence 概念SummaryThere are several barriers to intercultural communication-anxiety and uncertainty, assuming similarity instead of difference, ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice, racism and translation problems.Anxiety and uncertainty, as well as assuming similarity instead of difference belong to the emotional problems.Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not being totally present in the communication transaction. Anxiety may also affect your ability to communicate your ideas to others, for you pay too much attention to your uncomfortable feelings. Uncertainty refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or other's feelings and behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety.Assuming similarity instead of difference is a natural thing to do if you do not have any information about a culture. It refers to the idea that people coming from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person's situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is. Assuming that a culture is similar to your own can cause you to ignore important differences This assumption always leads to disrupted communication and even conflict.Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism belong to the attitudinal problems Ethnocentrism is negatively judging another culture by your own culture's standards. To make ethnocentric judgments is to believe that the ways of your own culture are better than those of others.Stereotyping is used to refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership. It assumes that a person has certain qualities (good or bad) just because the person is a member of a specific group.Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation. Prejudiced attitudes can take many forms.A specific kind of prejudice, racism refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race. Racism involves not only prejudice, but also the exercise of power over individuals based on their race.Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice, racism continue to exist because of socialization and the apparent social, economic, and psychological benefits that come from it.Due to language differences and cultural differences, translation can become a barrier to intercultural communication.Five elements that typically cause problems in translation are the lack of equivalences in vocabulary, idioms, grammar and syntax, experiences, and concepts.Chapter 5 verbal communicationSignificance of verbal communication"Verbal" means "consisting of words". Language, spoken or written, is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by usinglanguage.Language and culturenguage as a reflection of the environmentnguage as a reflection of values3.the meaning of wordsVerbal communication styles1.direct and indirect styles2.self-enhancement and self-effacement styles 宣扬和谦逊3.elaborate, exacting and succinct styles 详尽的，确切的，简洁的4.personal and contextual styles不同的称呼方式根据场合和地位5.instrumental and affective styles 理性与感性Language diversity1.dialects and sociolects 方言和社会方言2.pidgin and lingua franca洋泾浜语（汉语中夹杂外语）,混合语（母语不互通）3.taboo and euphemism 禁用语委婉语4.jargon 行话Cultural influence on written communication1.direct plan2.indirect planSummaryVerbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.It is agreed that language helps in communicating with people from different backgrounds. However, people may be less aware that cultural literacy is necessary in order to understand the language being used. Words in themselves do not carry the meaning. The meaning comes out of the context. Although people use the dictionary to explain one language with another language, words of different languages don't mean the same thing because of the cultural influence on word meaning.There are mainly five verbal communication styles introduced in this chapter: direct / indirect; self-enhancement / self-effacement; elaborate / exacting / succinct; personal / contextual; and instrumental / affective.Language is a cultural phenomenon which is used to express different uses and to communicate different meanings. Language varies according to the communicative uses but also according to the users. In fact, users of the same language in a sense all speak differently and the kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by their cultural background.In short, some language variations result from the language user, that is, his or her geographical origin (dialect), or his or her social condition (sociolect). However, some language variations result from the circumstances of communication, such as pidgin, Lingua Franca, jargon, taboo and euphemism. Dialect refers to geographical variation, while sociolect refers to variation in terms of social class or style. Pidgin refers to a mixed language that is used for trading purposes, while Lingua Franca refers to a specific language that is used as an international means of communication. Taboorefers to expressions that are considered impolite, while euphemism refers to polite expressions used to soften the offensive and disturbing language. Jargon refers to a special or technical vocabulary that is developed for professional purposes within professional groups like medicine or law.Furthermore, verbal communication involves both oral and written forms. Written communication is especially important in intercultural business communication. As the modem technological renovation (e-mail and ecommerce) calls for the written communication in business, businessmen should be more conscious about the written communication because mistakes made inwritten form are more serious and permanent.Cultural patterns influence not only oral communication but also written communication. Cultural impact on discourse patterns is to be classified into two categories: direct plan and indirect plan. In direct plans, clarity and conciseness are essential to a successful business writing style. The indirect plan has other priorities than the quick delivery of ideas, such as nurturing a relationship or developing some other context for the message. Direct plan is favored by results- oriented cultures Indirect plan is favored by relationship-oriented culture.Chapter 6 nonverbalSignificance of nonverbal communication1.nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations.2.nonverbal behavior is significant because it spontaneou sly<D reflects thesubconsciousness.3.Nonverbal communication is significant is that we cannot avoid communicating. Definition and functions of nonverbal communication1.definition of nonverbal communication2.functions of nonverbal communication（repeating 重复/complementing 补充/substituting 代替/regulating/contradicting 反对）Paralanguage and silence1.paralanguage副语言（语音语调）2.silenceTime and space1.chronemics时间行为学的2.proxemics 人际距离学（fixed features of space/semifixed features ofspace/personal space包括四种情况下的不同距离）Other categories of nonverbal communication1.oculesics 目光语2.olfactics 嗅觉3.haptics 触觉4.kinesics 人体动作学（gestures/posture/facial expressions/chromatics 色彩/attire 打扮）SummaryWhen we learn to communicate, we learn not only language but also various waysof communicating. Communicators use both verbal and nonverbal codes tocommunicate, listeners expect to receive both kinds of messages during aconversation. If a speaker uses nonverbal codes poorly or inappropriately, a listenermay consider the person a poor speaker. However, misunderstandings may occurwhen the speakers and listeners are from different cultures and do not share thesame nonverbal codes.In brief, the messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication involves those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by the sender and his or her use of the environment-these have potential message value for both the sender and receiver. Nonverbal communication codes or symbols or stimuli in a communicating settingcan be divided into different categories: paralanguage, silence, proxemics,chronemics, oculesics, olfactics, haptics, kinesics, chromatics and attire.Paralanguage is the set of audible sounds that accompany oral language toaugment its meaning When the German poet Klopstock wrote "The tones of humanvoices are mightier than strings or brass to move the soul", he meant that sounds wegenerate often communicate more than the words that they produce. We have theexperience of watching foreign movies: if we don't know the language they speakand there are no subtitles, we can still infer when performers are expressing anger,sorrow, joy, or any other emotions.Silence cues affect interpersonal communication by providing an interval in anongoing interaction during which the participants have time to think, check orsuppress an emotion, encode a lengthy response, or inaugurate another line of thought.Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time. People have different attitudes toward punctuality because they have different time orientations. People from monochronic cultures emphasize schedules, while people from polychronic cultures stress involvement of people and the completion of tasks as opposed to a strict adherence to schedules.Proxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. Cultures vary in such things as how living space is arranged and the distance between people in interaction. Oculesics refers to the study of communications sent by the eyes. Eyes play a central role in impression management. When people say that eyes talk, they mean that eyes convey messages. Although eye contact is a very important way of communication, direct eye-to-eye contact is not a custom throughout the world. Olfactics refers to the study of communication via smell. Americans feel uncomfortable with natural smells, so they spend millions of dollars to make themselves smell "good". However, many cultures regard natural smells as normal. Most 心abs perceive a person's smell as an extension of the person.Haptics or touch refers to communication through the use of bodily contact. There are different behavioral patterns regarding touch. We learn the rules, as we move from infancy into childhood. The wrong behavior of touching in strange cultures can create uncertainty and even ill feeling.Kinesics refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body position, bodymovement, and forms of greeting and their relations to communication. Although any part of the body can be used for communicating nonverbally, face, hands, and arms are the primary 灼nesic channels through which nonverbal messages are sent. Chromatics refers to the study of color in reference to people's perceptions, behaviors, and impressions of others. The same color may be interpreted differently in different cultures. The wrong color of your clothes may make people dislike you, or even hate you. It is quite important to watch what color is appropriate in certain settings, when you are in a foreign countryAttire refers to clothing and physical appearance. It also serves as nonverbal symbols. We often identify a person's culture by his or her physical appearance and dress. Communication with others is often perceived by visual observations of his or her physical appearance.Chapter 7 cultural patternsDefining cultural patterns1.ways of thinking2.ways of actingComponents of cultural patterns 组成1.beliefs 信仰2.values价值观3.norms行为准则4.social practices 社会行为Culture theory1.high-context culture高语境文化（很多信息在环境中是可见的，没有必要用语言过多描述）2.low-context culture (语言作为主要传递信息的方式)3.problems posed (高语境的会嫌弃低语境的人说的太多，给予了太多不需要的信息)Value orientation1.human nature orientation2.person-nature orientation (mastery-over-nature view/harmony-with-natureview/subjugation-to-nature view)3.time orientation (value-past/value-present/value-future)4.activity orientation (value-doing/value-being/value-being-in-becoming)5.relational orientationCultural variability1.individualism and collectivism 独立的集中的2.uncertainty avoidance3.power distance4.masculinity and femininity 男权主义女权主义SummaryAlthough individuals, even in the same culture, tend to have different valuepatterns, there are overall values shaped by one's culture which are shared by the members of the group. Understanding a culture's value pattern is of great significance in terms of understanding their behaviorsShared beliefs, values, norms, and social practices that are stable over time and that lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar situations are known as cultural patterns.A belief is an idea that people assume to be true about the world.Values involve what a culture regards as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel.Norms are the socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors.Social practices are the predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow.Context is defined as the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably bound up with the meaning of the event. Edward T. Hall introduced the high context communication and low context communication. A high context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message. A low context (LC) communication is just the opposite; i.e., the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code. It is verbalized.Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Value Orientations are based on: human nature, person-nature interface, time, activity and human relationships. These five aspects define group cultures according to different categories:A s for human-nature orientation, cultures could be divided into six groups: (1) Humans are evil but changeable; (2) Humans are evil and unchangeable; (3) Humans are neutral with respect to good and evil; (4) Humans are a mixture of good and evil; (5) Humans are good but changeable; (6) Humans are good and unchangeable.The person-nature orientation consists of three categories: (1) Mastery over nature;(2) Harmony with nature; (3) Subjugation to nature.As far as time orientation is concerned, cultures may belong to (1) The past orientation; (2) The present orientation; (3) The future orientation.The activity orientation involves three groups: (1) The d- omg onentatlOn; (2) The being orientation; (3) The being-in-becoming orientation.Geert Hofstede has identified four value dimensions that have a significant impact on behavior in all cultures. These dimensions are individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and masculinity and femininity. Individualistic cultures give more importance to individuals' needs when they do things such as setting goals.Collectivism is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups and out-groups.Uncertainty avoidance deals with the degree to which members of a culture try to avoid uncertainty.Power distance is "the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally". That is to say, how equal or unequal .the people in a particular culture think people should be.The major differentiation between masculine and feminine cultures is howgender roles are distributed in cultures.Those dimensions offer certain measurements for researchers to study a specific culture or do comparative research work from an intercultural perspective.Chapter 8 cultural influence on contextsThe business context1.culture influence on business context2.management不同国家方式不同3.business etiquette norms 商务礼仪(appointment seeking/the date forbusiness/greeting behavior/gift giving)The educational context1.culture influence on the educational context2.role behaviors of students and teachers3.classroom participation4.turn taking说话的方式时间和行为The health care context1.culture influence on the health care context2.family and gender roles in the health care context3.conversational structures and languageSummaryMeaning in communication is basically decided by context. Communication is not devoid of external influence: all human interaction is influenced to some degree by the。
黑龙江大学跨文化交际英语复习总结（超全）
黑龙江大学跨文化交际英语复习总结（超全）第一篇：黑龙江大学跨文化交际英语复习总结(超全)跨文化考试总结考试构成：一、单选 1*10=10分。
（Choose the one that）其中有一部分是书中的概念。
二、判断 1*10=10分。
（A—>true,B—>false)课后习题所有概念关键词+考试范围内的CASE：Chapter 1 Culture Keywords(1)Culture(from intellectual perspective): Culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”（从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现。
）(2)Culture(from anthropologic perspective): Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts;the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values”（从人类学.角度定义文化：文化由清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号由人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。
文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。
跨文化交际的总结
跨文化课程重点总结第一课文化、交际、跨文化交际一、跨文化交际的重要性跨文化交际的机会是由全球化引起的交通和通讯系统的发展(缩短旅游时间，电视网络，互联网，国际电影业)国家间的文化迁移(多元文化主义)新经济领域(跨国公司)不断增长的世界人口(有限的自然资源、污染、国际冲突)二、文化是什么（一）文化的定义1、《简明牛津词典》:文化是“艺术和被集体视为人类智慧成就的其他表现形式”。
2、从人类学的角度定义文化:文化是“一个特定时代或民族的风俗、文明和成就”。
3、(霍尔,1983)我们将文化定义为“信仰、习俗、价值观、行为、制度和交流方式的总和，这些都是在一个可识别的群体中被共享、学习和代代相传的。
”4、1871年爱德华·泰勒爵士的定义(第一次使用这个术语):"这个复杂的整体包括知识，信仰，艺术，道德，法律，习俗以及人类作为社会成员所获得的其他能力和习惯"5、Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952) 克罗伯和克拉克洪。
文化由显性和隐性的模式组成，是通过符号获得和传递的行为，构成了人类群体的独特成就，包括在人工制品中的体现;文化的本质核心是由传统的(即历史的派生和选择的)思想，尤其是它们所依附的价值观所组成的;文化系统一方面可以被认为是行动的产物，另一方面可以被认为是进一步行动的制约因素。
6、Porter & Samovar 波特和萨莫瓦尔“知识、经验、信仰、价值观、态度、意义、等级、宗教、时间观念、角色、空间关系、宇宙观念、物质对象和财产的积累，这些都是一群人通过个人和群体几代人的奋斗过程中获得的。
”—《跨文化交际读本》7、文化的内容“是文学、美术、音乐、哲学、科学这一类的事。
”－陈独秀8、“文化是生活的样法。
”“文化，就是吾人生活所依靠的一切。
”－梁漱溟9、“人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质和精神财富的总和，特指精神财富，如文学、艺术、教育、科学等。
跨文化交际学概论专业笔记打印版
第一部分绪论：跨文化交际与跨文化交际学第一章跨文化交际一、什么是跨文化交际——具有不同文化背景旳人从事交际旳过程。
➢跨文化交际日益引起人们旳注意旳因素：是由于交通工具旳进步与通讯手段旳发展使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族旳人可以频繁地接触和交往。
➢L.S.Harms觉得，在世界范畴内旳交际经历了五个阶段：A语言旳产生；B文字旳使用；C印刷技术旳发明；D近百年交通工具旳进步和通讯手段旳迅速发展；E跨文化交际。
近二十年来旳交际是以跨文化为特性旳。
二、对跨文化交际旳不同理解➢有旳人觉得每个人在文化上都是独特旳，因此任何两个人之间旳交际都是跨文化交际。
➢文化一般不是指个人旳行为，而是指一种群体旳生活方式和习惯。
作者觉得作跨国、跨种族、跨民族研究不仅应当是跨文化交际研究涉及旳内容，并且应当是放在首位旳。
➢在研究一种国家旳文化特点时，我们旳眼光一方面应集中在它旳主流文化上，另一方面才注意它旳亚文化和地区文化旳特点。
第二章跨文化交际学一、跨文化交际学在美国➢Intercultural Communication 与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切。
➢一方面在美国兴起。
美国有来自各个国家旳移民，有各自旳文化系统和风俗习惯，逐渐在美国社会形成了多元文化旳格局；美国与各国交往频繁。
➢Edwar Hall旳《无声旳语言》跨文化交际学旳奠基之作。
（对时间、空间、交际旳关系作了进一步探讨）➢1972年，第一届跨文化交际学国际会议在日本东京举办。
➢70年代，影响最大旳书籍：《跨文化交际学选读》➢跨文化交际学内容：(1) Richard Porter 8态度、社会组织、思维模式、角色规定、语言、空间旳组织与运用、时间观念、非语言体现(2) Porter. Samovar 3 观点（价值观、世界观、社会组织）、语言过程（语言、思维模式）、非语言过程（非语言行为、时间观念、对于空间旳使用）(3) 心理学家Michael Argyle 6 语言、非语言交际、社会行为准则、家庭和同事旳关系、做事旳动力和动机、思想观念二、跨文化交际学在欧洲（与语言学关系密切）➢国际跨文化教育训练与研究学会SIETAR International➢Jenny Thomas 《跨文化语用失误》：语用—语言失误；社交—语用失误。
跨文化交际期末总结
跨文化交际期末总结一、引言跨文化交际是指涉及不同文化背景的个人或团体之间的交流与互动。
随着全球化的发展，跨文化交际的重要性日益凸显。
在这门课程中，我们学习了跨文化交际的理论知识，积累了跨文化交际的实践技巧，并且还进行了一系列的实践活动和案例分析。
在期末总结中，我将总结我在这门课程中的收获和体会，并思考如何更好地运用这些知识和技巧。
二、理论知识的学习在本门课程中，我们学习了很多有关跨文化交际的理论知识，其中包括文化的定义、文化差异的特点、文化冲突的原因以及跨文化交际的策略等。
通过学习这些理论知识，我对跨文化交际的本质和挑战有了更清晰的认识。
我意识到不同文化之间的差异是不可避免的，我们需要用包容和尊重的态度去面对这些差异，并且学会通过有效的沟通和互动来解决文化冲突。
同时，我也认识到了跨文化交际的复杂性和多样性，每个文化都有其独特的价值观和世界观，我们需要具备开放的心态去理解和倾听他人。
三、实践技巧的积累除了理论知识的学习，我们还进行了一系列的实践活动和案例分析，通过这些活动，我积累了一些跨文化交际的实践技巧。
首先，我学会了如何观察和分析文化差异。
比如，通过比较不同文化的价值观和行为规范，我能够更好地理解他人的行为和思维方式，从而减少文化冲突的发生。
其次，我学会了如何适应和融入不同文化的环境。
在和其他文化背景的人交流时，我会尽量避免采用自己的文化习惯和形式，而是尊重和接纳对方的行为方式和习惯。
最后，我还学会了如何提高跨文化交际的能力。
通过参与跨文化交际的讨论和角色扮演等活动，我提高了自己的沟通和表达能力，增强了自信心和自觉性。
四、实践活动的反思在这门课程中，我们还进行了一些实践活动。
其中最让我印象深刻的是与来自不同国家的学生进行合作的项目。
在与这些同学共同完成项目的过程中，我面临了文化差异所带来的沟通困难和理解障碍。
但通过不断的交流和协商，我学会了如何与他人合作，如何处理文化冲突，并最终取得了很好的合作成果。
跨文化交际期末复习资料知识点总结详细
Intercultural communication in English1. Globalization (what & why)1)Dictionary: to organize or establish worldwide2)Wiki: Globalization refers to the increasingly global relationships of culture, people andeconomic activity.3)Globalization refers to the establishment of a world economy, in which national borders arebecoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere, do business in a global market.4)Globalization refers to “time-spaces compression”. That is, the way in which the worldappears to be getting smaller. (Reasons: the increasing global mobility of people; the impact of new electronic media on human communications)5)At the same time, people all over the world are faced with the same environmental issuesthat affect all cultures.6)Global instability stems from clashes between cultures as humankind createscatastrophes(灾难) that are far worse than natural disasters.7)Culture interdependence: people from different cultures attempt to get along with eachother and try to decrease conflicts.Driving force: technology, particularly telecommunications, computers2. Culture1)People who are raised or live in a particular place probably speak the same language, holdmany of the same values, and communicate in similar ways.2)the group of people who share the same ancestry3)commodities or products that are internationally exported and imported4) a particular way to satisfy our human needs. Maslow: physiological, safety, belongingness,esteem, self-actualization5)The coherent learned, shared view of a group of people about life’s concerns that rankswhat is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate and dictates behavior.6)Culture is coherent, learned, the view of a group of people, ranks what is important,furnishes attitudes2.1 elements of communication1)Context: the interrelated conditions of communication(aspects: physical settings, historical,psychological, culture)2)Participants: the participants in communication play the roles of sender and receiver,sometimes of the messages simultaneously.3)Messages: elements: meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding.4)Channels: a channel is both the route traveled by the message and the means oftransportation.5)Noise: noise is any stimulus, external or internal to the participants, that interferes with thesharing of meaning. They include: external noise, internal noise, semantic noise6)Feedback: some kind of verbal or nonverbal response3. Different lands, different friendships1)European: friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relations, and isdifferently related to family life.2)American: a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring.3)French: F is one to one relationship that demands a keen awareness of the other person’sintellect, temperament and particular interests; friends generally are of the same sex;disagreement and argument are the breath of live; compartmentalized (a man play chess with a friend for years without knowing his political opinion)4)Germany: F is much more articulately a matter of feeling; friends are brought to the family;disagreement on any subject that matters to both is a tragedy.5)English: F is based on shared activity, and are formed outside the family circle.4. Comparing and contrasting culturesFrederick:Human nature orientation; man-nature orientation; time orientation; activity orientation; social orientationKluckhohns and Strodtbeck:Human nature; relationship of man to nature; sense of time; activity; social relationships4.1Cultural dimensions (Geert Hofstede)Individualism versus collectivismUncertainty avoidancePower distanceMasculinity versus femininityLong-term versus short-term orientation5. High & low context culturesAdding: from wikipediaLow context culture and the contrasting "high context culture" are terms presented by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his book Beyond Culture. Low context culture refers to a culture’s tendency not to cater towards in-groups. An "in-group" is defined by the authors as being a discrete group having similar experiences and expectations, from which, in turn, inferences are drawn. Low context cultures, such as Germany or the United States make much less extensive use of such similar experiences and expectations to communicate. Much more is explained through words or verbalization, instead of the context.High context culture and the contrasting "low context culture" are terms presented by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his 1976 book Beyond Culture. It refers to a culture's tendency to use high context messages over low context messages in routine communication. This choice of communication styles translates into a culture that will cater to in-groups, an in-group being a group that has similar experiences and expectations, from which inferences are drawn. In a high context culture, many things are left unsaid, letting the culture explain. Words and word choice become very important in higher context communication, since a few words can communicate a complex message very effectively to an in-group (but less effectively outside that group), while in a lower context culture, the communicator needs to be much more explicit and the value of a single word is less important.6. How is language related to culture?1)Culture and language are intertwined and shape each other.2)Culture influences language by way of symbols and rules for using those symbols, as well asour perceptions of the universe.3)All languages have social questions and information questions. The meaning comes out ofthe context, the cultural usage.4)Language reflects cultural values.5)Sometimes different cultures use identical words that have rather different meanings. Theresults can be humorous, annoying, or costly, depending on the circumstances.6)Even if two people from different cultures can speak a common language, they maymisinterpret the cultural signals.7)To summarize, in the culture itself, language-and-culture is embedded in cultural products,practices, perspectives, communities, and persons. One reflects the other, and they are best seem as joined. Language , as a product of culture, is infused with culture.7. The sapir-whort hypothesis8. Nonverbal communication (what)Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless,(mostly visual) messages between people. Messages can be communicated through gestures and touch, by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contact. Nonverbal messages could also be communicated through material exponential; meaning, objects or artifacts (such as clothing, hairstyles or architecture). Speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, rate, pitch, volume, and speaking style, as well prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation, and stress. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the physical layout of a page. However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on face-to-face interaction, where it can be classified into three principal areas: environmental conditions where communication takes place, physical characteristics of the communicators, and behaviors of communicators during interaction.I.e. voices, handshakes, hand gestures, eyes movement, face expressions (smile, laugh),touching behaviorIt is governed by culture.Functions: repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating, and contradicting.9. Social timethe peculiarities of the Past-Present-Future in social processes, and their unbreakable connection.10. Improving intercultural communication1)To begin with your own culture, regardless of what that culture might be.2)To identify those attitudes, prejudices, and opinions that we all carry around and that biasthe way the world appears to us.3)To learn to recognize your communication style.Advices:1)Both parties involved in intercultural communication should seek a common language andattempt to understand cultural differences in using the language.2)To develop empathy - be able to see things from the point of view of others so that we canbetter know and adjust to the other people.3)To be flexible when deciding on how to present yourself to another person.。
（完整word版）跨文化交际复习提纲
（完整word版）跨文化交际复习提纲Intercultural CommunicationIntercultural Communication Defined1. IC is actually an academic and applied discipline that has developed internationally since the 1950s. Sometimes called “cross-cultural communications” or “comparative culture,” or “transculture”.2. On one level, IC is represented by culture studies, where we examine the political, economic and lifestyle systems of other countries.3. On another level, it is applied linguistics, where we seek to understand the relationship between language and culture.4. IC is a broad and well-developed field of study.5. IC is an interdisciplinary application of fields like cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology (and social psychology), communication studies, applied linguistics and educational pedagogy.6. IC is a comprehensive attempt to understand all aspects of human cultures and how they interact with each other.Forms of Intercultural Communicationa. International Communicationb. Interethnic Communicationc. Interracial Communicationd. Intracultural CommunicationDefinition Final5) Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.2.Cultural Metaphors1. The Cultural Iceberg2. The Cultural Onion3.The Cultural Software4.The Cultural Fish5. The Cultural Story6. Culture by Chinese7. Culture by Americans3. Characteristics of Culture1) Culture is sharedThe members of a culture share a set of ‘ideals, values, and standards of behaviors’, and this set of ideals is what gives meaning to their lives, and what bond them together as a culture.2) Culture is learnedActually, culture is not innate sensibility, but a learned characteristic. Children begin learning about their own culture at home with their immediate family and how they interact each other, how they dress, and the rituals they perform. When the children are growing in the community, their cultural education is advanced by watching social interactions, taking part in cultural activities and rituals in the community, forming their own relationships and taking their place in the culture.3) Culture is based on symbols.In order for the culture to be transmitted from one person to the next, and from one generation to the next, a system of symbols needs to be created that translates the ideals of the culture to its members. This is accomplished through language, art, religion and money.4) Culture is integratedFor the sake of keeping the culture, functioning all aspects ofthe culture must be integrated. For example, the language must be able to describe all the functions within the culture in order for ideas and ideals to be transmitted from one person to another. Without the integration of language into the fabric of the culture, confusion and dysfunction would reign and the culture would fail.5) Culture is subjective to change (Dynamic)It is necessary to recognize that cultures are dynamic rather than static. They are constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures.6) Culture is ethnocentricEthnocentrism is the belief that your own cultural background, including ways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and nonverbal communication, is correct. Ethnocentrists believe their culture is the central culture and other cultures are incorrect, ineffective, or quaint.7) Culture is adaptiveHistory offers so many examples of how cultures have changed as a result of laws, shifts in values, natural disasters, wars, or calamities. More and more women work as CEOs in major companies and as officials in government instead of remaining at home looking after children. Both women and men have made adaptation to this cultural change.Western Perspective of communicationIn western cultures, communication is studied as the means of transmitting ideas. Western cultures emphasize the instrumental function of communication; that is, effectiveness is evaluated in terms of success in the manipulation of others to achieve one’s personal goal Eastern perspective of communicationDefinitions of communication from many Asian countriesstress harmony, which is most notable in cultures with a Confucian tradition. Eastern cultures’understanding would define communication as a process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship.2. Components of communicationSender/Source（信息源）A sender/source is the person who transmits a messageMessage （信息）A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.Encoding （编码）Encoding refers to the activity during which the sendermust choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message.Channel /Medium（渠道）. Channel/Medium is the method used to deliver amessage.Receiver （信息接收者）A receiver is any person who notices and givessome meaning to a message.Decoding （解码）Decoding is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.Feedback （反馈）The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback.Noise （干扰）Noise is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise ，physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise. Noise is inevitable.1)External NoiseSounds that distract communicators:voices in the next room; annoying ring of someone’s cell phone in a meeting; etc.Other types of external noise that don’t involve sound:an overcrowded room or a smelly cigar(2) Physiological Noiseillnesses and disabilities(3) Psychological Noiseforces with the sender or receiver that interfere with understanding: egotism; hostility; preoccupation; fear; etc.(4) Semantic Noisecaused by using different languages; the use of jargon; different understanding of the message delivered; etc.3.Characteristics of Communicationa. Communication is dynamicb. Communication is systematicc. Communication is symbolicd. Communication is irreversiblee. Communication is transactionalf. Communication is self-reflectiveg. Communication is contextual.High ContextA high-context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person, which very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message.Communication occurs in ways other than through language. People share context.HC communication is fast and efficient, but takes long timeto learn.Low ContextA low-context (LC) is just the opposite, the mass of information is vested in the explicit code. Communication occurs mostly through language.low-context sources: newspapers, textbooks, lectures, roadmaps, announcements, instruction sheets etc.More impersonal, but effective in transmitting information among people who do not share the same experience.Hofstede’s cultural dimensions1. Individualism versus collectivism2. Uncertainty avoidance3. Power distance4. Masculinity versus femininityUncertainty AvoidanceThis dimension refers to how comfortable people feel towards ambiguityCultures which ranked low (compared to other cultures), feel much more comfortable with the unknown.According to Hofstede (霍夫斯太德), uncertainty avoidance refers to the lack of tolerance for ambiguity and the need for formal rules and high-level organizational structure.\1. Culture Shock◆refers to the traumatic [tr?:'m?tik] experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.◆expresses the lack of direction, the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment, and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate.4. Stages of culture shockThe honeymoon stage ?The hostility stage ?The recovery stage ?The adjustment stage ?The biculturality stage1. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesislinguistic determinist interpretation---Language structure controls thoughts and cultural norms.linguistic relativity interpretation---Culture is controlled by and controls language.According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language is a guide to " social reality". It implies that language is not simply a means of reporting experience but, more important, it is a way of defining experience.Eg. Nothing is more important than rice to the Chinese, so we have expressions like “人是铁，饭是钢”and “铁饭碗”.Verbal Communication StylesCulture influences the style of communication at great level. The communication style isconcerned with the use of language1.Direct and Indirect Verbal Interaction StylesIn the direct verbal style, statements clearly reveal the speaker’s intentions.Eg. U.S. Americans tend to use a straightforward form of request.In the indirect verbal style, on the other hand, verbal statements tend to hide the speaker’s actual intentions.Eg. Chinese tend to ask for a favor in a more roundabout and implicit way.（P180)2. Self-Enhancement and Self-Effacement Verbal StylesThe self-enhancement verbal style emphasizes theim portance of boasting about one’s accomplishments and abilities.Eg. In the classified ads, American ad might begin with, “A handsome, at hletic male with a good sense of humor seeks a fun-loving partner…”The self-effacement verbal style, on the other hand,emphasizes the importance of humbling oneself via verbal restraints, hesitations and modest talk.Eg. In the classified ads, Japanese ad might read, “AlthoughI am not very good-looking, I’m willing to try my best.”3. Elaborate, Exacting and Succinct StylesAn elaborate style emphasizes flashy and embellished language. This style of communication can be seen in many Arab, Middle Eastern, and Afro-Americancultures.An exacting style, where persons say no more or less than is needed, is used by Americans.A succinct style is characterized by the use of concise statements, understatements,and even silence. A succinct style can be found in Japan, China, and some NativeAmerican cultures4. Personal and Contextual StyleThe personal communication style emphasizes the individual identity of the speaker. Eg. English has only one form for the second person, that is, you.The con textual style highlights one’s role identity and status.Eg. Chinese, German and French, for example, have informal and formal forms of the pronoun you (你/您; du/Sie; tu/vous).5. Instrumental and Affective StyleAn instrumental verbal style is sender-based and goal-outcome based. The instrumental speaker uses communication to achieve some goal or outcome. Theburden of understanding often rests with the speaker.An affective communication style is receiver and process oriented. The affective speaker is concerned not so much with the outcome of the communication, but withthe process. The responsibility of understanding rests with both the speaker and the listener.2. Categories of Nonverbal CommunicationKinesics(身势语）oculesics(目光语)olfactics(嗅觉)haptics(触觉行为)chromatics(色彩学)attire (服饰)paralanguagesilencetimespacecontext1)KinesicsKinesics is the non-verbal behavior related to movement, either of any part of the body, or the body as a whole. In short all communicative body movements are generally classified as kinesics.1.Human Perception(1) Sensation(2) Perception(3) Selection(4) Organization(5) InterpretationThe definition of acculturationAcculturation（文化适应）refe rs to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture2. Modes of acculturationa. Assimilationis a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant culture, losing their culture in the process.b. Integrationis a process of desiring a high level of interaction with the host culture while maintaining identity with their native culture.c. Separation and segregationSeparation is when individuals prefer low levels of interaction with the host culture and associated microcultural groups while desiring a close connection with, and reaffirmation of, their native culture. If such separation is initiated and enforced by the dominant society, this is called segregationd. Marginalization (边缘化)Marginalization occurs when the individual chooses not to identify with his or her native culture or with the host culture.StereotypingStereotypes, found in nearly every intercultural situation, are a means of organizing our images into fixed and simple categories that we use to stand for the entire collection of people. The reason for the pervasive nature of stereotypes is that human beings have a psychological need to categorize and classify.Second, stereotypes also keep us from being successful as communicators because they are over-simplified, over-generalized, and/or exaggerated. They are based on half-truths, distortions, and often untrue premises and create inaccurate pictures of the people with whom we are interacting.Third, stereotypes tend to impede intercultural communication in that they repeat and reinforce beliefs until they often become taken for "truth." For years, women were stereotypes as a rather one dimensional group. The stereotype of women as "homemakers" often keeps women from advancing in the workplace.EthnocentrismEthnocentrism refers to the belief that one' s culture is primary to all explanations of reality. We learn ethnocentrism very early in life, and primarily on the unconscious level. So it might be the major barrier to intercultural communication. The negative impact of ethnocentrism on intercultural communication is clearly highlighted by Steward and Bennett (Samovar, et al, 1998):Competent communicationCompetent communication is interactionthat is perceived as effective in fulfillingcertain rewarding objectives and is alsoappropriate to the context in which theinteraction occurs.Communication CompetenceCommunication competence is a social judgment that people make about others.Intercultural Competence“The ability to become effective and appropriate in interacting across cultures”Intercultural communication competenceIntercultural communication competence refers to the ability to accomplish effective and appropriate intercultural communication between communicators of different cultures.c. AttitudesMany attitudes contribute to intercultural communication competence, including tolerance for ambiguity, empathy, and nonjudgmentalnessd. Behaviors and skillstwo levels of behavioral competence. The macro level includes many culture-general behaviors, then there is the micro level, at which these general behaviors are implemented in culture-specific ways.Contextual Components of Intercultural CompetenceContext refers to all the information in the actual communication setting, so some intercultural communication scholars would use another term “situational features” to refer to the context.-- Another aspect of context is the communicator's position within a speech community.-- In addition, an individual’s competence may be constrained by the political, economic, and historical contexts.Things We Can Do1.Knowing ourselves2.Respecting differences and appreciate similarities3.Empathy4.Knowing ourselves5.First, we have to identify our attitudes, prejudices, and opinions that we allcarry and that bias the way the world appears to us.6.If we hold a certain attitude toward gay men, and when aman who is a gaytalks to us, our pre-communication attitude will color our response to what he says.7.Knowing our likes, dislikes, and degrees of personal ethnocentrism enables us toplace them out in the open so that we detect the ways in which these attitudesinfluence communication.Appreciate Similarities and Respect DifferencesEmpathyTo improve empathy, first, we have to remind ourselves to pay attention to the spontaneous emotional expressions of others and the situation where the interaction takes place. Then, as empathy is a reciprocal act, both parties have to be expressive so as to achieve understanding. Third, empathy can be enhanced through awareness of specific behaviors that members of a particular culture or co-culture might find impertinent or insulting. Finally, we have to remember that empathy can be increased if you resist the tendency to interpret the other's verbal and nonverbal actions from your culture' s orientation.。
跨文化交际期末汇总
Unit 1 An IntroductionTerms/questions:1.Economic globalization 经济全球化: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2．Global village 地球村: All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.3．Melting-pot 大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 4．Cultural Diversity文化多样性: the mix of people from various backgrounds with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.5．What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village? (p8~9)全球化因素:1) Convenient transportation systems 便捷的交通系统2) Innovative communication systems 先进的通信系统3) Economic globalization 经济全球化4) Widespread migration 大规模移民6．The concept of cultureCulture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.7．What are the three ingredients of culture?1) Artifacts: the material and spiritual products people produce.2) Behavior: what they do3) Concepts: what they think (belief, values, world views……)8．Culture iceberg文化冰山(p7)Like an iceberg what we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg; the majority of it is intangible, beyond sight. and the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger who le. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a larger invisible section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be s uspected and imagined. Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.水面上: the aspect of culture that are explicit (明确的) , visible taught (可数的)水面下: intangible (无形的) , not taught directly9．Characteristics of culture1) Culture is shared: All communications take place by means of symbols.2) Culture is learned: Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social environment, not fromone’s genes.•Enculturation文化习得: All the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation.3)Culture is dynamic: culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static constantly changingand evolving and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.•Acculturation文化适应: the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.4) Culture is ethnocentric: the belief that your own cultural background is superior.※Ethnocentrism文化中心主义: the belief that your own cultural background is superior. 10．Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.11．Intercultural communication: communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter their communication event.12．Components of communication1) Source交际邀请The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.2) Encoding编码Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.3) Message编码信息The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the messa ge is the resulting object.4) Channel交际渠道The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted.5) Noise干扰The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.6) Receiver交际接受The receiver is the person who attends to the message.7) Decoding解码Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver isactively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.8)Receiver response接受反应Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.9) Feedback反馈Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.10) Context场景The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication. 13．Process of communication14．Characteristics of communication1) Communication is dynamic.2) Communication is irreversible.不可逆的3) Communication is symbolic.符号性的4) Communication is systematic. 系统的5) Communication is transactional. 交互式的6) Communication is contextual. 上下文的，受语境影响的15．相关案例与题目Case 1 (p1) Case2 (p2) Exercises A B2 C E (P12~13)Unit 2~4 Verbal CommunicationTerms/questions:1. Pragmatics语用学: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.2. Semantics语义学: a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning of words.3. Denotation 字面意思: the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.4. Connotation弦外之音: the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.5. Taboo 禁忌语: refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.6. Euphemism委婉语: means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.7．How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing? Form of Address (p22~23)In Chinese the surname comes first and is followed by the given name/ but in English this order is reversed. Addressing by names:In China seniority is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed to address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited to husband and wife, very close friends, juniors by elders or superiors/ Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time. (Intimacy and equality)Addressing by relationship:Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to show politeness and respect/ The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship. Addressing by title, office, profession:a nother common Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title, office, profession to indicate the person’s influe ntial status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24) Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.8．Social Functions of Compliments (p50)Compliments have a series of social functions: creating or reinforcing solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks or congratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism, starting a conversation, or evenovercoming embarrassment.9．相关案例与题目Unit 2 Case 1 (p17) Case2 (p17~18) Case 4 (p19) Exercises A B2 C (P32~33)Unit 3 Case 3 (p45) Exercises A B1 C (P59~60)Unit 4 Case 1 (p67) Case2 (p69) Case 4 (p19) Exercises A C (P80~81)Unit 5 Nonverbal CommunicationTerms/questions:1．Chronemics 时间学：The study of how people perceive and use time.2．Monochronic time 一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time. 3．Polychronic time 多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once4．Proxemics 空间学: refers to the perception and use of space.5．Kinesics 肢体语言:the study of body language .6．Paralanguage 副语言: involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication.7．Nonverbal Communication, Its Study Areas (p95)1) Time language ; 2) Space language ; 3) Body language ; 4) Paralanguage8．Monochronic time VS Polychronic time (P97)Monochronic time is structured and often rigid everything is scheduled down to the minute and precautions are taken to guard against interruptions.People and cultures who run on Polychronic time multitask well. These people focus on maintainingpersonal relationships more than completing tasks.9．相关案例与题目Unit 5 Case 1 (p85) Case3 (p87) Case 6 (p90) Case 7 (p91) Exercises A B2 D E(P111~114)Unit 6 Cross-gender CommunicationTerms/questions:1．What has influenced the gender socialization? (p121)1) Family communicationParticularly between mothers and children, and recreational interaction among children2) Recreational interaction2．Gender and Sex are not synonymous. (p120)3．Differences between feminine and masculine communication cultures (p123)P123 Table 6.34．Understanding Cross-gender Communication. (p123~126)1)What counts as support?2)Tricky feedback.3)Expressing care.4)I’d rather do it myself.5．相关案例与题目Exercises A B2 (P129)Unit 7 Cultural Variations in Negotiation StylesTerms/questions:1．High-context cultures VS Low-context cultures•High-context cultures assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. Inhigh-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.•Low-context cultures exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective communication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the message itself means everything.2．相关案例与题目Case 1 (p137) Exercises A B3 (P152~153)Unit 9 Intercultural Personhood:An Integration Of Eastern and Western PerspectivesTerms/questions:1．Planetary culture 行星文化: is explored, which integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism.2．Intercultural personhood 跨文化人格: Represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.3．Theories of cultural values.Cultural values affect people’s attitudes about the form of behavior considered more appropriate and effective in a given condition.Over the years, a number of cross-cultural dimensions were developed by scholars.•Kluckhohn and S trodtbeck’s theory of value orientation.•Hofsted’s cultural dimensions4． What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of cultural orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?Looking at the phenomenon of culture. They came up with five basic questions at root of any culture’s value system.1) What is the character of innate human nature?2) What is the relation of man to nature?3) What is the temporal focus of human life?4) What is the mode of human activity?5) What is the mode of human relationships?5．Hofsted’s cultural dimensions文化取向Hofsted’s work was one of the earliest attempts to use extensive statistical data to examine cultural values. He identified four dimensions that he labeled.•Individualism versus collectivism 个人/集体主义•Power distance 权利距离•Uncertainty avoidance 不确定性规避•Masculinity versus femininity 男性/女性主义6．American cultural valuesAs far as the human culture is concerned, America culture holds that it is evil but perfectible though hard work. As to the relation of human to nature, they think mankind can conquer nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group. 7．Chinese culture valuesAs far as the human culture is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it is good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relation of human to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the group.8．相关案例与题目Case 3 (p186) Exercises A (P198)。
跨文化交际英文期末总结
跨文化交际英文期末总结Introduction:Cross-cultural communication refers to the process of exchanging information, ideas, and beliefs between individuals from different cultural backgrounds. With globalization becoming a dominant force, cross-cultural communication has gained utmost significance in various spheres of life, including business, education, and diplomacy. This comprehensive summary aims to provide an overview of key concepts, challenges, and strategies for effective cross-cultural communication.I. Key Concepts:1. Culture:Culture encompasses the shared beliefs, values, norms, customs, behaviors, and artifacts of a specific group of people. It influences communication styles, attitudes towards time, decision-making approaches, and perceptions of verbal and non-verbal cues.2. Cultural Sensitivity:Cultural sensitivity entails being aware of, acknowledging, and respecting the cultural diversities one encounters. It recognizes that people from different cultures have varying communication styles, perspectives, and expectations.3. Ethnocentrism:Ethnocentrism refers to the belief that one's own culture is superior to others. It often leads to misunderstandings and conflicts in cross-cultural communication, hindering effective interaction.4. Stereotypes:Stereotypes are oversimplified, generalized perceptions or beliefs about a particular group of people based on their cultural background. Stereotypes are harmful as they lead to biases and discrimination, making effective communication difficult.II. Challenges in Cross-cultural Communication:1. Language Barriers:Language differences create a significant hurdle in effective cross-cultural communication. Misinterpretations, misunderstandings, and miscommunications frequently occur due to language proficiency gaps.2. Non-verbal and Cultural Differences:Non-verbal communication cues, such as body language, facial expressions, and gestures, can be interpreted differently in diverse cultures. This can lead to unintended messages and misunderstandings.3. Different Communication Styles:Different cultures have distinct communication styles, varying in directness, formality, and expression of emotions. Understanding and adapting to these diverse styles is crucial for effective cross-cultural communication.4. High-context vs. Low-context Cultures:Cultures can be categorized as high-context or low-context based on their emphasis on direct vs. indirect communication. High-context cultures rely on shared knowledge, non-verbal cues, and contextual understanding, while low-context cultures emphasize explicit, direct communication.III. Strategies for Effective Cross-cultural Communication:1. Cultural Awareness:Developing cultural awareness involves learning about different cultural norms, customs, and values. It enables individuals to understand and empathize with individuals from other cultures, improving communication effectiveness.2. Active Listening:Active listening involves giving one's full attention to the speaker, understanding both verbal and non-verbal cues, and asking clarifying questions. This practice enhances understanding and helps in avoiding misinterpretations.3. Adapting Communication Styles:Adapting one's communication style to match the expectations of the other culture is crucial for effective cross-cultural communication. Flexibility in tone, use of language, and non-verbal cues can reduce misunderstandings and build more meaningful connections.4. Avoiding Stereotypes:Consciously avoiding stereotypes and preconceived notions about other cultures promotes unbiased communication. Treating each individual as unique and understanding their perspective enhances cross-cultural understanding.5. Building Relationships:Investing time in building interpersonal relationships with individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds fosters trust, mutual respect, and appreciation. Understanding the values, interests, and concerns of others facilitates smoother communication.Conclusion:Cross-cultural communication plays a pivotal role in today's interconnected world. The key to effective cross-cultural communication lies in cultural sensitivity, awareness, and the ability to adapt communication styles. Overcoming language barriers, understanding non-verbal cues, and avoiding stereotypes are essential skills for successful cross-cultural communication. By embracing diversity and striving for mutual understanding, individuals and societies can bridge the cultural divide and foster harmonious relationships on a global scale.。
跨文化期末反思报告模板
随着全球化进程的加速，跨文化交流已成为现代社会不可或缺的一部分。
在本学期的跨文化课程学习中，我深入了解了不同文化背景下的价值观、行为习惯和思维方式。
以下是对本学期跨文化学习的反思总结。
二、课程学习情况1. 课程内容丰富，涵盖了世界各地的文化、历史、宗教、艺术等多个方面。
通过学习，我对不同文化有了更加全面的认识。
2. 教学方式多样化，包括课堂讲授、案例分析、小组讨论、实地考察等。
这些方式使我能够更加生动地了解跨文化知识。
3. 同学之间交流互动频繁，通过小组讨论和课堂发言，我学会了倾听他人观点，尊重不同文化。
三、自我反思1. 提高了对跨文化知识的认识。
通过学习，我认识到跨文化沟通的重要性，以及在不同文化背景下，如何尊重和理解他人。
2. 增强了跨文化交际能力。
在学习过程中，我学会了如何在不同文化背景下进行有效沟通，处理文化差异带来的冲突。
3. 了解了自身的文化偏见。
在课程学习中，我发现自己在某些方面存在文化偏见，通过反思，我逐渐摒弃了这些偏见。
4. 拓宽了视野。
跨文化学习使我认识到，世界是多元化的，每个文化都有其独特的魅力和价值。
四、不足之处及改进措施1. 课堂参与度不足。
在课堂上，我有时会因为紧张或害羞而不敢发言。
为了提高课堂参与度，我将在今后的学习中积极发言，主动参与讨论。
2. 文化知识储备不足。
在课程学习中，我发现自己在某些文化领域的知识储备不足。
为了弥补这一不足，我将利用课余时间，阅读相关书籍，拓宽知识面。
3. 缺乏实际操作经验。
虽然我在课堂上掌握了跨文化交际的理论知识，但缺乏实际操作经验。
为了提高实际操作能力，我将在今后的学习和生活中，积极寻找实践机会。
本学期跨文化课程学习使我受益匪浅。
通过反思，我认识到自己在跨文化学习方面还存在不足，但我会继续努力，提高自己的跨文化交际能力，为今后的学习和生活打下坚实基础。
中日跨文化交际期末总结
中日跨文化交际期末总结人类社会的发展导致了不同国家和地区之间的频繁交流和互动。
跨文化交际成为了现代社会中重要的一环，能够促进国际间的合作和理解。
而中日两国由于历史和地理的原因，具有特殊的关系。
作为邻国，中日跨文化交际尤为重要。
在这个期末总结中，我将回顾并探讨中日跨文化交际的一些重要方面，包括语言、礼仪、沟通方式和价值观等。
首先，语言是跨文化交际的重要组成部分。
中日两国拥有不同的语言系统和语音、词汇、语法等方面的差异。
作为中国人，我们通常说汉语，而日本人说日语。
尽管这两种语言有一些共同之处，但还是存在很多差异。
例如，日语中的敬语使用比较广泛，不同的场合和对话对象需要使用不同的敬语。
而在汉语中，虽然也有敬语的使用，但相对来说更加简单和直接。
这种语言差异在跨文化交际中容易导致误解和困惑。
因此，学习日语和了解日本的敬语体系对于中日之间的有效沟通至关重要。
礼仪是另一个重要的跨文化交际方面。
中日两国在礼仪方面也存在一些差异。
例如，日本人非常注重礼貌和尊重，尤其在公共场合中。
他们通常会行礼、鞠躬和使用敬语来表示尊重对方。
而中国人则更注重亲近和热情，可能更倾向于拥抱和握手等触碰方式。
这种差异可能会导致误解和文化冲突。
因此，了解对方的礼仪习惯，并尽量适应和尊重对方的文化习俗，是跨文化交际的关键。
另一个重要的跨文化交际方面是沟通方式。
中日两国的沟通方式也存在差异。
例如，日本人在表达意见时通常更加客观和间接，他们倾向于使用委婉的措辞和语气。
而中国人可能更加直接和主观，倾向于直言不讳。
这种差异可能会导致沟通不畅和争论的产生。
因此，在跨文化交际中，我们需要学会倾听和理解对方，尊重对方的意见，并有效地表达自己的观点。
最后，价值观是影响中日跨文化交际的重要因素。
中日两国具有不同的历史和文化背景，导致了不同的价值观和信仰体系。
例如，日本文化强调集体主义和社会和谐，注重团队合作和共同利益。
而中国文化则更注重个人主义和竞争，强调个人权利和自由。
跨文化交际(学习心得)word.doc
什么是跨文化交际？跨文化交际，即本族语者与非本族语者的交际，也指任何在语言和文化背景方面有差异的人们之间的交际。
本学期通过本门课程的学习，让我学会了一下三点：一、如何正确的审视不同文化之间的差异，二、如何提高跨文化适应能力，三、如何提高跨文化的交流技能。
随着中国对外开放程度的逐渐深入，西方社会的人和事物越来越多地走进了我们的视野，在这种情况下，跨国域、跨民族、跨文化的经济和社会交往将会与日俱增，这就为我们提供了许多与西方接触和交流的机会，这对于我们加深对的西方社会的理解是一件好事，但这却并不是一件简单的事情，因为我们所面对的是陌生的国家和文化，思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式与我们迥然不同的人，在与之交往的过程中不可避免的会出现文化冲突的现象,这时在跨文化交际课堂中学到的东西便起了大用！我总结了一下中西方的差异主要集中在以下几点：一、在客观主体方面，西方人向外探索客观世界，强调真善美、爱智，注重理性科学，注重求异，科学和逻辑发现。
中国人向内探索个人世界，强调真善美、崇善，注重情感、伦理，注重求同，经验、感情。
二、在处理问题方面，西方人采取不撞南墙不回头的态度，中国人采取不可中直取，只可曲终求的态度。
不同文化背景的人们在交际时，经常出现的一个现象就是套用自身所在社会的行为规范来判定对方行为的合理性，由于双方的行为规范存在差异，常常会产生误解、不快甚至更坏的结果。
比如说中国人轻拍小孩子的头部表示一种友好，而在西方国家，这是一种极不尊重小孩子的做法，父母会对此非常愤怒。
所以说在跨文化交际中是否能够正确地识别和运用行为规范是保证跨文化交际顺利进行的重要因素。
要保障跨文化交际的顺利进行，就必须理解对方的行为规范，尤其是什么行为是被禁止的，最好的办法就是遵循入乡随俗的原则。
三、在发表个人看法时，西方人直言、直去，中国人谨言、拐弯。
四、在民族性格方面，西方人偏重功利，好走极端，与其他民族存在斗争，强调以力争天下。
(完整版)跨文化交际
第一章关于文化、交际及跨文化交际第一节文化一、文化的定义（一）《现代汉语词典》对于“文化”的解释:1。
人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质和精神财富的总和，特指精神财富，如文学、艺术、教育、科学等。
2。
考古学用语,指同一个历史时期的不依分布地点为转移的遗迹、遗物的综合体。
同样的工具、用具,同样的制造技术等，是同一种文化的特征,如仰韶文化、龙山文化。
3.指运用文字的能力及一般知识。
文化是个非常复杂的系统,它是一个整体，我们所能观察到的只是形成文化系统的具体要素，就是一个个具体的文化现象。
简单归结，文化即是人们所思、所言（言语和非言语）、所为、所觉的总和。
二、文化的特征1。
文化是人类所独有的，是区别人类和动物的主要标志。
是由人类进化过程中衍生出来或创造出来的。
2。
文化不是先天所有,而是通过后天习得的。
3。
文化是一个体系。
4.文化在一个群体中具有共享性。
5。
文化是丰富多样的.6。
文化是发展变化的；7.文化具有民族性和特定的阶级性；8.文化常有本民族文化优越感的倾向;9.文化是建立在象征符号之上的，是可以传递的。
第二节交际一、交际的概念交际这一词汇communicate来源于拉丁语commonis一词,commonis是common的意思.很明显，交际这一概念与“共同”commonness密切相关，即“共同”或“共享”是交际的前提。
交际是符号活动，它是一个动态多变的编译码过程，当交际者把意义赋予言语或非言语符号时，就产生了交际。
交际受制于文化、心理等多种因素 ,交际不一定以主观意志为转移，可能是无意识和无意向的活动 .跨文化交际中“交际"可定义为：信息发送者与信息接受者共享信息的过程。
人们的交际行为主要是以语言为媒介进行信息交换的动态过程。
二、交际的特点1. 交际是传播者和接收者之间的相互活动；2. 交际的双方是动态的；3。
交际过程一旦完成,所发出的信息是不能收回的；4.交际具有社会性。
三、文化和交际的关系文化会影响到交际。
跨文化商务交际期末总结
Chapter 1 Communication: An Intercultural PerspectiveNeeds and purposes for communication:Survival/Co-operation/Personal needs/Relationships/Persuasion/Power/Social needs/Information/Making sense of the world/Self-expressionCommunication is a form of human behavior derived from a need to connect and interest with other human beings.Communication occurs whenever meaning is attributed to behavior or the residue of behavior. Business communication, as a kind of organizational communication, is the exchange of oral, nonverbal, and written messages within(and across the boundaries of) a system of interrelated and interdependent people working to accomplish common tasks and goals.Also defined as: a dynamic,multi-channeled process,which covers internal communication in a given organization.Characteristics of communication are: dynamic(动态), irreversible(不可撤回), symbolic(符号性), systemic(系统性), self-reflective(自我反映), interactive(involve at least two people)(互动的，交流至少牵扯到两个因素), complex(复杂).Intercultural business communication(IBC) is defined as communication among individuals or groups from different cultural backgrounds in a business environment.It’s also defined as a relatively new term in the business world and is defined as communication with and between business that involves people from more than one culture.Intercultural communication(IC) includes:International communication(between nations and governments)Interethnic communication(same race but different ethnic)Interracial communication(exchanging messages are from different races)Interregional communication(exchange of messages between members of the dominant culture)IC as a phenomenon has the following features:Universal/long history/daily occurrenceThe complexity in learning IBC:Avoidance of the unfamiliar/Uncertainty reduction/Withdrawal/Stereotyping(刻板印象)/Prejudice/Racism(种族主义)/Misuse of power(权力滥用)/Culture shock(four stages: honeymoon,culture shock,recovery, adjustment,re-entry/reverse) /Ethnocentrism(从其他文化的角度去评判他人)补充：ethnocentric(认为自己的文化是最好的，并用它去评判他人)How do you acquire stereotypes?1.People learn stereotypes from their parents, relatives, and friends,(learning stereotypes)2.Stereotypes develop through limited personal contact(from limited date)3.Stereotypes are provided by the mass media.4.Stereotypes evolve out of the fear of person from group that differ from your own.(mentally ill people,gay...)Chapter 2 Understanding Cultures and Their ValuesCulture: that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and other capabilities and habits acquires by man as a member of society. (Edward Tylor)Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication pattern that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in anidentifiable group of people. (Hall)Culture is classified by three large categories of elements: artifact, concepts, behavior. Characteristics of Culture: it is learned, culture influences biological processes, culture is transmitted from generation to generation, culture is selective, culture is ethno-centric, cultures are interrelated wholes, culture is subject to change.Metaphors of culture: culture is like a pair of sunglasses, culture is like the water a fish swim in, culture is like an iceberg, culture is like an onion, culture is software, grammar of mind.Geert Hofstede’s Theory of Cultural Variations: the core of culture---values, rituals, heroes, symbols(由里到外)[ values are the deepest manifestations of culture and the most difficult for an outsider to understand.][ rituals are those collective activities that are considered socially essential within a culture.][ heroes refer to what kind of people you worship.][ symbols represent the most superficial and the easiest to perceive by an outsider and the least important to an insider.]Definition of Value:1.One’s principle or standards, one’s judgment of what is valuable or important in life. (Concise Oxford Dictionary)2. A broad tendency to prefer certain states of affairs over others. (Hofstede)3. A conception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group, of the desirable which influences the selection from available modes, means, and ends of action. Priorities of Culture Values: Universal Values普世价值, Culture-specific values, Peculiar expression or deviation of individual within cultures[ values is classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary. Tertiary values are at the bottom of our hierarchy.]Different culture forms: dominant culture主流文化, subcultures亚文化, co-cultures Kluckholn and Strodtbeck’s Value Orientations:1.Human nature[evil/mixed/good]2.Relationship to nature[subordinate to nature/harmony with nature/dominant over nature]3.Sense of time[past/present/future]4. Activity[being/growing/doing]5. Social relationship[hierarchy/group/individual]Hofstede-Bond’s Value Dimensions:1.Individualism vs. Collectivism[ individualism: people are supposed to take care of only themselves and their immediate families, there is more emphasis on ‘I’ than on ‘we’; collectivism: emphasizes common interests, conformity, cooperation, and interdependence.]2.Power distance[ refers to attitudes towards differences in authority.]3.Uncertainty Avoidance不确定性规避[ is measure of how accepting a culture is of a lack of predictability.]4.Masculinity vs. Femininity[ masculinity comes from ‘masculine’ and implies aggressiveness and assertiveness, femininity comes from ‘feminine’ and stresses nurturing, paying attention to people’s feeling and needs.]5. Long-term versus short-term orientationHall’s High-and-Context OrientationChapter 3 Comprehending Verbal CommunicationA language is a symbolic code of communication consisting of a set of sounds(phonetics) with understood meanings and a set of rules(grammar) for constructing messages.A dialect is the unique pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary we use when speaking.An accent is a more specific mode of personal discourse characterized by how people articulate certain words using a unique inflection or tune.Argot俚语，暗语refers to a secret or covert vocabulary developed by an in-group to keep outsiders from understanding their messages.Jargon术语, technically an argot and professional terminology, refers to a type of code or specialized vocabulary that is shared among knowledgeable in-group members.Slang designates those terms, used in instances of extreme informality, which serve as a means of making social or linguistic identity.Branding is a phenomenon created in corporate marketing that frequently transcends language differences.Linguistics is just one of the many ways to think about language.-Semantics(语义学) is the study of meaning--that is, how words communicate the meanings we intend in our communication.-Syntactics(语法学) is the study of the structure or grammar of a language.-Pragmatics(语用学) is the study of how meanings is constructed in relation to receivers.-Phonetics(语音学) is the study of the sound system of language.Challenges for translators:1.V ocabulary equivalence词义对等2.Idiomatic equivalence 惯用语对等3.Grammatical-Syntactical equivalence 正说反说不同eg.情人-人情4.Experiential equivalence 比喻不同eg.拥挤比作沙丁鱼5.Conceptual equivalence 概念对等eg.第一夫人Conversation skills:Pay attention to1.The volume of voices2.Do not interrupt3.Do not finish someone’s sentence4.Do not ask ‘do you understand me?’5.Introduce your host country or homeland6.Learn a few key phases of the visitors’ native language7.Familiarize yourself with their countriesDenotational means dictionary definition.Connotational meanings refer to extended meanings or associated meanings.Pragmatic transfer or sociolinguistic: The use of rules of speaking from one’s own native speech community when interacting with members of the host speech community or simply when speaking in a second language.Source text: the original language text of a translation.Target text: the text into which it is translated.Interpretation口译:1.simultaneous同传2.consecutive交传3.sight-translation视译The influence of culture on language:Language as a reflection of the environmentLanguage as a reflection of valuesLanguage determinism语言决定论(based on SWH)Spair-Whorf hypothesis:language not only serves as a mechanism for communication, but as a guide to social reality.Chapter 4 Perceiving Nonverbal communication1.nonverbal communication:communication without the use of words.2.Similarities in verbal and nonverbal communication:both use symbols, are products of an individual, and require that someone else attach meaning to these symbols.3.Differences between verbal and nonverbal communication: structured/linguistic and clear vs. Unstructured/non-linguistic and ambiguous.4.Universality of nonverbal communication:the relationship of human behavior to that of primates灵长类(particularly chimpanzees)/nonverbal communication of sensory-deprived children who are blind or deaf/on facial expression.5.Functions of nonverbal communication: replacing/ regulating/ conveying/ modifying/ repeating/ complementing/ contradicting6.Body movement(Kinesics): posture/ gesture [three types of gesture:instinctive, coded or technical, social gesture or acquired gestures.]--hand gesture, head gesture, arm gesture./facial expression7.Eye contact--oculesics, touch--haptics, smell--alfacitics8.Paralanguage: *voice quality *vocal qualifiers (refers to volume, pitch, rhythm, tempo, resonance, tone of spoken word and stresses) *vocalization (non-word noises “uh”, fillers “然后”/non-word vocalizers “okay”) *silence9.Spatial language(proxemics): *personal space[Hall specified four distances people use in communicating on a face-on-face basis for American culture--intimate zone(close friend, husband and wife)/ personal zone( between friends in informal occasions)/ social zone( formal, meeting)/ public zone( making a public speech)] *office space *public space10.Temporal language (chronemics) ---- Monochronic time[ M-time] Polychronic time[ P-time] M-time cultures emphasize schedules, a precise reckoning of time, and promptness (do one thing at a time)P-time cultures emphasize the completion of transactions and the involvement of people rather than a rigid adherence to the clock (do many thing at once)Chapter 5 Intercultural Business Writing11.Business writing allows for the transfer of highly organized and detailed information inexpensively, it also allows for a record of communication that can be used to review communication, analyze communication in-depth and use the communication for a basis of evaluation or strategy development.12.Business message planning: *defining purpose of communicating *analyzing your audience *constructing the main idea of your massage *selecting a channel and medium13.All business messages have a general purpose: to inform, to request, to record, or to persuade14.Know your audience:*Does your audience think the same way you do?/ *Does your audience learn the same way you do? /*Does your audience define good communication the same way you do?/*Does your audience perceive graphics the same way you do? /*Does your audiencehandle everyday business situations the same way you do?15.Select a channel and medium: a written channel, an oral channelWritten internal communication: memos, E-mail, faxes, networked intranet bulletin boards, printed reports, and other written documentsWritten external communication: faxes, E-mail, letters, press releases, and customer communicationOral communication: telephone, voice message, tele-conferences, and meeting16.Functions of different media: electronic mail(E-mail) is one of the most preferred modes of written business correspondence, and is an accepted form of business communication in most cultures. It is convenient, fast, and eco-friendly.Instant messaging is real-time communication that can be used to discuss potential meeting times, remind employees of meetings and allow for the facilitation of simple business questions. Memo s can be formal or informal in tone.Faxes are still used widely in intercultural business, especially when an original document, or a document containing a signature, is required. Faxes are generally formal business documents that are drawn up for contractual purpose and strictly adhere to intercultural business protocol.17.Poor organization:taking too long to get to point, including irrelevant material, getting ideals mixed up, leaving out necessary information.18.Well-organized message:make the subject and purpose clear, include only information that is related to the subject and purpose, group the ideals and present them in logical way, include all the necessary information.19.Types of bad news: declining a request for refund, giving negative performance reviews, terminating employment20.How to organize bad news message: buffer, transition, explanation, bad news, alternatives, goodwill closing.Chapter6 Intercultural Business Etiquette and protocolProtocol: 1.(字典义)the customs and regulations dealing with diplomatic formality,precedence and etiquette.2.(引申义)refers to customers and regulations dealing with diplomatic etiquette and courtesies expected in official dealings(such as negotiations) with persons in various cultures. Etiquette: 1.(字典义)conventional requirements as to proper social behavior.2.(引申义)refers to manners and behavior considered acceptable in social and business situations.According to Carl A.Nelson, there are eight common protocol elements or categories which permit you function business successfully in any culture,ranked by importance, they are: names; rank and title; time; behavior; communications;gift-giving;food and drink.Your clothes can be your best friends or your worst enemy.Global dress code: international business uniform, that is for men: a dark suit, white shirt, and conservative tie; for women: a knee-length dress, high-cut blouse and comfortable shoes.Chapter 7 Intercultural Business Negotiation21.Negotiation are believed to take place within the context of the four Cs:Common interest considers that both parties in the negotiation share, have, or want, something that the other party has or does.Conflicting interest include payment, distribution, profits, contractual responsibilities, and quality.Compromis e includes areas of disagreement.Criteria include the conditions under which the negotiation take place.22.Definition of negotiation: two or more parties with common and conflicting interests who enter into a process of interaction with the goal of reaching an agreement, preferably of mutual benefit.23.Bargaining means many different thing to different people from different cultures.24.Argumentation on global negotiation involves a blend of logic, emotion, and dogma.25.Agreement is an exchange of conditional promises in which each party declares that it will act in a certain way on condition that the other parties act in accordance with their promises.26.Intercultural Negotiation Models: social-psychological model, principle model, directional model, interaction model, package deal model27.Intercultural Negotiation Styles: normative, intuitive, analytic, factual.28.Two universal negotiation strategies--- competition and cooperation--- can be summarized from negotiation literature.Competition known as contending or distributive bargaining is a strategy used by a negotiation to pursue his goals by persuading his opponent to concede. Competition strategy entails efforts to maximize gains and minimize losses within a “win-lose” or self gain orientation.Cooperation referred to as problem solving, collaboration, or integrative bargaining, “aims to reconcile the interests of both parties, reach joint benefits, or attain “win-win” goals.Chapter8 International Marketing CommunicationMarketing is the direct communication between your products and customers.Advertising is the non-personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by identified sponsors through the various media.Traditionally, advertising was directed towards AIDA( Attention, Interest, Desire, and Action. Branding is an important tool used to differentiate products.The recognized benefits include expanding sales, increased profits, greater longevity, greater power with distributors and the liability to survive adverse economic conditions.A brand is an entity of name, term, sign, symbol, trademarks, logo, sound, color(s), or package and product design.Rituals are those collective activities that are considered socially essential within a culture.Religions directly impacts the way its adherents feel about material goods.。
《跨文化交际》学习心得体会范文(二篇)
《跨文化交际》学习心得体会范文在跨文化交际这门课程中，我学到了很多有关不同文化间交流的知识和技巧，并且对自己的跨文化意识有了进一步的认识。
通过这门课的学习，我深刻体会到了跨文化交际的重要性，也意识到了自己在这方面还有很大的提升空间。
首先，在交流中我学会了尊重和包容不同文化的观点和习惯。
我们每个人都是在不同的文化背景下长大的，因此我们对事物的看法和态度都可能存在差异。
在与不同文化背景的人交流时，我们要学会尊重他们的观点和习惯，并尽可能地理解他们的价值观和行为模式。
这样才能在跨文化交际中避免冲突和误解，建立良好的人际关系。
其次，在课堂上我学会了如何适应不同的沟通方式和风格。
不同文化间的人们在交流时可能会使用不同的语言、语气和表达方式。
我们要学会适应和理解这些不同的沟通方式和风格，减少交流中可能出现的障碍。
同时，我也通过课堂上的练习和案例分析，锻炼了自己的跨文化交际能力，提高了自己的沟通技巧和语言表达能力。
除此之外，课程还教会了我如何应对跨文化交际中可能遇到的问题和挑战。
在与不同文化背景的人交流时，我们可能会遇到语言障碍、文化差异、价值观冲突等问题。
我学会了如何通过灵活运用语言、体谅和尊重对方的文化差异、寻求共同点等方式来解决这些问题。
这些方法对我来说非常实用，帮助我更好地与不同文化背景的人进行交流和合作。
最后，在课程中我也学到了一些跨文化交际的时间和空间观念。
不同文化的人们对时间和空间的理解和利用方式可能存在差异。
例如，一些文化的人们对时间的概念比较强烈，注重按时完成任务和遵守约定；而另一些文化的人们则对时间相对较为灵活，注重人与人之间的关系。
了解和理解这些差异，有助于我们在跨文化交际中更好地把握时机和节奏，避免误解和冲突的发生。
总的来说，通过这门课程的学习，我对跨文化交际有了更深入的了解，并且提高了自己的跨文化交际能力。
我意识到在全球化背景下，跨文化交际是非常重要的，也是一种必备的技能。
我会继续努力学习和提升自己的跨文化交际能力，以适应和应对不同文化间的交流和合作。
跨文化交际工作总结范文(3篇)
第1篇一、前言随着全球化进程的不断深入，跨文化交际已成为国际交流与合作中不可或缺的一部分。
在我国，随着“一带一路”倡议的推进，跨文化交际的重要性日益凸显。
本年度，我部门承担了多项跨文化交际任务，现将工作总结如下。
二、工作概述（一）跨文化培训1. 培训对象：针对公司内部员工、合作伙伴及客户，开展了多场跨文化培训。
2. 培训内容：主要包括文化差异、沟通技巧、礼仪规范、跨文化谈判等。
3. 培训形式：采用讲座、案例分享、角色扮演、互动讨论等多种形式。
4. 培训成果：员工对跨文化交际有了更深入的了解，沟通能力得到提升，跨文化交际效果显著。
（二）跨文化沟通1. 沟通渠道：通过邮件、电话、视频会议等多种渠道与国外合作伙伴、客户进行沟通。
2. 沟通内容：涉及业务合作、市场推广、项目执行等方面。
3. 沟通技巧：注重尊重对方文化，运用适当的沟通策略，确保信息准确传达。
4. 沟通成果：成功完成了多个国际合作项目，提升了公司在国际市场的竞争力。
（三）跨文化谈判1. 谈判对象：与国外合作伙伴、客户进行商务谈判。
2. 谈判内容：涉及合同条款、价格谈判、合作模式等。
3. 谈判策略：充分了解对方文化背景，运用灵活的谈判技巧，达成双方满意的协议。
4. 谈判成果：成功签订了多项合作协议，为公司创造了良好的经济效益。
三、工作经验与体会（一）充分了解文化差异1. 研究文化背景：深入了解对方国家的文化、习俗、价值观等。
2. 尊重文化差异：在沟通和谈判中，尊重对方的文化习惯，避免文化冲突。
（二）掌握沟通技巧1. 语言表达：运用简洁、清晰的语言，确保信息准确传达。
2. 非语言沟通：注意肢体语言、面部表情等非语言沟通方式，避免误解。
3. 倾听技巧：认真倾听对方意见，充分表达自己的观点。
（三）灵活运用谈判策略1. 了解对方需求：充分了解对方利益诉求，寻找共同点。
2. 运用谈判技巧：灵活运用让步、妥协等策略，达成双方满意的协议。
四、存在问题与改进措施（一）问题1. 部分员工对跨文化交际的认识不足，沟通能力有待提高。
跨文化交际的总结
跨文化课程重点总结第一课文化、交际、跨文化交际一、跨文化交际的重要性跨文化交际的机会是由全球化引起的交通和通讯系统的发展(缩短旅游时间，电视网络，互联网，国际电影业)国家间的文化迁移(多元文化主义)新经济领域(跨国公司)不断增长的世界人口(有限的自然资源、污染、国际冲突)二、文化是什么（一）文化的定义1、《简明牛津词典》:文化是“艺术和被集体视为人类智慧成就的其他表现形式”。
2、从人类学的角度定义文化:文化是“一个特定时代或民族的风俗、文明和成就”。
3、(霍尔,1983)我们将文化定义为“信仰、习俗、价值观、行为、制度和交流方式的总和，这些都是在一个可识别的群体中被共享、学习和代代相传的。
”4、1871年爱德华·泰勒爵士的定义(第一次使用这个术语):"这个复杂的整体包括知识，信仰，艺术，道德，法律，习俗以及人类作为社会成员所获得的其他能力和习惯"5、Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952) 克罗伯和克拉克洪。
文化由显性和隐性的模式组成，是通过符号获得和传递的行为，构成了人类群体的独特成就，包括在人工制品中的体现;文化的本质核心是由传统的(即历史的派生和选择的)思想，尤其是它们所依附的价值观所组成的;文化系统一方面可以被认为是行动的产物，另一方面可以被认为是进一步行动的制约因素。
6、Porter & Samovar 波特和萨莫瓦尔“知识、经验、信仰、价值观、态度、意义、等级、宗教、时间观念、角色、空间关系、宇宙观念、物质对象和财产的积累，这些都是一群人通过个人和群体几代人的奋斗过程中获得的。
”—《跨文化交际读本》7、文化的内容“是文学、美术、音乐、哲学、科学这一类的事。
”－陈独秀8、“文化是生活的样法。
”“文化，就是吾人生活所依靠的一切。
”－梁漱溟9、“人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质和精神财富的总和，特指精神财富，如文学、艺术、教育、科学等。
跨文化交际英语期末总结
跨文化交际英语期末总结Introduction:Cross-cultural communication is an essential skill in today's interconnected world. As globalization continues to thrive, individuals from diverse backgrounds come into contact with each other frequently. This necessitates the need for effective cross-cultural communication skills to bridge the gap between different cultures and facilitate better understanding and cooperation. In this summary, I will reflect on the key topics and learnings from the English final exam, which focused on cross-cultural communication.1. Cultural awareness and sensitivity:The foundation of successful cross-cultural communication lies in developing cultural awareness and being sensitive to other cultures. Understanding cultural values, beliefs, and norms is crucial to avoid misunderstandings and cultivate respect. During the course, we learned about Hofstede's cultural dimensions model and how it can help us better understand cultural differences. We also explored the importance of non-verbal communication in different cultures, such as body language, gestures, and eye contact.2. Communication styles:Communication styles vary significantly across cultures. Some cultures emphasize direct and explicit communication, while others prefer indirect and implicit communication. It was fascinating to learn about high-context and low-context cultures, where the former relies heavily on context and non-verbal cues, while the latter focuses more on explicit verbal communication. Understanding these differences helps avoid miscommunication and promotes effective cross-cultural communication.3. Language barriers:Language barriers can be significant obstacles to effective communication. Apart from linguistic differences, idioms, slang, and cultural references can also create confusion. During the course, we explored various strategies to overcome language barriers, such as using simple and clear language, avoiding jargon, active listening, and asking clarifying questions. We also discussed the importance of practicing empathy and patience when communicating with individuals who are not native English speakers.4. Intercultural conflict management:Conflict is inevitable in any form of communication, especially when individuals from different cultures are involved. Understanding different conflict resolution styles and cultural perspectives on conflicts enabled us to develop effective strategies for managing intercultural conflicts. We learned about avoiding stereotypes, active listening, finding common ground, and maintaining a constructive approach during conflicts.5. Building cultural competence:Cultural competence is the ability to interact effectively with people from different cultures. It involves developing knowledge, skills, and attitudes that facilitate positive cross-cultural interactions. During the course, we participated in various activities, such as role plays, group discussions, and case studies, to enhance our cultural competence. These activities helped us understand cultural biases, challenge assumptions, and develop a broader perspective towards cultural diversity.6. Ethical considerations:Cross-cultural communication requires a strong ethical foundation. It is essential to respect and value cultural differences, avoid imposing one's own cultural values, and refrain from cultural appropriation. We discussed the importance of cultural relativism, cultural humility, and cultural sensitivity. Understanding the potential consequences of cultural misunderstandings and being mindful of our own biases is crucial for ethical cross-cultural communication.Conclusion:The English final exam on cross-cultural communication was an enlightening experience that provided us with valuable insights and skills necessary for effective intercultural interactions. The course covered a wide range of topics, from cultural awareness to ethical considerations, enabling us to develop a comprehensive understanding of the subject. By applying the knowledge gained from the course, we can enhance our cross-cultural communication skills and contribute to more inclusive and harmonious global interactions.。
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Chapter 1 CultureDefinitions:1 Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. 文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。
(P12/P29)2 Cultural Identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
(P19/29)3 Subculture exist within dominant cultures and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域.(P23/29)4 Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as culture do.相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体世代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。
(P25/30)♦Case 2 (P8)The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text.Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath.Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why.Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural CommunicationDefinitions:♦Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。
）(P37/P60)♦Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
）♦Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. （编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。
）♦Channel/Medium：It is the method used to deliver a message. （渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。
）♦Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message.信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人.♦Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。
）♦Feedback: The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback.（反馈：反馈指信息接收者对信息源信息所做出的反应。
）♦Noise: It is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise.（干扰：干扰指妨碍信息交流的各种因素。
包括外界干扰，生理干扰，心理干扰和语义干扰。
）(P54/61)♦Context: A context is the setting or situation within which communication takes place , including physical context, social context and interpersonal context.（语境：语境指交际发生的环境，包括自然语境，社会语境和人际语境。
）♦Intercultural communication: It is the communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event.( 跨文化交际：跨文化交际指的是那些在文化认知和符号系统上存在差异的人们之间的交际。
这些差异足以改变整个交际事件。
) (P54/61)♦International communication: it takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized. (国际交流：国际交流是指发生在国家和政府之间而非发生在个人之间的交际；此种交际非常正式和仪式化。
) (P55)♦Interracial communication: It occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races. (跨种族交际：跨种族交际是指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者来自不同的种族的交际。
)♦Interethnic communication: It is the communication between or among people from different ethnic groups in a country or culture.（跨民族交际：跨民族交际是指来自一个国家或文化内部的不同民族群体的人们之间的交际。
）(P56)♦Intracultural communication: it is defined as communication between or among members of the same culture.（文化内交际：文化内交际是指同一文化内部的成员之间的交际。
）♦Case 12 (P57)This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communicationChapter 3 Culture’s Influence on PerceptionDefinitions♦Sensation: It is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environment.（感觉：感觉是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。
) (P68/97)♦(2) Perception: It is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and especially people and their behaviors through our various senses and involves higher-order cognition in the interpretation of the sensory information. (知觉：知觉是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物、事件、人和人的行为的过程。
它是解释感觉信息更为高阶的认知过程。
) (P70/97)♦Selection: It is a process in which we screen out what we need from all the stimuli and information around us.（选择：选择是从周围选择的刺激信息中筛选出所需要的信息的过程。
) (P70/97)♦Need: Needs affect what people are more likely to attend to. (需求：需求会影响人们选择更愿意参与哪些事物）♦Organization: It is the process during which we need to organize and impose structure on what we observe in a meaningful way. （组织：组织是把从周围选择的刺激信息，以一种有意义的方式整理，组合的过程。