英美文化-希腊哲学家

1.2 Anaximander(610-545B.C)
• A sudent of Thales • believe that the earth was surrounded by fire and hunmans were once fish ,adapting and slowly evolving into humans. • Like his teacher, he excluded gods from his explanantions about the nature of the world and the origin of man.
1.1 Thales(624-548B.C)
• The first Greek philosophers made inquiries into the world by observation and reasoning. • His notion that the many was related to the one.
2.2 Socrates (470-399B.C)
• According to Plato's description,Socrates who was sure of himself ,high-minded ,indifferent to the world concerns,maintaining that clear thinking was the most important foundation for a good living . • He developed the concept of soul , the foundation of the interior life,capacity for intelligence and character ,and the structure of personality . • Knowledge was virtue -- goodness and knowldge was closely related. • Invented the method of dialectic for itellecual inquiry. • The true knowledge was'nt simply an inspection of fact,but the discovery of the essential element concealed by “fact”.
1.3 ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidunaximenes (570-526B.C)
• The one of Seven sages in ancient Greece. • He made progress by suggesting that there was condensation,and in this way he tried to explain how solid appeared in the wold. • Primitive of everything is gas.
• The theory of atomism produced a mechanical conception of the nature of the things and had a long an infuential history ,whcih provided science in the West its working model for centurise since the Renaissance.
1.4 Heraclitus (535-475B.C)
• The fisrt dialectical philosopher
• Consider that things change at all . • Observed that everything was in constant change . • Like cold and heat ,caused tension which then caused change.
• From Thales on, the natural philosophers proposed, their own particular theories as to what was the true nature of the world ,with one theory contradicting with other ,and with a growing tendency to reject the reality of the world revealed by the sense . • Cause a chaos of conflicting ideas ,with no basis upon which to certify one above the rest. • Pilosophers also seem to have been constructing their theories about the external without adequately considering the subjective element ,the human observer. • In such an tellectual climate ,sophists emerged in the latter half of the 5th century B.C.
I. In the mind of Homer ,it was God and Destiny that rule the world and determined man's raise and fall . II. Throgh myth,Hesiod intended to present the origin and development of the world and human society. III. untill the sixth century B.C,when Greece uderwent a crucial stage of social transformation and intellectural developemennt . IV. At the time ,natural philosopy and Orphism,arising and spreading ,were intended explain human suffering and solve the mysteries of human existence. V. But，the more natural philosophers began to inquire into the world in a rationalistic rather than mythological way-Greece rationalism.
Ancient Greek philosophy and philosophers
姓名：林波凌
专业：旅游文化
外国语学院
Content
1 2 3
Pre-socratic philosophers
The sophists and socrates
Conclusion
1.Pre-socratic philosophers
1.5 Democritus (460-370B.C)
• One of the founders of materialism philosopher,his point of view like morden science. • Believe that everyting in the world was composed of atom ,which were physically indivisible and between the atoms also there was empty and an indefinite number of atoms.it was indestructible and alway in motion.
• The proper molding of man's character for successful participation in the political life required education in the various arts and science. • held a relativistic view towards morality.
• In a nutshell ,the concept of Parmenides'soul and that of Parmenides' eternal Being exerted profound impacts on Plato's Theory of Forms.
2.The Sophists and Socrates
2.1Protagoras (490or480-420or410B.C)
• One of the prominent Sophists,Stated that man was the measure of all thing ,and his own judgment concerning everyday life form the basis of his personal beliefs and conduct . • Truth was relative ,not absolute ;the ultimate value of any belief or opinion could be judged only by its practical utility in serving an individual's needs in life .
1.7 Parmenides (510-450B.C)
• Argued that the sense were deceptive and let us into self-contradiction. • Suggested there was an eternal unchanging Being in the world,which contained a new metaphysical meaning.with this,philosophy in the strict sense was found.
• Study Egyptian and Babylonian astronomy and mathematicas.
• Believe that the universe was controlled by the fixed law. • To him,the water is a stuff which contained its own principle of action or change .In short,basic element-water.
1.6 Pythagoras (570-490B.C)
• His philosophy had two side ,the philosophic and the religious. • Combine reason and mysticism,seeking to explain the world ,spiritual and material,by numbers which represented an eternal ,real and permanent world ,different from the sense,he think. • The distiction between truth provided by reanson and the senses was remarkably significant in the development of philosophy. • Assumed that man had a soul ,which was released on death • The founder of mathematics