动词的时体态式

动词的时（tense）体(aspect)态(voice)式（mood）概说

1.动词的时、体形式

时是一个语法范畴，他是表示时间区别的动词形式。

体是一个语法范畴，他表示动作或过程在一定时间内处于何种状态的动词形式。英语动词有两个体，进行体和完成体。

由此可见，英语的限定动词词组有八种时、体形式。

一般现在时(simple present)

She plays the piano very well.

一般过去时(simple past)

She played the piano very well when she was young.

现在进行体(present progressive)

She is playing the piano now.

过去进行体(past progressive)

She was playing the piano this time yesterday.

现在完成体（present perfective）

She has played the piano for half an hour.

过去完成体（past perfective）

she had played the piano for an hour before went to lunch.

现在完成进行体（present perfective progressive）

She has been playing the piano for a long time.

过去完成进行体（past perfective progressive）

By 10 o’clock she had been playing the piano for two hours.

2.主动态和被动态

语态是一个语法范畴，他表示主语和谓语动词之间的主动或被动关系的语法形式。英语动词有两种语态，主动态和被动态。

被动态可以由助动词be 的一定形式加及物动词的-ed分词构成.

被动语态也有不同的时体形式。

一般现在时 The boy is regarded as brilliant.

一般过去时 This book was published in 1998.

现在进行体 The visitors are being met at the airport.

过去进行体 He told me that the machine was being repaired.

现在完成体 The car has been repaired.

过去完成体 Last month, the new road had been opened to traffic.

被动态还可以由get+及物动词的-ed分词构成，在这里，get起助动词的作用。

The boy got hurt on his way home.

get型被动态通常只适合动态动词，常用来表示某些未曾预料的突发事件，或者用于in the end,eventually,at last等连接性状语之后表示某种结局。

He got caught by the police driving at 60 km/s through Cambridge.

He got killed by the bus.

补充：动态动词和静态动词。

表示运动状态的动词叫动态动词，静态动词则表示一种相对静止状态的动词。

1.动态动词，分为三个小类。

一是表示持续动作的词，如drink,eat,play,rain,rain,read,run,sit,stand,sleep,talk,watch,write,

work等。

二是表示改变或移动的动词，如arrive,become,change,come,get,go,grow,leave,reach,turn等。

三是表示短暂动作的动词，如hit,jump,kick,knock,open/close,put,shut,take out等。用进行体表示动作的不断重复。

Who is knocking at the door?

2.静态动词，表示存在于现时或过去的一种状态。这种动词的最主要语法特征就是通常不用于进行体。

常见的静态动词：be,have,apply to(适用于)，belong to,differ from,cost,weigh,measure,fit,

hold,lack,feel,hear,see,smell,taste,assume,believe,consider,detest,fear,hate,ho pe,imagine,

Know,like,love,mean,mind,notice,prefer,regret,remember,suppose,think,understand ,want,wish.

陈述式，祈使式，（虚拟式）

式，又叫做语气。也是个语法范畴，他是区别说话人以何种口气说话的动词形式，是陈述事实，还是发出命令或者是虚拟假设。因此英语动词便有三种表示不同口气的动词形式：

陈述式（indicative mood）、祈使式（imperative mood）、虚拟式（subjunctive mood）疑问句也是陈述句。