法律英语 TORT

殴打与威吓 Battery&Assault
Battery:日常英语中为“电池”之意，但在法律英语中意为“殴 打”。事实上这个翻译并不准确，因为“Battery”的外延比中 文“殴打”更大，包括任何故意对他人人身进行伤害性 （harmful）和冒犯性（offensive）接触的行为。 Battery involves an unexcused harmful or offensive physical contact with another person. People may be held liable for battery if they intend to bring about such a contact, or if such a contact directly or indirectly results from their actions. If there is an attempted battery, but no actual contact, that may constitute a tort of assault. 10
法律渊源
source of law
判例为主，各州侵权法之间略有差异，判例的汇编、解释可参考 《侵权法重述》（Restatement of the Law of Torts）
各州和联邦也有为解决特别侵权问题而制定的成文法，比如1946 年的《联邦侵权索赔法》（Federal Tort Claims Act）
侵权法
Tort Law
概 念
concept
英文中的“侵权法”(Tort Law)一词有可译为“民事 损害赔偿法”。它主要涉及侵犯他人的人身、财产、 名誉、商业等方面权益的民事过错行为。虽然这种过 错行为可能具有犯罪行为的性质，但是侵权诉讼与刑 事诉讼的目的截然不同。前者的主要目的是赔偿受害 人的损失，后者的主要目的是惩罚罪犯。
Elements of Assault 构成要素 1、D intends to cause harmful or offensive contact or to create apprehension (scare/intimidate) even if you point a gun at someone and don’t really intend to fire it, that is apprehension and intent is still satisfied 2、P is actually put into apprehension (P believes harmful contact will occur), believing such action will occur imminently P’s apprehension is a subjective standard (not a reasonable person std; if P is easily scared, that doesn’t matter, all that matters is that P was put into apprehension)
Elements of Battery (3)构成要件 A、Intent (identical to assault) Intent does not mean intent to harm, just means intent to touch in a way that could be construed as offensive or to create apprehension While contact is req’d for battery, intent does not have to be intent to touch it can be intent to put into apprehension Intent is transferable B、Harmful or offensive touching touching can be: 1. direct touching of victim’s body 2. touching something connected to victim (victim’s hat) 3. touching of object that sets in motion chain of events that eventually touches victim (poisoning food, pulling chair out from under) 4. indirect touching (ordering someone else to hit someone; Nancy Karrigan) unlike assault, an unconscious victim can be battered (apprehension of victim not req’d)
基础结构
base structure
故意侵权 （Intentional Torts）
美 国 侵 权 法
过失侵权 (Negligence) 严格责任 (Strict Liability) 抗辩理由(Defenses)
故意侵权（Intentional Torts）
美国侵权法中七大类故意侵权行为：
殴打（Battery） 威吓（assault） 非法监禁（False Imprisonment） 精神伤害 （Intentional Infliction of Mental Distress） 侵犯土地 （Trespass to Land） 侵犯动产 （Trespass to Chattels） 侵占动产 （Conversion）
Federal Tort claims Act（ FTCA ） 《联邦侵权索赔法》
A statute which removed the power of the federal government to claim immunity from a lawsuit for damages due to negligent or intentional injury by a federal employee in the scope of his/her work for the government. The FTCA permits recovery of money damages because of a negligent or wrongful act or omission by the Federal Government or an employee of the Federal Government while the employee was acting within his/her scope of employment or office.
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
The term "tort law" can be interpreted as a law for civil case infringement compensation.It is the breach of a duty that results in an injury for which there is a remedy at law. A tort is an omission (failure to act) or a wrongful act (other than a breach of contract) against a person or his property. Here, the word “wrongful” implies a violation of one person’s legal duty to another.Tort law is a form of civil law where private parties use the legal system to resolve disputes among themselves.
殴打与威吓 Battery&Assault Assault：日常中作“袭击”，军事领域特指“突击”，在法律英 语中译为“威吓”，即“故意引发他人因合理的警觉到即将发生的 Battery行为而产生的恐惧”。威吓是殴打的前兆，是原告基于合理 判断，对即将到来的“殴打”行为的恐惧和警觉（apprehension）。 Assault is the tort of acting intentionally and voluntarily causing the reasonable apprehension of an immediate harmful or offensive contact. There must be some act short of actually striking the other person. Actual ability to carry out the apprehended contact is not necessary: an assault can take place with a toy gun, for example. 13
C、No consent consent is not a defense, it is an element and therefore P has the burden to show he did not expressly or impliedly consent for implied consent a reasonable person std is used (would a reasonable person have interpreted P’s actions to mean the contact was consented) consent can be inferred from social custom (playing tag) Attention： 1.后果不是构成要件，例如强吻原告也可以构成“殴打”。 2.一并保护人格权与人身权，因此原告身体的范围泛化到与原告人身相联系的任 何物品，例如强夺他人戴头上之帽亦构成“殴打”。 3.冒犯性不是当事人的心理状态，而是由陪审团通过被告的行为对其所表现出的 意图进行客观的认定。