环境工程专业英语第二版钟理课后答案

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环境工程专业英语课后习题部分答案

环境工程专业英语课后习题部分答案（第二版）——钟理主编Exercises 0Write an article about yourself, including personal background, family, education, interests, ambitions and others. Write as much as you would like to.About MyselfMy name is Qin Zheng. I am from Xiangshan, which is a small town in Ningbo District. It is very beautiful and nowadays a lot of films and TV programmes are shot there. More and more people went there for a holiday. The people there are laborious, virtuous and warm hearted. I’m much felicitated that I was born and raised up there. It is my hometown and I will love it forever.My family has been engaged in farming for generations. My relatives are all farmers. My ancestors and my parents have plotted all their life on thin ground. In my family, my father, my mother and I, that’s all.Now I’m in grade three, a third year student in Jiaxing University. Since I have made a lot of friends, I find life in this university both happy and rewarding. I live happily here. I like climbing mountains. I like singing, listening classical music. I like essay, also novel, but my favorite is essay. Unfortunately, although I have read so much, my writing is still not very good.I hope that I can be an useful person for our society. But at the moment, my knowledge is still not rich enough. In order to realize my objectives in life, I will study hard and gain more and more skills and knowledge, such as speaking English and using computer. If I have enough money after graduation from school, I will study driving. It is good to have a good job when someone can drive a car or a bus.Unit 1 (P.4)1 Based on Reading Material, put the following into Chinese.life expectancy ：耐用期限，平均寿命poverty-stricken ：贫穷的，贫困的，贫乏的smog-laden air ：烟雾弥漫的天空，烟雾缭绕的空气，阴霾天气global conditions ：全球状况haves and have-nots ：富人和穷人underprivileged ：社会地位低下的，相对贫困的，生活水平低下的，弱势的savanna ：热带大草原，稀树草原predator ：食肉动物，捕食者environmental disruptions ：环境破坏，环境失调2 Put the following into English.农药—pesticide / agricultural chemicals (including: pesticide, germicide, herbicide)化肥—chemical fertilizer有机废物—organic wastes微生物—microorganism / microbe衰减—attenuation阻滞的—retardant / blocking稀释—dilution添加剂—additive合成塑料—synthetic plastic再生—regenerationUnit 3 (P.19)1 Put the following into Chinese.(1) Raw materials that lose their usefulness because they sit on the shelf too long become waste. 原材料放置过久会失去它们本身性能而变成废弃物。

钟理环境工程专业英语unit8

Unit 8 Type and Sources of Air Pollutants [I]➢What is Air Pollution? Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentrations to harm humans, other animals, vegetation or materials. There are two major types of air pollutants.➢什么是空气污染? 空气污染通常可以定义为: 空气中含有一种或更多的化学品, 其浓度高到对人/动物/植物或其他物体造成危害. 有2种主要类型的空气污染物.➢ A primary air pollutant is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration.➢一次空气污染物:被直接加入到空气中的达到有害浓度的化学物质.➢It can be a natural air component, such as carbon dioxide, that rises above its normal concentration, or something not usually found in the air, such as a lead compound emitted by cars burning leaded gasoline.➢这样的化学品可以是一种天然的空气组分,如CO2, 浓度高出其正常浓度, 或者一些通常在空气中不常发现的物质, 如从燃烧含铅汽油汽车中排放的含铅组分.➢ A secondary air pollutant is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components.➢二次空气污染物:是在大气中通过与空气中的各组分发生化学反应而生成的有害化学品.➢Serious air pollution usually results over a city or other area that is emitting high levels of pollutants during a period of air stagnation(停滞).➢在一个城市或地区, 在空气停滞时期排放高浓度的污染物会导致严重的空气污染.➢The geographic location of some heavily populated cities, such as Los Angeles and Mexico City, makes them particularly susceptible(易受影响) to frequent air stagnation and pollution build up.➢在一些人口高度密集的城市, 例如洛杉矶和墨西哥城, 其地理位置使得它们特别容易受到经常的空气流动停滞和污染累积的影响.➢We must be careful about depending solely(单独) on concentration values in determining the severity(严重) air pollutants.➢对于单独以浓度值来确定空气污染物的严重性, 我们必须特别小心.➢By themselves, measured concentrations tell us nothing about the danger caused by pollutants, because threshold levels, synergy(协同增强作用), and biological magnification(放大) are also determining factors .➢靠所测浓度自身无法告诉我们污染物导致的任何危险信息, 因为阙值, 协同作用和生物放大效应等也是确定因素.➢In addition, we run into(遇到, 陷入) the issue of conflicting views of what constitutes harm.➢另外, 对于构成危害的因素有哪些, 我们存在着不一致的意见.➢Major air pollutants following are the 11 major types of air pollutants:➢下面是11种主要的空气污染物:➢ 1. Carbon oxides : carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2).➢ 2. Sulfur oxides: sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur trioxide (SO3).➢ 3. Nitrogen oxides: nitrous oxide (N20), nitric oxide (NO) , nitrogen dioxide (NO2).➢ 4. Hydrocarbons (organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen): methane (CH4), butane (C4H10), benzene (C6H6).➢ 5. Photochemical oxidants : ozone (03) , PAN (a group of peroxyacylnitrates过氧酰基硝酸脂) , and various aldehydes (醛)➢ 6. Particulates (solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in air)➢固体颗粒或悬浮在空气中的液体液滴: smoke(烟尘), dusts(灰尘), soot (煤烟), asbestos 石棉, metallic particles ( such as lead , beryllium铍, cadmium 镉), oil, salt spray含盐喷雾, sulfate salts硫酸盐.➢7. Other inorganic compounds: asbestos石棉, hydrogen fluoride (HF), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), sulfur acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3).➢8. Other organic (carbon-containing) compounds: pesticides农药杀虫剂, Herbicides除草剂(herb,药草,香草), various alcohols, acids, and other’s chemicals.➢9. Radioactive substances: tritium氚, radon氡, emissions from fossil fuel and nuclear power plants.➢10. Heat.➢11. Noise.➢The following table summarizes the major sources of these pollutants.➢VOA: air pollution。

环境工程原理第二版课后答案精编版

环境工程原理第二版课后答案文件编码（008-TTIG-UTITD-GKBTT-PUUTI-WYTUI-8256）第I 篇习题解答第一章绪论简要概述环境学科的发展历史及其学科体系。

解：环境学科是随着环境问题的日趋突出而产生的一门新兴的综合性边缘学科。

它经历了20世纪60年代的酝酿阶段，到20世纪70年代初期从零星的环境保护的研究工作与实践逐渐发展成为一门独立的新兴学科。

环境学科是一门正在蓬勃发展的科学，其研究范围和内涵不断扩展，所涉及的学科非常广泛，而且各个学科间又互相交叉和渗透，因此目前有关环境学科的分支学科还没有形成统一的划分方法。

图1-1是环境学科的分科体系。

图1-1 环境学科体系简要阐述环境工程学的主要任务及其学科体系。

解：环境工程学作为环境学科的一个重要分支，主要任务是利用环境学科以及工程学的方法，研究环境污染控制理论、技术、措施和政策，以改善环境质量，保证人类的身体健康和生存以及社会的可持续发展。

图1-2是环境工程学的学科体系。

环境学科体系环境科学环境工程学环境生态学环境规划与管理图1-2 环境工程学的学科体系去除水中的悬浮物，有哪些可能的方法，它们的技术原理是什么解：去除水中悬浮物的方法主要有：沉淀、离心分离、气浮、过滤（砂滤等）、过滤（筛网过滤）、反渗透、膜分离、蒸发浓缩等。

上述方法对应的技术原理分别为：重力沉降作用、离心沉降作用、浮力作用、物理阻截作用、物理阻截作用、渗透压、物理截留等、水与污染物的蒸发性差异。

空气中挥发性有机物（VOCs ）的去除有哪些可能的技术，它们的技术原理是什么解：去除空气中挥发性有机物（VOCs ）的主要技术有：物理吸收法、化学吸收法、吸附法、催化氧化法、生物法、燃烧法等。

上述方法对应的技术原理分别为：物理吸收、化学吸收、界面吸附作用、氧化还原反应、生物降解作用、燃烧反应。

简述土壤污染可能带来的危害及其作用途径。

解：土壤污染的危害及其作用途径主要有以下几个方面：①通过雨水淋溶作用,可能导致地下水和周围地表水体的污染;②污染土壤通过土壤颗粒物等形式能直接或间接地为人或动物所吸入;③通过植物吸收而进入食物链,对食物链上的生物产生毒害作用等。

环境工程专业英语第二版课后习题答案分析解析

钟理主编环境工程专业英语课后习题Unit 1 (P.4)1 Based on Reading Material, put the following into Chinese.life expectancy ：耐用期限，平均寿命poverty-stricken ：贫穷的，贫困的，贫乏的smog-laden air ：烟雾弥漫的天空，烟雾缭绕的空气，阴霾天气global conditions ：全球状况haves and have-nots ：富人和穷人underprivileged ：社会地位低下的，相对贫困的，生活水平低下的，弱势的savanna ：热带大草原，稀树草原predator ：食肉动物，捕食者environmental disruptions ：环境破坏，环境失调2 Put the following into English.农药—pesticide / agricultural chemicals (including: pesticide, germicide, herbicide)化肥—chemical fertilizer有机废物—organic wastes微生物—microorganism / microbe衰减—attenuation阻滞的—retardant / blocking稀释—dilution添加剂—additive合成塑料—synthetic plastic再生—regenerationUnit 3 (P.19)1 Put the following into Chinese.(1) Raw materials that lose their usefulness because they sit on the shelf too long become waste. 原材料放置过久会失去它们本身性能而变成废弃物。

(2) Poor cleaning of parts or inadequate dragout time will reduce the usefulness of the process chemicals, increase the cost of waste disposal, and the cost of chemical replacement.不良的零件清洗或者不充分的接触时间将减少工艺过程中化学品的有用性，增加处理废弃物的费用以及替换化学药品的费用。

环境工程专业英语II 教学大纲

环境工程专业英语II一、课程说明课程编号：050220Z10课程名称：环境工程专业英语II/ Special English for Environment Engineering II课程类别：专业选修课学时/学分：32/2先修课程：大气污染控制工程、水污染控制工程、固体废物处理与处置适用专业：环境工程教材、教学参考书：1.钟理主编，《环境工程专业英语》，化学工业出版社，20052.田学达主编，《English on Environmental Science and Engineering》，化学工业出版社，2003年.3.约翰. 斯韦尔斯，Writing Scientific English, 陕西人民出版社，1987二、课程设置的目的意义《环境工程专业外语II》课程既为学生继续英语学习并同时接受环境专业训练提供帮助。

通过本课程的学习，要求学生既要掌握专业英语初步的“读写听说”能力，同时巩固学过的专业知识，学习一些新的环境科学与工程知识。

本课程教学采用多媒体辅助教学，尽可能为学生提供一些便于理解课文的图解和动画演示，引导学生将英语学习和专业学习有机地结合起来，锻炼学生理解英文文献、正确翻译文献以及初步专业英语写作的能力。

本课程要求教师采用积极互动的教学方式，创造一种活跃的、合作学习的气氛，尝试“交流－互动”的教学模式，使学生在听力、阅读理解、翻译和写作能力方面都有一定提高。

三、课程的基本要求知识要求：系统掌握环境工程有关的专业术语的正确表达，掌握最新环境工程技术发展动态。

能力和素质要求：通过该课程的学习，使学生能够具备阅读英文文献资料以及口头交流的能力，用于解决环境治理复杂工程问题，设计实验、分析与解释数据。

四、教学内容、重点难点及教学设计五、实践教学内容和基本要求无。

六、考核方式及成绩评定本课程期末集中考核采用笔试进行，平时成绩采用课堂考勤、课外阅读与作业、随堂考试、专题演说等方式考核。

钟理环境工程专业英语unit5

Unit 5 Chemistry of the AtmosphereIntroduction to Chemistry of the Atmosphere➢The thin gaseous envelope that surrounds our planet is integral to the maintenance of life on earth.➢环绕我们星球的薄气层是地球上维持生命所不可或缺的。

➢The composition of the atmosphere is predominately determined by biological processes acting in concert with physical and chemical change.➢大气的组成主要是由与物理和化学变化协同作用的生物过程决定的。

➢Though the concentrations of the major atmospheric constituents oxygen and nitrogen remain the same,the concentration of trace species, which are key to many atmospheric processes are changing.➢虽然大气中主要成分氧和氮的浓度保持不变，但对许多大气过程起关键作用的微量物种的浓度正在发生变化。

➢It is becoming apparent that man's activities are beginning to change the composition of the atmosphere over range of scales, leading to, for example, increased acid deposition, local and regional ozone episodes, stratospheric ozone loss and potentially climate changem. In this part.➢越来越明显的是，人类的活动开始在一定范围内改变大气的组成，例如，导致酸沉降增加、局部和区域臭氧事件、平流层臭氧损失和潜在的气候变化。

环境工程专业英语(钟理编)unit_13翻译

自来水处理过程现代化技术所取得的伟大成就之一就是极大的降低了霍乱和伤寒等水源性疾病的发生。

这些疾病曾经对人类的健康产生过巨大威胁，但现在不是了。

进步的关键在于人们认识到被人为污染的公共水供应是主要的传染源，这可以通过更积极更先进的水处理技术所消除。

今天的水处理厂被设计为能持续的提供符合饮用水标准的水。

有四个主要的方面要考虑：水源的选择、水质的保护、所使用的处理方法和如何防止二次污染。

一般的预防地下水污染和地表水污染的措施包括防止排泄物管道和雨水管道的排放口靠近蓄水池，安装栅栏防止娱乐用水的污染，限制在水库流域使用化肥和杀虫剂。

隔离、混凝/絮凝、沉淀、过滤是地表水处理的四个主要步骤。

水处理要实现一到三个目标：去除沙和尘土等颗粒物质、有机物质、微生物和藻类；去除引起色度和硬度的溶解物质；去除或破坏致病细菌和病毒。

实际的处理工艺的选择有赖于水源的类型和所需要的水质。

有时，不太混浊的进水可以通过自然沉降来去除较大的颗粒，在利用过滤去除剩余的颗粒。

但通常，进水的颗粒物非常小，在短时间内仅仅依靠沉淀和简单的过滤无法去除。

作为补救，将会加入胶体这种化学药品来吸附小颗粒，形成大颗粒在沉淀池里析出，或在过滤池里直接去除。

颗粒物质的去除从水中去除颗粒物的操作步骤包括隔离、混凝/絮凝、沉淀、过滤。

隔离去除像木屑、树枝、碎布和小鱼这样的大的固体物的隔离过程是水处理的第一步。

碎片万一进入处理厂可能会损坏水泵，阻塞管道。

同样的原因，进水口一般设置在湖面和河水面以下，以免吸入漂浮物，最大程度的减少冰的破坏作用。

沉降是水和废水处理中使用最古老最广泛的处理方式，它是利用重力作用从水中去除颗粒物。

它工艺相对简单，造价低廉，可以造成圆形、正方形、矩形。

就像前面提到的，对于浊度高的水，沉淀可以放在混凝后面，对于浊度不高的水，则可以完全省去该过程。

地表水中的悬浮颗粒物的粒径在10-1和10-7毫米之间，分别是细沙和微尘的尺寸。

浊度和不透明度是由那些粒径大于10-4mm的颗粒引起的，小于10-4mm的颗粒主要对色度和臭味有贡献。

(简单处理)环境工程专业英语(第二版)

acid rain 酸雨pollution 污染interaction of systems 系统的交互作用environmental problem 环境问题environmental disturbance 环境破坏biotic habitat 生物环境sulfur dioxide 二氧化硫nitrogen oxide 氧化氮carbon dioxide 二氧化碳automobile exhaust 汽车尾气infectious diseases 有传染性的疾病primary air pollutant 一次大气污染物secondary air pollutant 二次大气污染物monoxide 一氧化物dioxide 二氧化物trioxide 三氧化物carbon monoxide 一氧化碳carbon dioxide 二氧化碳sulfur dioxide 二氧化硫sulfur trioxide 三氧化硫nitrous oxide 一氧化二氮nitric oxide 一氧化氮contaminant 污染物strength 强度foreign matter 杂质domestic sewage 生活污水municipal wastewater 城市废水microbe 微生物bacteria 细菌microorganism 微生物total solids 总固体inorganic constituents 无机要素suspended solids (SS)固体悬浮物recontamination 再污染contamination 污染groundwater 地下水surface water 地表水colloid 胶体restriction 限制screening 隔栅coagulation 凝聚flocculation 絮凝sedimentation 沉淀filtration 过滤disinfection 消毒microbial degradation 微生物降解biological degradation 生化降解biofilm process 生物膜法activated sludge process 活性污泥法attached-growth 吸着生长suspended-growth 悬浮生长shock loading 冲击负荷organic loading 有机负荷mixed liquor suspended solids 混合液悬浮固体metabolize 使代谢化metabolism 新陈代谢dissolved oxygen 溶解氧agricultural 农业的solid waste 固体废物municipal 城市化hazardous 危险的industrial 工业的residential 住宅的waterborne diseases 水传染的疾病agrarian society 农业社会industrial society 工业社会industrial revolution产业革命urbanization 城市化industrialization 工业化developed country 发达国家developing country 发展中国家undeveloped country 落后国家nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮carbon oxides 碳氮化物sulfur oxides 硫氧化物nitrogen oxides 氮氧化物hydrocarbons 碳氢化合物photochemical oxidants 光化学氧化物particulates 颗粒物inorganic compound 无机化合物organic compound 有机化合物radioactive substance 放射性物质heat 热noise 噪声volatile suspended solids (VSS)挥发性悬浮固体颗粒organic matter 有机物质total organic carbon, TOC 总有机碳chemical oxygen demand, COD 化学需氧量biochemical oxygen demand, BOD 生化需氧量biodegradable 可微生物分解的chlorination 氯化消毒ozonation 臭氧消毒softening 软化adsorption 吸附desalination 脱盐处理预加氯prechlorination 预加aeration 曝气activated carbon 活性炭reverse osmosis 反渗透pretreatment process 预处理工艺primary clarifier 初沉池equalization basin 均质池biological treatment process 生物处理工艺aeration basin 曝气池secondary clarifier 二沉池biomass 生物质heterotrophic bacteria 异养菌autotrophic bacteria 自养菌hydraulic retention time (HRT) 水力停留时间sludge residence time (SRT) 污泥停留时间commercial 商业的putrescible 易腐烂的combustible 易燃的flammable 可燃的explosive 易爆的radioactive 放射性的汽车尾气automobile exhaust compaction: 压实，Landfilling 土地填埋incineration: 焚烧composting: 堆肥compaction: 压实，紧凑sanitary landfill 卫生填埋balance 剩下的，余额，结余batch-fed 分批投料refuse 垃圾municipal waste 城市垃圾perform: 执行shut down: 关闭energy recovery 能量回收incomplete combustion 不完全燃烧combustion 燃烧volume reduction 体积缩小anaerobic 厌氧硝化中英互译短语Biological degradation 生化降解equalization basin 调节池aeration basin 曝气池sludge blocs 污泥絮体settling tank 沉淀池dissolved oxygen 溶解氧suspended-growth 悬浮生长pulverized refuse 垃圾破碎biofilm 生物膜well-compacted landfill 压实填埋场nutrient source 营养源mass-burning 大量燃烧fluidized fed incarceration 硫化床燃烧法soil conditioners 土壤改良剂carbon 温室效应greenhouse effect 由CO2 引起的caust by CO2 世界碳预算the world carbon budget 天气自然波动natural fluctuations 全球变暖global warming 厌氧的anaerobic 腐烂Putrefied 甲烷methane 臭氧层ozone layer 气候模型climatic model 正常浓度：normal concentration 严重污染物：heavily polluted 决定因素：determining factor 光化学氧化物：photochemical oxidants 液体微滴：liquid particulates 含硫的：sulfur-containing 放射性物质：radioactiue substance 汽车尾气：automobile exhaust wet oxidation 湿式氧化1、Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us; that which we can see, hear, touch, smell, and taste.环境是我们周围的物理和生物环境，我们可以看到、听到、接触到、闻到和品尝到的。

钟理环境工程专业英语unit10

钟理环境工程专业英语unit10Unit10 Conventional Technology of Air pollution Control 空气污染控制传统技术 The principal means for control of particulate emissions from industrial sources are cyclones, electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, and scrubbers.用于控制工业排放源的固体颗粒排放的主要的方法是旋风分离器, 静电沉降器, 布袋过滤器和涤气器.In addition to these conventional devices, granular bed and panel bed filters have been applied to a limited extent and research is being conducted（实施，处理，执行）ondevices or combinations of conventional devices, such as charged droplet scrubbers（荷电液滴涤气器, electrostatic scrubber, 静电涤气器）.除了这些传统的设施外, 颗粒层除尘器和板式除尘器已经被应用在有限的范围内，而且，对于这些设施的研究,以及与荷电液滴涤气器等其它传统设备的联合使用也在研究中。

Cyclones 旋风分离器Cyclonic collectors are round conically（圆锥形）shaped vessels in which the gas stream enters tangentially and follows a spiral path to the outlet.旋风收尘器是一圆锥形容器，气体沿切线方向进入并按一螺旋路径运动到出口排出。

环境工程专业英语unit1 ,华南理工大学,钟理

Unit 1 Text: What are Environmental Science and Engineering?
环境科学与工程是什么？
We differentiate between social science and natural science in that the former deals with the study of people and how they live together as families, tribes, communities, races, and nations, and the latter deals with the study of nature and the physical world. 我们用来区分社会科学和自然科学的是，前者从事研究人作为家庭、部落、社区,种族,和国家如何生活在一起的,后者从事自然和物理世界的研究。
The historical focus of study for environmental scientists has been, of course, the natural environment. 历来环境科学家研究的焦点，理所应当是自然环境。 By this, we mean the atmosphere, the land, the water and their inhabitants as differentiated from the built environment.
With qualitative logic we cannot identify what “too high” means—we need quantitative logic to do that.
环境工程专业英语

环境工程专业英语(钟理编)英语全文

Unit 13Text: Water Treatment ProcessesOne of the great achievements of modern technology has been to drastically reduce the incidence of waterborne of diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever. These diseases are no longer the great risks to pubic health that they once were. The key to this advance was the recognition that contamination of pubic water supplies by human wastes was the main source ci infection, and that it could be eliminated by more effective water treatment and better waste disposal.Tod ay’s water treatment plants are designed to provide water continuously that meets drinking water standards at the tap. There are four main considerations involved in accomplishing this1 source selection, protection of water quality, treatment methods to be used, and prevention of recontamination. Common precautions to prevent groundwater and surface water pollution include prohibiting the discharge of sanitary and storm sewers close to the water reservoir, installing fences to prevent pollution from recreational uses of water, and restrictions on the application of fertilizers and pesticides in areas that drain to the reservoir.Screening, coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, filtration. and disinfection are the main unit operations involved in the treatment of surface water. Water treatment operationa fulfill one or more of three key tasks1 removal of particulate substances such aa sand and clay, organic matter, bacteria, and algae; removal of dissolved substances such as those causing color and hardness; and removal or destruction of pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The actual selection of treatment processes depends on the type of water source and the desired water quality.Occasionally, raw water with low turbidity can be treated by plain sedimentation (no chemicals) to remove larger particles and then filtration to remove the few particles that failed to settle out. Usually, however, particles in the raw water are too small to be removed in a reasonably short time through sedimentation and simple filtration alone. To remedy this, a chemical is added to coagulate/flocculate the small particles, called colloids, into large ones, which can then be settled out in sedimentation tanks or removed directly in filters.Removal of Particulate MatterThe unit operations employed for the removal of particulate matter from water include screening, sedimentation, coagulation/flocculation, and filtration.Screening to remove large solids such as logs, branches, rags, and small fish is the first stage in the treatment of water. Allowing such debris into the treatment plant could damage pumps and clog pipes and channels. For the same reasons, water intakes are located below the surface of the lake or river in order to exclude floating objects and minimize physical damage from ice.Sedimentation, the oldest and moat widely used form of water and wastewater treatment, uses gravity settling to remove particles from water. It is relatively simple and inexpensive and can be implemented in basins that are round, square, or rectangular. As noted earlier, sedimentation may follow coagulation and flocculation (for highly turbid water) or be omitted entirely (with moderately turbid water) .Particulates suspended in surface water can range in size from 10-1 to 10-7mm in diameter, the size of fine sand and small clay particles, respectively. Turbidity or cloudiness in water is caused by those particles larger than 10 mm, while particles smaller than 10 mm contribute to the color and taste.Coagulation/flocculation is a chemical-physical procedure whereby particles too small for practical removal by plain sedimentation are destabilized sod clustered together for faster settling©. A significant percentage of particulates suspended in water are so small that settling to the bottom of a tank would take days or weeks. These colloidal particles would never settle by plain sedimentation.Coagulation is s chemical process used to destabilize colloidal particles. The exact mechanism is not well understood, but the general ides is to add a chemical which has positively charged colloids to water containing negatively charged colloids. This will neutralize the negative change on the colloids and thus reduce the tendency for the colloids to repel each other. Rapid mixing for a few seconds is required to disperse the coagulant. Gentle mixing, called flocculation, of the suspension is then undertaken to promote particle contact. This is achieved by mechanical mixing through the use of slowly rotating paddles inside the coagulation/flocculation tank, or by hydraulic mixing which occurs when flow is directed over and around baffles in the tank. Detention time in the coagulation/flocculation tank is usually between 20—40 minutes in tanks 3—4m deep. Through the combined chemical/physical process of coagulation/flocculation, the colloidal particles which would not settle out by plain sedimentation are agglomerated to form larger solids called floe. These appear as fluffy growths of irregular shape that are able to entrap small noncoagulaed particles when settling downward. Aluminum sulfate is the most common coagulant but organic polymers may also be used alone or in combination with alum to improve flocculation. The floe suspension is gently transferred from the coagulation/flocculation tanks to settling tanks, or directly to filters where the floes are removed.DisinfectionTo ensure that water is free of harmful bacteria it is necessary to disinfect it. Chlorination® is the most common method of disinfecting public water supplies. Sufficient quantities of chlorine from chlorine gas or hypochlorites are added to treated water to kill pathogenic bacteria. Chlorination is a reliable, relatively inexpensive, and easy disinfection method to use. Other disinfectants include chloramines, chlorine dioxide, other halogens, ozone, ultraviolet light, and high temperature. Ozonation, which has been used extensively in France, is now gaining acceptance in North America, especially as an alternative to prechlorination where natural organics are present. Although effective, ozone does not leave a lasting residual for long-term disinfection.Ozoanation is the disinfection of water by adding ozone, which is a powerful oxidant of inorganic and organic impurities. Its advantages over chlorine are that it leaves no tastes or odors, and unlike chlorine, it apparently does not react with natural organics to form compounds hazardous to humans.Removal of Dissolved SubstancesAeration is used to remove excessive amounts of iron and manganese from groundwater. These substances cause taste and color problems, interfere with laundering, stain plumbing fixtures, and promote the growth of iron bacteria in water mains. By bubbling air through water, or by creating contact between air and water by spraying, dissolved iron or manganese (Fe2+ , Mn2+) is oxidized to a less soluble form (Fe3+ , Mn4+), which precipitates out and can be removed in s settling tank or filter. Aeration also removes odors caused by hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas.Softening of water is a process that removes hardness, caused by the presence of divalent metallic ions, principally Ca2+ and Mg2+. Hardness in water is the result of contact with soil and rock, particularly limestone, in the presence of CO2.Activated Carbon is an extremely adsorbent material used in water treatment to remove organic contaminants. Activated carbon is produced in a two-stage process. First, a suitable base material such as wood, pest, vegetable matter, or bone is carbonized by heating the material in the absence of air. Then the carbonized material is activated by heating it in the presence of air, CO2 , or steam to burn off any tars it has and to increase its pore size. Adsorption of gases, liquids, and solids by activated carbon is influenced by the temperature and pH of the water as well the complexity of the organics being removed.In reverse osmosis (RO), fresh water is forced through a semipermeable membrane in the direction opposite to that occurring in natural osmosis. Because the membrane removes dissolved salts, the main application for RO has been in desalination. However, the process also removes organic materials, bacteria, and viruses, and its application in water treatment is growing.。

钟理环境工程专业英语翻译unit1~unit4

Unit 1 What are Environmental Science and Engineering➢Natural Science➢In the broadest sense, science is systematized knowledge derived from and tested by recognition and formulation of a problem, collection of data throughobservation, and experimentation.➢自然科学➢在最广泛的意义上,科学是系统化的知识，来源于并且实践于对问题的认识和构想, 以及通过观察和实验的数据的收集。

➢We differentiate between social science and natural science in that the former deals with the study of people and how they live together as families, tribes,communities, races, and nations, and the latter deals with the study of nature andthe physical world.➢我们用来区分社会科学和自然科学的是，前者从事研究人作为家庭、部落、社区,种族,和国家如何生活在一起的,后者从事自然和物理世界的研究。

➢➢Natural science includes such diverse disciplines as biology, chemistry, geology, physics, and environmental science.➢自然科学包括生物学、化学、地质学、物理学和环境科学等不同的学科。

➢Environmental Science➢Whereas the disciplines of biology, chemistry, and physics (and their subdisciplines of microbiology, organic chemistry, nuclear physics, etc.) arefocused on a particular aspect of natural science, environmental science in itsbroadest sense encompasses all the fields of natural science.➢环境科学➢而生物学、化学和物理的学科(及其分支学科的微生物学,有机化学,核物理,等等)的重点是自然科学的一个特定方面,环境科学在其广义上包括所有的自然科学领域。

环境工程专业英语第二版(化学工业出版社)umite 1 Studying the Environment

The Human
Condition
2

Most of the people who starve to death live in povertystricken developing nations. But now, at the end of the twentieth century, the wealthy nations are in trouble too. According to most estimates, the average standard of living in North America and Western Europe peaked in about 1967. Even the wealthiest nations are running out of fuel, hardwoods, and some minerals. As a result, necessities such as housing, food, and fuel are demanding more and more of the family budget, leaving less available for luxuries. Pollutants contaminate cities, towns, and even rural environments. Sewage of poisonous pesticides in waterways, smog-laden air, and garbage in streets of parks lower the standard of living of everyone, no matter how wealthy.

环境工程专业英语

o Acid-base reactions
HA + BOH --> H2O + BA
o Complexation reactions
Transition metal, such as Fe3+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Ag+, Pt2+ etc. + ligands, such as NH3、H2O, CN-, SCN-, F-, Cl-
Environmental systems
• Ecosystem
A freshwater ecosystem in Gran Canaria, an island of the Canary Islands
• Water resources management system
o
Water supply subsystem
• Environmental Engineering
Using
the principles of biology and chemistry, environmental engineers develop solutions to environmental problems
• Environmental Engineers
Environmental problems
• Overpopulation: the presence in a given area of more people than can be supported adequately by the resources available in that area • Pollution: a reduction in the quality of the environment by the introduction of impurities

环境专业英语课后习题答案

life expectancy ：耐用期限poverty-stricken ：贫穷的smog-laden air ：烟雾弥漫的天空global conditions ：全球状况haves and have-nots ：富人和穷人underprivileged ：社会地位低下的savanna ：热带大草原predator ：食肉动物，捕食者environmental disruptions ：环境破坏Waste reduction/waste/minimization: 减少废物/废弃物/最小化In-process: 工程内，进程内Housekeeping: 维持管理Equipment modification landfills: 设备改造，填埋Biodegradable solvents: 可生物降解溶剂Volatile chemicals: 挥发性化学品Management commitment: 管理层的承诺primary pollutant 一次大气污染物secondary pollutant 二次大气污染物air stagnation 空气流动停滞，大气停滞nitrous oxide 一氧化二氮nitric oxide 一氧化氮(NO)nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮(NO2)soot煤烟dust 灰尘smog 烟雾ozone 臭氧herbicide 除草剂pesticide 杀虫剂/ 农药VOC 挥发性有机化合物APC 大气污染控制Regulatory program 调整项目Financial support 财政支持Operating cost 操作成本Biodegradation capacity 生物降解能力Environmental media 环境介质Biological 生物学的Technologies 技术、工艺Inorganic air pollutants 无机大气污染物treatment facilities 处理设备per capita per day 每人每天municipality 市政当局, 自治市population equivalent 人口当量basement flooding 地下室浸水runoff 排水domestic sewage 生活污水type of terrain 地形种类unpalatable 味道差的volatile chemicals 挥发性的化学药品scale in hot pipes 热水管积垢harbor pathogens 窝藏病原体precipitate 使沉淀turbid 混浊的intermittent sources 间歇的污染源fixtures 固定设备land disposal 掩埋处置fecal coliform 粪大肠菌群stringent effluent requirement 严格的废水排放要求assimilation capacity 同化能力practical outlets 可行的排出途径，现实出路aquatic life 水生生物detrimental to human health 对人体健康有害的endogenous phase 内源〔生长〕期flow monitoring 流量监测equipment age and reliability 装备老化及其可靠性mechanistic facilities 机械设备microbial activity 微生物活性activated sludge 活性污泥controlling respiration 控制呼吸oxidation ditches 氧化沟on-line automation 在线自动〔监测〕preempted and defaced land 过早地遭受破坏的土地personal conveniences 个人的便利生活条件lavish dependency 过量依赖solar collectors 太阳集热器undue sacrific 过度牺牲social attitudes 社会态度patterns of living 生活方式农药pesticide化肥chemical fertilizer 有机废物organic wastes 微生物microorganism / microbe 衰减attenuation 阻滞的retardant / blocking 稀释dilution 添加剂additive 合成塑料synthetic plastic 再生regeneration正常浓度normal concentration 严重污染的serious polluted / heavily polluted决定因素determining factor光化学氧化物photochemical oxidant液体微滴liquid droplet放射性物质radioactive substance不完全氧化incomplete oxidization / incomplete combustion含硫的sulfur-containing风化wind erosion / weathering汽车尾气automobile exhaust温室效应effect of greenhouse由二氧化碳引起的caused by CO2世界碳预算world carbon budget天气的自然波动natural fluctuations in climate全球变暖global warming厌氧的anaerobic甲烷methane臭氧层ozonosphere 气候模型climatic models腐烂decay出口outlet多管高效旋风分离器multitube high-efficiency cyclone合成纤维synthetic fabric捕集效率collection efficiency机械洗涤mechanical scrubbing压力降pressure drop焚化炉incinerator气体离子gas ion捕集板collection surface碳黑carbon black尾气off-gas可应用性applicability工业规模full-scale土壤床soil bed生物过滤器biofilter固定资本fixed capital易生物降解的easily biodegraded合成有机化合物synthetic organic compound微生物性能microbiological properties普遍接受universal acceptance食品加工food processing精馏rectification蒸发和冷凝evaporation and condensation土壤腐蚀erosion of soil过滤作用percolating/ filtration副产品byproduct脱盐desalination手动控制operator control/ manual control最优化minimize the effects微处理器microprocessor统计分析statistical analysis质量衡算mass balance动力学dynamics氧化还原oxidation and reduction /redox停留时间residence time模拟simulation参数parameter水解hydrolysis积分integral吸声材料sound adsorbing media弹性介质elastic media蒸汽打桩机steam-powered pile driver耳塞ear plug劳动部department of labor环保局Environmental Protection Agency （EPA）环保法environmental protection law(1) Raw materials that lose their usefulness because they sit on the shelf too long become waste.原材料放置过久会失去它们本身性能而变成废弃物。

环境工程专业英语钟理_翻译

第一单元环境工程这本书主要关于什么？这本书的目标是使工程和科学的学生了解学科间的研究环境问题：它们的起因，为什么它们被关注，我们怎么控制它们。

这本书包括：● 描述环境和环境系统意味着什么● 关于环境破坏基础原因的信息● 理解环境问题本质和能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识● 目前运用在水,空气,污染问题的环境控制技术的状况● 我们目前在很多关于理解和控制人类活动、自然之间复杂相互作用的科学知识上存在着相当大的空白●很多环境问题能运用目前的技术消除或减少，但因为社会缺少意愿这么做或在很多例子中因为缺乏资源去这样做，这些环境问题没有被处理一些重要的定义：在这本书中，它们第一次被使用，定义被以大写或印刷成黑体字的形式展示环境是围绕在我们周围的物质生命的栖息地，在这儿我们能看到,听到,触摸,闻到,和品尝到系统依据韦氏字典,被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物”，例如，太阳系统，灌溉系统，供应系统，世界和宇宙。

污染被定义为“在大气，水或土地中的物质的，化学的或生物的特性的不合意的改变，这一改变有害地影响人类或其它生物的健康，生存，或活动”。

当改进环境质量的目标被用来改进人类福利，“环境”一词扩展成包括所有的社会，经济和文化方面的内容。

这一扩展在许多真实情况下是不可行的以及在一本被设计为一学期课程的教科书中也是不实际的。

我们对环境问题的考察因此限于我们对“环境”的定义。

系统的相互作用许多不同的环境问题都与水，空气或土地系统有关联。

许多这些问题都只适用于这些系统中的一个，这为这些种类中的细目分类提供了充分的理由。

这样的分类也更有用于及易于理解一个系统内的相关问题。

而且，这样做是明智的，这是因为由于管理上的和行政上的原因，这些有关空气污染，水供应，废水处理和固体废物处理的子域通常由政府机构分别处理。

很遗憾的是，很多重要的环境问题不仅仅限制于空气，水或土地系统，还包括系统间的相互作用。

环境工程专业英语第二版华南理工大学钟理主编

环境工程专业英语第二版华南理工大学钟理主编纯手打，自己检查哈！Unit 33Reading Material:Pollution Control Strategies[Ⅱ]Legal Aspects and the Role of GovernmentLegislation to control the quality of water and air and the disposal of solid and hazardous wastes was introduced,with particular emphasis on the United States and Canada. It is the responsibility of government,at the national,state,provincial,or local level,to enact and update environmental control legislation. This legislation is generally written to provide the broad goals and objectives for environmental quality. It does not provide the means and methods by which these goals are to be achieved. Nor need it provide the details which are necessary to monitor and control the performance of pollution control facilities. It is,therefore,necessary for governments at all levels to establish regulatory strategies,in order to implement the broadly stated objectives of general legislation.The goal of environmental management strategies is to maintain or improve the quality of the ambient or surrounding environment. Ambient standards art determined for a number of different characteristics or pollutants within a medium suchas air or water. These standards are designed tominimize risks to the health of humans,animals,or theenvironment in general. The components for which these ambient standards are set must be quantifiable and scientifically measurable. In water and air,criteria are set for allowable concentrations of a variety of pollutants. Furthermore,the pollutants for which ambient standards are must be related to their sources. A regulatory agency can set ambient standards and monitor ambient conditions,but it cannot control or manage conditions except by controlling the sources of the pollutants which affect the ambient conditions. For example,in the air,it is desirable to maintain the concentration of particulates below a certain level. To do this,we must determine the possible sources of the particulates. Some of these sources may be identifiable,such as a smokestack or a burning garbage dump. But much of the particulate matte may come from unidentifiable or nonpoint sources,such as open fields, highways,or a forest fire many miles away. After the sources have been identified,it is necessary to relate the rate at which the pollutants are being released from the sources to the ambient concentrations. when this is done,it is possible to set allowable limits on the discharge of pollutants at the sources. This forms the basis for effluent standards.Effluent standards are ambient standards because they can be monitored and controlled in many cases. Even though the ambient quality is what we are interested in preserving,we normally try to achieve this by controlling effluent quality and quantity.Three main instruments are available to government for environmental control:direct regulation ,polluter subsidies,and they all work to internalize pollution costs to the polluter. They can be applied independently,but are usally applied in combination,Each of these instruments appears in a variety of forms,We shall consider some of the more common forms in which they are applied,as well as other interesting possibilities for controlling pollution,Direct regulation. The government can use its legislative powers to regulate the actions of individuals,corporations,and lower levels of government,Therefore,through direct legislative action,thequantity,quality,and location of discharges of pollutants can be regulated. The main forms of direct regulation are zoning;prohibition,or zero discharge;and effluent standards.Zoning. Zoning regulations are one of the simplest and oldest forms of pollution control and are still a part of almost every pollution control strategy. The objective is to separate the polluter form the rest of society by either space or time. Aresult of the so-called sanitary awakening in mid-nineteenth century Britain was the realization that open garbage dumps had to be removed from areas of dense population and kept away from public water supplies. Local bylaws were enacted to ensure that this was done so that the benefits to public health were realized. The prohibition on the burning of coal in nineteenth-century London whileparliament was in session is another example of this type of zoning. More recent examples of zoning to separate pollutions from the public are the location of airports, the use of curfews on airport operations,and the construction of tall chimneys or long marine sewage outfalls.Prohibition or Zero Discharge. Another form of direct regulation of pollution is prohibition,also known as zero discharge. The advantages of such a concept are obvious. First and foremost there would be no change in environmental quality. Moreover,all resources would have to be completely converted into useful products or stored indefiniteky. And the legislation would appear to be equitable,since the same regulation would apply to everyone. Such a concept,however,is normally impossible to realize,A simple materials balance shows that any resource taken from the environment,including energy,must be returned in some form. Even if it were conceivable to recycle all wastes into new products,there would still be a large energy requirement to achieve this. For most activities,zero discharge would be expensive if not impossible to achieve,At present,producers of extremely hazardous wastes,for which no treatment is available,are the only ones subjected to zero discharge requirements. They must store their wastes until a means of safe disposal is found.Effluent Standards. Effluent discharge standards are the most common and the most useful form of direct regulation. They can be in the form of across-the-board standards which require that effluents of allpolluters meet the same criteria,or thay may be individually developed for each polluter. The advantages of an across-the-board type of approach are that it is easy to administer,it appears fair to all polluters,and it provides the most rigid control over environmental quality. The disadvantages are that it may be uneconomical,and therefore impractical,to insist that all polluters meet the same effluent standards. Some polluters may easily meet standards that others will be unable to meet at all,or only at a very high cost. The different assimilative capacities of the environment in different locations can be taken into account only on a case-by-case basis. For example,a large,fast-moving river can accept a much larger amount of organic pollution than a small creek,and therefore pollutant concentrations from point-source discharges coule be much higher before river quality is seriously affected. Nevertheless,most jurisdictions prefer to set common effluent discharge guidelines,which must be met unless the contributor is specifically exempted.Subsidies. One method of encouraging polluters to comply with regulations is to provide money to help cover their costs. These subsidies may be in the form of direct payments or grants based on a percentage of the cost of pollution abatement or on a percentage reduction in effluent quantity or strength. They may also take the form of low-interest loans for the capital costs of improved treatment facilities.Alternatively,governments can reduce or defer taxes or relax other government requirements to encourage spending on pollution control.The main advantage of subsidies is that they reduce the costs of pollution abatement to the polluter and limit the associated increase in production costs. Governments grants can be used to cover capital costs,and tax incentives can be used to relieve operation and maintenance costs. Subsidies (the carrot) combined with regulations (the stick ) can be used by government to reduce stress on the environment and at the same time encourage research and development by industry in pollution abatement technology . The main disadvantage of polluter subsidies is that the government will have to increase taxes or direct money form other programs in order to pay the subsidies. This is partially offset by decreased expenditures needed to correct the effects of damage due to pollution(i.e. , expenditures on water treatment plants or public health care). However,these returns may be small compared to the costs involved. A general tax increase may seem fair when everyone benefits from an increase in environmental quality. In fact,however,people benefit to varying degrees,and some may balk at paying money for what appears to be someone else’s problem.Another serious drawback to the subsidy system is that it can be easily abused. The idea of paying someone to stop damaging the environment sounds suspiciously like a criminal protection racket . Allpotential polluters will want to be paid for not polluting. Companies may find that the subsidy available for waster reduction exceeds their actual costs of making the change. They may then increase their production above normal simply to receive a subsidy and go on to dump the extra goods at a lower price. In this situation,a polluting industry has been rewarded while its competitors who already treat their wastes adequately get no benefit.Service charges. Service or user charges are similar to subsidies in that monetary means are used to encourage a polluter to comply with effluent requirements. Charges are the most direct may of internalizing the costs of pollution to polluter. There are numerous types of service charges,but in general,money is paid to the local government or agency in proportion to the amount of pollution. The government or agency may then use the money to pay for and operate central pollution control facilities.The obvious advantage of a service charge is that it is the polluter who pays for the costs of polluting. The system rewards those industries that are clean and efficiently run and penalizes those that are dirty and wasteful. Also,it does not encourage increases in polluting activity ,as a subsidy system might. Finally,the administration of such a system is relatively easy ,requiring only the monitoring of discharges.The disadvantages are that production and operating costs for the industries connected may rise. If the service charges arenominal,industries may find it less expensive to simply continue polluting,If the charges are high enough force an industry to stop or severely restrict its effluent discharges,the industry may close down. In any event,the charges will be passed on in the form of increased prices for the industry’s products. Since each industry has different capabilities and costs related to controlling its wastes,a uniform service charge could upset the economic balance between competing industries. However,to customize effluent charges for each polluter would be an administrative burden and appear to be unfair.We are all familiar with charges for municipal services. In urban areas,we pay through property taxes or special levies to have refuse and sewage removed from our homes. In the same way ,industries may find it more convenient to pay to have their untreated wastes removed and disposed of at a central treatment facility. In some of the heavily industrialized areas of Europe, this has been found to be an attractive and efficient way to dispose of industrial wastes. In many cases,the extra cost of waste collection is offset by the economy of scale of large ,specialized treatment plants.In general,all wastes which do not harm the system or affect the operation of the treatment plant shoule be accepted without pretreatment.If the wastes are stronger than “normal” sewage,then a charge,or more correctly,a surcharge,should be assessed against the industry for the extra cost of sewage treatment . For this approach,a surcharge formula setting out the charges for accepting wastes stronger than normal would have to be included in the industrial waste bylaw. Ideally,charges for sewage treatment should be related to the cost of providing the facilities and the benefits received. The practical application of this method isdifficult,however,and various methods of charging for industrial wastes have evolved.。

环境工程专业英语第二版课后习题答案

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Exercises 0Write an article about yourself, including personal background, family, education, interests, ambitions and others. Write as much as you would like to.About MyselfMy name is Qin Zheng. I am from Xiangshan, which is a small town in Ningbo District. It is very beautiful and nowadays a lot of films and TV programmes are shot there. More and more people went there for a holiday. The people there are laborious, virtuous and warm hearted. I’m much felicitated that I was born and raised up there. It is my hometown and I will love it forever.My family has been engaged in farming for generations. My relatives are all farmers. My ancestors and my parents have plotted all their life on thin ground. In my family, my father, my mother and I, that’s all.Now I’m in grade three, a third year student in Jiaxing University. Since I have made a lot of friends, I find life in this university both happy and rewarding. I live happily here. I like climbing mountains. I like singing, listening classical music. I like essay, also novel, but my favorite is essay. Unfortunately, although I have read so much, my writing is still not very good.I hope that I can be an useful person for our society. But at the moment, my knowledge is still not rich enough. In order to realize my objectives in life, I will study hard and gain more and more skills and knowledge, such as speaking English and using computer. If I have enough money after graduation from school, I will study driving. It is good to have a good job when someone can drive a car or a bus.Unit 1 (P.4)1 Based on Reading Material, put the following into Chinese.life expectancy ：耐用期限，平均寿命poverty-stricken ：贫穷的，贫困的，贫乏的smog-laden air ：烟雾弥漫的天空，烟雾缭绕的空气，阴霾天气global conditions ：全球状况haves and have-nots ：富人和穷人underprivileged ：社会地位低下的，相对贫困的，生活水平低下的，弱势的savanna ：热带大草原，稀树草原predator ：食肉动物，捕食者environmental disruptions ：环境破坏，环境失调2 Put the following into English.农药—pesticide / agricultural chemicals (including: pesticide, germicide, herbicide) 化肥—chemical fertilizer有机废物—organic wastes微生物—microorganism / microbe衰减—attenuation阻滞的—retardant / blocking稀释—dilution添加剂—additive合成塑料—synthetic plastic再生--regenerationUnit 3 (P.19)1 Put the following into Chinese.(1) Raw materials that lose their usefulness because they sit on the shelf too long become waste. 原材料放置过久会失去它们本身性能而变成废弃物。

(3) Lockheed successfully switched from an alkaline cyanide cadmium bath to an acidic noncyanide cadmium bath.洛克希德（公司）成功地将碱性氰化镉溶液槽改变为酸性不含氰化镉的溶液槽。

(4) Do not try to reinvent the wheel. Develop networking partners to share ideas.不要进行重复研究。

发展网络伙伴以分享思想。

3Put the following into Chinese.Waste reduction/waste/minimization: 减少废物/废弃物/最小化In-process: 工程内，进程内Housekeeping: 维持管理Equipment modification landfills: 设备改造，填埋Biodegradable solvents: 可生物降解溶剂V olatile chemicals: 挥发性化学品Management commitment: 管理层的承诺Unit 5 (P.34)1 Put the following words or phrase into Chinese.primary pollutant 一次大气污染物secondary pollutant 二次大气污染物air stagnation 空气流动停滞，大气停滞nitrous oxide 一氧化二氮(N2O)nitric oxide 一氧化氮(NO)nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮(NO2)soot 煤烟dust 灰尘smog 烟雾ozone 臭氧herbicide 除草剂pesticide 杀虫剂 / 农药2 Put the following into English.正常浓度 normal concentration严重污染的 serious polluted / heavily polluted决定因素 determining factor光化学氧化物 photochemical oxidant液体微滴 liquid droplet放射性物质 radioactive substance不完全氧化 incomplete oxidization / incomplete combustion 含硫的 sulfur-containing风化wind erosion / weathering汽车尾气 automobile exhaustUnit 6 (P.40)1 Put the following into Chinese(1) The most severe sequence of CO2 induced global warning would be melting of the polar ice-caps and the subsequent rise of ocean levels and inundation of coastal plains.由CO2所引起的全球变暖的最严重后果是极地冰帽的熔化，以及随之而来的海平面上升所引发的沿海平原的洪水。

(2) Although global warming from the already elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 has been predicted by most climatic models, such a warming has not been empirically observed.虽然大多数气候模型已经预测大气中CO2浓度的增加将引起全球变暖，但对于这样的气候变暖还没有实证观察过。

(3) Although they indicate trends in average surface temperatures and climate, they unfortunately coincide with increased industrialization and pollution.尽管这些资料表明了平均地面温度和气候的趋势，但不幸的是，恰恰遇上了这段时期内日益增强的工业化和污染。

2 Put the following into English.温室效应 effect of greenhouse由二氧化碳引起的 caused by CO2世界碳预算 world carbon budget天气的自然波动 natural fluctuations in climate全球变暖 global warming厌氧的 anaerobic甲烷methane臭氧层 ozonosphere气候模型 climatic models腐烂 decayUnit 7 (P.47)3 Put the following into English.出口outlet多管高效旋风分离器 multitube high-efficiency cyclone 合成纤维synthetic fabric捕集效率 collection efficiency机械洗涤mechanical scrubbing压力降pressure drop焚化炉incinerator气体离子gas ion捕集板 collection surface碳黑carbon blackUnit 8 (P.52) 1 Put the following into English.尾气off-gas可应用性applicability工业规模full-scale土壤床soil bed生物过滤器biofilter固定资本fixed capital易生物降解的easily biodegraded2 Put the following into Chinese.VOC 挥发性有机化合物APC 大气污染控制Regulatory program 调整项目Financial support 财政支持Operating cost 操作成本Biodegradation capacity 生物降解能力Environmental media 环境介质Biological 生物学的Technologies 技术、工艺Inorganic air pollutants 无机大气污染物Unit 10 (P.66) 1 Put the following into Chinese.treatment facilities 处理设备per capita per day 每人每天municipality 市政当局, 自治市population equivalent 人口当量basement flooding 地下室浸水runoff 排水domestic sewage 生活污水type of terrain 地形种类Unit 11 (P.73)1 According to Reading Material, put the following into Chinese.unpalatable 味道差的volatile chemicals 挥发性的化学药品scale in hot pipes 热水管积垢harbor pathogens 窝藏病原体precipitate 使沉淀turbid 混浊的intermittent sources 间歇的污染源fixtures 固定设备2 According to Reading Material, put the following into English.合成有机化合物 synthetic organic compound微生物性能 microbiological properties普遍接受 universal acceptance食品加工 food processing精馏 rectification蒸发和冷凝 evaporation and condensation土壤腐蚀 erosion of soil过滤作用 percolating/ filtration副产品 byproduct脱盐 desalinationUnit 12 (P.81)1 According to Reading Material, put the following into Chinese.land disposal 掩埋处置fecal coliform 粪大肠菌群stringent effluent requirement 严格的废水排放要求assimilation capacity 同化能力practical outlets 可行的排出途径，现实出路aquatic life 水生生物detrimental to human health 对人体健康有害的endogenous phase 内源〔生长〕期Unit 13 (P.89)1 Based on Reading Material, put the following into Chinese.flow monitoring 流量监测equipment age and reliability 装备老化及其可靠性mechanistic facilities 机械设备microbial activity 微生物活性activated sludge 活性污泥controlling respiration 控制呼吸oxidation ditches 氧化沟on-line automation 在线自动〔监测〕2 Based on Reading Material, put the following into English.手动控制 operator control/ manual control最优化minimize the effects微处理器 microprocessor统计分析 statistical analysis质量衡算 mass balance动力学 dynamics氧化还原oxidation and reduction /redox停留时间 residence time模拟 simulation参数 parameter水解 hydrolysis积分 integralUnit 23 (P.157) 1 Put the following into English.吸声材料 sound adsorbing media弹性介质 elastic media蒸汽打桩机 steam-powered pile driver耳塞 ear plug劳动部 department of labor环保局 Environmental Protection Agency （EPA）环保法 environmental protection lawUnit 24 (P.163) 1 Put the following into Chinese.preempted and defaced land 过早地遭受破坏的土地personal conveniences 个人的便利生活条件lavish dependency 过量依赖solar collectors 太阳集热器undue sacrific 过度牺牲social attitudes 社会态度patterns of living 生活方式再生纸废水物化处理方法研究摘要：通过对三种无机混凝剂（聚合氧化铝、聚合氯化铝、聚合硫酸铁）和一种有机混凝剂（聚丙烯酰胺）在不同影响因素（投加量、pH值、搅拌速度、搅拌时间）下，对再生纸废水物化处理效果的研究，选出各种混凝剂的最佳投加量、pH值、搅拌速度和搅拌时间，结果聚合氧化铝在处理再生纸废水方面效果最好。