2014年语言学复习范围

1. The famous quotation from Shakespeare‟s play “Romeo and Juliet” …A rose by any other name would smell as sweet‟ well illustrates _______.A. the arbitrariness of languageB. the productivity of languageC. the duality of languageD. the cultural transmission of language2.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.A. rcudB. bkilC. echtD. gnav3. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language at some point of time in history.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative4.______ is NOT a design feature of human language.A. Cultural transmissionB. DisplacementC. Duality of structureD. Prescriptivism5. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: ______.A. voiceless, bilabial, stopB. voiceless, labiodental, fricativeC. voiced, bilabial, stopD. voiced, labiodental, fricative6. The illocutionary point of the ______ is to commit the speaker to something‟s being the case, to the truth of what has been said.A. representativesB. commissivesC. expressivesD. directives7. Which following pair of antonyms belong to complementary antonyms?A. good : badB. hit : missC. lend : borrowD. above : below8. Which of the following sentences doesn‟t belong to one-place predication?A. The room is small.B. Is he making any trouble?C. It is raining heavily.D. The flower grows well.9. The relationship between furniture and wardrobe is ______.A. HyponymyB. SynonymyC. PolysemyD. Homonymy10. Conjunctions, prepositions, article, and pronouns consists of the grammatical word, they can be called ______.A. open class wordB. bound morphemesC. free morphemesD. closed class word11. Clear l and dark l are a________ of the same one phoneme /1/. They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c________ distribution.12. A r________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.13. An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any o________ when a sound is produced.14.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called b________ morphemes.15.In the semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called p .16.The basic difference between pragmatics and traditional semantics is that pragmatics considers meaning in c________ and traditional semantics studies meaning in isolation from use.17. “Interviewer” and “interviewee” are a pair of r_______ opposites.18. R________deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience.19. Conversational i________may arise as a result of a speaker‟s violation of the cooperative principle.( ) 20. In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.( ) 21. In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as /i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension.( ) 22. A compound is the combination of only two words.( ) 23. The word “photographically” is made up of 4 morphemes.( ) 24. The smallest meaningful unit of language is word.( ) 25. If a Chinese speaker pronounces the /l/ sound in the word feel not as a dark [l], but as a clear [l], he will be misunderstood by a native speaker as saying something else. ( ) 26. “He saw a child” entails “He saw a girl”.( ) 27. The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference.( ) 28. The maxim of quality requires that a participant‟s contribution be relevant to the conversation..( ) 29. Sentence meaning is concrete and context-independent .30. cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)31. phonemic contrast (give an example)32. context33. sense34. behaviorism1. (10%) Take the following pairs of words:kill coal / kin cone / kit coatThe k in the first column is not identical with that in the second since its point of articulation is different: it is a forward k whereas the other is a backward k.Q. How do phoneticians and linguists view this difference?Consider now the following pairs:cap gap / came game / coal goalQ. How do linguists view this difference?2. (13%) Sometimes a grammatically correct sentence can make no sense. For example: Sincerity shook hands with a brown apple.Q: How can you explain this phenomenon? (You should answer this Q by mentioning sentence meaning, grammaticality and selectional restriction.) Then analyze this sentence.3. (12%) Look at the following two sets of transcription:[p h i:k ] and [spi:k] [li:d] and [di:ł]Q: What is the difference between each of these two sets of transcription? Explain in detail how the difference comes into being.1. A2. C3. A4. D5. B6. A7. B8. C9. A 10. D1. allophone complementary2. root3. obstructed4. bound5. predication6. context7. relational8. Reference9. implicature1. F2. T3. F4. T5. F6. F7. F8. T9. F 10. F1. The details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but have to be taught and learned. Language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning rather than by instinct, a feature which animals do not have.2. Phonetically similar sounds can form a contrast if they are two distinctive phonemes. Such pair of sounds can occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, and they are in phonemic contrast. For example, /p/ in rope and /b/ in robe are in phonemic contrast as the two similar sounds are in the same position yet distinguish meaning.3. Context is essential to the pragmatic study of language, and is considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use and the knowledge about the world.4. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all features of the linguistic form and is abstract and decontextualized.5. Behaviorism draws on behaviorist psychology when trying to define the meaning. It points out that the meaning of a language form can be referred to the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the speaker.1. To the phonetician, the two k-s are not the same, since in the first column the k is followed by a front vowel and in the second by a back vowel.To the linguists, the difference is of secondary importance since to substitute a forward k for a backward k won‟t cause the difference of the meaning, so they are not separate phonemes but so called allophones of the k phoneme.However, in the second case, we can seen a clear phonetic difference: that between a voiced and voiceless plosive at the same point. But to linguists, this difference is of vital importance. K and g are distinctive phonemes, and differentiate between meaning.2. The meaning of a sentence has two parts: grammatical meaning and semantic meaning. Grammatical meaning refers to the grammatical well-formedness of a sentence, which is governed by the grammatical rules of the language. Semantic meaning is governed by selectional restrictions, constraints on what lexical items can go with others. Thus, some sentences may be grammatically correct, but may not be semantically meaningful, as they violate the selectional restrictions.In Sincerity shook hands with a brown apple, although this sentence is grammatically well-formed, it is obvious that it violates selectional restrictions. How can sincerity shake hands? How can one shake hands with a brown apple? How can an apple have brown color?3. These two sets of transcription each contain a so called broad transcription and narrow transcription. In other words, one is the transcription with letter-symbols only, which is normally used in dictionaries and textbooks and the other is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics, which is the one required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. With the help of the diacritics, they can faithfully represent as much of the fine details as it is necessary for their purpose.1. Antonyms are divided into several kinds. Which of the following is NOT a kind of antonyms?A. complementaryB. relationalC. polysemicD. gradable2. In terms of predication analysis, the utterance “Is it going to snow this afternoon?” isa __________.A. one-place predicationB. two-place predicationC. three-place predicationD. no-place predication3. “I bought some roses” __________ “I bought some flowers”.A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with4. Y‟s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner5. “Sweets” and “candy” are used respectively in Britain and in America, but refer to the same thing. The words are __________ synonyms.A. collocationalB. dialectalC. completeD. stylistic6. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) __________.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form7. English consonants can be classified into stops. fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of __________.A. manner of articulationB. openness of mouthC. place of articulationD. voicing8. The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called __________.A. phoneticsB. morphologyC. syntaxD. semantics9. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is __________ phonetics.A. auditoryB. acousticC. articulatoryD. none of the above three10. What the element “-es” indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element “-ed”past tense, and “-ing”progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit oflanguage and meaningful, they are also __________.A. phonemesB. morphemesC. allophonesD. phones11. In F. de Saussure's dichotomy, l________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; p is its realization in actual use. This distinction is similar to the distinction between c________ and p________, proposed by Chomsky.12. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d________.13. Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items. The word that is more general in meaning is called s________.14. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s________.15. C________ are statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable; p________ are sentences that don‟t state a fact or describe a state and are not verifiable.16. When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete h________.( ) 17.A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.( ) 18. Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic.( ) 19. In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.( ) 20. We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.( ) 21. Beat and bit are not a minimal pair.( ) 22. Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning. ( ) 23. Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order. ( ) 24. The maxim of quality requires that a participant‟s contribution be relevant to the conversation.( ) 25. A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and”, “but”, “or”.( ) 26. The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.27. allomorphs28. suprasegmental features29. the semantic triangle30. perlocutionary act31. reference1. (10%) Take the following pairs of words:kill coal / kin cone / kit coatThe k in the first column is not identical with that in the second since its point of articulation is different: it is a forward k whereas the other is a backward k.Q. How do phoneticians and linguists view this difference?Consider now the following pairs:cap gap / came game / coal goalQ. How do linguists view this difference?2. (12%) Sometimes a grammatically correct sentence can make no sense. For example: Sincerity shook hands with a brown apple.Q: How can you explain this phenomenon? (You should answer this Q by mentioning sentence meaning, grammaticality and selectional restriction.) Then analyze this sentence.3. (13%) Q: What are the four maxims of Cooperative Principle?Consider the following conversation:A: Where is Jack?B: He‟s gone to the library. He said so when he left.Q: Which maxim does B’s response violate? What possible conversational implicature does B’s words have?1. C2. D3. A4. C5. B6. C7. A8. C9. C 10. B11. langue parole competence performance 12. descriptive13. superordinate 14. syntax 15. constatives performatives 16. homonyms 17. T 18. F 19. F 20. F 21. F 6. F 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. T27. The variant forms of a morpheme are called its allomorph. For example, the morpheme used to express indefiniteness in English has two forms: a before a word that begins with a consonant and an before a word that begins with a vowel: an orange, an hour; a building, a minute. So a, an are the allomorph of the morpheme indefiniteness 28. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units are syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental features include stress, intonation and tone.29. There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to(i.e. between language an the real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concept in the mind. This is best illustrated by the classic semantic triangle suggested by Ogden and Richards.30. Perlocutioary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying sth; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by say something.31. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.1. To the phonetician, the two k-s are not the same, since in the first column the k is followed by a front vowel and in the second by a back vowel.To the linguists, the difference is of secondary importance since to substitute a forward k for a backward k won‟t c ause the difference of the meaning, so they are not separate phonemes but so called allophones of the k phoneme.However, in the second case, we can seen a clear phonetic difference: that between a voiced and voiceless plosive at the same point. But to linguists, this difference is of vital importance. K and g are distinctive phonemes, and differentiate between meaning.2. The meaning of a sentence has two parts: grammatical meaning and semantic meaning. Grammatical meaning refers to the grammatical well-formedness of a sentence, which is governed by the grammatical rules of the language. Semantic meaning is governed by selectional restrictions, constraints on what lexical items can go with others. Thus, some sentences may be grammatically correct, but may not be semantically meaningful, as they violate the selectional restrictions.In Sincerity shook hands with a brown apple, although this sentence is grammatically well-formed, it is obvious that it violates selectional restrictions. How can sincerity shake hands? How can one shake hands with a brown apple? How can an apple have brown color?3. There are four maxims under Cooperative Principle: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation, the maxim of manner.B‟s response violates the maxim of quantity, which includes “Do not make your contribution more informative than is required”. B‟s response has two parts. In fact, onlythe first part is enough to answer A‟s question, but B has said the second part. He wants to imply that he is not sure whether Jack has really gone to the library because it is only what Jack told him.。