东南大学学术论文写作单元Unit
学术论文写作UNIT1
1.1 Following Personapic that you interested in. B. Choose something that seems to promise them real value, something that they have always wanted to learn more about.
1.4 Reading Source Material
1.4.1 Encyclopedias It is useful in selecting a subject and a topic. It can also suggest possible bibliography sources and examples. Such as Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Americana~~
1.2 Talking with Other people
As they talk with each other, ideas are given and questions are asked, which result in elaboration and collaboration through interaction.
Including parts
1. title page 2. acknowledgements (optional) 3. outline (optional) 4. abstract 5. the text of the paper (introduction, body, and conclusion) 6. notes (optional) 7.works cited 8. appendix (optional)
学术论文写作-Unit6
• To understand the importance of summarizing in academic writing;
• To be skilled in paraphrasing in academic writing; • To be able to restate your thesis statement; • To be able to write a logical conclusion.
II. Sample Reading
2. What verb tenses are mainly used in this conclusion section? Which voice is predominant in this section, the active voice or the passive voice?
II. Sample Reading
1. Read the concluding section of the sample text to identify the information elements in the following table. Then discuss their functions.
III. Language Focus
A. Summarizing
There are three ways to include source material in academic writing: summarizing, paraphrasing, and quoting. Each of these strategies capitalizes on different types of information that can be useful. To summarize is to bring out in your own words a shortened version of written or spoken material, stating the main points and leaving out anything that is not essential. Summarizing is more than retelling; it involves analyzing information, distinguishing important elements from unimportant ones.
学术论文写作-Unit8
2. Write a reply to the decision letter.
Dear Editor-in-chief,
We are grateful to the editors and reviewers for their time and constructive comments on our manuscript. We have implemented their comments and suggestions and wish to submit a revised version of the manuscript for further consideration of publication in the journal. Changes in the initial version of the manuscript are either highlighted for added sentences or strikethrough for deleted sentences in the revised version. Below, we also provide a point-by-point response explaining how we have addressed each of the editors or reviewers’ comments. We look forward to the outcome of your assessment.
3. Fill in the blanks according to the Chinese clue in the brackets.
The authors would like to thank/thank (感谢) the patients who participated/were involved/were recruited（参与）in the study. We would also like to show our gratitude （感激）to Dr. Jean-Frederic Colombel (co-director of the Feinstein IBD Center, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY) for invaluable discussions and insights on Crohn’s disease, and we thank 3 “anonymous” reviewers (匿名评审员) for their detailed comments (修回意见). We are also immensely grateful to（感激）Dr. Emilie Grasset (Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY) for her expertise (专长) and discussion on an earlier version of the manuscript (稿子). This research is partially supported /was supported in part（部分由...资助）by R01 DK106593, and the Sanford J. Grossman Charitable Trust; R.U. is supported/funded (资 助) by a Career Development Award from the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation and an NIH K23 Career Development Award (K23KD111995-01A1).
东南大学本科生毕业设计(论文)撰写规范(2019年9月修
东南大学本科生毕业设计（论文）撰写规范（2019年9月修订）本科生毕业设计（论文）是实现人才培养目标的重要实践性环节，对巩固、深化和升华学生所学理论知识，培养学生创新能力、独立工作能力、分析和解决问题能力、工程实践能力起着重要作用。
为进一步规范我校本科生毕业设计（论文）的管理，提升毕业设计（论文）质量，特修订《东南大学本科生毕业设计（论文）撰写规范》。
一、毕业设计（论文）的内容及要求毕业设计（论文）一般由以下部分组成，依次为：封面、论文独创性声明、中文摘要、英文摘要（ABSTRACT）、目录、正文、参考文献、附录、致谢等。
各部分的具体要求如下：1、封面毕业设计（论文）封面应使用教务处的统一封面模板，封面上需填写：论文题目、姓名、学号、学院、专业、指导教师、起止时间等。
论文题目应简明扼要概括论文核心内容。
中文题目一般不得超过20个汉字，必要时可加副标题，副标题应另起一行，用破折号与主标题隔开。
姓名、学号、学院、专业、指导教师不得为空，学院、专业必须填写全称，不得使用简称，专业应使用标准专业名称。
2、论文独创性声明独创性声明和使用授权声明需由学生本人及指导教师亲笔签名并注明日期，不得留空。
3、中文摘要摘要内容独立于正文而存在，是论文内容高度概括的简要陈述，应准确、具体、完整地概括论文的主要信息，内容包括研究目的、方法、过程、成果、结论及主要创新之处等，不含图表，不加注释，具有独立性和完整性，一般为400字左右。
论文的关键词是反映毕业设计（论文）主题内容的名词，一般为3-5个，排在摘要正文部分下方。
关键词之间用逗号分开，最后一个关键词后不加标点符号。
4、英文摘要英文摘要应与中文摘相对应，250个实词左右。
采用第三人称（被动语态）介绍该学位论文内容，叙述的基本时态为一般现在时，确实需要强调过去的事情或者已经完成的行为才使用过去时、完成时等其他时态。
5、目录论文目录是论文的提纲，也是论文各章节组成部分的小标题。
东南大学英文学术写作-毕业论文类
Particular attention should be given to the following points
1）Authority:
Direct quotation provides authority for controversial positions or statements requiring expertise in fields other than your own.
Title page：
a. The title b. The full name of the writer c. The submission statement (提交单
位）(faculty or school etc.) d. The degree sought (e.g. Master of
2. Direct quotation
Direct quotation presents material from a source verbatim, which means word for word. Direct quotation is appropriate when you wish to summon the voice of an authority, to preserve the source author’s original wording, or to emphasize the accuracy of your borrowing from the source.
Southeast University For the degree of Master of Arts
By Wang Bin-bin December 2010
3)Table of Contents
学术英语写作-东南大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年
学术英语写作_东南大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.Sequence markersin English are a certain group of items that link sentencestogether into a larger unit of _______.参考答案:discourse2.When the author uses “Methodology” as the title of this section, he/she needsto provide the_______for how the experiment was designed and conducted for the current study.参考答案:rationales3.“Shopping malls are wonderful places.” is a weak thesis statemen t in that itrestates conventional wisdom.参考答案:错误4.One way is to examine one thing thoroughly and then examine the other. Thismethod is called _____ comparison or contrast.参考答案:block5. A strong thesis statement makes a claim that offers some point about thesignificance ofour evidence that requires further argumentation.参考答案:正确6.Strictly speaking, the purpose of _______ is to show similarities while contrastis used to show differences.参考答案:comparison7.In the elements of the Method Section, ______ refer to the precautions taken tomake sure that the data are valid.参考答案:Restrictions8.Paraphrasing is to explain the original ideas of a passage, chapter, article orbook in fewer words.参考答案:错误9.To avoid plagiarism and conform to academic ethics, you need to providereference to every citation and check for plagiarism before submitting your paper.参考答案:正确10.Which of the following tenses could be used to discuss previously publishedworks which is generally considered to be established knowledge?参考答案:The present simple11.Which of the following tenses could be used when the year of publication isstated within the main sentence.参考答案:The past tense12.Which of the following reporting verbs could be categorized as strong?参考答案:reject13.Reporting verbs can indicate either参考答案:All of the options.14.What is included in a complex model of literature review but NOT included ina simple one?参考答案:Research question15.You can choose any information or data from the graphwhen you describeagraph.参考答案:错误16.Redundancy, raising a totally new point, understatement, anticlimax are thetypical issues in structuring the Conclusion.参考答案:错误17.Unlike the Abstract and Introduction，the Conclusions section does providebackground details.参考答案:错误18. 1. The register of the following discourse is____.I, James Bond, take you, JudithKroll, to be my wife, to have and to hold from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, to love and to cherish, till death us do part, according to God's holy law, in the presence of God Imake thisvow.参考答案:static19.What should you do when you write a literature review?参考答案:Include a critical analysis of various opinions from credible sources.20.To end the Discussion section which also has a Conclusion, the author mayadmit what she/he has not been able to do and as a consequence cannotprovide conclusions on.参考答案:正确21.If the authors are to announce the results of their study, they can just statethe results without saying “we think that…”参考答案:正确22.You can use “he or she” to avoid gender discrimination every time when youmean “everyone”.参考答案:错误23.When writing an academic paper, you should nominalize as many words aspossible.参考答案:错误24.Beginning the Discussion section an author would possibly refer back topapers he/she cited in the Review of the Literature.参考答案:正确25.“The U.S. constitution” is not a good title for an essay, because it is toogeneral.参考答案:正确26.“What implications are revealed in my results?” is a question to considerafter drafting the Discussion section.参考答案:错误27.The process paragraphs are usually developed step by step in a chronologicalor logical sequence.参考答案:正确28.The Results Section can only be presented both in diagrams or graphs.参考答案:错误29.The Method Section can be called Materials and Methods in naturalsciences.参考答案:正确30.The Method Section is considered the most important section becauseitappears in the middle of a research paper.参考答案:错误31.Nominalization is the process of converting simple nouns within a sentenceto complex nouns.参考答案:错误32.If you can discuss a cause without having to discuss any other causes thenvery likely it is an indirect cause.参考答案:错误33.Oversimplification should be avoided because many problems have complexcauses and complex effects.参考答案:正确34.First personal pronouns can never be used in academic paper.参考答案:错误35. A weak thesis statement either makes no claim or makes a claim that doesnot need proving.参考答案:正确36.One of the key elements of the Conclusion section is a final judgment on theimportance and significance of the findings in terms of their implications and impact, along with possible applications to other areas.参考答案:正确37.Effects are the consequences of an event and they respond to the question“Why did that event happen?”参考答案:错误。
东南大学英文学术写作-毕业论文类71页PPT
36、自己的鞋子，自己知道紧在哪里。——西班牙
37、我们唯一不会改正的缺点是软弱。——拉罗什福科
xiexie! 38、我这个人走得很慢，但是我从不后退。——亚伯拉罕·林肯
39、勿问成功的秘诀为何，且尽全力做你应该做的事吧。——美华纳
40、学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。——孔子
东南大学英文学术写作-毕业论文类
56、死去何所道，托体同山阿。 57、春秋多佳日，登高赋新诗。 58、种豆南山下，草盛豆苗稀。晨兴 理荒秽 ，带月 荷锄归 。道狭 草木长 ，夕露 沾我衣 。衣沾 不足惜 ，但使 愿无违 。 59、相见无杂言，但道桑麻长。 60、迢迢新秋夕，亭亭月将圆。
Hale Waihona Puke 谢谢！
东南大学学术论文写作-单元2Unit2
• Third person pronouns ➢Sounds more objective and convincing.
Tasks 1. Rewrite the following sentences to make them more academic by avoiding first and second person pronouns.
✓
a. English word learning
5. b. Needs analysis of English word learning in SEU graduates
✓
a. Faculty bilingualism
6. b. Is personal success of SEU faculty members correlated with
2) How do we improve reading in elementary schools?
It’s too large and not doable. This question ties clearly into the research area of elementary school success by researching reading in general, but it lacks any link to the research methods. The question could be improved by asking how different intervention programs help struggling students or how curricula at charter schools differ from public schools.
东南大学学术论文写作-单元1Unit1
III. Language Focus
B. Formal Grammar and Style
Sentence structures in academic writing are more complex. Academic writing should NOT be complicated. It should be relatively easy to follow, written
verification examination establishment increase investigation assistance discovery eliminate reduction fluctuation
III. Language Focus
A. Word Choice
2. Rewrite the following sentences to make them more formal by substituting a single verb for the phrase in italics.
Key academic writing features
Reasons behind
Objectivity Complexity Formal structure Referencing
The readers need evidence-based facts rather than your personal opinions.
Column 2
verify examine establish increase investigate assist discover eliminate reduce fluctuate
( 10 ) ( 2) (4) (8 ) (9 ) ( 7) ( 1) (5 ) ( 6) (3 )
东南大学学术论文写作-单元2Unit2
• Existing gaps should be identified that the present research intends to fill in the literature review.
3) I chose this method because it was less complex. • This method was chosen for its simplicity.
4) My reading has shown that there are several reasons why plants are dispersed by ants. • According to the literature reviewed, there are several reasons why plants are dispersed by ants.
8. days in Caracas?
Is the water quality of South American cities with a laas day compared with “normal” days?
II. Sample Reading
III. Language Focus
A. Personal pronouns
• First person pronouns ➢Establishing author identify by using it and strengthening impersonal tone by removing it.
东南大学学位英语Unit 02 How to Write Style完整课文与答案
Section A Intensive Reading and WritingHow to Write with styleBy Kurt V onnegut[1] Newspaper reporters and technical writers are trained to reveal almost nothing about themselves in their writings. This makes them freaks in the world of writers, since almost all of the other ink-stained wretches in that world reveal a lot about themselves to readers. We call these revelations, accidental and intentional, elements of style.[2] These revelations tell us as readers what sort of person it is with whom we are spending time. Does the writer sound ignorant or informed, stupid or bright, crooked or honest, humorless or playful? And on and on.[3] Why should you examine your writing style with the idea of improving it? Do so as a mark of respect for your readers, whatever you’re writing. If you scribble your thoughts any which way, your readers will surely feel that you care nothing about them. They will mark you down as an egomaniac or a chowderhead -or, worse, they will stop reading you.[4] The most damning revelation you can make about yourself is that you do not know what is interesting and what is not. Don’t you yourself like or dislike writers mainly for what they choose to show you or make you think about? Did you ever admire an emptyheaded writer for his or her mastery of the language ? No.[5] So your own winning style must begin with ideas with ideas in your head.1. Find a subject you care about[6] Find a subject you care about and which you in your heart feel others shouldcare about. It is this genuine caring, and not your games with language , which will be the most compelling and seductive element in your style.[7] I am not urging you to write an novel, by the way – although I would not be sorry if you wrote one, provided you genuinely cared about something. A petition to the mayor about a pothole in front of your house or a love letter to the girl next door will do.2. Do not ramble, though[8] I won’t ramble on about that.3. Keep it simple[9] As for your use of language: Remember that two great masters of language, William Shakespeare and James Joyce, wrote sentences which were almost childlike when their subjects were most profound. ―To be or not to be?‖ asks Shakespeare’s Hamlt. The longest word is three letters long. Joyce, when he was frisky, could put together a sentence as intricate and as glittering as a necklace for Cleopatra, but my favorite sentence in his short story , ―Evelin‖is this one: ―She was tried.‖At that point in the story, no other words could break the heart of a reader as those three words do.[10] Simplicity of language is not only reputable, but perhaps even sacred. The Bible opens with a sentence well within the writing skills of a lively fourteen-year-old: ―In the beginning God created the neaven and the earth.‖4. Have guts to cut[11] It may be that you, too, are capable of making necklaces for Cleopatra, so to speak. But your eloquence should be the servant of the ideas in your head. Your rulemight be this: If a sentence, no matter how excellent, does not illuminate your subject in some new and useful way, scratch it out.5. Sound like yourself[12] The writing style which is most natural for you is bound to echo the speech you heard when a child. English was Conrad’s third language , and much that seems piquant in his use of English was no doubt colored by his first language, which was Polish. And lucky indeed is the writer who has grown up in Ireland, for the English spoken there is so amusing and musical. I myself grew up in Indianapolis, where common speech sounds like a band saw cutting galvanized tin, and employs a vocabulary as unornamental as a monkey wrench.[13] In some of the more remote hollows of Appalachia, children still grow up hearing songs and locutions of Elizabethan times. Yes, and many Americans grow up hearing a language other than English, or an English dialect a majority of Americans cannot understand.[14] All these varieties of speech are beautiful , just as the varieties of butterflies are beautiful, No matter what your first language, you should treasure it all your life, If it happens to not be standard English, and if it shows itself when you write standard English, the result is usually delightful, like a very pretty girl with one eye that is green and one that is blue.[15] I myself find that I trust my own writing most, and others seem to trust it most , too, when I sound most like a person from Indianapolis, which is what I am. What alternatives do I have? The one most vehemently recommended by teachers has no doubt been pressed on you, as well: to write like cultivated Englishmen of acentury or more ago.6. Say what you mean[16] I used to be exasperated by exasperated by such teachers, but am no more, I understand now that all those antique essays and stories with which I was to compare my own work were not magnificent for their datedness or foreignness, but for saying precisely what their authors meant them to say. My teachers wished me to write accurately, always selecting the most effective words, and relating the words to one another unambiguously, rigidly, like parts of a machine. The teachers did not want to turn me into an Englishman after all. They hoped that I would become understandable—and therefore understood. And there went my dream of doing with words what words what Pablo Picasso did with paint or what any number of jazz idols did with music. If I broke all the rules of punctuation, has words mean whatever I wanted them to mean, and strung them together higgledy- piggledy, I would simply not be understood. So you , too, had better avoid Picasso-style writing, if you have something worth saying and wish to be understood.[17] Readers want our pages to look very muck like pages they have seen before. Why? This is because they themselves have a tough job to do, and they need all the help they can get from us.7. Pity the readers[18] They have to identify thousands of little marks on paper, and make sense of them immediately. They have to read, an art so difficult that most people don’t really master it even after having studied it all through grade school and high school–twelve long years.[19] So this discussion must finally acknowledge that out stylistic options as writers are neither numerous nor glamorous, since out readers are bound to be such imperfect artists. Our audience requires us to be sympathetic and patient readers, ever willing to simplify and clarify- whereas we would rater soar high above the crowd, singing like nightingales.[20] That is the bad news. The good news is that we Americans are governed under a unique Constitution, which allows us to write whatever we please without fear of punishment. So the most meaningful aspect of out styles, which is what we choose to write about, is utterly unlimited.8. For really detailed advice[21] For a discussion of literary style in a narrower sense, in a more technical sense, I recommend to your attention The Elements of style, by William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White. E. B. White is, of course, one of the most admirable literary stylists this county has so far produced. You should realize, too, that no one would care how well or badly Mr. White expressed himself, if he did not have perfectly enchanting things to say.Part I Comprehension of the Text1. What is Kurt V onnegut arguing in his writing? What’s his understanding of writing style?2. What kind of language style does he use in this essay?3. What does the author mean by mentioning ―Picasso style and jazz style‖?4. Does the author practice what he preaches in his writing?5. What does the author suggest at the end of this essay?Part II VocabularyA. Choose the one from the four choices that best explains the underlined word or phrase.1. He finds himself involved with a crooked businessman and a group of thugs who attempt to sabotage his invention.A. distortedB. twistedC. dishonestD. deceptive2. He remembered how proud and haughty her face was and scratched out the word he had written.A. polishedB. perishedC. deletedD. depleted3. If you choose credit counseling as a strategy for your debt, you must make sure you’re choosing a reputable company and not a scammer.A. well-knownB. professionalC. reliableD. respectable4. He added that nature gave him everything he need as a champion-unusual strength, stamina, a terrific punch, and plenty of guts.A. wisdomB. courageC. wealthD. charm5. Qualitative research strategies of interview, participant observation, and field notes were used to illuminate the topic.A. reinforceB. decorateC. paraphraseD. interpret6. He suddenly found himself exasperated by slow moving pedestrians, and, like a true New Yorker, began darting around them instead.A. provokedB. offendedC. annoyedD. disappointed7. As one moves through this colourful world of Indian handicrafts, many intricate paintings and sculptures catch the eye.A. charmingB. elegantC. delicateD. complicated8. Many judges will acknowledge that one of the most difficult aspects of a criminal case is sentencing.A. admitB. assertC. proveD. agree9. Its charming towns and picturesque landscapes provide the enchantingsurroundings for your sparkling romantic holiday treat.A. magnificentB. compellingC. genuineD. glamorous10. Circumstances beyond my control have left me with no alternative but to returnmy vehicle to lender.A. meansB. optionC. fashionD. mannerB. Choose the one from the four choices that best completes the sentence.1. The infinite beauty of a reverse navel ring ___________with dual colors in the trio of stones that fill the center of the continuous infinity design.A. twinklesB. simmersC. flashesD. glitters2. He was early _____________as a man of ability and maturity of character, a promise fully realized in his many great achievements.A. marked downB. turned downC. looked upD. agreed upon3. When he was not quite able to follow, Newton just took the pad from his friend’s hands and _____________his own remarks into the notebook.A. stumbledB. scrabbledC. scribbledD. scrupled4. There are many reports of the Prophet’s mastery of the Arabic tongue together with his _________ and fluency of speech.A. eloquenceB. sequenceC. frequencyD. delinquency5. These stories and the principles principles drawn from them are ___________toyou for your benefit and learning and enjoyment.A. commentedB. commendedC. commandedD. commenced6. Some applicants may _________ on about themselves in a manner that may appear self-indulgent and not very appealing to the committee.A. rambleB. tumbleC. complainD. chatter7. Cherry tomatoes have a strong taste and are very juicy-this makes them ideal for creating this ___________sauce.A. vehementB. friskyC. disgustingD. piquant8. To help soldiers _________ data from drones, satellites and ground sensors, the U.S. military now issues the iPod Touch.A. take advantage ofB. make sense ofC. take notice ofD. make use of9. As the same way, we need to listen to some fascinating English materials as many as possible, so that we can ___________ our interest to learn it.A. motivateB. cultivateC. advocateD. retaliate10. Her 8-year-old daughter was adorable as she got to meet her __________, Simon, whom she praises for his negativity.A. imageB. idiotC. idolD. tokenC. Complete each sentence with the proper form of the word given in theparenthesis.1. Many philosophers hold ________ about mental properties, and manyphilosophers hold humility about fundamental physical properties. ( reveal )2. By the mid 20th century, humans had achieved a ________ of technology sufficient to leave the atmosphere of the Earth for the first time and explore space. ( master )3. Despite the apparent ______ of the water molecule, liquid water is one of the mostmysterious substances in out world. ( simple )4. On this level, a common protocol to structure the data is used; the format of the information exchange is ________ defined. ( ambiguity)5. It was expected that these images will look charming and __________, but thefinal result was a bit different. ( glamour)6. I find it hard to be _________ about a man who used his wealth and power tomolest children and to then evade justice. ( sympathy)7. The question is whether or not it is possible to bottle these pheromones and use them for our own _________ advantage. ( seduce)8. Despite the gruesome images on cigarette packs, a survey shows Australiansmoker are surprisingly ________ of the dangers of the habit. ( ignore)9. In several poems the reader will encounter the plain, ________ language really used by common man, and this goes straight to the heart. ( ornament)10. Many new illustrations help to _______the text and make the book moreinstructive to students and practitioners. ( clear)Part III ClozeDirections: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one suitable word or phrase for each blank in the passage.It is very difficult to arriver at a full description of style that is acceptable to all scholars. As such there are many definitions of the word style __1_________ there are scholars yet no __2_________is reached among them on what style is. Chapman is of the view that style is the product of a common relationship between language users. He _3______ said that style is not an ornament or virtue and is not __4______ to written language, or to literature or to any single aspect of language.Language is human __5_______ and used in society. No human language is fixed, uniform, or varying; all languages show internal variation. This variation sows the _6_______ feature of individuals or a group of people which is usually referred to as style. Style is popularly _7_________ to as ―dress‖of thought, as a person’s method of _8_______ his thought, feelings and emotions, as the manner of speech or writing. From the definition above, one can __9_______ that style is the particular way in which an individual communicates his thought which _10______ him from others.Style can _11_______ be defined as the variation in an individual’s speech which is _12________ by the situation of use. From the definition above, style is described as the variations in language usage. In _13________, style is conditioned by the manner in which an individual makes use of language.Middleton is of the view that style refers to personal idiosyncrasy, the technique of __14______ and Chatman says that style means manner-the manner in which the from executed or the content expressed. From the definitions above, it can be deduced that style is__15______ to every individual or person and it is a product of the function of language as a means of communication.1. A. as B. because C. when D. since2. A. conscience B. consistence C. conclusion D. consensus3. A. otherwise B. further C. moreover D. besides4. A. confined B. confirmed C. confronted D. confided5. A. friendly B. concerned C. specific D. related6. A. instinct B. extinct C. district D. distinct7. A. looked B. referred C. viewed D. defined8. A. expressing B. explaining C. exploring D. exploiting9. A. seduce B. induce C. deduce D. reduce10. A. extinguishes B. separates C. distributes D. distinguishes11. A. yet B. also C. either D. only12. A. occasioned B. influenced C. determined D. demonstrated13. A. contrast B. return C. addition D. essence14. A. exposure B. exposition C. disposition D. expression15. A. subject B. accessible C. unique D. essentialPart IV WritingDirections: Develop each of he following topics into an essay of about 200 words.1. The Importance of Punctuation2. The Standards of an Essay3. Essay Writing and English LearningSection B Extensive Reading and TranslationVariety and Style in Language[1] All of us change out behaviour to fit different situations. We are festive, often noisy at weddings and birthday celebrations, sympathetic at funerals, attentive at lectures, serious and respectful at religious services. Even the clothes we wear on these different occasions may vary. Our table manners are not the same at a picnic as in a restaurant or at a formal dinner party. When we speak with close friends, we are free to interrupt them and we will not be offended if they interrupt us; when we speak to employers, however, we are inclined to hear them out before saying anything ourselves. If we don’t make such adjustments, we are likely to get into trouble, We may fail to accomplish our purpose and we are almost sure to considered ill-mannered or worse. From one point of view, language is behaviour; it is part of the we act. It builds a bridge of communication without which society could not even exist. And like every other kind of behaviour, it must be adjusted to fit different contexts or situations where it is used. When we think of all the adjustments regularly made in any on e language, we speak of language variety. When we think of the adjustments any one person makes in different situations, we use the term style. [2] Among people who are used to a writing system, there is one adjustment everyone makes, They speak one way and write another way. Most speech is in the form of ordinary conversation, where speakers can stop and repeat themselves if they sense that they are being misunderstood. They are constantly monitoring themselves as their message comes across to the listeners. But writers cannot do this. (1) They often monitor what they write, of course, going back over their writing to see that it isclear and unambiguous; but this is before the communication occurs, not while it is happening. Once writers have passed their writing on to someone else, they cannot change it.[3] Speakers can use intonation, stress, and pauses to help make their meaning clear. A simple sentence like ―John kept my pencil‖ may, by a shift in the stress and intonation patterns, single out through contrast whether John rather than someone else kept the pencil, whether John kept rather that just borrowed the pencil, or whether it was a pencil or a pen or something else that he kept.[4] (2) It is true that writers have the special tools of various punctuation marks and sometimes typographical helps like capitals, italic letters, heavy type and the like; but these do not quite take the place of the full resources of the spoken language. The sentence ―Cindy only had five dollars‖ is not likely to be misinterpreted when spoken with light stress and no more than level pitch on ―only‖, but in writing it could easily be taken to mean something else. To prevent ambiguity, skillful writers could change the word order to ―Cindy had only five dollars‖if they wanted ―only‖to modify ―five‖. They would shift ―only‖ to the beginning 0f the sentence if they wanted it to modify ―Cindy‖.[5] This simple example shows that good writers do try to avoid ambiguity. (3) As writers, they like a structure that is compact; as speakers, thinking aloud, they produce sentences that are looser, less complex, perhaps even rather jumbled. Notice, for instance, that the first sentence in the first letter to Ann Landers reads, ―You have made plenty of trouble for me and I want you to know it.‖ Like most letters to Ann Landers, this is really talk written down. The sentence contains two ideas and treatsthem as equals. If one is really dependent upon the other, a good writer would have written ―I want you to know that you have made plenty of trouble for me.‖This is not to deny the effectiveness of the original sentence in this very informal letter. [6] Speech makes more use of contracted forms. ―He is‖ (she is) and ―he has‖ (she has ) become ―he’s‖(she’s); ―cannot‖ becomes ―can’t‖; ―they are ‖ become ―they’re‖; ―it is‖becomes ―’tis‖or ―it’s‖; and with a more noticeable change, ―will not‖becomes ―won’t‖. So in the conversational letters to Ann Landers, contractions abound, but in the carefully prepared manuscript speeches of the Reverend Martin Luther King and President Kennedy, there are no contracted forms.[7] Besides the difference between speech and writing there is a difference between formality and informality. A formal message is organized and well-rounded; it usually deals with a serious and important topic. Most formal language is intended to be read. Since there is no opportunity to challenge or question the writer when it is being read, the message has to be self-contained and logically ordered.[8] At the opposite pole is the language of casual and familiar speech among friends and relatives, between people who have some kind of fellow feeling for one another. The speaker or writer is simply being him-or herself. This person knows that the others involved – rarely more than five-see and accept the speaker for what he or she is. (4) The speaker also assumes that the others know him or her well enough to make unnecessary any background information for everything that is used. The writer who signed herself ―Weepers Finders‖assumed that whoever read the letter would recognize the saying, ―Finders keepers, losers weepers.‖In contrast to the formal style, this style may be called the casual style.[9] There is also a recognizable midpoint between the formal and the casual. There are situations less rigid than the ceremonial address or the formal written message but also more structured than intimate conversation. These permit some response; there is a certain amount of give and take. Yet each speaker will feel the need to be quite clear, sometimes to explain background for the other person’s benefit or in order to prevent misunderstanding or embarrassment. This middle style is known as the consultative style. It should be noted that the consultative style can allow contractions, but rarely would use slang or the incomplete expressions of the casual style.[10] It should not be thought that speech is always informal and writing always formal. (5) The casual style is spoken more often than it is written, but it is found also in letters between friends or family members, possibly in diaries and journals, and sometimes in newspaper columns. Formal English is typically written but may also be spoken after having first been written down. Much consultative speech is spoken, but a fair amount of writing also has the same need for full explanation even if it is otherwise quite informal.[11] Of course, none of there styles or modes of communication is better than any other. The spoken word and the printed page are simply two different ways to communicate. Some people have thought that formal English is ―the best‖of the stylistic variants, but it is not. Of course, President Kennedy could not have substituted the quite casual ―Nobody’s here today to whoop it up for the Democrats‖for ―We observe today not a victory of party‖; but if he had ever used the formal public speaking style at a dinner table, he would have bored everyone there. Intelligent adjustment to the situation is the real key to the effective use of language.[12] In some respects the English language raises certain problems. In conversation some languages allow an easy distinction between the formal and the informal through their dual system of pronouns. In French, for example, intimacy on the one hand or social distance on the other are overtly marked by a choice between ―tu‖ and ―vous‖. English lacks such a system, but it does have a complex code of choices of title, title and surname, surname alone, given name alone and nickname, as ―Doctor‖, ―Doctor Stevens‖, ―Stevens ‖ , ―Charles‖, ―Charley‖, and ―Chuck‖.[13] Another problem arises because of the two-layered nature of the English vocabulary. One layer consists of short, familiar words largely of native English origin ( house, fire, red, green , make, talk); the other of much longer words, chiefly taken from Latin and French ( residence, domicile, conflagration, scarlet, verdant, manufacture, conversation). But it is an oversimplification to equate the popular words with the casual style and the learned words with the formal style. We must admit that many Americans, especially in bureaucratic contests, are fond of big, windy words-words that are often awkward and sometimes inexact.[14] Although adjustment is the key to good use of the various styles, it poses problems for the student coming to English from another language, It is hard enough to become proficient in just one of the styles without having to switch from one style to another. The causal style, in particular, is not easily acquired by the nonnative speaker. Happily, this problem is not too serious. Native speakers of English are much readier to accept the features of the consultative style in a causal situation than to accept casual features in a noncasual situation. Indeed, many Americans are likely to credit a consultative speaker with greater correctness in using English than theyhave themselves. But even if only this one style is acquired, it is important for learners to recognize the other styles when they meet them in speech or writing and to have some sense of the situations that call for their use.Part A Translate English into ChineseI.Translate the underlined sentences in the above text into Chinese.II.Translate the first and the last paragraph in the above text into Chinese.Part B Translate Chinese into EnglishI. Translate the following sentences into English with the words or phrases inthe passage in Section B.1. 在当代英语中有许多新的语言现象，这些现象并不总是符合公认的语法规则的。
学术论文写作Unit
I. Warm-up
Unit Four
4. What types of data are normally collected for research?
Unit Four
I. Warm-up 5. Any difference between qualitative data and quantitative data?
Materiቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱls
Procedure Statistical analysis
A complete physical examination, a questionnaire, collection of urine samples, urinary concentrations of phenols. Paragraph 2 describes the procedure of phenol determination in urine samples. All data analysis was performed using Stata 9.2 statistical software package, T-test, chi-square test.
Unit Four
I. Warm-up
2. What information elements does a method section usually include?
overview of the research;
research population / subjects;
research location;
Quantitative Data
In-depth interview
observation
学术论文写作-Unit4-文档资料
Unit Four
I. Warm-up
2. What information elements does a method section usually include?
overview of the research;
research population / subjects;
research location;
I. Warm-up
Unit Four
4. What types of data are normally collected for research?
Unit Four
I. Warm-up 5. Any difference between qualitative data and quantitative data?
Quantitative Data
In-depth interview
observation
Qualitative Data
Unit Four
II. Sample Reading
1. What information elements does this method section include? Fill in the following table with relevant details from the passage.
1. What is the function of the method section? 2. What information elements does a method section usually include? 3. Any differece between method and methodology? 4. What types of data are normally collected for research? 5. Any difference between qualitative data and quantitative data? 6. What methods are normally adopted for collecting data?
学术论文写作-Unit4
observation
Qualitative Data
II. Sample Reading
1. What information elements does this method section include? Fill in the following table with relevant details from the passage.
I. Warm-up
1. What is the function of the method section?
The method section is the most important aspect of a research paper because it provides the information by which the validity of a study is ultimately judged. Therefore, the researcher must provide a clear and precise description of how an experiment is to be carried out, and the rationale for the specific experimental procedures chosen. It must be written with enough information so that: (1) the experiment could be repeated by others to evaluate whether the results are reproducible, and (2) the readers can judge whether the results and conclusions are valid.
学术论文写作-Unit5
b. The purpose of contrast: to show differences
Unit Five
III. Language Focus
A. Comparison and Contrast
A. Comparison and contrast
2. The following is a result from a market survey of personal
computers. Report the result from a university student’s
perspective. First, describe the student’s needs in personal
like
too
although
yet
similar
as whereas
however
similarly
but
while
both
instead
unlike
likewise
unless
be
as well as
also different from
in the same way
the reverse
differ
elements you find in each sentence of the paragraph.
Sentences
Information Elements
Sentence 1 Sentence 2 Sentence 3 Sentence 4
Review of the rReesveiearwchofistshuee method Review of the mReevtiheowdof the method
论文写作与国际发表 Unit1~2(课堂PPT)
.
11
Unit 1 Academic Paper Writing： General Description
More Academic Expressions
Academic English has its own vocabulary and grammatical patterns . To write more effective academic papers , it is very important to have an overview of their linguistic features .
.
1
Unit 1 Academic Paper Writing： General Description
Types of academic papers
Academic report Research paper Course paper Thesis/Dissertation
etc.
.
2
Unit 1 Academic Paper Writing： General Description
· Summarizing the main results and
findings
·Interpreting or commenting on the most
important results with important
figures （shown in graphs , tables , and
.
12
Unit 1 Academic Paper Writing： General Description
General Structure of an Academic Paper
东南大学学术论文写作单元Unit
Unit One
III. Language Focus
B. Formal Grammar and Style
Sentence structures in academic writing are more complex. Academic writing should NOT be complicated. It should be relatively easy to follow, written
_____d____1) a reference system
_____a____2) empty introductory phrases _____b____3) a greater use of content words _____a____4) passive voice _____c____5) cohesion and coherence _____b____6) relative clauses _____a____7) hedging language _____c____8) same-length Paragraphs _____b____9) noun phrases
A. Word Choice
2. Rewrite the following sentences to make them more formal by substituting a single verb for the phrase in italics.
1. The implementation of computer-integrated-manufacturing (CIM) has brought about some serious problems. The implementation of computer-integrated-manufacturing (CIM) has created some serious problems.
东南大学学术论文写作单元1Unit1
1. The government has made good / considerable progress in solving environmental problems. The government has made considerable progress in solving environmental problems.
The readers need evidence-based facts rather than your personal opinions.
Academic writing often discusses difficult, challenging ideas which can only be expressed with particular grammar and language.
English Academic Writing for Graduate Students
Unit One Academic Writing Style
Unit One
Learning Objectives
• To understand the style and features of academic discourses;
• What are the key characteristics of academic writing?
Unit One
II. Sample Reading
1. Summarize the key characteristics of academic writing and discuss with a partner about why these features prevail in academic writing.
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Unit Three
III. Language Focus
A. Tense in Citation Check Sample 2 and complete the following table.
Unit Three
III. Language Focus
A. Tense in Citation Check Sample 2 and complete the following table.
English Academic Writing for Graduate Students
东南大学外国语学院 制作
Unit Three Introduction & Literature Review
Unit Three
Learning Objectives • To understand the general functions of the introduction; • To learn how to cite other people’s previous work; • To get familiar with the writing of a literature review; • To learn how to avoid plagiarism by paraphrasing.
Unit Three
II. Sample Reading
1. Read Sample 1 and decide what elements this sample includes and how they function.
Unit Three
II. Sample Reading
1. Read Sample 1 and decide what elements this sample includes and how they function.
Simple past tense－When you use the past tense, the reporting verb often occurs as an integral citation.
Present perfect tense－The present perfect tense can be used to state that the research results are recent, expressing what has been found over an extended period in the past and up to the present to highlight the direct relevance of previous studies to the writer's own research.
Unit Three
III. Language Focus
A. Tense in Citation
Simple present tense－Authors mostly use the simple present tense verbs to cite other authors’ ideas, relate what other authors say or discuss the literature, theoretical concepts, methods, etc.
Unit Three
I. Warm-up B. Literature Review • What is the purpose of writing a literature review? • What steps may be taken in conducting a literature review? • How do we cite other people’s previous work in our own research articles?
Unit Three
III. Language Focus
A. Tense in Citation Check Sample 2 and complete the following table.
Unit Three
III. Language Focus
A. Tense in Citation Check Sample 2 and complete the following table.
Unit Three
III. Language Focus
A. Tense in Citation Check Sample 2 and complete the following table.
III. Language Focus
B. Citing Verbhree
I. Warm-up A. Introduction • What are the general functions of the introduction section? • What do you think is the most important function of the introduction section? • What are probably included in the introduction section?
Unit Three
II. Sample Reading
1. Read Sample 1 and decide what elements this sample includes and how they function.
Unit Three
II. Sample Reading
1. Read Sample 2 and decide what elements this sample includes and how they function.
Unit Three
II. Sample Reading
1. Read Sample 2 and decide what elements this sample includes and how they function.
Unit Three
II. Sample Reading
1. Read Sample 2 and decide what elements this sample includes and how they function.
Unit Three
Unit Three
Key for reference
A study by Williams (2010) reports that percentage of poor Americans who are living in extreme poverty has reached a 32-year high, resulting in severe social problems. The findings are supported by Holmes (2011) who further states that there are more and more at the link between unemployment, poverty and crime. And the unmistakable characteristic of poverty and crime is that they are both geographically concentrated in the same areas. This opinion is theoretically explained from an economic perspective of crime that people weigh the consequences of committing crime—they resort to crime only if the cost or consequences are outweighed by the potential benefits to be gained (Garland, 2012).
Unit Three
IV. Academic Writing Skills
A. Citing Previous Research
Information prominent citation Shrinking markets are also evident in other areas. The wool industry is experiencing difficulties related to falling demand worldwide since the development of highquality synthetic fibers (Smith, 2000). Author prominent citation Shrinking markets are also evident in other areas. As Smith (2000) pointed out, the wool industry was experiencing difficulties related to falling demand worldwide since the development of high-quality synthetic fibers. However, Jones et al. (2004) found that industry difficulties were more related to quality of supply than to demand issues. It is clear that considerable disagreement exists about the underlying sources of these problems.