鸦片战争英文

End of the War
British took Canton and sailed up the Yangtze River Took Tax Barges, cut revenue of imperial court of Beijing 1842 Qing sued for peace Ended with Treaty of Nanjing
First Opium War
Lin demanded British merchants to sign a bond promising not to deal opium under penalty of death Lin disposed of the opium – dissolving it in the ocean Did not realize the impact of this action!
Napier Affair
Lord Napier tried to circumvent the Canton Trade laws to reinstitute East India’s monopoly Governor of Macao closed trade with Britain September 2, 1834 British resumed trade under old restrictions
English East India Company
Held monopoly on production and export of opium in India Peasant cultivators often coerced and paid in advance for cultivation of poppies Sold in Calcutta for a profit of 400%
Treaty of Nanjing
Great Britain received
First Opium War 1834 - 1843
1838 Chinese instituted death penalty for native traffickers of opium March 1839 – new commissioner to control opium trade – Lin Zexu Lin imposed embargo on Britain unless they permanently ended the trade trade
Treaty of Nanjing
Referred to as the Unequal Treaties – accepted 1843 China
– Ceded Hong Kong to the British – Opened ports to British – Canton, Amoy,
Fuzhou, Ningbo, Shanghai
Fቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱrst Opium War
March 27, 1839 – British Superintendent of Trade – Charles Elliot demanded all British subjects turn over opium to him Opium amounting to a year’s worth of trade was given to Commissioner Lin Trade resumed with Britain and no drugs were smuggled
East India Company
Buy tea on credit in Canton Sell opium at auctions in Calcutta, India Then it was smuggled into China through India and Bengal 1797 began direct trade of opium into China Chinese government had hard time controlling trade in South
First Opium War
British merchants and government regarded this as destruction of private property Responded by sending warships, soldiers, and the British India Army into China June 1840 Had superior military force – attacked coastal cities, defeated Qing forces easily
The Opium Wars
Dispute between Great Britain and China
Growth of Opium Trade
Europeans bought silk, tea, porcelain, and spices from China Chinese would only trade goods for silver Drain on European finances
Opium Trade
Opium manufactured in China since 15th century for medical purposes Opium then mixed with tobacco so it could be smoked Dutch were first to begin trade of opium English soon followed Chinese government banned smoking and trade of opium in 1729 due to health and social issues