《社会语言学》Lecture11-英语本科学生学习课件

主讲教师;郑家钦
11.2 Bilingualism
11.2.1 Definition:
Bilingualism----双语制(双重语言现象) : in some speech communities, two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. e.g. In the province of Quebec in Canada, both English and French are spoken. In parts of Wales, both Welsh and English are spoken.
主讲教师;郑家钦
Diglossia is a particular kind of language standardization where two distinct varieties of language exist side by side throughout the speech community (not just in the case of a particular group of speakers, such as working class Scots ), and where each of the two varieties is assigned a definite social function.
双语制
一个国家或地区实行的语言兼用制度。 比如，新加坡（英语、华语、马来语 都是官方语言）；中国的双语区有： 新疆（维吾尔语、汉语）；内蒙古 （蒙古语、汉语）；等等。
主讲教师;郑家钦
百度文库
双语的形成
年龄段 活动范围 典型语言环境
出生到学前 家庭 基础教育 乡镇、县（农村） 街道、区（城市） 大学、中心城市 如果在城市定居
主讲教师;郑家钦
11.1.2 Features of Didlossia
③ All children learn the L variety. Some may
concurrently ﹙happening at the same time﹚learn the H variety, but many do not learn it at all. The H variety is likely to be learned in some kind of formal setting, e.g., in classrooms. To that extent, the H variety is „taught‟, where the L variety is „learned‟.
Leture 11
Lanuage Contact
主讲教师;郑家钦
Lecture 11
讲授题目：
Language Contact
所属章节：《社会语言学与英语学习》之第8章 计划学时：2 periods 教学方法：传统讲授法 参考资料： 《社会语言学导论》 教学目的和要求：通过本章的学习，学生对 语言的双言现象、双言制、多言制以及其特 征、起因等问题有初步了解。
迁徙第三代 混居、通婚 单语（受迁入地语言同化）
主讲教师;郑家钦
主讲教师;郑家钦
主讲教师;郑家钦
主讲教师;郑家钦
主讲教师;郑家钦
主讲教师;郑家钦 游汝杰《社会语言学教程》
11.2.2 Five Points about Bilingualism
1)
2)
There are bilingual communities in which their members commonly use two languages in their daily lives. (a sufficient number of members, e.g. ethnic ghetto, like Chinatown) Bilingualism also occurs to countries with substantial populations speaking different languages and with a need for more than one standard language.( 2 official languages for national or regional use, e.g. French and English in Canada)
主讲教师;郑家钦
Ferguson‟s Definition
双层语言现象是一种相对比较稳定的语言状 况，除了这种语言的基本方言(可能包括一种 标准语或几种地方标准语) 还有一个非常不 同的、高度规范的(语法上往往更复杂的) 高 变体。 这种变体是较早时期的或另一社区的 大量书面文学作品的语言，基本上要通过正 式教育才能学会，用于书面语和正式谈话， 但在该社区的日常生活中并不使用它。
① A key defining characteristic of diglossia is that the two varieties are kept quite apart in their functions. One is used in one set of circumstances and the other in an entirely different set. For example, the H varieties may be used for delivering sermons and formal lectures, especially in a parliament or legislative body, for giving political speeches, for broadcasting the news on radio and television, and for writing poetry, fine literature, and editorials in newspapers.
主讲教师;郑家钦
11.1.2 Features of Didlossia
11.1.2 Features of Didlossia
In contrast, the L varieties may be used in giving instructions to workers in low-prestige occupations or to household servants, in conversations with familiars, in „soap operas‟ and popular programs on the radio.
Peter Trudgill‟s Definition (1983)
主讲教师;郑家钦
双层语言现象/双言现象/双语体
双层语言现象是指同一个人在日常生活中,在不同场 合,使用两种或两种以上不同的方言,或者在甲场合 使用某种方言,在乙场合使用标准语,口头表达或交 流思想. 双层语言现象是就语言的社会功能而言的,即在同一 个社会的日常生活中,有两种或两种以上不同的语言 并存的现象,在不同场合使用不同的语言,在语言使 用上有层级之别. 双层语言可以是同一种语言的两种变体,也可以是两 种不同的语言.
单语（家乡话） 双语并存（家乡话和普通话）
高等教育 工作以后 组建家庭
单语（普通话）为主 边缘（英语） 单语（受当地语言同化）或 双语（当地语和普通话）
主讲教师;郑家钦
双语的形成
时间段 迁徙前 活动范围 居住祖地 典型语言环境 单语
迁徙第一代 移民地聚居 双语并存（迁出地语言和迁入 地语言） 迁徙第二代 移民地杂居 双语并存（迁出地语言和迁入 地语言相互影响）
主讲教师;郑家钦
④
The L variety often shows a tendency to borrow learned words from the H variety, particularly when speakers try to use the L variety in more formal way. The result is a certain admixture of H vocabulary into the L.
11.1.2 Features of Didlossia
主讲教师;郑家钦
主讲教师;郑家钦
游汝杰《社会语言学教程》
主讲教师;郑家钦
游汝杰《社会语言学教程》
11.1.3 Differencec between H and L Varieties
The difference between H and L varieties is not simply their different situations, but also reflections of people‟s attitudes toward them. The H variety: prestige variety; more beautiful, logical and expressive; “taught”. The L variety: lacks prestige; less beautiful, logical and expressive; “learned”.
主讲教师;郑家钦
11.1 Diglossia (双层语言现象/双言现象/双语体)
①
Ferguson‟s Definition (1959)
Diglossia is a relatively stable language situation in which, in addition to the primary of the language(基本方言) (which may include a standard or regional standards), there is a very divergent, highly codified ( often grammatically more complex ) superposed variety, the vehicle of a large and respected body of written literature, either of an earlier period or in another speech community, which is learned largely by formal education and is used for most written and formal spoken purposes but is not used by any section of the community for ordinary conversation.
主讲教师;郑家钦
Bilingualism:
1.
the ability to speak two languages. 2. the use of two languages, as in a community.
主讲教师;郑家钦
双重语言现象/双语制
双重语言现象是指在同一个言语社区,在日常 生活的各种不同场合,人们普遍使用两种或两 种以上不同的语言口头表达或交流思想.例如, 中国广西壮族聚居地区,普遍使用壮语和当地 汉语方言.例如在香港,许多人具备英语和粤语 两种语言的使用能力.
主讲教师;郑家钦
② The H variety is the prestige variety; the L
11.1.2 Features of Didlossia
variety lacks prestige. In fact, there may be so little prestige attached to the L variety that people may even deny that they know it although they may be observed to use it for more frequently than the H variety.