雅思真题剑Test阅读assage真题及解析
雅思真题剑Test阅读Passage真题及解析.docx
A They play hard, they play often, and they play to win. Australian sports teams win more than their fair share of titles, demolishing rivals with seeming ease. How do they do it? A big part of the secret is an extensive and expensive network of sporting academies underpinned by science and medicine. At the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), hundreds of youngsters and pros live and train under the eyes of coaches. Another body, the Australian Sports Commission (ASC), finances programmes of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and women. Both provide intensive coaching, training facilities and nutritional advice.
E Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, sports scientists and
coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a‘competition model', based on what they expect will be the winning times.‘You design the model to make that time,' says
剑桥雅思10阅读真题与解析汇总
剑桥雅思10阅读真题与解析汇总智课网IELTS备考资料剑桥雅思10阅读真题与解析汇总摘要：想要提高雅思阅读水平的烤鸭，千万不要错过下面小马小编带来的剑桥雅思10阅读真题与解析汇总，更多剑桥雅思资料，请各位烤鸭继续关注小马雅思频道。
剑桥雅思 10阅读的出世，对烤鸭来说是一件很好的事情，下面小马小编为雅思考生们带来剑桥雅思10阅读真题与解析汇总，希望能给雅思考生们带来帮助。
扫码下载剑桥雅思10阅读真题与解析汇总pdf版剑桥雅思10阅读真题与解析汇总剑桥雅思10阅读真题与解析汇总剑桥雅思10阅读解析Test1Passage1 剑桥雅思10阅读解析Test1Passage2 剑桥雅思10阅读解析Test1Passage3 剑桥雅思10阅读解析Test2Passage1 剑桥雅思10阅读解析Test2Passage2 剑桥雅思10阅读解析Test2Passage3 剑桥雅思10阅读test1passage1答案剑桥雅思10阅读test1passage2答案剑桥雅思10阅读test1passage3答案剑桥雅思10阅读test2passage1答案剑桥雅思10阅读test2passage2答案剑桥雅思10阅读test3passage1答案剑桥雅思10阅读test3passage2答案剑桥雅思10阅读test3passage3答案剑桥雅思10阅读test4passage1答案剑桥雅思10阅读test4passage2答案剑桥雅思10阅读test4passage3答案未完待续剑桥雅思10话题类型雅思阅读的考试话题一直广泛多样。
而题型则稳中有变。
以剑桥10的test 4为例。
出现的三篇文章分别是自然类，心理研究类，还有科学研究类。
具体来说，从话题的难易程度来看，三篇文章基本是按照依次变难的顺序来排列。
test 4第一篇The Megafires of California，讲的是加利福尼亚州的森林大火。
该文章出现在了2011年11月26号的考试中。
【雅思真题】剑7Test4阅读Passage3真题及解析
READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27—40， which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.EFFECTS OF NOISEIn general, it is plausible to suppose that we should prefer peace and quiet to noise。
And yet most of us have had the experience of having to adjust to sleeping in the mountains or the countryside because it was initially ‘too quiet’， an experience that suggests that humans are capable of adapting to a wide range of noise levels。
Research supports this view。
For example， Glass and Singer （1972） exposed people to short bursts of very loud noise and then measured their ability to work out problems and their physiological reactions to the noise. The noise was quite disruptive at first, but after about four minutes the subjects were doing just as well on their tasks as control subjects who were not exposed to noise。
剑桥雅思真题7-阅读Test 3(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题7-阅读Test 3（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Ant IntelligenceWhen we think of intelligent members of the animal kingdom, the creatures that spring immediately to mind are apes and monkeys. But in fact the social lives of some members of the insect kingdom are sufficiently complex to suggest more than a hint of intelligence. Among these, the world of the ant has come in for considerable scrutiny lately, and the idea that ants demonstrate sparks of cognition has certainly not been rejected by those involved in these investigations.Ants store food, repel attackers and use chemical signals to contact one another in case of attack. Such chemical communication can be compared to the human use of visual and auditory channels (as in religious chants, advertising images and jingle s, political slogans and martial music) to arouse and propagate moods and attitudes. The biologist Lewis Thomas wrote, Ants are so much like human beings as to be an embarrassment. They farm fungi, raise aphids* as livestock, launch armies to war, use chemical sprays to alarm and confuse enemies, capture slaves, engage in child lab our, exchange information ceaselessly. They do everything but watch television.'However, in ants there is no cultural transmission -everything must be encoded in the genes -whereas in humans the opposite is true. Only basic instincts are carried in the genes of a newborn baby, other skills being learned from others in the community as the child grows up. It may seem that this cultural continuity gives us a huge advantage over ants. They have never mastered fire nor progressed. Their fungus farming and aphid herding crafts are sophisticated when compared to the agricultural skills of humans five thousand years ago but been totally overtaken by modern human agribusiness.Or have they? The farming methods of ants are at least sustainable. They do not ruin environments or use enormous amounts of energy. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that the crop farming of ants may be more sophisticated and adaptable than was thought.Ants were farmers fifty million years before humans were. Ants can't digest the cellulose in leaves - but some fungi can. They therefore cultivate these fungi in their nests, bringing them leaves to feed on, and then use them as a source of food. Farmer ants secrete antibiotics to control other fungi that might ac t as 'weeds', and spread waste to fertilize the crop.It was once thought that the fungus that ants cultivate was a single type that they had propagated, essentially unchanged from the distant past. Not so. Ulrich Mueller of Maryland and his colleagues genetically screened 8 62 different types of fungi taken from ants' nests. These turned out to be highly diverse: it seems that ants are continually domesticating new species. Even more impressively, DNA analysis of the fungi suggests that the ants improve or modify the fungi by regularly swapping and sharing strains with neighbouring ant colonies.Whereas prehistoric man had no exposure to urban lifestyles - the forcing house of intelligence -the evidence suggests that ants have lived in urban settings for close on a hundred million years, developing and maintaining underground cities of specialised chambers and tunnels.When we survey Mexico City, Tokyo, Los Angeles, we are amazed at what has been accomplishedby humans. Yet Hoelldobler and Wilson's magnificent work for ant lovers, The Ants, describes a supercolony of the ant Formica yessensis on the Ishikari Coast of Hokkaido. This 'megalopolis' was reported to be compose d of 360 million workers and a million queens living in 4, 500 interconnected nests a cross a territory of 2.7 square kilometres.Such enduring and intricately meshed levels of technical achievement outstrip by far anything achieved by our distant ancestors. We hail as masterpieces the cave paintings in southern France and elsewhere, dating back some 20,000 years. Ant societies existed in something like their present form more than seventy million years ago. Beside this, prehistoric ma n looks technologically primitive. Is this then some kind of intelligence, albeit of a different kind? Research conducted at Oxford, Sussex and Zurich Universities has shown that when desert ants return from a foraging trip, they navigate by integrating bearings and distances, which they continuously update in their heads. They combine the evidence of visual landmarks with a mental library of local directions, all within a framework which is consulted and updated. So ants can learn too.And in a twelve-year programmed of work, Ryabko and Reznikova have found evidence that ants can transmit very complex messages. Scouts who had located food in a maze returned to mobilise their foraging teams. They engaged in contact sessions, at the end of which the scout was removed in order to observe what her team might do. Often the foragers proceeded to the exact spot in the maze where the food had been. Elaborate precautions were taken to prevent the foraging team using odor clues. Discussion now centres on whether the route through the maze is communicated as a 'left-right' sequence of turns or as a 'compass bearing and distance ' message.During the course of this exhaustive study, Reznikova has grown so attached to her laboratory ants that she feels she knows them as individuals - even without the paint spots used to mark them. It's no surprise that Edward Wilson, in his essay, 'In the company of ants', advises readers who ask what to do with the ants in their kitchen to: 'Watch where you step. Be careful of little lives.' Question 1-6Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage1. Ants use the same channels of communication as humans do.2. City life is one factor that encourages the development of intelligence.3. Ants can build large cities more quickly than humans do.4. Some ants can find their way by making calculations based on distance and position.5. In one experiment, foraging teams were able to use their sense of smell to find food.6. The essay, ‘In the company of ants’, explores ant communication.Question 7-13Complete the summary using the list of words, A-O, below.Write the correct letter, A-O, in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.Ants have sophisticated methods of farming, including herding livestock and growing crops, which are in many ways similar to those used in human agriculture. The ants cultivate a largenumber of different species of edible fungi which convert 7 …………into a form which they can digest. They use their own natural8………… as weed-killers and also use unwanted materials as 9………… Genetic analysis shows they constantly upgrade these fungi by developing new species and by 10 …………species with neighbouring ant colonies. In fact, the forming methods of ants could be said to be more advanced than human agribusiness, since they use 11 …………methods, they do not affect the 12………… and do not waste 13 ………… .You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Population movements and geneticsA Study of the origins and distribution of human populations used to be based on archaeological and fossil evidence. A number of techniques developed since the 1950s, however, have placed the study of these subjects on a sounder and more objective footing. The best information on early population movements is now being obtained from the 'archaeology of the living body', the clues to be found in genetic material.B Recent work on the problem of when people first entered the Americas is an example of the value of these new techniques. North-east Asia and Siberia have long been accepted as the launching ground for the first human colonizers of the New World. But was there one major wave of migration across the Bering Strait into the Americas, or several? And when did this event, or events, take place？In recent years, new clues have come from research into genetics, including the distribution of genetic markers in modern Native Americans.C An important project, led by the biological anthropologist Robert Williams, focused on the variants (called Gm allotypes) of one particular protein -immunoglobin G-found in the fluid portion of human blood. All proteins 'drift', or produce variants, over the generations, and members of an interbreeding human population will share a set of such variants. Thus, by comparing the Gm allotypes of two different populations (e.g. two Indian tribes), one can establish their genetic 'distance', which itself can be calibrated to give an indication of the length of time since these populations last interbred.D Williams and his colleagues sampled the blood of over 5,000 American Indians in western North America during a twenty- year period. They found that their Gm allotypes could be divided into two groups, one of which also corresponded to the genetic typing of Central and South American Indians. Other tests showed that the Inuit (or Eskimo) and Aleut formed a third group. From this evidence it was deduced that there had been three major waves of migration across the Bering Strait. The first, Paleo-lndian, wave more than 15,000 years ago was ancestral to all Central and South American Indians. The second wave, about 14,000-12,000 years ago, brought Na-Dene hunters, ancestors of the Navajo and Apache (who only migrated south from Canada about 600 or 700 years ago). The third wave, perhaps 10,000 or 9,000 years ago, saw the migration from North-east Asia of groups ancestral to the modern Eskimo and Aleut.E How far does other research support these conclusions ？Geneticist Douglas Wallace has studied mitochondrial DNA in blood samples from three widely separated Native American groups: Pima- Papago Indians in Arizona, Maya Indians on the Y ucatan peninsula, Mexico, and Ticuna Indians in the Upper Amazon region of Brazil. As would have been predicted by Robert Williams's work, all three groups appear to be descended from the same ancestral (Paleo-lndian) population.F There are two other kinds of research that have thrown some light on the origins of the Native American population; they involve the study of teeth and of languages. The biological anthropologist Christy Turner is an expert in the analysis of changing physical characteristics in human teeth. He argues that tooth crowns and roots have a high genetic component, minimally affected by environmental and other factors. Studies carried out by Turner of many thousands of New and Old World specimens, both ancient and modern, suggest that the majority of prehistoric Americans are linked to Northern Asian populations by crown and root traits such as incisor shoveling (a scooping out on one or both surfaces of the tooth), single-rooted upper first premolars and triple-rooted lower first molars.According to Turner, this ties in with the idea of a single Paleo-lndian migration out of North Asia, which he sets at before 14,000 years ago by calibrating rates of dental micro-evolution. Tooth analyses also suggest that there were two later migrations of Na-Denes and Eskimo- Aleut.G The linguist Joseph Greenberg has, since the 1950s, argued that all Native American languages belong to a single 'Amerind' family, except for Na-Dene and Eskimo-Aleut - a view that gives credence to the idea of three main migrations. Greenberg is in a minority among fellow linguists, most of whom favour the notion of a great many waves of migration to account for the more than 1,000 languages spoken at one time by American Indians. But there is no doubt that the new genetic and dental evidence provides strong backing for Greenberg's view. Dates given for the migrations should nevertheless be treated with caution, except where supported by hard archaeological evidence.Question 14-19Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-GChoose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-x, into boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.14Section A15Section A16Section A17Section A18Section A19Section AThe discussion of Williams's research indicates the periods at which early people are thought to have migrated along certain routes. There are six routes, A-F, marked on the map below. Complete the table below.Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet.Early Population Movement to the AmericasQuestion 22-25Reading Passage 2 refers to the three-wave theory of early migration to the Americas. It also suggests in which of these three waves the ancestors of various groups of modem native Americans first reached the continent.Classify the groups named in the table below as originating fromA the first waveB the second waveC the third waveWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 22-25 on your answer sheet.Choose the correct letter, A. B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 26 on your answer sheet.26. Christy Turner's research involved the examination ofA. teeth from both prehistoric and modem Americans and Asians.B. thousands of people who live in either the New or the Old World.C. dental specimens from the majority of prehistoric Americans.D. the eating habits of American and Asian populations.Reading Passage 3You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Forests are one of the main elements of our natural heritage. The decline of Europe's forests over the last decade and a half has led to an increasing awareness and understanding of the serious imbalances which threaten them.European countries are becoming increasingly concerned by major threats to European forests, threats which know no frontiers other than those of geography or climate: air pollution, soil deterioration, the increasing number of forest fires and sometimes even the mismanagement of our woodland and forest heritage. There has been a growing awareness of the need for countries to get together to co-ordinate their policies. In December 1990, Strasbourg hosted the first Ministerial Conference on the protection of Europe's forests. The conference brought together 31 countries from both Western and Eastern Europe. The topics discussed included the co-ordinated study of the destruction of forests, as well as how to combat forest fires and the extension of European research programs on the forest ecosystem. The preparatory work for the conference had been undertaken at two meetings of experts. Their initial task was to decide which of the many forest problems of concern to Europe involved the largest number of countries and might be the subject of joint action. Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countriestherefore had to be discarded. However, this does not mean that in future they will be ignored.As a whole, European countries see forests as performing a triple function: biological, economic and recreational. The first is to act as a 'green lung' for our planet; by means of photosynthesis, forests produce oxygen through the transformation of solar energy, thus fulfilling what for humans is the essential role of an immense, non-polluting power plant. At the same time, forests provide raw materials for human activities through their constantly renewed production of wood. Finally, they offer those condemned to spend five days a week in an urban environment an unrivalled area of freedom to unwind and take part in a range of leisure activities, such as hunting, riding and hiking. The economic importance of forests has been understood since the dawn of man - wood was the first fuel. The other aspects have been recognised only for a few centuries but they are becoming more and more important. Hence, there is a real concern throughout Europe about the damage to the forest environment which threatens these three basic roles.The myth of the 'natural' forest has survived, yet there are effectively no remaining 'primary' forests in Europe. All European forests are artificial, having been adapted and exploited by man for thousands of years. This means that a forest policy is vital, that it must transcend national frontiers and generations of people, and that it must allow for the inevitable changes that take place in the forests, in needs, and hence in policy. The Strasbourg conference was one of the first events on such a scale to reach this conclusion. A general declaration was made that 'a central place in any ecologically coherent forest policy must be given to continuity over time and to the possible effects of unforeseen events, to ensure that the full potential of these forests is maintained'.That general declaration was accompanied by six detailed resolutions to assist national policy-making. The first proposes the extension and systematisation of surveillance sites to monitor forest decline. Forest decline is still poorly understood but leads to the loss of a high proportion of a tree's needles or leaves. The entire continent and the majority of species are now affected: between 30%and 50% of the tree population. The condition appears to result from the cumulative effect of a number of factors, with atmospheric pollutants the principal culprits. Compounds of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide should be particularly closely watched. However, their effects are probably accentuated by climatic factors, such as drought and hard winters, or soil imbalances such as soil acidification, which damages the roots. The second resolution concentrates on the need to preserve the genetic diversity of European forests. The aim is to reverse the decline in the number of tree species or at least to preserve the 'genetic material' of all of them. Although forest fires do not affect all of Europe to the same extent, the amount of damage caused the experts to propose as the third resolution that the Strasbourg conference consider the establishment of a European databank on the subject. All information used in the development of national preventative policies would become generally available. The subject of the fourth resolution discussed by the ministers was mountain forests. In Europe, it is undoubtedly the mountain ecosystem which has changed most rapidly and is most at risk. A thinly scattered permanent population and development of leisure activities, particularly skiing, have resulted in significant long-term changes to the local ecosystems. Proposed developments include a preferential research program on mountain forests. The fifth resolution relaunched the European research network on the physiology of trees, called Eurosilva. Eurosilva should support joint European research on tree diseases and their physiological and biochemical aspects. Each country concerned could increase the number of scholarships and other financial support for doctoraltheses and research projects in this area. Finally, the conference established the framework for a European research network on forest ecosystems. This would also involve harmonising activities in individual countries as well as identifying a number of priority research topics relating to the protection of forests. The Strasbourg conference's main concern was to provide for the future. This was the initial motivation, one now shared by all 31 participants representing 31 European countries. Their final text commits them to on-going discussion between government representatives with responsibility for forests.Question 27-33Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage27. Forest problems of Mediterranean countries are to be discussed at the next meeting of experts.28. Problems in Nordic countries were excluded because they are outside the European Economic Community.29. Forests are a renewable source of raw material.30. The biological functions of forests were recognised only in the twentieth century.31. Natural forests still exist in parts of Europe.32. Forest policy should be limited by national boundaries.33. The Strasbourg conference decided that a forest policy must allow for the possibility of change.Question 34-39Look at the following statements issued by the conference.Which six of the following statements, A-J, refer to the resolutions that were issued?Match the statements with the appropriate resolutions (Questions 34-39).Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 34-39 on your answer sheet.35Resolution 236Resolution 337Resolution 438Resolution 539Resolution 6Question 40Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.40. What is the best title for Reading Passage 3?A. The biological, economic and recreational role of forestsB. Plans to protect the forests of EuropeC. The priority of European research into ecosystemsD. Proposals for a world-wide policy on forest management参考答案1 FALSE2 TRUE3 NOT GIVEN4 TRUE5 FALSE6 NOT GIVEN7 C8 M9 F10 D11 N12 O13 E14 iv15 vii16 x17 i18 vi19 ii20 E21 D22 C23 B24 A25 A26 A27 NOT GIVEN28 FALSE29 TRUE30 FALSE31 FALSE32 FALSE33 TRUE34 J35 A36 E37 B38 G39 D40 B。
2019-剑桥八阅读答案-实用word文档 (11页)
本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==剑桥八阅读答案篇一：剑桥雅思8真题及解析Test1阅读目录剑桥雅思8阅读解析Test1Passage1 ....................................................... .. (2)剑桥雅思8阅读解析Test1Passage2 ....................................................... .. (7)剑桥雅思8阅读解析Test1Passage3 ....................................................... (12)剑桥雅思8阅读解析Test1Passage1体裁主要内容：由古及今介绍计时的历史。
说明文A 段 :介绍古巴比伦人的计时方法。
B 段 :月亮对于历法计时的社会重要性。
C 段 :介绍古埃及人的计时方法。
结构D 段 :形形色色的计时器陆续出现,尽管并不完美。
E 段 :机械计时器引发各国最终统一校准开始时间。
F 段 :介绍最早的重力驱动机械钟。
G 段 :机械钟的进一步改良,并成为最早的座钟。
H 段 :今天的计时器。
名师点题剑桥雅思8阅读：Questions 1-4● 题型归类 :Matching 本题解题时可先划出题目中的关键词,然后迅速回到文章寻找其同义替换后的对应词。
其间可大致通过题目中的关键词猜测其在文章的位置与段落特点。
名师点题剑桥雅思8阅读：Questions 5-8● 题型归类 :Matching 本题为两部分匹配题。
可先划出句子中关键词,然后根据题目中需名师点题剑桥雅思8阅读：Questions 9-13?● 题型归类 :Diagram通过题目中的时间标志(1670 年)可迅速定位到文章 G 段。
剑桥雅思八阅读详解TEST1234整合原创版
剑桥雅思八阅读详解TEST1READING PASSAGE 1 计时器发展史段落配对题1, 排除全文都含有的关键词“TIME KEEPING”哪里都有就不是关键词“cold temperature”回答原文中找答案。
D段结尾”often freezing weather of”同义重现。
2，如果题目中定语和修饰成分太长，则把关键词落在靠后的位置，做题就比较有效。
关键词“Calendar, farming” B段出现了两个原形重现，很容易选出。
3，关键词pendulum（clock），origin’s段倒数第2行”a pendulum clock had been devised”.发明制造出来。
4，”(calculate) uniform hours”. E段第2行”to keeping equal ones”上半句提到了”one”指的就是”hours””；”equal”的意思就是uniform”.5，答案B。
原文分为两大部分ABC第一部分讨论的是”calendar”一年之内的计时器，DEFGH第二部分讨论的是一天之内计时器clock。
所以第五第八题三选二，很好做。
6，答案E。
“two equal hakves” 原文在本段最后一句7，答案G. 关键词”new shape”原文第二行” was a lever based devise shaped like a ship’s anchor.”8,答案A。
关键词”organize-event-schedule”原文第三行”co-ordinate activities…plant-regulate.”9-13题。
该题型为100%集中在了某一段找答案；图上有标题“1670”就是关键词。
很快即可定义在G段。
注意：答案小于等于2个词9，resembling好像…一样shape like答案：ship’s anchor(第二行)10，escape wheel11，tooth 第四行12，long pendulum13, second倒数第二行。
雅思考试阅读全面解析及答案（21）
雅思考试阅读全面解析及答案(21)THE GAP of INGENUITY 2Ingenuity, as I define it here, consists not only of ideas for new technolo gies like computers or drought-resistant crops but, more fundamentally, of idea s for better institutions and social arrangements, like efficient markets and c ompetent governments.How much and what kinds of ingenuity a society requires depends on a range of factors, including the society's goals and the circumstances within which it must achieve those goals ——whether it has a young population or an aging one,an abundance of natural resources or a scarcity of them, an easy climate or a punishing one, whatever the case may be.How much and what kinds of ingenuity a society supplies also depends on man y factors, such as the nature of human inventiveness and understanding, the rew ards an economy gives to the producers of useful knowledge, and the strength of political opposition to social and institutional reforms.A good supply of the right kind of ingenuity is essential, but it isn't, of course, enough by itself. We know that the creation of wealth, for example, de pends not only on an adequate supply of useful ideas but also on the availabili ty of other, more conventional factors of production, like capital and labor. S imilarly, prosperity, stability and justice usually depend on the resolution, o r at least the containment, of major political struggles over wealth and power. Yet within our economics ingenuity often supplants labor, and growth in the st ock of physical plant is usually accompanied by growth in the stock of ingenuit y. And in our political systems, we need great ingenuity to set up institutions that successfully manage struggles over wealth and power. Clearly, our economi c and political processes are intimately entangled with the production and use of ingenuity.The past century ’s countless incremental changes in our societies around t he planet, in our technologies and our interactions with our surrounding natura l environments have accumulated to create a qualitatively new world. Because these changes have accumulated slowly, It’s often hard for us to recognize how p rofound and sweeping they've. They include far larger and denser populations; m uch higher per capita consumption of natural resources; and far better and more widely available technologies for the movement of people, materials, and espec ially information.In combination, these changes have sharply increased the density, intensity,and pace of our inter actions with each other; they have greatly increased the burden we place on our natural environment; and they have helped shift power from national and international institutions to individuals and subgroups, suchas political special interests and ethnic factions.As a result, people in all walks of life-from our political and business le——must cope with much more complex, urgenaders to all of us in our day-to-dayt, and often unpredictable circumstances. The management of our relationship with this new world requires immense and ever-increasing amounts of social and technical ingenuity. As we strive to maintain or increase our prosperity and improve the quality of our lives, we must make far more sophisticated decisions, and in less time, than ever before.When we enhance the performance of any system, from our cars to the planet's network of financial institutions, we tend to make it more complex. Many of the natural systems critical to our well-being, like the global climate and theoceans, are extraordinarily complex to begin with. We often can't predict or ma nage the behavior of complex systems with much precision, because they are ofte n very sensitive to the smallest of changes and perturbations, and their behavi or can flip from one mode to another suddenly and dramatically. In general, as the human-made and natural systems we depend upon become more complex, and as o ur demands on them increase, the institutions and technologies we use to manage them must become more complex too, which further boosts our need for ingenuit y.The good news, though, is that the last century's stunning changes in our s ocieties and technologies have not just increased our need for ingenuity; they have also produced a huge increase in its supply. The growth and urbanization o f human populations have combined with astonishing new communication and transp ortation technologies to expand interactions among people and produce larger, more integrated, and more efficient markets. These changes have, in turn, vastlyaccelerated the generation and delivery of useful ideas.——we should not jump to the conclusionBut—and this is the critical "but"that the supply of ingenuity always increases in lockstep with our ingenuity r equirement: While it's true that necessity is often the mother of invention, wecan't always rely on the right kind of ingenuity appearing when and where we n eed it. In many cases, the complexity and speed of operation of today's vital e conomic, social, arid ecological systems exceed the human brains grasp. Very few of us have more than a rudimentary understanding of how these systems work. T hey remain fraught with countless "unknown unknowns," which makes it hard to su pply the ingenuity we need to solve problems associated with these systems.In this book, explore a wide range of other factors that will limit our abi lity to supply the ingenuity required in the coming century. For example, many people believe that new communication technologies strengthen democracy and will make it easier to find solutions to our societies' collective problems, but t he story is less clear than it seems. The crush of information in our everyday lives is shortening our attention span, limiting the time we have to reflect on critical matters of public policy, and making policy arguments more superficial.Modern markets and science are an important part of the story of how we supply ingenuity. Markets are critically important, because they give entrepreneurs an incentive to produce knowledge. As for science, although it seems to face no theoretical limits, at least in the foreseeable future, practical constraints often slow its progress. The cost of scientific research tends to increase as it delves deeper into nature. And science's rate of advance depends on the cha racteristic of the natural phenomena it investigates, simply because some pheno mena are intrinsically harder to understand than others, so the production of u seful new knowledge in these areas can be very slow. Consequently, there is oft en a critical time lag between the recognition between a problem and the delive ry of sufficient ingenuity, in the form of technologies, to solve that problem.Progress in the social sciences is especially slow, for reasons we don't yet u nderstand; but we desperately need better social scientific knowledge to build’s world demands.the sophisticated institutions todayQuestions:Complete each sentence with the appropriate answer, A, B, C, or DWrite the correct answer in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.27 The definition of ingenuity28 The requirement for ingenuity29 The creation of social wealth30 The stability of societyA depends on many factors including climate.B depends on the management and solution of disputes.C is not only of technological advance, but more of institutional renovatio n.D also depends on the availability of some traditional resources.Question 31-33Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.Write your answers in boxes 31-33 on your answer sheet.31 What does the author say about the incremental change of the last 100 ye ars?A It has become a hot scholastic discussion among environmentalists.B Its significance is often not noticed.C It has reshaped the natural environments we live in.D It benefited a much larger population than ever.32 The combination of changes has made life.A easierB fasterC slowerD less sophisticated33 What does the author say about the natural systems?A New technologies are being developed to predict change with precision.B Natural systems are often more sophisticated than other systems.C Minor alterations may cause natural systems to change dramatically.D Technological developments have rendered human being more independent of natural systems.Question 34-40Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Pas sage 3?In boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement is trueNO if the statement is falseNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage34 The demand for ingenuity has been growing during the past 100 years.35 The ingenuity we have may be inappropriate for solving problems at hand.36 There are very few who can understand the complex systems of the present world.37 More information will help us to make better decisions.38 The next generation will blame the current government for their conduct.39 Science tends to develop faster in certain areas than others.40 Social science develops especially slowly because it is not as important as natural science.参考译文：创新过程的空白创造，就像笔者在这里定义的一样，不仅仅指那些关于计算机、抗早作物之类的新科技的构想，更重要的是指那些关于优化制度和社会安排的思想，例如高效市场、法定 政府等。
剑桥雅思阅读理解解析含翻译
剑桥雅思8-第三套试题-阅读部分-PASSAGE 1-阅读真题原文部分: READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Striking Back at Lightning With LasersSeldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike. Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the United States alone. As the clouds roll in; a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death - out in the open; a lone golfer may be a lightning bolt's most inviting target. And there is damage to property too. Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year.But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back. Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms; and this winter they will brave real storms; equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike.The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new. In the early 1960s; researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these cloudsgenerate. The technique survives to this day at a test site in Florida run by the University of Florida; with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute EPRI; based in California. EPRI; which is funded by power companies; is looking at ways to protect the United States' power grid from lightning strikes. 'We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to using rockets; ' says Ralph Bernstein; manager of lightning projects at EPRI. The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up.Bad behaviourBut while rockets are fine for research; they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking for. The rockets cost around $1; 200 each; can only be fired at a limited frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per cent. And even when they do trigger lightning; things still do not always go according to plan. 'Lightning is not perfectly well behaved; ' says Bernstein. 'Occasionally; it will take a branch and go someplace it wasn't supposed to go. 'And anyway; who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area 'What goes up must come down; ' points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project; which is backed by EPRI; to try to use lasers to discharge lightningsafely - and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500; 000 invested so far; a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory.The idea began some 20 years ago; when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud; this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth; before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. To stop the laser itself being struck; it would not be pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror; and from there into the sky. The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close by. Ideally; the cloud-zapper gunwould be cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations; and portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds.A stumbling blockHowever; there is still a big stumbling block. The laser is no nifty portable: it's a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing. He plans to test this moremanageable system on live thunderclouds next summer.Bernstein says that Diels's system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system; by making the lasers yet smaller and cheaper. 'I cannot say I have money yet; but I'm working on it; ' says Bernstein. He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point - and he's hoping for good news. Bernstein predicts 'an avalanche of interest and support' if all goes well. He expects to see cloud-zappers eventually costing 100; 000 each.Other scientists could also benefit. With a lightning 'switch' at their fingertips; materials scientists could find out what happens when mighty currents meet matter. Diels also hopes to see the birth of 'interactive meteorology' - not just forecasting the weather but controlling it. 'If we could discharge clouds; we might affect the weather; ' he says.And perhaps; says Diels; we'll be able to confront some other meteorological menaces. 'We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning; ' he says. Thunder; the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash; is thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms. A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds; perhaps preventing the formation of thegiant hailstones that threaten crops. With luck; as the storm clouds gather this winter; laser-toting researchers could; for the first time; strike back.Questions 1-3Choose the correct letter; A; B; C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.1 The main topic discussed in the text isA the damage caused to US golf courses and golf players by lightning strikes.B the effect of lightning on power supplies in the US and in Japan.C a variety of methods used in trying to control lightning strikes.D a laser technique used in trying to control lightning strikes.2 According to the text; every year lightningA does considerable damage to buildings during thunderstorms.B kills or injures mainly golfers in the United States.C kills or injures around 500 people throughout the world.D damages more than 100 American power companies.3 Researchers at the University of Florida and at the University of New MexicoA receive funds from the same source.B are using the same techniques.C are employed by commercial companies.D are in opposition to each other.Questions 4-6Complete the sentences below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 4-6 on your answer sheet.4 EPRI receives financial support from………………………….5 The advantage of the technique being developed by Diels is that it can be used……………… .6 The main difficulty associated with using the laser equipment is related to its……………….Questions 7-10Complete the summary using the list of words; A-I; below.Write the correct letter; A-I; in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.In this method; a laser is used to create a line of ionisation by removing electrons from 7 …………………………. This laser is then directed at 8 …………………………in order to control electrical charges; a method which is less dangerous than using 9 …………………………. As a protection for the lasers; the beamsare aimed firstly at 10………………………….A cloud-zappersB atomsC storm cloudsD mirrorsE techniqueF ionsG rockets H conductors I thunderQuestions 11-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this11 Power companies have given Diels enough money to develop his laser.12 Obtaining money to improve the lasers will depend on tests in real storms.13 Weather forecasters are intensely interested in Diels's system.READING PASSAGE 1篇章结构体裁说明文主题用激光回击闪电结构第1段：闪电带来的危害第2段：科研人员正在研究回击闪电的方法第3段：先前的闪电回击术介绍第4段：火箭回击术的缺陷第5段：更安全的激光回击术第6段：激光回击术的技术原理第7段：激光回击术的缺陷第8段：通过实地实验改进激光回击术第9段：激光回击术对其他学科也有益处第10段：激光回击术的其他用途解题地图难度系数：★★★解题顺序：按题目顺序解答即可友情提示：烤鸭们注意：本文中的SUMMARY题目顺序有改变;解题要小心；MULTIPLE CHOICE的第三题是个亮点;爱浮想联翩的烤鸭们可能会糊掉..必背词汇1. inflict v. 造成The strikes inflicted serious damage on the economy. 罢工给经济造成了重大损失..2. inviting adj. 吸引人的The log fire looked warm and inviting. 篝火看上去温暖而诱人..3. property n. 财产；属性The hotel is not responsible for any loss or damage to guests’personal property.酒店不承担宾客的任何个人财产的丢失或损坏..a herb with healing properties具有治疗效果的草药physical/chemical properties物理特性/化学特性4. fund v. 资助;投资The project is jointly funded by several local companies. 这个项目得到了当地几家公司的联合资助ernment-funded research政府资助的研究5. back v. 支持;帮助The scheme has been backed by several major companies in the region.这个项目得到了该地区几家大公司的支持..Some suspected that the rebellion was backed and financed by the US.有人怀疑这次叛乱是由美国主使并资助的..6. discharge v. 放电；排出Both forms are readily gasified by electrical discharge without leaving any tangible residue.两种形态都易被放电气化而不剩任何可触察的残余..7. emerge v. 出现;浮现The sun emerged from behind the clouds. 太阳从云朵中探出头来..Eventually the truth emerged. 真相最终浮出水面..8. reveal v. 展现;显示；揭示;泄露He may be prosecuted for revealing secrets about the security agency.他可能会因为泄露国安局机密而遭检控..He revealed that he had been in prison twice before. 他透露说他曾经坐过两次牢..9. generate v. 使产生The program would generate a lot of new jobs. 这项计划会创造很多新职位..Tourism generates income for local communities. 旅游业给当地社区带来了收入..10. surge n. 涌流：猛增a surge of excitement一阵兴奋a surge of refugees into the country 涌入该国的难民潮a surge in food costs食品价格猛涨11. install v. 安装They've installed the new computer network at last. 他们最终安装了新的计算机网络..Security cameras have been installed in the city centre. 市中心安装了安全摄像头..12. nifty adj. 灵便的a nifty little gadget for squeezing oranges一个榨橘子汁用的灵便小工具13. in the offing即将发生的Big changes were in the offing. 剧变即将发生..认知词汇dramatic adj. 激动人心的fury n. 狂怒;狂暴本文中指雷暴电流leisurely adv. 轻松地dice with death拿性命开玩笑neutralize v. 中和brave v. 勇敢地面对armoury n. 军械库on command 按指令power grid 电力网precise adj. 精确的voltages n. 电压frequency n. 频率failure rate 失败率trigger v. 激发;触发branch n. 岔路populated adj. 人口密集的extract v. 提取atom n. 原子ion n. 离子ionization n. 离子化electric field 电场conductor n. 导体sporting event体育项目stumbling block 绊脚石monster n. 庞然大物manageable adj. 易管理的yet adv. 尚未；还没有come up with 准备好；提供reckon v. 料想;预计forthcoming adj. 即将来临的field test 实地测试turning point 转折点an avalanche of似雪片般的current n. 电流matter n. 物质interactive meteorology互动气象学confront v. 面临;对抗menace n. 威胁hail n. 冰雹torrential rain 暴雨moisture n. 水汽giant hailstone 大冰雹佳句赏析1. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm could; this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth; before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge.参考译文：如果激光器能够生成一条直达暴雨云的离子线;就可以在闪电电场增强为一股无法控制的涌流并击破空气之前;用这条传导通道把电荷引导到地面上来..语言点：状语从句——条件状语从句条件状语从句的连接词主要有：if; unless;as/so long as;on condition that等..此处为if引导的条件状语从句..例句：Just imagine how horrible the world would be if humans are the only creature in the world.想一想;如果人类是这世界上唯一的生物;这世界会变得多可怕..Some animal species are under threat if they stay in their natural habitat.如果留在自然栖息地;某些动物物种会面临威胁..If引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种..非真实条件句可以表示：1同现在事实相反的假设：从句一般过去时+主句should/would+动词原形2与过去事实相反的假设：从句过去完成时+主句should/would have+过去分词3对将来的假设：从句一般过去时+主句should+动词原形；从句were+不定式/should+动词原形+主句would+动词原形例句：If drug use were to be legalized;considerable police time would be spent in dealing with other more serious problems.如果吸食毒品合法化;警察大量的时间就将用于解决其他更严重的问题..2. A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds; perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops.参考译文：一个激光雷工厂可以把水汽从云层中震出;这样也许可以阻止威胁庄稼的大冰雹的形成..语言点：现在分词作状语例句：Facing high competition;people may suffer great pressure.面对高度竞争;人们可能会承受巨大的压力..Being confronted with economic pressure;women have to gooutside to work.面临经济压力;妇女不得不外出工作..Not wearing proper clothes people will be considered those who do not know social and interpersonal skills.如果衣着不当;人们会被当成是不懂社交和人际关系技巧的人..试题解析Questions 1-3题目类型：MULTIPLE CHOICES题目解析：解题小窍门：读清题干巧定位;四个选项要读完;绝对only排除掉;正确选项在中间..题号定位词题目解析1main topic 题目：本文讨论的主题是A闪电攻击对美国高尔夫场地和高尔夫选手造成的损失..B闪电对美国和日本电力供应的影响..C试图用来控制闪电袭击的各种方式..D一种试图用来控制闪电袭击的激光技术..正确翻译后;选项A和B比较容易排除;选项C比较具有迷惑性;但是只要看看文章标题;就不难发现本文主题是laser;所以正确答案是D..2 lightning 题目：根据文章;每年闪电会A在暴风雨期间对建筑物造成相当大的破坏..B在美国主要导致高尔夫球手死亡或受伤..C在全世界范围内导致500人死亡或受伤..D破坏了100多家美国电力公司..选项C和D中的具体数字是很好的定位词;可定位至文章第一段..文中提到;只是在美国;闪电每年就能杀伤500人;而不是世界范围内;因此排除选项C..而100这个数字在文中是100 million a year;说的是每年闪电会让电力公司损失超过一亿美元;而不是说毁掉100多家电力公司;因此排除选项 D..文中提到了云层翻滚而来时在户外打高尔夫是非常危险的;并没有说每年因雷击而死伤的是高尔夫球手;因此排除选项 B..文中提到;there is damage to property too. buildings属于property的范畴;因此正确答案为A..3University of Florida;University of New Mexico 题目：佛罗里达大学和新墨西哥大学的研究员们A有同样的资金来源..B使用同样的技术C受雇于商业公司..D互相反对..此题是不可过多联想的典型;越直白的想法越能解题..一般来讲;带有金钱的选项应该去掉;但是此题剑走偏锋;偏偏选了带funds一词的选项A..文中有两处支持这个答案：第一处在第三段：…with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute EPRI…另一处在第五段：…which is backed by EPRI…两处暗示两项研究都得到了EPRI的资助;因此答案为A..选项B可以从文中说的一个主张用火箭;一个主张用激光来排除；选项C 在文中并没有提及；选项D则是过多推理的结果;尽管使用技术不同;但是并不代表两者互相反对..Questions 4—6题目类型：SENTENCE COMPLETION题目解析：题号定位词文中对应点题目解析4 EPRI;financialsupport 第三段：EPRI;which is funded bypower companies…用EPRI定位到文章第三段;EPRI第一次出现之后即指出其是由电力公司资助的;原文中的funded等同于题干中的receives financial support from;因此答案应该填power companies..注意不要写成单数..5Diels 第五段：…to try to use lasers todischarge lightning safely…用人名Diels在文中定位到第五段;从题目看出这里应填入一个副词;所以可以在人名周围寻找use或者use的替换词;并且在其周围找带有-ly形式的词;这样正确答案safely很快就能浮出水面了..6 difficulty;laser equipment 第七段：The laser is no nifty portable：it’s a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size…这道题目的定位稍微有一些困难;需要将difficulty一词与文章中的stumbling block联系起来;进而找到第七段中的laser一词..文中提到;该激光设备并不方便携带;它是个体积占据了一整间房间的庞然大物..看到这里;通过理解;考生们可以想到激光设备最大的问题就是体积太大;不好携带;所以正确答案是size..Questions 7-10题目类型：SUMMARY COMPLETION解题小窍门：题目解析：解题小窍门：1. 理解词库里的单词;并将其按词性归类..2. 带动整道题的定位词是第一行的ionisation;比较容易定位到文章第六段;那么整个summary的答案就应该在这个词周围寻找..题号定位词文中对应点题目解析7electrons 第六段：…to extract electrons out of atoms…本题关键是要理解题目中的remove…from…与文中的extract…out of…属于同义替换;这里要表达的是从原子atoms中提取电荷electrons..故正确答案是B..8 directed at 第六段：If a laser could generate a line of ionization in the air all the way up to a storm cloud…注意文中generate是“产生”的意思；directed at对应文中的all the way up to;其后的a storm cloud 即对应空格处要填的内容..因此正确答案是C..9 less dangerous 第五段：…who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area…to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely…这道题比较麻烦;对于只是按照顺序寻找答案的考生;定位答案会比较困难..这里需要联系第五段中的信息;参照词库里的单词;推测出空格所在句的意思是“用激光控制闪电是比用火箭更安全less dangerous的方式”..正确答案是G..10 protection;aimed firstly at 第六段：To stop the laser itself beingstruck…Instead it would be directed at amirror… protection对应文中的stop…being struck；at是解题关键词;即使不知道文中的directed和题目中的aimed是同义词;也可以从词组的形式上看出来两者是同位的;其后的名词即为答案..由此可知答案是D..Questions 11-13题目类型：YES/NO/NOT GIVEN题目解析：11. Power companies have given Diels enough money to develop his laser.参考译文电力公司已经向Diels提供了足够的资金来研发他的激光器..定位词Diels;money解题关键词have given…enough money文中对应点由定位词及顺序规律可以定位到第八段：“I cannot say I have money yet; but I am working on it. ”“我还不能说我已经拿到钱了;但是我正在为之努力..”看到这句话;再联系上句：Bernstein says that Diels’ system is attracting lotsof interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the 5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system… Bernstein表示;Diels的激光系统正在引起各电力公司的广泛兴趣..但他们还没有准备好EPRI提出的500万美元——开发一个……的商用系统的所需资金..这两句话足以证明Diels的系统还没有得到足够的资金支持..答案NO12. Obtaining money to improve the lasers will depend on tests in real storms.参考译文获得改善激光器所需的资金依赖于在真正的暴风雨中进行的试验..定位词obtaining money. tests in real storms解题关键词tests in real storms文中对应点第八段：第11题对应的原文下一句提到：He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point…其中turning point是“转折点”的意思;联系上题中说到的;目前该项目还没有拿到钱;可知这句话的意思是field tests就是得到资金的转折点..field tests=tests in real storms答案YES13. Weather forecasters are intensely interested in Diels's system.参考译文天气预报员们对Diels的系统设备特别感兴趣..定位词Diels;weather forecasters解题关键词intensely interested文中对应点这是一道典型的完全未提及的题目;interest一词出现在第八段的末尾;而weather forecasters这两个词也仅在第九段最后两句中出现：…not just forecasting the weather butcontrolling it…;而具体内容则完全不相干..答案NOT GIVEN参考译文用激光回击闪电很少有比雷暴天气更令人感到恐怖的天气了..仅在美国;猛烈的雷暴电流每年都会造成大约500人死亡或重伤..云层翻滚而来的时候;在户外打一场轻松的高尔夫成了一件异常可怕的事情;无异于是在拿自己的性命开玩笑——孤身一人在户外的高尔夫球手可能是闪电最喜欢攻击的目标..此外;闪电也会带来财产损失..每年闪电会对美国电力公司造成超过一亿美元的损失..不过;美国和日本的研究人员正在策划回击闪电的方案..他们已开始通过实验测试中和雷暴电荷的各种方法..今年冬天;他们将直面雷暴：使用配备的激光器射向空中的雨云;使其在闪电出现之前放电..迫使雨云根据指令释放闪电并非一个新想法..早在20世纪60年代早期;研究者们就尝试过把带着拖曳线的火箭射入雨云;以期为这些云层发出的庞大的电荷群搭建起便捷的放电路径..由于受到建在加利福尼亚的电力研究所EPRI的支持;这一技术在佛罗里达的州立大学试验基地幸存到了今天..EPRI由电力公司资助;现正致力于研究保护美国输电网不受闪电袭击的方法..“我们可以通过火箭让闪电击向我们想让它去的地方;”EPRI 的闪电项目经理Ralph Bemstein如此说道..该火箭基地现在能对闪电电压进行精确测量;并可以让工程师们检测电气设备的负载..不良行为虽然火箭在研究中功不可没;但它们无法提供闪电来袭时所有人都希求的保护..每支火箭造价大约1;200美元;发射频率有限;而失败率却高达40％..即使它们确实能够引发闪电;事情也无法总是按计划顺利进行..“闪电可不那么听话;”Bernstein说;“它们偶尔会走岔路;射到它们本不该去的地方..”但不管怎样;有谁会想在人口密集的地区发射成群的火箭呢“射上去的肯定会掉下来;”新墨西哥大学的Jean-Claude Diels指出..Diels现在正在负责一个项目;该项目由ERPI所支持;试图通过发射激光使闪电安全放电——安全是一项基本要求;因为没人愿意把他们自己的性命或他们的昂贵设备置于危险之中..有了迄今为止的50万美元的投入;一套有巨大潜力的系统装置正在该实验室慢慢成形..这一系统装置的想法始于大约20年前;当时正在开发大功率激光器从原子中提取电荷并生成离子的能力..如果激光器能够生成一条直达暴雨云的离子线;就可以在闪电电场增强为一股无法控制的涌流并击破空气之前;用这条传导通道把电荷引导到地面上来..为了防止激光器本身受到电击;不能把它直接对准云层;而是要把它对准一面镜子;让激光通过镜子折射向天空..要在靠近镜子的四局布置闪电传导器从而对其进行保护..理想的做法是;云层遥控器枪要比较廉价;以便能够把它们安装在所有重点电力设备周围；另外还要方便携带;以便在国际运动赛事场地中用于使逐渐聚积的雨云失去威力..绊脚石可是;仍存在巨大的绊脚石..激光器并不方便携带：它是个能占据整个房间的庞然大物..Diels一直想要缩小它的体积;并表示很快就会有小型桌子大小的激光器了..他计划在明年夏天用真正的雨云来实际测试这个更容易操作的激光系统..Bemstein表示;Diels的激光系统正在引起各电力公司的广泛兴趣..但他们还没有准备好EPRI提出的500万美元——开发一个让激光器更小巧、价格也更便宜的商用系统的所需资金..Bernstein说：“我还不能说我已经拿到钱了;但是我正在为之努力..”他认为;即将进行的实地测试会成为一个转折点;而且他也在期待着好消息..Bemstein预言;如果一切顺利;这将吸引“排山倒海般的兴趣和支持”..他希望看到云层遥控器的最终价格能定在每台5万到10万美元之间..其他科学家也能从中受益..如果手上有了控制闪电的“开关”;材料科学家就可以了解强大的电流遇到物质时会发生什么现象..Diels也希望看到“互动气象学”问世——不仅仅是预测天气;而且能控制天气..“如果我们能使云层放电;我们也许就能左右天气;”他说..而且也许;Diels说;我们将能够对抗一些其他的气象威胁..“我们认为我们也许能通过引导闪电来阻止冰雹;”他说..雷;来自于闪电的冲击波;被认为是大暴雨——典型的雷暴天气——的触发器..一个激光雷工厂可以把水汽从云层中震出;这样也许可以阻止威胁庄稼的大冰雹的形成..如果运气好的话;在今年冬天雨云聚积的时候;持有激光器的研究者们就能第一次对其进行回击了..剑桥雅思8-第三套试题-阅读部分-PASSAGE 2-阅读真题原文部分: READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26; which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.The Nature of GeniusThere has always been an interest in geniuses and prodigies. Theword 'genius'; from the Latin gens = family and the term 'genius'; meaning 'begetter'; comes from the early Roman cult of a divinity as the head of the family. In its earliest form; genius was concerned with the ability of the head of the family; the paterfamilias; to perpetuate himself. Gradually; genius came to represent a person's characteristics and thence an individual's highest attributes derived from his 'genius' or guiding spirit. Today; people still look to stars or genes; astrology or genetics; in the hope of finding the source of exceptional abilities or personal characteristics.The concept of genius and of gifts has become part of our folk culture; and attitudes are ambivalent towards them. We envy the gifted and mistrust them. In the mythology of giftedness; it is popularly believed that if people are talented in one area; they must be defective in another; that intellectuals are impractical; that prodigies burn too brightly too soon and burn out; that gifted people are eccentric; that they are physical weaklings; that there's a thin line between genius and madness; that genius runs in families; that the gifted are so clever they don't need special help; that giftedness is the same as having a high IQ; that some races are more intelligent or musical or mathematical than others; that genius goes unrecognised and unrewarded; that adversity makes men wise or that people with gifts have a responsibility to use them. Language hasbeen enriched with such terms as 'highbrow'; 'egghead'; 'blue-stocking'; 'wiseacre'; 'know-all'; 'boffin' and; for many; 'intellectual' is a term of denigration.The nineteenth century saw considerable interest in the nature of genius; and produced not a few studies of famous prodigies. Perhaps for us today; two of the most significant aspects of most of these studies of genius are the frequency with which early encouragement and teaching by parents and tutors had beneficial effects on the intellectual; artistic or musical development of the children but caused great difficulties of adjustment later in their lives; and the frequency with which abilities went unrecognised by teachers and schools. However; the difficulty with the evidence produced by these studies; fascinating as they are in collecting together anecdotes and apparent similarities and exceptions; is that they are not what we would today call norm-referenced. In other words; when; for instance; information is collated about early illnesses; methods of upbringing; schooling; etc. ; we must also take into account information from other historical sources about how common or exceptional these were at the time. For instance; infant mortality was high and life expectancy much shorter than today; home tutoring was common in the families of the nobility and wealthy; bullying and corporal punishment were common at the bestindependent schools and; for the most part; the cases studied were members of the privileged classes. It was only with the growth of paediatrics and psychology in the twentieth century that studies could be carried out on a more objective; if still not always very scientific; basis.Geniuses; however they are defined; are but the peaks which stand out through the mist of history and are visible to the particular observer from his or her particular vantage point. Change the observers and the vantage points; clear away some of the mist; and a different lot of peaks appear. Genius is a term we apply to those whom we recognise for their outstanding achievements and who stand near the end of the continuum of human abilities which reaches back through the mundane and mediocre to the incapable. There is still much truth in Dr Samuel Johnson's observation; 'The true genius is a mind of large general powers; accidentally determined to some particular direction'. We may disagree with the 'general'; for we doubt if all musicians of genius could have become scientists of genius or vice versa; but there is no doubting the accidental determination which nurtured or triggered their gifts into those channels into which they have poured their powers so successfully. Along the continuum of abilities are hundreds of thousands of gifted men and women; boys and girls.What we appreciate; enjoy or marvel at in the works of genius or the achievements of prodigies are the manifestations of skills or abilities which are similar to; but so much superior to; our own. But that their minds are not different from our own is demonstrated by the fact that the hard-won discoveries of scientists like Kepler or Einstein become the commonplace knowledge of schoolchildren and the once outrageous shapes and colours of an artist like Paul Klee so soon appear on the fabrics we wear. This does not minimise the supremacy of their achievements; which outstrip our own as the sub-four-minute milers outstrip our jogging.To think of geniuses and the gifted as having uniquely different brains is only reasonable if we accept that each human brain is uniquely different. The purpose of instruction is to make us even more different from one another; and in the process of being educated we can learn from the achievements of those more gifted than ourselves. But before we try to emulate geniuses or encourage our children to do so we should note that some of the things we learn from them may prove unpalatable. We may envy their achievements and fame; but we should also recognise the price they may have paid in terms of perseverance; single-mindedness; dedication; restrictions on their personal lives; the demands upon their energies and time; and how often they had to display great courage to preserve their。
剑桥雅思7G类阅读解析B
剑桥雅思7G类阅读解析B－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－剑桥雅思7G类阅读解析B目录剑桥雅思7G类阅读真题（B-1）错误!未定义书签。
剑桥雅思7G类阅读真题（B-2）错误!未定义书签。
剑桥雅思7G类阅读真题（B-3）错误!未定义书签。
剑桥雅思7G类阅读真题（B-1）参考解析：General Training: Reading and WritingTest BREADINGSECTION 1篇章结构（Passage 1）体裁：应用文主要内容：Supafone移动数字公司的电话优惠资费选择，共有三种选择，每种的计费等各不相同试题解析Questions 1-7?题型：MATCHING搭配题?题目解析：题号题目定位词答案位置题解1 monthly access fee, highest, call rates, lowest 段落小标题，HIGHFLIER正文最后1行题目：月接入费最高可是通话费率最低。
原文：As a high-volume user you pay an access fee of just $60 a month but even lower call rates.作为使用量大的用户，月接入费仅仅60美金，还能享受到更低的费率。
必要分析：请考生注意读正文中的表格。
此题能够很容易地把monthly access fee定位到表格中：HIGHFLIER是月接入费最高的一项服务，再观察一下此服务的通话费率，发现数字最小，即最低。
因此选C。
2 short-distance of long distance 大标题下正文第2、3行题目：电话费以市话和长话两种费率形式收取。
原文：Calls in each plan are charged at only two rates—short-distance and long-distance.每个计划的话资都按照两个费率收取——市话和长话。
剑5阅读general training test a解析
剑5阅读general training test a解析英文版The IELTS General Training Test A is designed to assess the English language skills of candidates who are planning to work or study in an English-speaking country. This test consists of four sections: Listening, Reading, Writing, and Speaking. In this article, we will focus on the Reading section of Test A and provide a detailed analysis.The Reading section of Test A contains three passages, each followed by a series of questions. The first passage is usually a descriptive or factual text, while the second passage is more discursive and argumentative. The third passage is typically a longer, more complex text that requires a deeper understanding of the content.One of the key skills that candidates need to demonstrate in the Reading section is the ability to identify main ideas, supporting details, and the writer's purpose. They also need to be able to infer meaning from context, recognize the writer's tone and attitude, and analyze the structure of the text.To excel in the Reading section of Test A, candidates should practice reading a variety of texts, including newspaper articles, essays, and academic papers. They should also work on improving their vocabulary, so they can easily understand the meaning of unfamiliar words in the passages.In conclusion, the Reading section of Test A is a challenging but important part of the IELTS General Training Test. By developing their reading skills and practicing regularly, candidates can improve their performance in this section and achieve their desired score.中文版剑5阅读general training test a解析剑5阅读general training test a旨在评估计划在英语国家工作或学习的考生的英语语言能力。
雅思剑14-Test2-Speaking真题练习Something bought for home
Question #6 Do you agree that the kinds of homes people prefer change as they get older?
Topic sentence Examples Details Conclusion
C14-T2-Part2
Something you liked and bought for home
Describe something you liked very much which you bought for your home.
You should say: • what you bought • when and where you bought it • why you chose this particular thing • and explain why you liked it so much.
1. have never been ... n. I have never really been much of a person who cares what a home needs.
2. leave sth.(matters/problems) to sb. I leave those matters to the ladies of my home - ladies like my mother, sisters or sisters-in-law.
Question #3 Why don’t some people care about how te Examples Details Conclusion
Question #4 In what ways is living in a flat/apartment better than living in a house?
雅思ogtest7阅读答案assage2
雅思ogtest7阅读答案assage2第14题答案:E对应原文:E段:£23m for the removal of the bug cryptosporidium from drinking water by water companies;答案解析:E段中提到有2300万英镑用于自来水公司去除饮用水中的隐孢子虫。
其中去除寄生虫这一操作对应题干中的purifying,drinkingwater对应domesticwater,23m对应cost，因此确定答案。
第15题答案:B对应原文:B段:Firstmechanisation,then mass use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides，then monocultures,then batteryrearing of livestock,and now genetic engineering.答案解析:B段开头提到现代农业一开始是机器化，然后是化学文章来自老烤鸭雅思肥料的大规模使用，然后是单一种植，再然后是笼内饲养牲畜，现在则来到了基因过程。
即农业发展的各个阶段，由此确定答案。
第16题答案:C对应原文:C段:thecosts ofall this damage are what economists refer to as externalities ... the costs may not even appear to be fnancial at all 答案解析:C段中首先提到了externalities(外部性)这一专有名词，后面又详细解释了该词汇的含义。
两者分别对应题干中的term和hiddencosts，由此确定答案。
第17题答案:B对应原文:B段:while the growth of algae is increasing in lakes becauseof the fertiliser run- off.答案解析:B段最后一句提到，肥料的流失导致湖泊中藻类的生长。
剑桥雅思Test阅读Passage真题解析
剑桥雅思Test阅读Passage真题解析————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：剑桥雅思7 Test4阅读Passage1真题解析篇章结构体裁说明文主题线牵金字塔结构引言：引出Marcus Chown的新观点。
第一段：介绍Marcus关于金字塔修建的新观点。
第二段：该观点引起另一位科学家Morteza的兴趣。
第三段：为验证该观点提出的实验假设。
第四段：实验获得成功。
第五段：对实验结果的分析。
第六段：对该观点存在不同的声音。
第七段：对于该观点的其他解释及依据。
第八段：该实验在现实中的应用。
必背词汇引言pyramid n. 金字塔reckon v. 料想第一段conventional adj. 通常的，常规的hieroglyph n. 象形文字，图画文字slave n. 奴隶odd adj. 古怪的drag vt. 拖，拉posture n. 姿势sledge n. 雪橇via prep. 经由back up 支持mechanical adj. 机械的software n. 软件giant adj. 巨大的consultant n. 顾问wonder v. 好奇peruse vt. 翻阅，浏览object n. 物体monument n. 历史遗迹，遗址第二段intrigue v. 激起……的兴趣keen adj. 强烈的，浓厚的contact v. 联系puzzled adj. 困惑的aeronautics n. 航空学spark v. 激发institute n. 学院apparently adv. 显然fascinate v. 强烈地吸引investigate v. 调查，研究第三段column n. 柱，圆柱sustain v. 维持horizontal adj. 水平的pulley n. 滑车，滑轮vertical adj. 垂直的magnify v. 放大source n. 来源rig v. 装配initial adj. 最初的tent-shaped adj. 帐篷形状的calculation n. 计算scaffold n. 支架wind-tunnel adj. 风洞的suspend v. 悬挂convince v. 说服，使……相信apex n. 顶点，最高点tonne n. 吨roll v. (使)滚动modest adj. 温和的，适度的trolley n. 手推车第四段rectangular n. 矩形instant n. 立即，瞬间nylon n. 尼龙generate v. 产生absolutely adv. 绝对地，完全地mere adj. 仅仅的stun v. 使目瞪口呆第五段gentle adj. 温和的；徐缓的massive adj. 巨大的steady adj. 稳定的，不变的actually adv. 实际上state n. 状态construction n. 建设，建造jerk v. 急拉brute adj. 无理性的realise v. 意识到第六段specialist n. 专家no-existent adj. 不存在的unconvinced adj. 不信服的associate professor 副教授第七段harness v. 利用uncannily adv. 异常地accomplished adj. 熟练的，有造诣的glider n. 滑翔机Egyptian n. 埃及人sophistication n. 精密性，复杂性wooden adj. 木制的civilisation n. 文明block n. 大块dump v. 倾卸，倾倒physical adj. 物质的flaming adj. 燃烧的ancient adj. 古代的，古老的debris n. 碎片，残骸artefact n. 人工制品foe n. 敌人第八段practical adj. 实际的concrete adj. 水泥的access n. (使用或见到的)机会，权利arch n. 拱顶civil engineer 土木工程师hint n. 建议，指点adobe n. 泥砖，土坯sensible adj. 切合实际的难句解析1. And since he needed a summer project for his student Emilio Graff, investigating the possibility of using kites as heavy lifters seemed like a good idea.参考译文：因为他刚好需要给学生Emilio Graff布置一项暑假研究计划，调查用风筝做起重器的可能性是一个好主意。
剑桥雅思第一套阅读assage真题原文详细解析译文
剑桥雅思第一套阅读assage真题原文详细解析译文－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－剑桥雅思6第一套阅读Passage 3真题原文+詳細解析+译文:READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages. Questions 27-32Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-G from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi The reaction of the Inuit community to climate changeii Understanding of climate change remains limitediii Alternative sources of essential suppliesiv Respect for Inuit opinion growsv A healthier choice of foodvi A difficult landscapevii Negative effects on well-beingviii Alarm caused by unprecedented events in the ArcticThe benefits of an easier existenceixAnsweExampleviii Paragraph A27 Paragraph B28 Paragraph C29 Paragraph D30 Paragraph E31 Paragraph F32 Paragraph GA Unusual incidents are being reported across the Arctic. Inuitfamilies going off on snowmobiles to prepare their summer huntingcamps have found themselves cut off from home by a sea of mud,following early thaws. There are reports of igloos losing their insulating properties as the snow drips and refreezes, of lakes draining into the sea as permafrost melts, and sea ice breakingupearlier than usual, carrying seals beyond the reach of hunters. Climate change may still be arather abstract idea to most of us, butin the Arctic it is already having dramatic effects - if summertime icecontinues to shrink at its present rate, the Arctic Ocean could soonbecome virtually ice-free in summer. The knock-on effects are likelyto include more warming, cloudier skies, increased precipitation andhigher sea levels. Scientists are increasingly keen to find out what'sgoing on because they consider the Arctic the 'canary in the mine' forglobal warming - a warning of what's in store for the rest of the world.B For the Inuit the problem is urgent. They live in precarious balance with one of the toughest environments on earth. Climatechange, whatever its causes, is a direct threat to their way oflife.Nobody knows the Arctic as well as the locals, which is why they arenot content simply to stand back and let outside experts tell themwhat's happening. In Canada, where the Inuit people are jealouslyguarding their hard-won autonomy in the country's newest territory,Nunavut, they believe their best hope of survival in this changing environment lies in combining their ancestral knowledge with thebest of modern science. This is a challenge in itself.C The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that's covered with snow for most of the year. Venture into this terrain andyou get some idea of the hardships facing anyone who calls this home.Farming is out of the question and nature offers meagre pickings. Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years ago, surviving感谢阅读，欢迎大家下载使用！。
剑桥雅思真题11阅读解析test3passage1
剑桥雅思真题11阅读解析test3passage1⼀、原⽂翻译：丝绸的故事源于古中国的世界最奢侈的织物前世今⽣丝绸是⼀种上等的、光滑的，有桑蚕（幼⾍）产⽣的柔软的保护壳。
传说是3000年前中国的帝王黄帝的妻⼦嫘祖发现蚕⾍的。
⼀个故事的版本是当嫘祖在她丈夫的花园⾥散步的时候，她发现⼀些桑树毁坏的主要原因是蚕⾍。
她收集了⼏个蚕茧，然后坐下来休息。
正当她喝茶的时候，她所收集的⼀个蚕茧掉进了热茶⾥⾯然后被拆散成细线。
嫘祖发现她可以把这些线缠绕在⼿指上。
随后，她说服她的丈夫让她在桑树园⾥养蚕。
她也设计了⼀个特殊的轴来从蚕茧⾥抽丝组成⼀股线好让它韧性⾜够好到被编织成织物。
尽管我们不知道故事的真实性有多少，但我们确切知道的就是丝绸⽂化在中国已经存在⼏千年了。
最初，蚕⾍的养殖只限于⼥性，同时也是她们负责种植、收割和编织的任务。
丝绸迅速成为⼀种地位象征的符号，且最开始只有皇室才有权利穿丝绸制作的⾐服。
规则随着时间流逝逐渐放宽，到清朝（公元1644-1911年）时，即使是最低阶层的农民都可以穿丝绸。
在汉朝（公元前206-公元220年），丝绸因其备受珍视也被作为⼀种货币单位。
政府官员的薪⽔是丝绸，农民也⽤⾕物和丝绸来交税。
丝绸同样被⽤于皇帝的外交礼物：⽤丝绸制成的钓鱼线、⼸弦、乐器和纸。
最早关于丝绸纸使⽤的标志是在⼀个据估计死于公元164年的贵族的墓⾥被发现。
对这种异域风情织物的需求最终创造了获利的贸易路线，如今因丝绸之路⽽闻名，把丝绸带到西⽅，再把黄⾦、银器和⽺⽑带回东⽅。
它因其最珍贵的商品——丝绸被认为⽐⾦⼦更值钱，⽽被命名为丝绸之路。
丝绸之路延伸6000千⽶长，从中国东部到地中海，跟随着长城，跨过帕⽶尔⼭脊，穿过如今的阿富汗，深⼊到中东地区，在那⾥的⼤马⼠⾰有⼀个主要的贸易市场。
从这⾥，商品被船运过地中海。
仅有少数的商⼈⾛完了全程，货物⼤多要经过⼀系列的中间⼈过⼿。
因为桑树蚕⾍源于中国，⼏百年来这个国家也是世界上唯⼀的丝绸⽣产者。
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READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.AUSTRALIA'S SPORTING SUCCESSA They play hard, they play often, and they play to win. Australian sports teams win more than their fair share of titles, demolishing rivals with seeming ease. How do they do it? A big part of the secret is an extensive and expensive network of sporting academies underpinned by science and medicine. At the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), hundreds of youngsters and pros live and train under the eyes of coaches. Another body, the Australian Sports Commission (ASC), finances programmes of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and women. Both provide intensive coaching, training facilities and nutritional advice.B Inside the academies, science takes centre stage. The AIS employs more than 100 sports scientists and doctors, and collaborates with scores of others in universities and research centres. AIS scientists work across a number of sports, applying skills learned in one - such as building muscle strength in golfers - to others, such as swimming and squash. They are backed up by technicians who design instruments to collect data from athletes. They all focus on one aim: winning. ‘We can't waste our time looking at ethereal scientific questions that don't help the coach work with an athlete and improve performance,' says Peter Fricker, chief of science at AIS.C A lot of their work comes down to measurement - everything from the exact angle of a swimmer’s dive to the second-by-second power output of a cyclist. This data is used to wring improvements out of athletes. The focus is on individuals, tweaking performances to squeeze an extra hundredth of a second here, an extra millimetre there. No gain is too slight to bother with. It’s the tiny, gradual improvements that add up to world-beating results. To demonstrate how the system works, Bruce Mason at AIS shows off the prototype of a 3D analysis tool for studying swimmers. A wire-frame model of a champion swimmer slices through the water, her arms moving in slow motion. Looking side-on, Mason measures the distance between strokes. From above, he analyses how her spineswivels. When fully developed, this system will enable him to build a biomechanical profile for coaches to use to help budding swimmers. Mason's contribution to sport also includes the development of the SWAN (SWimming ANalysis)system now used in Australian national competitions. It collects images from digital cameras running at 50 frames a second and breaks down each part of a swimmer's performance into factors that can be analysed individually - stroke length, stroke frequency, average duration of each stroke, velocity, start, lap and finish times, and so on. At the end of each race, SWAN spits out data on each swimmerD ‘Take a look,' says Mason, pulling out a sheet of data. He points out the data on the swimmers in second and third place, which shows that the one who finished third actually swam fas ter. So why did he finish 35 hundredths of a second down? ‘His turn times were 44 hundredths of a second behind the other guy,' says Mason. ‘If he can improve on his turns, he can do much better’ This is the kind of accuracy that AIS scientists' research i s bringing to a range of sports.With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne, they are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athlete's clothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might have an impact on an athlete's ability to run. There's more to it than simply measuring performance. Fricker gives the example of athletes who may be down with coughs and colds 11 or 12 times a year. After years of experimentation, AlS and the University of Newcastle in New South Wales developed a test that measures how much of the immune-system protein immunoglobulin A is present in athletes' saliva. If IgA levels suddenly fall below a certain level, training is eased or dropped altogether. Soon, IgA levels start rising again, and the danger passes. Since the tests were introduced, AIS athletes in all sports have been remarkably successful at staying healthy.E Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a ‘competition model', based on what they expect will be the winning times. ‘You design the model to make that time,' says Mason. ‘A start of this much, each free-swimming period has to be this fast, with a certain stroke frequency and stroke length, with turns done in these times.' All the training is then geared towards making the athlete hit those targets, both overall and for each segment of the race. Techniques like these have transformed Australia into arguably the world's most successful sporting nation.F Of course, there's nothing to stop other countries copying-and many have tried. Some years ago, the AIS unveiled coolant-lined jackets for endurance athletes. At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists' and rowers' times. Now everyone uses them. The same has happened to the ‘altitude tent', developed by AIS to replicate the effect of altitude training at sea level. But Australia's success story is about more than easily copied technological fixes, and up to now no nation has replicated its all-encompassing system.Questions 1-7Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs, A-F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.1 a reference to the exchange of expertise between different sports2 an explanation of how visual imaging is employed in investigations3 a reason for narrowing the scope of research activity4 how some AIS ideas have been reproduced5 how obstacles to optimum achievement can be investigated6 an overview of the funded support of athletes7 how performance requirements are calculated before an eventQuestions 8-11Classify the following techniques according to whether the writer states theyA are currently exclusively used by AustraliansB will be used in the future by AustraliansC are currently used by both Australians and their rivalsWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet.8 cameras9 sensors10 protein tests11 altitude tentsQuestions 12 and 13Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet.12 What is produced to help an athlete plan their performance in an event?13 By how much did some cyclists' performance improve at the 1996 Olympic Games?READING PASSAGE 1真题解析：篇章结构体裁说明文主题澳大利亚的体育成就结构 A段：澳大利亚体育成绩斐然 B段：科技是第一生产力C段：精确测量和数据分析 D段：精确测量和数据分析的实例E段：数据的实际应用 F段：不可复制的成功必背词汇A段fair adj.合理的pro n.职业运动员demolish v.击败；破坏，毁坏 under the eye of 在……的注意下rival n.竞争者，对手 body n.团体，机构seeming adj.表面上的(通常事实并非如此) finance v.给……提供经费ease n.不费力，轻松 excellence n.优秀，卓越extensive adj.广泛的，涉及面广的 intensive adj.强化的underpin v.以……为稳固基础 nutritional adj.营养的B段centre stage 中心地位 squash n.壁球collaborate v.合作 instrument n.仪器，器械golfer n.打高尔夫球的人 ethereal adj.飘渺的，引申为不切实际的C段come down to(sth.)可归结为 wire-frame adj.线框的second-by-second 每秒的 slice v.划开；切开output n.输出 slow motion 慢动作wring…out of 原义为扭，榨取，此处引申为从……中(经过努力)获得 side-on 从侧面stroke n.划动，划水tweak v.扭，用力拉 spine n.脊柱world-beating adj.举世瞩目的 swivel v.旋转prototype n.原型 biomechanical adj.生物力(学)的profile n.原义为轮廓、外形，此处意为模型 velocity n.速度，速率lap n.一圈budding adj.发展中的 spit out 原义是吐出，此处引申为显示出、分析出frame n.帧，画面D段turn time 转身时间 immunoglobulin n.免疫球蛋白unobtrusive adj.不显眼的，不醒目的 present adj.存在的sensor n.传感器 saliva n.唾液embed v.使插入；使嵌入 ease v.减轻，减弱sweat v.出汗，发汗 remarkably adv.显著地，引人注目地；非常地experimentation n.实验，试验immune-system 免疫系统的E段complex adj.复杂的 transform v.转换，转变，改变championship n.冠军赛 arguably adv.可论证地(可辩论地)，有理由说地gear v.调整，(使)适合segment n.部分F段unveil v.展示(新产品)；揭开 altitude tent 高原帐篷coolant-lined 流线型散热 replicate v.复制endurance n.耐力；忍耐力 encompass v.包含或包括某事物slice v.减少，降低难句解析1. A lot of their work comes down to measurement—everything from the exact angle of a swimmer's dive to the second-by-second power output of a cyclist.参考译文：许多工作都涉及具体测量，测量内容包括从游泳运动员潜水的精确角度到自行车运动员每秒功率输出的所有数据。