(完整版)口译笔记符号大汇总(超全整理版_方便直接背诵)
口译笔记符号大汇总(超全整理版_方便直接背诵)
在桌子下
(A是变革的代言人 (B自信和远见
(C行为不循规蹈矩 (D对环境敏感
(E有清楚表达目标的能力
︹下加一短横
93、人本管理原则包括( 。
look/ look after/ look into/ investigate/witness
(A人的管理第一 (B和营人际关系
⊙
(C员工和组织共同发展 (D满足社会需要
(E构建以人为中心的组织形态
资本主义
94、在人力资源规划中，人员规划的内容包括( 。
资’
(A企业劳动定员 (B人力资源现状分析
(C四个现代化 (D人力资源费用控制
4m
(E人员需求与供给预测
95、根据岗位规范的具体内容，岗位规范的基本形式包括( 规范。
peace-keeping (A管理岗位培训 (B生产岗位工作
维p
(C管理岗位考核 (D生产岗位考核
(E生产岗位技能
第三世界
96、以下关于工作说明书的说法正确的是( 。
3w。
口译笔记法符号汇总(超级全面)
希腊字母 P 读/pai/,近似 politics, political。那么 politician 就可以表示 为 PZ
G 表示效率：efficient, effective。
G 为效率符号。
Q 表示“通货膨胀”：inflation
因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。
⊙圆圈表示一个圆桌，中间一点表示一盆花，这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等： meeting，conference， negotiation，seminar，discussion，symposium
∞ 这个符号看上像条鱼，所以表示“捕鱼业”等合 fishery 有关的词汇。
O 圆圈代表地球，横线表示赤道，所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全
如果在 U 填入2，就可以表示为 bilateral（双边的）, 填入3表示为 trilateral (三边的)。
填入在 U 中填入1表示: Unilateralism（单边主义），填入 m (multiple) 表示 多边主义。
如果在 U 上加一个“/”表示谈判破裂。
O 表示“国家”、“民族”、“领土”等：country, state, nation, etc.
学会一字等于一句看一字想一句看一句知一句以符号代文字以下各符号均可在记录中代替文字数学符号equal
一、地名简写 高级口译听力部分要求考生准确拼写出主要国家的名称和首都。如果要把每个国 家的名称完整的记录下来．会很费时间。因此，常用国名的记录方法应常记心中， 比如 K=Korea, SD= Sweden, SW=Switzerland 等等。有时还可以借助“|－”来 表示东、西、南、北、中等方位。 例如：the Republic of Korea(ROK，南朝鲜)， 表示为“－K”; 相应的 the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea（DPRK， 北朝鲜）, 就可以表示为“K－”, Central London,表示为 LD。Western Europe （西欧）表示为“|EU”，Eastern Germany (东德)表示为“G|”。
最全口译笔记符号
∽
1.关联
Link to, connect with, relate to, associate with
2.替代
Replace, displace, supplant, substitute, instead of, take the place of
∞
1.交流，交换
Exchange, interact, communicate
众说纷纭，若干说法
Various opinions
1.听listen to
2.开放be open to
改革开放
爱，关心
Love, concern, care about
吓唬，威胁Scare, threatn←1.来come
2.收到receive
3.需要，缺少need, require, want, be short of
□^°
国家领导人，政府首脑state leader
宏观调控macro-control
首都capital city
1.重要
Important, significant, key, critical, crucial, essential, vital, eventful, principal, core, of great importance/significance/consequence
:
说
Tell, state, announce, express, claim, address, declare, argue, vow, explain, introduce, report
开：
开罗宣言Cairo Manifesto
√：
赞扬speak highly of, praise
口译笔记符号汇总(缩略词)
Japanese yen
円
二．时间简写
原词
速记符号
原词
速记符号
hour
hr
minute
’
second
’’
morning
m
afternoon
a
evening/night/tonight
n
today
d
yesterday
.d(’d)
the day before yesterday
”d
tomorrow
d’
the day after tomorrow
d’ ’
day by day/everyday
dd
last night
’n
nextmorning
m’
this week
w
the week before lastweek
”w
Monday
1w
Tuesday
2w
Wednesday
3w
Thursday
4w
Friday
≡一直/总是/一贯
pressure/influence
⊥(竖线为向下箭头)
On the otherhand/or
/或者
rigelegation/delegation
△
ocean/sea/river/lake/brook/stream
∽江河湖海水
hills/mountain
CO.
Departure
DPT
Discount
DISC
Department
DEPT
Extent
EXT
Exchange
EXCH
Explain
(完整版)口译笔记速记符号归总汇总
口译笔记速记符号归总一、做口译笔记时的注意事项1.口译笔记应记要点，切忌求记“全”。
口译笔记是记忆的延伸或补充，不应也不必取代记忆。
口译笔记的主要内容是概念、命题、名称、数字、组织机构和逻辑关系（如大小、先后、正反、上下、升降、因果关系等），笔记单位以表达意群的词语和符号为主。
2.口译笔记求快求精，但不可潦草。
3.口译笔记可使用来源语，也可使用目标语，也可以双语兼用。
只要有利于口译的准确性和流利性，不必拘泥于某种文字或符号。
例如，“联合国大会”可笔录为“UN”或“联大”。
4.口译笔记使用大量常见略语，例如：cf（compare），Co（company），eg（for example），etc（and so on），esp（especially），ie（that is），max（maximum），min（minimum），ref（reference），std（standard），usu（usually），等。
二、常用速记符号速记是一项特殊的技巧，速记语言是由一套完整的符号组成的体系。
在口译实践中逐步掌握一些简单的速记符号是有益的。
口译成功与否在很大程度上取决于译员在口译表达前对感知的信息进行记录的能力。
记录分为“脑记”和“笔记”两种。
人脑的记忆由短时记忆和长时记忆两部分组成。
顾名思义，短时记忆是一种操作性的暂时记忆，长时记忆属于一种储存性的永久记忆。
影响一个人短时记忆的因素很多，其中最主要的因素是记忆内容的意义性。
即便是当感知的信息有意义时，人的短时记忆只可容纳由二十多个单词组成的句子，或者一组十位数的数字。
因此，对于口译工作者来说，完全依赖人脑的记忆能力是危险的，记笔记便显得十分重要。
in Note takingUse only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time. Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references.S = sumf = frequencyLeave out periods in standard abbreviations.cf = comparee.g. = exampledept = departmentUse only the first syllable of a word.pol = politicslib = liberalcap = capitalismUse entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.pres = presentationsubj = subjectind = individualcons = conservativeEliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation.assoc = associatebiol = biologyinfo = informationach = achievementchem = chemistrymax = maximumintro = introductionconc = concentrationmin = minimumrep = repetitionOmit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.ppd = preparedprblm = problemestmt = estimatebkgd = backgroundgvt = governmentUse an apostrophe in place of letters.am't = amountcont'd = continuedgov't = governmenteducat'l = educationalForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.chpts = chaptersegs = examplesfs = frequenciesintros = introductionsUse g to represent ing endings.estg = establishingdecrg = decreasingexptg = experimentingSpell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.Leave out unimportant words.Leave out the words a and the.If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.& = andw/ = withw/o = withoutvs = against\ = therefore= = is or equalUse technical symbols where applicable.zb = German, for exampleibid = Latin, the same worko = degreesH2O = waterMore reference:Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:+ plus// parallelUse standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:eg exampleIT dept Information Technology departmentUK United KingdomUse only the first syllable of a word. Examples:mar marketingcus customercli clientUse the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples:subj subjectbudg budgetind individualTo distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:tech'gy technologygen'ion generalisationdel'y deliveryUse just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples:assoc associatedach achievementinfo informationOmit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:bkgd backgroundmvmt movementprblm problemForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding 's.' Examples:custs customersfs frequencies/s ratiosUse 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples:decrg decreasingckg checkingestblg establishingSpell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:inbutaskeyLeave out unimportant verbs. Examples:iswaswereLeave out unnecessary articles. Examples:aantheIf a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example: January Advertising Campaign Budget JACBUse symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:@ at2 to4 for& andw/ withw/o withoutvs againstCreate your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.Other Symbols and Abbreviationsas a result of / consequences of <--->resulting in --->and / also +equal to / same as =following ffmost importantly *less than <greater than > especially esp/一、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。
口译笔记速记符号归总---笔记符号汇总哈,很关键,可以结合实际自行改良
口译笔记速记符号归总目录[1].Note-taking symbols and abbreviations[2].关于缩略词[3].关于字母和图像[4].用箭头、数字符号、标点符号来表示1. Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference:Abbreviations in Note takingUse only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references.S = sumf = frequencyLeave out periods in standard abbreviations.cf = comparee.g. = exampledept = departmentUse only the first syllable of a word.pol = politicsdem = democracylib = liberalcap = capitalismUse entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.pres = presentationsubj = subjectind = individualcons = conservativeEliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation.assoc = associatebiol = biologyinfo = informationach = achievementchem = chemistrymax = maximumintro = introductionconc = concentrationmin = minimumrep = repetitionOmit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.ppd = preparedprblm = problemestmt = estimatebkgd = backgroundgvt = governmentUse an apostrophe in place of letters.am't = amountcont'd = continuedgov't = governmenteducat'l = educationalForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.chpts = chaptersegs = examplesfs = frequenciesintros = introductionsUse g to represent ing endings.ckg = checkingestg = establishingdecrg = decreasingexptg = experimentingSpell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.Leave out unimportant words.Leave out the words a and the.If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.& = andw/ = withw/o = withoutvs = against\ = therefore= = is or equalUse technical symbols where applicable.zb = German, for exampleibid = Latin, the same worko = degreesH2O = waterMore reference:Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:+ plus// parallelUse standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:eg exampleIT dept Information Technology departmentUK United KingdomUse only the first syllable of a word. Examples:mar marketingcus customercli clientUse the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples:subj subjectbudg budgetind individualTo distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:tech'gy technologygen'ion generalisationdel'y deliveryUse just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples: assoc associatedach achievementinfo informationOmit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:bkgd backgroundmvmt movementprblm problemForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding 's.' Examples:custs customersfs frequencies/s ratiosUse 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples:decrg decreasingckg checkingestblg establishingSpell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:inbutaskeyLeave out unimportant verbs. Examples:iswaswereLeave out unnecessary articles. Examples:aantheIf a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:January Advertising Campaign Budget JACBUse symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:@ at2 to4 for& andw/ withw/o withoutvs againstCreate your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.Other Symbols and Abbreviationsas a result of / consequences of <--->resulting in --->and / also +equal to / same as =following ffmost importantly *less than <greater than > especially esp/一、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。
(完整版)口译笔记常用符号
口译笔记法常用符号inquiry, interrogate, ask, mystery,…问题；question, problem, …！危险，警告，当心，值得注意的是；dangerous, warning, alarm, watch out, of course°人，人民，伙伴，朋友；people, partner, …✉信息，消息，情报；information, message, intelligence, …删除，废除，放弃；delete, discard, give up, …ഗ贸易，交换，交流，关于，关联，替代；trade, exchange, communication, relationship__ 这个，强调；emphasize a certain word/ phrase.…继续，持续，不断的，长期的，各种各样的，多的；more, continuous, …=> 加强，推动，促进；enhance, promote, …×#不仅；not only, …& 和，而且；and…＠关于；aboute.g.例如，比如；for example, such as, …（三）图形符号☺高兴，激动；happy, pleased, excited, …☹失望，不满意，生气；unhappy, unsatisfied, angry, …会议，聚会；conference, symposium, convention, session, forum, seminar, council, congress, meeting, assembly, gathering, committee,commission, association, union, senate, parliament, convocation, …学校，大学，教育机构；school, college, educational institution, …医院，医疗机构；hospital, medical institution, …○全部的，整个的，所有的，完整的，彻底的；complete, whole, …目标，目的；aim, objective, target, …ര看到，注意到；see, notice, watch, …ര重视，强调；pay attention to, highlight, …□国家，民族；nation, state, republic, kingdom, federal, union, …国际，世界；international, world, …∧领导，顶点，顶级，最高级（上标）；top, peak, leader, boss, king, governor, mayor,…国家领导人，政府首脑；state leader, …出口；export, …进口；import, …△城市，都市；city, urban, metropolitan, cosmopolitan, …▽农村，乡村；village, rural, country, countryside, farm, suburb, outskirt, …☆重点，重心，重视，重要的，主要的，杰出的；important, significant, remarkable* 特征，特点，代表；feature, characteristic, quality, nature, trademark, on behalf of…♀女性；woman, female, …♂男性；man, male, …V 胜利，凯旋；victory, triumph, …﹩美元，钱；有钱的，富裕的；dollar, money, rich, well-off, …∪协议，决议，合约，条约；agreement, treaty, contract, compact, convention resolution结束，停止，完成，实现；halt, stop, complete, …‖渠道；channel, tunnel, tube, pipe, ditch, duct, …发展；development, advancement, …开放；opening, …∟过去；in the past, long before, past time, …∟将来；in future, in the future, …↓影响，效果，压力，负担；influence, effect, affect, pressure, stress, burden, load,…（四）趋向符号←邀请，需要，访问，来到；be invited, needed, come (here), …→去，到，走；to, go (there)…↑增加，提升，提高，升级，升值；increase, improve, enhance, grow, lift, promote…↓减少，下降，降低，贬值；decline, decrease, reduce, degrade, lower, diminish, …（五）英文字母y 年；year M 月；month改编自吴钟明. 《英语口译笔记法实战指导》.武汉大学出版社。
口译笔记速记符号归总---笔记符号汇总哈,很关键,可以结合实际自行改良
口译笔记速记符号归总目录[1].Note-taking symbols and abbreviations[2].关于缩略词[3].关于字母和图像[4].用箭头、数字符号、标点符号来表示1. Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference:Abbreviations in Note takingUse only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references.S = sumf = frequencyLeave out periods in standard abbreviations.cf = comparee.g. = exampledept = departmentUse only the first syllable of a word.pol = politicsdem = democracylib = liberalcap = capitalismUse entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.pres = presentationsubj = subjectind = individualcons = conservativeEliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation. assoc = associatebiol = biologyinfo = informationach = achievementchem = chemistrymax = maximumintro = introductionconc = concentrationmin = minimumrep = repetitionOmit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word. ppd = preparedprblm = problemestmt = estimatebkgd = backgroundgvt = governmentUse an apostrophe in place of letters.am't = amountcont'd = continuedgov't = governmenteducat'l = educationalForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.chpts = chaptersegs = examplesfs = frequenciesintros = introductionsUse g to represent ing endings.ckg = checkingestg = establishingdecrg = decreasingexptg = experimentingSpell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.Leave out unimportant words.Leave out the words a and the.If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.& = andw/ = withw/o = withoutvs = against\ = therefore= = is or equalUse technical symbols where applicable.zb = German, for exampleibid = Latin, the same worko = degreesH2O = waterMore reference:Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:+ plus// parallelUse standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:eg exampleIT dept Information Technology departmentUK United KingdomUse only the first syllable of a word. Examples:mar marketingcus customercli clientUse the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples:subj subjectbudg budgetind individualTo distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:tech'gy technologygen'ion generalisationdel'y deliveryUse just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples:assoc associatedach achievementinfo informationOmit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:bkgd backgroundmvmt movementprblm problemForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding 's.' Examples:custs customersfs frequencies/s ratiosUse 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples:decrg decreasingckg checkingestblg establishingSpell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:inbutaskeyLeave out unimportant verbs. Examples:iswaswereLeave out unnecessary articles. Examples:aantheIf a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example: January Advertising Campaign Budget JACBUse symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:@ at2 to4 for& andw/ withw/o withoutvs againstCreate your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.Other Symbols and Abbreviationsas a result of / consequences of <--->resulting in --->and / also +equal to / same as =following ffmost importantly *less than <greater than > especially esp/一、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。
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口译笔记符号大汇总一. 地名简写
二. 货币简写
三．时间简写
四．度量衡
五. 缩略词
六．较长单词的处理办法
七．字母、图像、符号
二、字母、图像
Z 表示"人"people/person，因为"Z"看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。
例如：日本人：JZ。
C 表示政府，统治：government，govern 希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以就用C来表示govern, government。
governmental official 可以表示为CZ
P 表示政治：politics, political希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political。
那么politician就可以表示为PZ
E 表示总数：total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E 数学符号表示总值。
G 表示效率：efficient, effective。
G为效率符号。
Q 表示"通货膨胀"：inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。
A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到，所以用首字母代替。
B 表示商业：business。
C×表示冲突，矛盾：conflict，confrontation "C×"中的"×"表示反对，字母"C"将反对的概念缩小为conflict 和confrontation。
W 表示工作，职业: work, employ 等。
它是work的第一个字母。
所以WZ就可以用来表示worker, 而W(Z在字母上方表示employer, 在字母下方表示employee)。
i 表示工业: industry, industrial 字母i 像只烟囱，所以用来可以用来表示工业。
U U 看酷似一个酒杯，在笔记中表示合同、协议（treaty, agreement）一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示"举杯祝贺"。
如果在U内填入2××××，就可以表示为bilateral（双边的）, 填入3表示为trilateral(三边的)。
填入在U中填入1表示: Unilateralism（单边主义），填入m (multiple) 表示多边主义。
如果在U上加一个"/"××××表示谈判破裂。
O 表示"国家"、"民族"、"领土"等：country, state, nation, etc.gO表示进口，Og表示出口
这个符号酷似一把椅子，可以表示主持、主办：chair, host, preside over。
那么在此符号上加Z表示主席，主持人：chairman, host, etc.
T 表示"领导人"：leader, head那么head of government, head of company 便可以表示为CT ⊙圆圈表示一个圆桌，中间一点表示一盆花，这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等：meeting，conference，negotiation，seminar，discussion，symposium
k 这个符号看上像条鱼，所以表示"捕鱼业"等合fishery 有关的词汇。
O 圆圈代表地球，横线表示赤道，所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的等: international, worldwide, global, universal, etc.
J 表示开心：pleasant, joyful，happy，excited, etc.
L 表示不满、生气unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, sad, etc.
EO 表示听到、总所周之：as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of, etc. O 表示漠不关心、无动于衷：indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, don't care much, etc.
三、箭头
g 表示到达、传达：go into，arrive at，give to，send to，present to etc.
表示导致、引导：lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc.
表示屈服：submit to
f 表示来自于：be/come from，return，receive from, etc.
表示追溯到：come/go back to，originate
h 表示上升：up/upward/rise，increase，arise，ascend, etc.
表示发射、投放市场、发行：launch，open, start, etc.
表示发展、加强、推进：develop，strengthen，promote, etc
表示"波折"：ups and downs, twists and turns, etc.
四、数学符号
+ 表示"多": many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.
++(+2) 表示"多"的比较级：more
+3 表示"多"的最高级：most
－表示"少": little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc.
×表示"错误"、"失误"和"坏"的概念：wrong/incorrect，something bad，notorious，negative, etc. > 表示"多于"概念：bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc.
表示"高" 概念：superior to，surpass, etc.
< 表示"少于"概念：less/smaller，etc.
表示"低"概念：inferior to，etc.
= 表示"同等"概念：means，that is to say，in other words，the same as，be equal to, etc.
表示"对手"概念：a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.
( ) 表示"在......之间"：among, within, etc.
≠ 表示"不同"概念：be different from, etc.
表示"无敌"概念：matchless, peerless, etc.
～表示"大约"概念：about/around，or so，approximately, etc.
/ 表示"否定"，"消除"等概念：cross out, eliminate, etc.
五、标点等
: 表示各种各样"说"的动词：say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc.
? 表示"问题"：question，issue，例如：台湾问题：tw?
. (dot) 这个"."点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样".d"表示yesterday, ".y"表示last year, ".2m"表示two month ago。
"y"表示this year, "y2." two year later"next week", 可以表示为"wk."
∧表示转折
√ 表示"好的"状态，right/good，famous/well-known，etc.
表示"同意"状态，stand up for，support，agree with sb, certain/ affirmative, etc.
☆表示"重要的"状态：important，exemplary（模范的）best，outstanding，brilliant，etc. n 表示"交流"状态：exchange，mutual, etc.
& 表示"和"，"与"：and，together with，along with，accompany，along with，further more，etc.
∥表示"结束"：end，stop，halt，bring sth to a standstill/stop, etc.。