本科学位论文引言部分写作注意事项

引言INTRODUCTION1.简述该论题国内外研究现状；2.简述该论题目前国内外研究存在的问题，从而说明本研究的必要性；3.本研究的目的；4.本研究的范围界定；5.简述本文的研究思路，引出正文。

（如果文章较长，研究现状（文献综述）及研究目的与范围可作为正文部分分别单独另列）英汉小句复合体内部衔接对比研究引言自从韩礼德、哈桑出版《英语的衔接》（Cohesion in English）一书以来，衔接已成了语言研究的热门，此书也成了该领域引用率最高的著作之一。

查CNKI数据库，近十年来，国内以衔接为研究内容的论文就不下百篇。

另外，胡壮麟、朱永生、张德禄等还出版了这方面的专著。

但到目前为止，人们几乎都是在语篇层面谈论衔接问题，而小句复合体内部的衔接基本尚未有人论及，更不用说作系统、深入的研究。

其中的原因似乎与韩礼德、哈桑对“衔接”的界定有关。

他们将衔接定义为构成语篇性(texture)的机制，一种不受结构限制的语义关系而非结构关系。

虽然他们也承认句子内部同样存在衔接关系，但由于成为一个句子的语法条件已经保证该句内部各部分之间的紧密结合，即句法结构本身具有很强的衔接力，所以他们认为衔接在句内起到很小的作用(Halliday & Hasan，2001：8-9)，也就无需多加讨论。

无疑，这种研究方式对于句法结构严谨、句式呈“聚集型”(compactness)的英语来说，是基本合理的（注意韩礼德、哈桑的书名表明研究的是英语的衔接），但对于句法结构呈“流散型”(diffusiveness)的汉语却很难作这样简单的处理，因为汉语中存在这样一个问题，即如何使一繁复但表面结构松散（“形散”）的句子达到语义上的连贯（“神聚”），这实质上就是一个句内衔接的问题，一个不应被忽略的问题。

本文将借鉴语篇衔接以及英汉对比方面的有关研究成果，展开英汉小句复合体内部衔接机制的对比分析，重点放在两者间相异之处以及现有研究较少或尚未涉及的部分。

汉英小句复合体对比研究A Contrastive Study of Chinese andEnglish Clause Complexes IntroductionGreat progress has been made in the contrastive study of English and Chinese in recent years. However, a survey of the literature in this field reveals that far less effort has been made in comparing the syntactic structure of these two languages than in contrasting their phonetic, lexical and semantic aspects, i.e. study has been conducted mostly below or at the clause level. Even if some research has been done above the clause level, attention has almost exclusively been paid to the relatively simple sentence with a clear relationship between the dominant and the dependent clause and rather complex sentences have nearly been neglected. This may bejustifiable as far as English is concerned, for the structure of an English complex sentence is in essence the same as that of an English clause and, as a result, the basic framework of an English complex sentence will show itself as long as the SV structure of its main clause is identified. But this is not usually the case with Chinese because there is great difference between the structure of a Chinese clause and that of a Chinese complex sentence owing to the fact that a Chinese complex sentence, in most cases, does not simply evolve by expansion outwards from a dominant clause or by addition of some equal clauses to a primary or initiating clause. From the contrastive point of view, the discrepancy between Chinese and English complex sentences is much greater than that at the clause level. Therefore, a contrastive study of Chinese and English clause complexes will lead to a deeper understanding of these twolanguages and facilitate C-E and E-C translation and Chinese and English learning. In fact, exploration of the heterogeneity between Chinese and English is the starting-point and also the destination of the theories of C-E contrastive studies.1 Purpose and Scope of the StudyBefore defining the scope of our study, we will first make clear some related terms such as clause, clause complex and sentence by giving a historical review of the grammatical hierarchies of English and Chinese.1.1 An Overview of the GrammaticalHierarchies of English and ChineseThe grammatical hierarchies of the Chinese and the English language have caused some controversy among grammarians and linguists both at home and abroad. This paper will also start with this issue because identification of units ofgrammar is of great importance not only to the understanding of a language but to definition of the scope of this study as well. Important as it is, we will not make a detailed discussion about it because it is, after all, not the major concern of this study. We will only give a brief introduction of some grammarians’opinions and then present our own view over this issue by making some modifications to them. In the process, we will focus our attention on clauses, clause complexes and sentences for the sake of our study.1.1.1 The grammatical hierarchy of the English languageIt is usually assumed that the grammar of the English language is organized into five ranks: the sentence, the clause, the phrase, the word and the morpheme. Let’s look at Quirk’s categorization first. According to Quirk et al.(1985), units of grammar may be placed in a hierarchy of ……….1.2 Scope and Purpose of the StudyThis study takes Chinese as its starting-point and explores both the explicit and the implicit structures of Chinese and English clause complexes in order to (1) reveal the respective features of the Chinese and English clause complex, (2) discover the laws underlying these features, (3) expose the deep-seated causes for the difference between Chinese and English clause complexes and (4) provide principles for transformation in translation of the sentences in question.Since we take as our principle for this study the difficulty in translation and language learning and revelation of the linguistic characteristics of Chinese, we will focus on the comparison between Chinese paratactic complex sentences and English clause complexes and include finite and nonfinite embedded clauses serving as nounmodifiers in our study while excluding those clauses functioning as the subject, or the object, or the subject complement of their main clauses, i.e. rules for the definition of a clause complex are not to be strictly observed in this study.从英汉对比看中国学习者英语听力理解障碍Chinese English Learners' ListeningComprehension Problems——A Study Based on a Comparisonbetween English and Chinese引言影响英语听力理解的因素无非有语言性与非语言性两大类。