英语考试笔译词语的选择引申和褒贬精品PPT课件
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词义的确定、引申和褒贬
以challenge一词为例：
⑴ I challenge you to answer my question. 我要你回答我的问题。 ⑵ She challenged him for lying. 她指责他说谎。 ⑶ I now challenge Mr. Ford to deny that statement. 现在我要问福特先生敢不敢否认那篇讲话。 ⑷ I’ve constantly challenged my own conclusion. 我一直在重新考虑自己的结论。 ⑸ The United States Government does not challenge that position. 美国政府对这一立场不提出异议。
⑹His question challenged us to think. 他提出的问题促使我们去思考。 ⑺ The task challenged his organizing ability. 这项任务对他的组织能力是一个考验。 ⑻ The sentry challenged us. 哨兵问我们口令。 ⑼ Recent discoveries have challenged their old notion. 最近的发现使得他们原来的观念成了问题。 ⑽They challenge for the Davis Cup. 他们决心争夺戴维斯杯。 ⑾ It’s the challenge of our time. 这是我们时代的要求。 ⑿ Their success is a challenge to my effort. 他们的成就鞭策我做出努力。
词义的选择
英国语言学家Firth说: Each word when
used in a new context is a new word.
Unit 3 词语选择、引申和褒贬
Story
1) The play is really a love story. 2) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. 3) Some reporters who were not included in the meeting broke the story. 4) The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV. 5) Don’t tell stories again, Tom. I don’t believe your stories. 6) It is quite another story now. 7) He storied about his age.
3) Judging from collocation
delicate skin 娇嫩的皮肤 delicate child 娇弱的小孩 易碎的花瓶 delicate vase delicate difference 细微的差别 delicate sense of smell 灵敏的嗅觉 delicate food 美味的食物
褒贬译法： 1. John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well. 2. Hitler pursued an aggressive policy after he seized power. 3.Hans was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying he was the most courageous man he had ever seen. 4. Mr. Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture.
词义的选择、引申、褒贬
词义引申（具体——抽象）
Grey hair should be respected（synecdoche） The pen is mightier than the sword. (metonymy) The invention of machinery had brought into the world a new era---the Industrial Age. Money had become King. (metonymy) 机器的发明使世界进入到一个新纪元即工业时 代，金钱成了主宰一切的权威。 He is a rolling stone. I don’t think he can go far. 他是个见异思迁的人，我想他不会有多大出息。
三、词义的褒贬
有些词义是中立的，本身不表示褒义或者贬义， 但在一定的上下文中可能有褒贬的意味. demanding He found that being a CEO was a demanding job. 他发现当首席执行官是个费力的工作。 As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employers. 他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿 耿，鞠躬尽瘁。
小结（summary）
词义的选择： 根据词性来选择词义（word meaning） 根据上下文来选择词义(context) 根据搭配关系来选择词义(collocation)
二、词义的引申（extension）
引申的方法：抽象化引申 & 具体化引申 抽象化引申：具体——抽象 Do you think this dictionary of English is the supreme court in all matters concerning English words? 你认为这本英语词典是英语词汇的权威词典吗？ See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct. 在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时而 又有点不妙，两种情况不断地交替出现，一直没有明朗 化。
week 7 第四章1词义的选择、引申和褒贬
轻音乐 轻微的损失 轻便的汽车 轻松的心情 轻快的脚步 轻浮的举止 轻巧的装备 轻松的工作 轻柔的声音
Reasons for using diction： Polysemy and different collocation
eat soup heavy rain
strong wind
black tea
第四章
第一节 词义的选择、引申和褒贬
一、词义的选译 Diction
By ―diction‖ we mean the proper
choice of words and phrases in
translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.
brown sugar
strong tea prime time
喝汤 大雨 大风 红茶 红糖 浓茶 黄金时间
选择词义的要领
1. 根据词性选择词义
2. 根据上下文及逻辑关系选择词义 3. 根据搭配选择词义
1. 根据词性选择词义
Every penny I earned from the work was
词义的引申主要包括：
– 抽象化引申 – 具体化引申 – 典故的词义引申
2.1 抽象化引申
I was practically on my knees but he still
refused. 我几乎是苦苦哀求，但他依然拒绝。 The two sisters were usually in agreement on most issues, but they were at swords’ points on the matter of abortion. 在很多问题上姐妹俩的意见通常是一致的， 但在人工流产问题上，她们是有激烈争 执的。
writing 1.1 英汉词汇的对比词义的选择引申和褒贬
不对应 the Trojan horse the heel of Achilles the sword of Damocles to meet one’s Waterloo
-----内部颠覆者 -----致命的弱点 -----临头的危险 ----一败涂地
二、词义的选择、引申和褒贬
1、词义的选择 、
这些葡萄酒是法国生产的。但用巨大的容器进口到中国后，还得先 进行瓶装，然后在中国市场出售。(n.—v.)
1.3 词类语际转换 词类语际转换(inter-language conversion)
2. 词义对比
从传统词汇学的角度来看，词义包括概念意义和内涵意义。概念 意义也叫指称意义，外延意义(denotative meaning)，就是词汇最 基本的意义，是语言符号所代表事物的基本特征的抽象概括；内 涵意义也叫联想意义(connotative meaning)，是隐含于或附加于 概念意义上的意义。社会，群体或个人都可以使一个词具有特定 的内涵意义，有时还可能有不同的内涵意义。 2.1 外延意义的对比 人类观察、分析、反映自然界和种种社会活动往往有相同和相似 之处，因而对客观世界相同事物，相同现象描述的词语常常是对 应相同的；然而由于不同的历史、文化背景和不同的思维方式， 不同民族认识和描述客观世界的方式和角度就可能不尽相同，因 此词汇的外延意义也就存在一定的差异。
1.2 词类语内转换 词类语内转换(intro-language conversion )
在语内交际过程中，英汉两种语言在词类/词性方面均 会发生转换。 Examples: My father is a regular in that restaurant, and all of the waiters know him. 我父亲经常光顾那家饭店，因此店里的服务员都认识 他。(adj.—n.) For the last two decades there has been a rise in the number of single-parent families because of the everrising divorce rate in the country. 在过去的20年里，由于离婚率持续上升，这个国家的 单亲家庭数量有增无减。(v.—n.) This wine was produced in France, but it was imported in large containers and bottled in China before it was sold.
英译汉教学课件 褒贬译法 句子短语(共15张PPT)
• a funny story
• 滑稽的故事
• a funny writer
• 风趣的作家
• He is being funny. • 他在逗乐。 • 中性 (neuter words)
• The is something funny about the matter.
• 事情有点蹊跷。
• a funny black hat • 古怪的黑帽子
are to large extent ocean animals.”
• 丘吉尔说：“我们是海上动物，而美国基本上是陆上动物。”
• The boy is appreciated by all his teachers for his
carefulness in his homework. • 这男孩因功课做得仔细认真而受到所有老师的赞赏。
• 节俭thrifty→吝啬stingy • 辩才无碍eloquent →喋喋不休garrulous • 天真childlike →幼稚得象小孩childish
第2页，共15页。
九、褒贬译法
• As lucky would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred.
• 我一向认为他这个人工于心计又维利是图，所以总是尽力设法避 开他。
• Many people think that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our time.
• 很多人认为他是现今最有野心的政客之一。
第5页，共15页。
九、褒贬译法
• 不得对老板放肆！
第7页，共15页。
九、褒贬译法
• 滑稽的故事
• a funny writer
• 风趣的作家
• He is being funny. • 他在逗乐。 • 中性 (neuter words)
• The is something funny about the matter.
• 事情有点蹊跷。
• a funny black hat • 古怪的黑帽子
are to large extent ocean animals.”
• 丘吉尔说：“我们是海上动物，而美国基本上是陆上动物。”
• The boy is appreciated by all his teachers for his
carefulness in his homework. • 这男孩因功课做得仔细认真而受到所有老师的赞赏。
• 节俭thrifty→吝啬stingy • 辩才无碍eloquent →喋喋不休garrulous • 天真childlike →幼稚得象小孩childish
第2页，共15页。
九、褒贬译法
• As lucky would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred.
• 我一向认为他这个人工于心计又维利是图，所以总是尽力设法避 开他。
• Many people think that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our time.
• 很多人认为他是现今最有野心的政客之一。
第5页，共15页。
九、褒贬译法
• 不得对老板放肆！
第7页，共15页。
九、褒贬译法
week_7_第四章1词义的选择、引申和褒贬PPT教学课件
这房间让人觉得压抑——我想换上新窗帘 会觉得好些。
8. I helped Oakley inside. 我扶奥克利走进去。
9. Can I help you to some more meat?
light outfit
轻巧的装备
light work
轻松的工作
2020l/1i2g/1h1 t voice
轻柔的声音
4
Reasons for using diction： Polysemy and different collocation
eat soup heavy rain strong wind black tea brown sugar strong tea prime time
In the states, schools as well as many
families encourage these activities in order
to teach young people the value of money
and that they must sweat to earn their share.
2020/12/11
2
Reasons for using diction： Polysemy and different collocation
Peter passed.
➢ (examination)：
彼得考试通过了。
➢(bridge game)：
彼得未叫牌。
➢(football game)：
2020彼/12/1得1 把球传给了队友。
喝汤 大雨 大风 红茶 红糖 浓茶 黄金时间
2020/12/11
5
选择词义的要领
8. I helped Oakley inside. 我扶奥克利走进去。
9. Can I help you to some more meat?
light outfit
轻巧的装备
light work
轻松的工作
2020l/1i2g/1h1 t voice
轻柔的声音
4
Reasons for using diction： Polysemy and different collocation
eat soup heavy rain strong wind black tea brown sugar strong tea prime time
In the states, schools as well as many
families encourage these activities in order
to teach young people the value of money
and that they must sweat to earn their share.
2020/12/11
2
Reasons for using diction： Polysemy and different collocation
Peter passed.
➢ (examination)：
彼得考试通过了。
➢(bridge game)：
彼得未叫牌。
➢(football game)：
2020彼/12/1得1 把球传给了队友。
喝汤 大雨 大风 红茶 红糖 浓茶 黄金时间
2020/12/11
5
选择词义的要领
W5 L5 词的选择(new) 英语笔译教学课件
H: Anything? W: Sleep in the study, please.
2. Understanding sematic connotations（语义内涵）
Translate the following sentences into English:
1.We need a man of your caliber.
2.Quick wit is his great resource.
3.He is a man of great resource in any emergency.
4.I am at the end of my resources.
Reference translation:
1.石油是重要的自然资源。 2.机敏是他最大的天赋。 3.他善于处理紧急问题。 4.我已经山穷水尽了。
2.Faculty members worry about the caliber of students.
3.An engineer of his caliber cannot be easily found.
4.His character was of the highest caliber.
Reference translation:
C-E Translation (1): 词的选择 Choice of Diction
Presenter: Dr. Jinsong Fan Email: jasonfann@
1.Look at the following conversation between a husband and his wife from Erich Segal’s (1937-2010) novel Man, Woman and Child (1983). Pay attention to the words/expressions in italics. Then try to translate this conversation into Chinese.
词义的褒贬引申及练习 ppt课件
3. 词义的引申
词义不是固定不变的，从不同的上下文中我们可以推测 出词不同的衍生意义。但这还远远不够，在许多情况下我们 还必须对词作进一步的引申，对词义要有更深入的认识。
词义的引申包括： 1、词义的褒贬引申； 2、词义含蓄成分的引申； 3、词义表情成分的引申； 4、修辞意义上的引申； 5、概念大小的引申； 6、程度的引申； 7、虚实的引申(从具体到抽象，从抽象到具体)。
the table．他偷偷地看了桌子对面那个漂亮女孩一 眼。(中性词) 2) Figures can lie when statistics are misused． 统计资料用得不当，数字也会给人一种假象。(中性 词) 3) The new computer boasts a number of ingenious features．这台新电脑具有不少值得一提的独特之 处。(褒义词) 4) Stop eating all her sweets，you young villain! 别再吃她的糖果了，你这小淘气鬼! (褒义词) 5) You little rascal! Where have you hidden my shoes? 你这个小调皮鬼! 你把我的鞋子藏到哪里去 了? (褒义词)
精品资料
• 你怎么称呼老师？
• 如果老师最后没有总结一节课的重点的难点，你 是否会认为老师的教学方法需要改进？
• 你所经历的课堂，是讲座式还是讨论式？ • 教师的教鞭
• “不怕太阳晒，也不怕那风雨狂，只怕先生骂我 笨，没有学问无颜见爹娘 ……”
• “太阳当空照，花儿对我笑，小鸟说早早早……”
但是，有些英语单词或词组，把它孤立起来看是中性词， 没有褒贬之分。同样一个词或词组一旦放入具体的上下文中, 可能就会产生褒义或贬义。例如：
词义不是固定不变的，从不同的上下文中我们可以推测 出词不同的衍生意义。但这还远远不够，在许多情况下我们 还必须对词作进一步的引申，对词义要有更深入的认识。
词义的引申包括： 1、词义的褒贬引申； 2、词义含蓄成分的引申； 3、词义表情成分的引申； 4、修辞意义上的引申； 5、概念大小的引申； 6、程度的引申； 7、虚实的引申(从具体到抽象，从抽象到具体)。
the table．他偷偷地看了桌子对面那个漂亮女孩一 眼。(中性词) 2) Figures can lie when statistics are misused． 统计资料用得不当，数字也会给人一种假象。(中性 词) 3) The new computer boasts a number of ingenious features．这台新电脑具有不少值得一提的独特之 处。(褒义词) 4) Stop eating all her sweets，you young villain! 别再吃她的糖果了，你这小淘气鬼! (褒义词) 5) You little rascal! Where have you hidden my shoes? 你这个小调皮鬼! 你把我的鞋子藏到哪里去 了? (褒义词)
精品资料
• 你怎么称呼老师？
• 如果老师最后没有总结一节课的重点的难点，你 是否会认为老师的教学方法需要改进？
• 你所经历的课堂，是讲座式还是讨论式？ • 教师的教鞭
• “不怕太阳晒，也不怕那风雨狂，只怕先生骂我 笨，没有学问无颜见爹娘 ……”
• “太阳当空照，花儿对我笑，小鸟说早早早……”
但是，有些英语单词或词组，把它孤立起来看是中性词， 没有褒贬之分。同样一个词或词组一旦放入具体的上下文中, 可能就会产生褒义或贬义。例如：
英汉翻译-4-词义的选择ppt课件
但是在文章中，一词多义、一义多词和一词多类的 现象很多，选取词汇释义，既靠能力，又靠鉴赏力。
整理版课件
1
4. 1. 1 词义选择，立足三 “意”
文化浸透在语言中，社会文化环境变了，语言形式和词 义也会同时变化。
每一个词汇都有： 基本意义（basic meaning） 衍生意义（derivative meaning） 搭配意义（collocative meaning）
整理版课件
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4. 2. 1 词义引申三层次：近似、深化、升华
词义引申三个层次：
● 近似 ——接近本义，又不为本义所限制； ● 深化 ——赋予新义、与本义在字面上尚有一定的联系； ● 升华 ——出自本义而在字面上又远离本义。
整理版课件
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例1：It’s not a good habit for a child to
整理版课件
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例1：pure
1) Pure water is useful.
【译文】纯净水有用。
2) This is purely water.
【译文】这仅仅是水。
3) Purify the water before drinking it.
【译文】请将水净化后饮用。
4) Purified water is useful.
整理版课件
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例3: Albert Einstein, who developed the theory of
relativity, arrived at this theory through mathematics. 【译文】爱因斯坦创立了相对论,他是通过数学获得这一理论的。
（时间最早）
例4: A few minutes later, Zoe sat sipping coffee and watching the girl eagerly attacking a large pizza,
整理版课件
1
4. 1. 1 词义选择，立足三 “意”
文化浸透在语言中，社会文化环境变了，语言形式和词 义也会同时变化。
每一个词汇都有： 基本意义（basic meaning） 衍生意义（derivative meaning） 搭配意义（collocative meaning）
整理版课件
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4. 2. 1 词义引申三层次：近似、深化、升华
词义引申三个层次：
● 近似 ——接近本义，又不为本义所限制； ● 深化 ——赋予新义、与本义在字面上尚有一定的联系； ● 升华 ——出自本义而在字面上又远离本义。
整理版课件
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例1：It’s not a good habit for a child to
整理版课件
8
例1：pure
1) Pure water is useful.
【译文】纯净水有用。
2) This is purely water.
【译文】这仅仅是水。
3) Purify the water before drinking it.
【译文】请将水净化后饮用。
4) Purified water is useful.
整理版课件
14
例3: Albert Einstein, who developed the theory of
relativity, arrived at this theory through mathematics. 【译文】爱因斯坦创立了相对论,他是通过数学获得这一理论的。
（时间最早）
例4: A few minutes later, Zoe sat sipping coffee and watching the girl eagerly attacking a large pizza,
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nation is hard.
3. IBM has a quite handsome increase of
productivity this year.
4. Information technology will be at the heart
of global economic competition in the 21st century.
好转，时而又有点不妙，两种情况不断地交 替出现，一直没有明朗化。Βιβλιοθήκη （二）将词义作具体化的引申
1、英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来 表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作具 体化引申。
Vietnam was his entré e to the new
Administration, his third incarnation as a foreign policy consultant.
5. Race relations in the USA continue to be a
thorny problem.
6. Traditional consumer attitudes are a
major obstacle for cyber-merchants.
7. Wildfires caused by lightning or human
练习
1. A recent survey revealed that the divorce
rate has rocketed as women’s financial dependence on men has plummeted.
2. E-commerce has not yet enthusiastically
(二) 根据上下文联系以及句中的搭配关系 来选择和确定词义。
He is the last man to come.
他是最后来的。
He is the last man to do it.
他决不会干那件事。
He is the last person for such a job. 他最不配（最不适合）干这工作。
越南战争成了他进攻新政府的敲门砖。他担
任政府的对外政策顾问，那是第三次了。
2、英语中有些词在特定的上下文中，其含义 时清楚的，但是译成汉语时还要作具体化的 引申，否则就不够清楚。
The car in front of me stalled and I missed
the green. 我前头的那辆车停住了，害我错过了绿灯。
embraced. 3. The music industry is getting raided by
the Internet because it is so easy to make unauthorized of songs.
4. No sooner was the avalanche of Christmas cards swept away the
每个人的生活都有甜和苦。
2．将带有特征性形象的词译成该形象所代表 的概念的词
See-sawing between partly good and
faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct.
在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所
词语的选择、引申和褒贬
一、词义的选择
英汉两种语言都有一词多类，一词多义的 现象。在英汉翻译过程中，我们要弄 清楚原句结构中关键词的词义。选择 和确定词义通常从以下两个方面着手：
(一) 根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词 义。
Like
Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. (adj.) 相同的电荷相斥；不同的电荷相吸。 He likes mathematics more than physics. (v.) 比起物理，他更喜欢数学。
He should be the last to blame. 怎么也不应该去怪他。
He is the last man to consult. 根本不宜找他商量。
This is the last place where I expected to
meet you.
我怎么也没有料到会在这个地方见到你。
In the sunbeam passing through the window there
are fine grains of dust shining like gold. (prep.) 在射入窗户的阳光里，细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪
发亮。
Like knows like. (n.)
英雄识英雄。
She tried her best to right her husband
from the charge of robbery.
2. It has been said that the individual American is generous, but that the American
carelessness are a serious problem in
heavily forested area.
8. Geography has given the United States extensive and accessible resources,
fertile land and a beneficial climate.
练习
1. It is not right for children to sit up late. The plane was right above our heads. In the negative, right and left, and black
and white are reversed.
二、词义的引申
（一）将词义作抽象化的引申 1．将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属
性的词
There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in
the character of the imperialists.
帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾。 Every life has its roses and thorns.
3. IBM has a quite handsome increase of
productivity this year.
4. Information technology will be at the heart
of global economic competition in the 21st century.
好转，时而又有点不妙，两种情况不断地交 替出现，一直没有明朗化。Βιβλιοθήκη （二）将词义作具体化的引申
1、英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来 表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作具 体化引申。
Vietnam was his entré e to the new
Administration, his third incarnation as a foreign policy consultant.
5. Race relations in the USA continue to be a
thorny problem.
6. Traditional consumer attitudes are a
major obstacle for cyber-merchants.
7. Wildfires caused by lightning or human
练习
1. A recent survey revealed that the divorce
rate has rocketed as women’s financial dependence on men has plummeted.
2. E-commerce has not yet enthusiastically
(二) 根据上下文联系以及句中的搭配关系 来选择和确定词义。
He is the last man to come.
他是最后来的。
He is the last man to do it.
他决不会干那件事。
He is the last person for such a job. 他最不配（最不适合）干这工作。
越南战争成了他进攻新政府的敲门砖。他担
任政府的对外政策顾问，那是第三次了。
2、英语中有些词在特定的上下文中，其含义 时清楚的，但是译成汉语时还要作具体化的 引申，否则就不够清楚。
The car in front of me stalled and I missed
the green. 我前头的那辆车停住了，害我错过了绿灯。
embraced. 3. The music industry is getting raided by
the Internet because it is so easy to make unauthorized of songs.
4. No sooner was the avalanche of Christmas cards swept away the
每个人的生活都有甜和苦。
2．将带有特征性形象的词译成该形象所代表 的概念的词
See-sawing between partly good and
faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct.
在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所
词语的选择、引申和褒贬
一、词义的选择
英汉两种语言都有一词多类，一词多义的 现象。在英汉翻译过程中，我们要弄 清楚原句结构中关键词的词义。选择 和确定词义通常从以下两个方面着手：
(一) 根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词 义。
Like
Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. (adj.) 相同的电荷相斥；不同的电荷相吸。 He likes mathematics more than physics. (v.) 比起物理，他更喜欢数学。
He should be the last to blame. 怎么也不应该去怪他。
He is the last man to consult. 根本不宜找他商量。
This is the last place where I expected to
meet you.
我怎么也没有料到会在这个地方见到你。
In the sunbeam passing through the window there
are fine grains of dust shining like gold. (prep.) 在射入窗户的阳光里，细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪
发亮。
Like knows like. (n.)
英雄识英雄。
She tried her best to right her husband
from the charge of robbery.
2. It has been said that the individual American is generous, but that the American
carelessness are a serious problem in
heavily forested area.
8. Geography has given the United States extensive and accessible resources,
fertile land and a beneficial climate.
练习
1. It is not right for children to sit up late. The plane was right above our heads. In the negative, right and left, and black
and white are reversed.
二、词义的引申
（一）将词义作抽象化的引申 1．将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属
性的词
There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in
the character of the imperialists.
帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾。 Every life has its roses and thorns.