8级英语国家概况必看
《英语专业八级人文知识》(英语国家概况部分)征服冲击波
《英语专业八级人文知识》(英语国家概况部分)征服冲击波系列美国部分1. The traditional dividing line in America between "east" and "west" is _______.A. the Mississippi river.B. the Appalachians.C. the Rocky Mountains.D. the Hudson river.2. Which part m America is the earliest to be found and taken over by early settlerA. The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain.B. The Appalachians and their foothills.C. The interior lowlands.D.The Cordillera.3. Which is the largest racial group in the whole population of U.S. A?A. Hispanics.B. American Indians.C. Non-Hispanics white.D. Asian Americans.4. Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is ________.A. Latinos/HispanicsB. Asian AmericansC. Native AmericansD. African Americans5._______ has the world's oldest written constitution and political party.A.AmericaB.CanadaC.EnglandD.Australia6. As to roles of American president, which is NOT precisely defined in the U.! Constitution?A. He is the head of the state.B.He is the chief executive of the U. S. .C.He is the commander in chief of the aimed forces.D. He is the head of his political party.7. The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved IA. The New DealB. World War nC. New energy sourcesD. Technological changes8. In the United States, how many years does primary education require?A. Four years.B. Five years.C. Six years.D. Seven years.9. Most college students in the United States are in _______.A. private institutionsB. city-funded universitiesC .high-tuition universitiesD .public institutions10.The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are as fol- lows EXCEPT _______.A.the United States State CourtsB.the United States District CourtsC.the United States Courts of AppealD.the United States Supreme Court11. All states of America are governed by the common law EXCEPT _______.A. LouisianaB.WashingtonC.California D .New York12 .Of the fifty states of America, how many states now have the death penalty as punishment?A.37.B.38.C.39.D.40.13. The four major regions of the United States are _______.A.NortheastB. SouthC. MidwestD.WestE. NorthA.ABCD.B.ACDE.C.BCDE.D.ABCE.14 .Which region's cultural character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit?A. The Middle-Atlantic Region.B. The New England Region.C. The Pennsylvanian Region.D. The Mormon Region.15._____ is the latest state in terms of size and population in America.A. CaliforniaB. IndianaC. KansasD. Massachusetts16. Which of the following is NOT in Middle-Atlantic Region?A.Broadway.B. The Statue of liberty.C.Time Square.D.Bible Belt.17. Which of the following is NOT the characteristic of American characters?A. Ambition.B. Individualism.C. Consideration.D. Self-reliance.18. Which of the following is NOT America's newspaper?A. Wall Street Journal.A Today.C. Guardian.D. The Milwaukee Journal.19. Which of the following are U. S. News and Cable network?a.ABCb.NBCc.BBCd.ABAA.abB.bcC.cdD.ad20."Hollywood"is often used as a synonym for _______.A. American filmsB. American forest industryC. Christians in the U. S. AD. American advertising industry21. The most important and largest river in the United States of America isA. the Ohio RiverB. the Colorado RiverC. the Missouri RiverD. the Mississippi River22. The north-eastern part of the United States-New England enjoys a ___climate.A. northern and oceanic type ofB. typical continentalC. very coldD. fairly warns23. To the west of mainland America lies theA. Atlantic OceanB. Pacific OceanC. Indian OceanD. Arctic Ocean24. Detroit, a U. S. city bordering Lake Erie, is famous for itsA. automobile industryB. textile industryC. iron and steel industryD. aircraft industry25. The natives of the continent of America are theA. CanadiansB. IndiansC. MexicansD. Hispanics26. Thanksgiving Day is celebrated inA. BritainB. Britain and U. S. AC. the United StatesD. all the English-speaking countries27. is the largest city and the chief port of the United States.A. Washington D. C.B. Los AngelesC. San FranciscoD. New York City28. Which of the following minority groups enjoys the worst social and economic conditions?A. Blacks.B. Hispanics.C. Indians.D. Asian Americans.29. Which of the following is NOT in New York City?A. Wall Street.B. Fifth Avenue.C. Broadway Street.D. Niagara Falls.30. Washington D. C. is namedA. after the U. S. President George WashingtonB. after Christopher ColumbusC. after both George Washington and Christopher ColumbusD. after none of them31. The U. S. Congress has the power to make these laws except of _-A. defenseB. citizenship and naturalizationC. marriageD. the regulation of foreign trade32. American and British English are two of the English language.A. varietiesB. elementsC. partsD. forms33. The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party wasA. Thomas JeffersonB. James MonroeC. James MadisonD. Abraham Lincoln34. Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area isA. Rhode IslandB. VirginiaC. TexasD. Montana35. The national flag of the United States is known asA. the Star-Spangled BannerB. Uncle SamC. Hot DogD. Union Jack36.7he colony that did NOT send representatives to the First Continental CongresswasA. GeorgiaB. VugirriaC. MassachusettsD. Rhode Island37. The number of the Representatives from each American state depends on theA. contribution a state has made to the rationB. populationC. sizeD. none of the above38. The tenn "Fattier of Waters" is used to refer toA. the Amazon RiverB. the Mississippi RiverC. the Nile RiverD. the Hudson River39. The statue of liberty was given to American people by as a gift in 1884.A. FranceB. SpainC. ItalyD. Britain40. music is perhaps America's greatest contribution to the world of popular music.A. BluesB. RockC. JazzD. Waltz41. is a special day of loveA. Valentine's DayB. April fool's dayC. HalloweenD. Easter42. American national flower isA. violetB. roseC. lilyD. primrose43. Whose presidential tern is the longest?A. George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. Abraham LincolnD. Franklin D. Roosevelt44. Ernest Hemingway isA. EnglishmanB. AmericanC. DutchD. Denmark45. John Fitzgerald Kennedy is the president.A. 35thB. 34thC. 33rdD. 32nd46. In 1837, the first college-level institution for women, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, opened in to serve the "Muslim sex" .A. New EnglandB. VirginiaC. MassachusettsD. New York47 . The capital of Massachusetts isA. ProvidenceB. BostonC. MontpelierD. Augusta48. is the dividing line between the South and North.A. The Hudson RiverB. The Potomac RiverC. The Ohio RiverD. The Missouri River49. is Washington's largest city.A. BoiseB. DenverC. TacomaD. Seattle50. Washington D. C. , the capital of U. S. is situated on the River bankA. St. LawrenceB. HudsonC. PotomacD. Missouri51. When did the American Civil War break out?A.1775.B.1812.C.1861.D.18W .52. Who prepared the draft of the Declaration of Independence?A. John Adams.B. Thomas Jefferson.C. Benjamin Franklin.D. John Hancock.53. In which day is Halloween celebrated?A.5 November.B.31 October..C .17 March. D. 25 December.54. the following were the founding fathers of the American Republic exceptA. George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. William PennD. Benjamiin Franklin55. The New Deal was started byA. Franklin RooseveltB. J. F. KennedyC. George WashingtonD. Thomas Jefferson56. The United States was rated in the world in terms of land area.A. secondB. thirdC. fourthD. fifth57. The expenditure in American public schools is guided or decided byA. teachersB. studentsC. headmasterD. boards of education}"58. The Bill of Rights consists ofA.10 very short paragraphs in an amendmentB.10 amendments adopted in 1787C.10 amendments added to the Constitution in 1791D. the amendments concerning the freedom of speech, the freedom of the pressand the freedom of religion59. The United States produces ass much as half of the world's _A. wheat and riceB. cottonC. tobacco and vegetable oilD. soybeans and corn60. Which invention marked the beginning of "The Age of Visual Information" ?A. Newspaper.B. Telegraph.C. Laundry machine.D. Television.61. The theory of American politics and the American Revolution originated mainlyfromA. George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. John Adams D .John Locke62.The District of Manhattan is in the city ofA. Washington D. C.B.San FranciscoC. New YorkD. Chicago63. The sears in the Senate are allocated to different statesA. according to their populationB. according to their sizeC. according to their tax paid to federal governmentD. equally64. The Rocky Mountains is located inA. Great BritainB. AustraliaC. South AfricaD. North America65. Hollywood, the centre of American movie industry, is closest to which city?A. Los Angeles.B. Chicago.C. New York.D. Washington.66. Which of the following is an American newspaper?A. The Guardian.B. Newsweek.C . The International Herald Tribune. D. The Daily Telegraph.67. The U.S. is called a " melting pot" becauseA. its steel industry is highly developedB. it has great influence on the worldC -it is an important economic center of the worldD .people from different races live there together68. The first Puritans came to America on the shipA. CodpeedB. Susan ConstantC. May FlowerD. Discovery69. Americans celebrate Memorial Day on the last Monday in May to honor those,haveA. given their lives for their countryB. made great; scientific discoveriesC. won American great reputation in sportsD . donated large amounts of money to the country70. "'Trick or Treat" is a phase that children often use when they celebrateA. New Year's DayB. Veteran's DayC. HalloweenD. Christmas71 . The Easter egg and the hare, two of the symbols most frequently associatedEaster, are considered to representA. vigor and bravery B . fertility and new lifeC. originality and speedD. happiness and fun72.Which of the following books is not written by Mark Twain, whose real name is Samuel Langhorne Clemens?A. The Adventures of Tom SawyerB. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnC. Life on the MississippiD. Leaves of Grass73. Which of the following books is written by Washington Irving?A. NatureB. The Scarlet LetterC. The Sketch BookD. Farewell to Arms74. The world-famous Harvard University is inA. MassachusettsB. New YorkC. WashingtonD. C. D. Maine75. Which of the following statements about American education is wrong?A. Elementary and secondary education in America is free and compulsoryB. Private schools are financially supported by religious or nonreligious private organizations orindividualsC. There are more public colleges and universities than the private onesD. Credits taken at community colleges are normally applicable to requirement for a four-yearbachelor's degree76. is a symbol of American theatre and world-class entertainment.A. BroadwayB. Wall StreetC. The Fifth AvenueD. Times Square77. is not a tourist attraction in the United States.A. Yellowstone National ParkB. Grand CanyonC. St. Patrick's CathedralD. Stonehenge78. was an actor before he became the President.A. Ronald ReaganB. Abraham LincolnC. Herbert HooverD. Jimmy Carter79. New Englanders were originally known as , which come to stand for all Americans.A. HippiesB. YankeesC. Uncle SamD. Brother Jonathan80. On the 30th of April, 1789, George Washington took the oath of office inwhich housed the government then.A. New YorkB. Washington D.C.C. PhiladelphiaD. Boston81. Which of the following people was not an American President?A. John HancockB. John AdamsC. John Q. AdamsD. Jimmy Carter82 . Henry Ford was the first than toA. design a planeB. fly an aeroplaneC. mass-produce carsD. design and make a car83. "That government of the people, by the people, for the people, . . . " werewords byA. Thomas JeffersonB. Abraham LincolnC. Andrew Johnson D .Theodore Roosevelt84. State is in the North-West of the United States.A. MissouriB. MarylandC. New YorkD. Washington85. The famous Silicon Valley is in the state ofA. TexasB. IdahoC. IllinoisD. California.86. Of the five Great Lakes, is the only lake that lies entirely in the US.A. Lake ErieB. Lake HuronC. Lake MichiganD. Lake Superior87. In the United States, the largest groups of native Americans live on___A. the Great PlainsB. the Pacific coastC. the Colorado PlateauD. the Appalachian Mountains88. The symbol for the Democratic Party in the United States isA. the bullB.the bearC. the donkeyD. the elephant89. is often used to refer to the US Department of Defense.A. Capitol HillB. The PentagonC .The White House D.The Empire State Building90. The American government is divided into three branches with each having its ownpowers. This is calledA. absolute monarchyB. balance of powersC. checks and balancesD. separation of government91. President George W. Bush, the 43rd President of the United States, is a MemberOfA. Whig PartyB. the Democratic PartyC. Federalist PartyD. the Republican Party92. In the United States, NASA is the acronym forA. National Aeronautics & Space Adrnini-trationB. National Autograss Sports AssociationC. Nice And Safe AttitudeD. National Association of Students of Architecture93. When Neil Armstrong, one of the three crew, first landed on the moon on July 20, 1969, he said, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap formankind. "A. Apollo 11B. Apollo 12C. Apollo 15D. Apollo 1794. The inventor of lightning rod isA. Benjamin FranklinB. Thomas JeffersonC. Albert EinsteinD. Thomas Edison95. , the tallest building in North America was built iru 1974 in Chicago.A. Sears TowerB. Empire State BuildingC. John Hancock CenterD. Aon Center96. The most popular spectator sports in the United States isA. rugbyB. cricketC. footballD. American football97. Why is the United States called "a nation on the wheels"?A. Because Americans love making carsB. Because Americans depend much on cars in their daily lifeC. Because Americans constantly move from city to city in their carsD. Because the car industry has earned the United States its reputation98. music is a native American music and its origins lie in the folk songs of the English, Scottish, and Irish.A. JazzB. Hip PopC. Rock and RollD. Country and Western99. Up to now, is the country' s leading state in oil and natural gas deposits .A. TexasB. FloridaC. Rhode IslandD. North Dakota100. Which of the following corporations is not an automobile giant in AmericaA. FordB. ChryslerC. General MotorsD. International Business Machines练习题答案及题解1.A2.A3.C4. D5.A6.D7.B8.C9.D10. A11.A12 B 13. A14B 15. A 16. D 17. C 18. C 19.A 20. A21.D 22. B23. B24. A25. B 26. C 27. D 28. A 29D30. C31.C 32.A 33. D 34 A 35. A 36. A 37.B 38. B39. A 40. C41.A 42. B 43. D 44. B 45. A 46. C 47. B 48. D 50. C51. C 53. B 54. C 55. A 56. C 57. D 58. C 59. D60. D61.D.62. C 63. D64. D 65. A 66. B 67. D 68. C 69. A 70. C71.B 72. D 73. C 74. A 75.C 76. A 77. D 78. A 79.B80. A81.A 82. C 83.B 84. D 85. D 86. C 87. C 88. C 89. B90. C91.D 92.A 93. A 94. A 95.A 96. D 97. B 98. D 99. A100. D 。
专八英语国家概况总汇
专八英语国家概况总汇美国:最大的烟草生产与消费国,稻米出口位居第二,仅次于泰国,玉米产量占总量50%(Iowa 地名)1、美国:the States , the US , Uncle Sam2、国旗:50 stars , white, red, blue3、Location: Western Hemisphere4、人口排名:中国,印度,美国,5、陆地:俄国,中国,美国,加拿大(除了湖泊6、独立战争,发源地:New England7、汽车之都:Detroit8、工商业中心:Chicago9、丰富的矿产资源:南方10、Colorado: the steel city of the west(西部钢城)11、Denver: the largest city of the Great Plains12、The Grand Canyon: one of nature’s most impressive sights13、Los Angeles: 太平洋海岸最大最繁忙的商业城市,第二大城市(排名:纽约,洛杉矶,芝加哥)14、San Francisco: 加利福利亚第二大城市15、Hawaii 首都:Honolulu 盛产: 甘蔗(sugar lane)与菠萝(pineapple)16、纽约:“世界之都”别称:“big Apple”“Gotham”17、Boston: Massachusetts的首府和最大城市“美国雅典”18、Atlantic: 三大高地城市之一(CNN和Coco-Cola 都在Atlantic)19、一战后,世界金融中心从伦敦转为纽约山脉:1、Appalachian Mountains(阿巴拉契亚山脉):northeast tosouthwest2、Rocky Mountains: backbone of the North American continent(北美大陆的脊梁), be knownas the Continental Divide(大陆分水岭)3、The Great Central Plain(中部大平原): between the Rocky and Appalachian4、The Cordillera Rang(西部科迪勒拉山区)河流与湖泊:1、The Mississippi River: Father of waters or “Old Man River”2、Ohio River(俄亥俄河): called the American Ruhr(鲁尔河)3、The Colorado(科罗拉多河in the south) and the Columbia(哥伦比亚河in Canada)4、The Rio Grande River(格兰德河) :between Mexico and the United States5、The Hudson(哈得孙河): meets the Atlantic Ocean at New York City6、The Potomac(波托马克河): borders the national capital of Washington7、The Great Lakes(五大湖): Lake Superior(苏比利尔湖), Lake Michigan(密歇根湖the onlyone entirely in the US), Lake Huron(休伦湖), Lake Erie(伊利湖), Lake Ontario(安大略湖): all located between Canada and the US except Lake Michigan历史:1、1492年,(意)哥伦布发现了新大陆2、英国第一个殖民地:Virginia 的Jamestown,在1607-1733之间,建立了13个殖民地,最后一个是Georgia3、13个英国殖民地于1776年宣布独立,同年,通过《独立宣言》4、1781年,《Articles of Confederation and PerpetualUnion联邦条例》5、1783年,《The Treaty of Paris》英国承认美国独立6、1789年,联邦政府成立,华盛顿成为第一任总统7、1861-1865年,内战(Civil war=Puritan Revolution)爆发,北方胜利,1865年,废除《Thirteenth Amendment》8、1861年,林肯(共和党人)当选总统,1862年,宣布《Emancipation Proclamation解放黑奴宣言》9、WWI:1914.7.28-1918.11.1110、The Paris Conference(巴黎和会):1919.1.18 division of colonies of the defeated countrieswhich was dominated by Big Four(美,英,法,意)11、19世纪20年代:美国经济不平衡“物质上成功,精神上迷惘的时期”12、1929.10.29大萧条罗斯福总统“新政”13、WWII:1941.12.7-1945.8.15 二战后,世界出现两人阵营:美国与苏联14、1949.4.4 《North Atlantic Treaty》The Founding of the NATO(北大西洋公约)15、1950s: the Civil Rights民权运动16、1950-1975: The Vietnam War17、1945-1989: The Cold War 冷战的结果:朝鲜战争,古巴导弹一系列冲突18、1620年:102个朝圣者乘“五月花”来大陆逃宗教迫害19、1903年:the Wright Brothers: 飞机Ford: 汽车James Watt: 蒸汽机Richard Bright:医学家(英)政治:1、体制:three main principles1)联邦制度(federalism)2)三权分立(separation of powers)3)尊重宪法和法律的规定(respect for the constitution and the rule of law)2、宪法:起草1787,生效1789 是最早的成文宪法/最高法律(美)3、The Federal Government(checks and balances)The Executive(行政): 以总统为首的各级政府The Legislative(立法): 归国会The Judicial(司法): 归司法机关4、“Tripartite” Political System(三权分立)行政:4年一选总统选举(最多连任2届)立法:The House of Representatives(2年一选,435名)The Senate(6年一选,100名,一个州2名)司法:The Supreme Court(唯一有宪法规定的联邦法院:one chief justice&8 associate justices)4、政党:the Democratic Party & the Republican Party教育:1、美国教育由政府提供2、Pre-school:4-6岁Elementary: 85%学生上公立学校because of “free”, Junior school, Highschool (80%private school 是由教会开办)3、大学:4年功能:teaching, research, public service资金来源:student tuition, endowments, government funding4、著名大学:哈佛(1636年成立),耶鲁,普林斯顿大学,麻省理工学院,哥伦比亚大学,斯坦福大学,伯克利大学(大部分大学位于大西洋和太平洋海岸)宗教:1、36%Protestants(新教徒), 24%Roman Catholics(罗马天主教徒), 3%Jews(犹太教徒), 2%Orthodox(东正教徒)2、60%的美国公民信奉新教:the largest Protestant group is the Baptists, the second: Methodists3、Catholic(第二大宗教):超过25%美国公民信奉4、Judaism(犹太教) 1950nian “三大宗教”:新教,天主教,犹太教文化:1、建筑:Skyscraper(19世纪末)by Chicago architectSears Tower(110层):1974年建于Chicago2、Music: 爵士乐(起源于非洲),摇滚乐3、足球:AFC, NFC 棒球:oldest sport 篮球:1891年invented by NBA4、复活节:第二大宗教节目独立日:7月4日感恩节由清教徒发起的,第一个感恩节:1962.12.13 in Plymouth泰晤士广场在纽约5、五大报纸:The Wall Street Journal Los Angeles Times USA TodayWashington Post The New York Times6、主要杂志:Time Newsweek TV Guide Reader’s Digest National Geographic7、电子媒体:CBS NBS ABC PBS英国:1、国名:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国2、Location: an island country. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. Itis separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channelin the south and the North Sea in the sea3、England: 人口48.7million占英国60%的土地,首都:LondonScotland: 人口5.111million 首都:EdinburghWales: 首都CardiffNorthern Ireland: 首都Belfast4、人口组成:the English, the Scottish, the Welsh, the Irish, the Northern Irish and other peoples5、The English are Anglo-Saxons. The Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts6、国旗:俗称“米字旗”,正式称呼“the Union Flag”或者“the Union Jack”7、Salt Lake City(盐湖城)是美国漂流胜地8、爱尔兰共和国的官方语为爱尔兰语,英语为第二语言9、主要城市:1)、London(英国首都,第一大城市,第一大港)a、是世界上最重要的经济中心之一,也是欧洲最大的经济中心b、是全球重要的传媒中心,BBC, Reuters, ITV, Channel4, Channel5c、报刊:The Times, Financial Times, Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, The Observerd、世界文化名城:British Museum建于18世纪,是世界上最大的博物馆著名建筑物:圣保罗大教堂St. Paul’s Cathedral,白金汉宫Buckingham Palace,威斯敏斯特教堂Westminster Abbey(坐落于Thames的西岸,是世界上最大的哥特式建筑,现为英国议会所在地,宫殿东北角是高达97米的钟楼,钟楼上有著名的大本钟bell tower of Big Ben)2)、Birmingham(英国第二大城市)University of Birmingham位于此,建于1900年3)、Glasgow(格拉斯哥,英国第三大城市,苏格兰最大的城市和港口,是苏格兰的文化中心)University of Glasgow位于此,建于1451年4)、Liverpool(英国第四大城市,是世界上历史悠久的港口之一,仅次于伦敦的第二大深水海港,是Beatles披头士的故乡)5)、Manchester(曼彻斯特)英国的棉纺织业中心,重要的交通枢纽与商业,金融,文化中心经济:1、“Primary”Industry第一产业1)、agriculture: only2%的人口是农民,但却经营了70%的土地,最好的农业区是英格兰的东南部,小麦和大麦是英国的重要作物2)、fishing3)、Mining采矿: 除了London 和Belfast其他地方几乎都在很大程度上依赖于煤田coalfields2、“Secondary”Industries(Manufacturing)第二产业1)、Manufacturing: 制造业工人比例最高的地方是East Midlands 和West Midlands. 伦敦最低2)、Shipbuilding: 19世纪中期,英国在造船业上became a world leader。
《英语国家概况》-_Chapter_8_Justice_and_the_Law
《英语国家概况》-_Chapter_8_Justice_and_the_Law第八章英国法律与司法机构联合王国不实行完全统一的法律制度。
但是英格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰各自独立的法律制度却有大体的相似之处。
苏格兰的法律制度与英国其他地方的制度相异之处更多,但在许多方面有本质上的同一性。
联合王国所有法律制度的一个共同特点是没有一部完整的法典。
法律来源包括:(1)成文法(议会法案和经议会授权制订的补充法规);(2)大量的"不成文"法或称习惯法,源于法院或其他的许多判决;(3)平衡法(对习惯法中没有包括到的那些案例的一种补充性法律手段);(4)欧共体法,英国加入欧盟后要遵守的法律,主要局限于经济和社会问题。
另一共同特点是刑法和民法之间的区别(刑法处理的是针对整个社会的犯罪行为,而民法处理的是个人之间就权利、责任和义务而产生的纠纷,以及个人与群体,群体与群体之间的交往)Ⅰ.刑事诉讼程序在英格兰和威尔士,一旦警察指控某人犯有刑事罪,皇家检察总署就要接管此案,并独立地审核证据以决定是否起诉。
在苏格兰,检察总长,即皇家司法长官负责向高级法院、郡法院和地区法院起诉。
法律规定在全英国任何地方逮捕人,都必须尽快起诉并把其送到到法庭受审。
如果24小时内不能开庭,除非被控人的案情严重,否则皆可保释。
所有刑事审判都在法院公开进行。
因为刑法认为,在消除合理怀疑证明被告有罪之前,他是无辜的,并采取一切可能的步骤不使原告比被告处于有利地位。
审判时被告不必回答警察的问题,若被告的确发表陈述,除非已经以适当的措辞提醒过他,否则他的话不能用作审判他的证据。
不许强迫被告提供证据或在法庭上回答诉方的盘问。
每位被告都有权雇用律师为其辩护,如果他不能支付律师费,可用公共费用提供帮助。
如果他被指控谋杀,自己又无充足的财力,那就必须向他提供法律援助。
在由陪审团进行的刑事审判中,法官判刑(所有审判皆如此),但陪审团决定是否定罪。
陪审团由法院召集,由普通的独立公民组成。
专业英语八级人文知识
英语专业八级人文知识(1)美国概况1.The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is The Mississippi River.(密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线)2.The earliest part in America to be found and taken over by early settlers is The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. ( 最早被早期定居者发现和占领的地方是大西洋及其沿岸平原)3.The largest racial group in the whole population of is Non-hispanics white. ( 非西班牙裔的白人是美国最大的种族群体)4.Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is African Americans. ( 2000年以前非裔美国人是美国最大的少数民族群体。
2000年以后,拉丁裔美国人的人数超过了非裔美国人的人数,成为美国第一大少数民族群体)5.America has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party. (美国拥有世界上最古老的宪法和政党)6.The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by World War II. (第二次世界大战的爆发帮助美国走出了经济困境) 7.In the United States, primary education requires Six years. (美国的小学要花费大约六年的时间)8.Most college students in the United States are in Public institutions. (大部分美国大学生都在公立学校就读)9.The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are the United States District Courts; the United States Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court. (美国的联邦法院系统包括)10.Louisiana (which state )is not governed by the common law. (路易斯安娜州不受共同法的约束)英语专业八级人文知识(2)美国概况1.Of the fifty states of America, 38 states now have the death penalty as punishment.(美国现有38个州惩罚罪犯采用死刑)2.The four major regions of the United Sates are Northeast, South, Midwest and West. (美国的主要四大部分不包括北部)3.The New England Region region’s culture character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit. (美国的新英格兰地区,也就是东北部地区深受清教思想的影响)4.4.California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America. (加利福尼亚州是美国最大的州,拥有人口也最多)5.5.“Hollywood” is often used as a synonym for American films .(好莱坞是美国著名的电影制造地)6.6.The most important and largest river in the United States of America is the Mississippi River.(美国最长的河流是密西西比河,也是美国最重要的一条河流。
英语国家概况Chapter-8
The Founding of the 13 Colonies
After the British founded the first colony in America in 1607
The Pilgrims ,in 1620, sailed on a ship called Mayflower and arrived at Plymouth Massachusetts.
1 Foreword 2 Preface 3 Accused King George III 4 Denounce British 5 Conclusion
The Declaration of Independence We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all
The Declaration of Independence
and accordingly all experience has shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. 过去的一切经验也都说明,任何苦难,只要是尚能忍受, 人类都宁愿容忍,而无意为了本身的权益便废除他们久已 习惯了的政府。但是,当追逐同一目标的一连串滥用职权 和强取豪夺发生,证明政府企图把人民置于专制统治之下 时,那么人民就有权利,也有义务推翻这个政府,并为他 们未来的安全建立新的保障--
英语专八英语国家概况
英国概况英格兰面积最大苏格兰,爱丁堡为首府威尔士,加的夫,Cardiff为首府北爱尔兰,贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府伦敦,UK首都,皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保罗大教堂st paul’s cathedral在这里。
威斯敏斯特westminster,伦敦市的一个行政区,也叫西敏寺,这里有议会houses of parliament,包含大钟楼big ben,白厅whitehall即英国政府,白金汉宫buckingham palace即英国皇宫,还有st james’hall 圣詹姆斯宫。
The great charter in 1215,1215年大宪章,亦称the great charter or Magna Charta,确保一些平民的政治权利与自由,保障教会不受国王的控制,改革了法律和司法,限制国王及王室官员的行为。
议会雏形,1265年,Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺开会,就是最早的议会,后来发展了House of Lords上议院,House of Commons下议院。
玫瑰战争和英国宗教改革:Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都铎(duduo)打了玫瑰战争,都铎胜利,终成五代都铎王朝。
亨利八世进行宗教改革,想切断英国教会与罗马教皇的关系,使英国教会独立起来。
宗教改革的真正进行是在亨利八世的儿子爱德华时期,新教是Protestant,即基督教,改革叫做“The Reformation”。
伊丽莎白一世时期,伊丽莎白为女王统治英国,她是基督教徒,大力推行新教,从此英国都是信奉新教。
文艺复兴运动The English Renaissance文艺复兴是中世纪到现代的过渡时期,从1350-1650,有300年,从意大利发起,达芬奇等人为代表。
在这段时期,罗马教会经历新教改革,人文主义兴起,海外探索(大航海时代?)。
主要英语国家概况chapter 8
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Important mountains
There are three major mountain ranges:
Appalachian Mts 阿巴拉契亚山脉 Rocky Mts 落基山脉 Sierra Nevada内华达山脉
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Rocky
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clips
/u11/v_MzU1NDkzOTc.h tml Great Canyon /v_show/id_XMzY1MTU4 MTEy.html Glaciers in Alaska
The Southwest Nhomakorabeaparts of Texas and Oklahoma, along with New Mexico and Arizona. received very little influence from European settlers, instead drawing its roots from Spanish and NativeAmerican peoples. many deserts, and even the parts that aren't desert don't get much rain, also home to one of the most iconic American landscapes, the Grand Canyon, which is located in northern Arizona.
英语国家概况(中英)(57页)
英语国家概况(An Overview ofEnglishSpeaking Countries)一、英国(United Kingdom)1. 地理位置:英国位于欧洲大陆的西北边缘,由大不列颠岛、北爱尔兰和若干小岛组成。
2. 首都:伦敦(London),是英国的政治、经济、文化和交通中心。
3. 官方语言:英语4. 人口:约6600万,其中英格兰占最大比例。
5. 国旗:英国国旗被称为“米字旗”,由蓝、白、红三种颜色组成。
6. 经济:英国是世界上发达国家之一,拥有强大的金融、工业和科技实力。
7. 教育体系:英国教育体系享誉世界,牛津、剑桥等世界知名学府坐落于此。
8. 文化特色:英国有着丰富的历史文化底蕴,如莎士比亚、牛顿、披头士乐队等均诞生于此。
同时,英国也是现代足球的发源地。
二、美国(United States of America)1. 地理位置:美国位于北美洲,东临大西洋,西濒太平洋,南接墨西哥湾和加勒比海,北邻加拿大。
2. 首都:华盛顿特区(Washington, D.C.),是美国政治中心。
3. 官方语言:英语4. 人口:约3.3亿,是世界上第三人口大国。
5. 国旗:美国国旗被称为“星条旗”,由红、白、蓝三种颜色组成。
6. 经济:美国是全球最大的经济体,拥有强大的科技创新能力和金融市场。
7. 教育体系:美国教育资源丰富,世界顶尖大学如哈佛、斯坦福等均位于此。
8. 文化特色:美国文化多元化,涵盖了欧洲、亚洲、非洲等多种文化元素。
好莱坞电影、NBA篮球、美式足球等在全球具有广泛影响力。
三、加拿大(Canada)1. 地理位置:加拿大位于北美洲北部,东临大西洋,西濒太平洋,北接北冰洋,南邻美国。
2. 首都:渥太华(Ottawa),是加拿大的政治中心。
3. 官方语言:英语和法语4. 人口:约3800万,是世界上面积第二大国家。
5. 国旗:加拿大国旗被称为“枫叶旗”,由红、白两色组成。
6. 经济:加拿大经济发达,资源丰富,特别是石油、天然气和矿产资源。
英语专八人文知识 英语国家概况打印版
Part one the United Kingdom of Britain and North Irelandp3 1 What’s the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain, England, the UK and the British Commonwealth?2 tell3 geographical names of the UK3 tell the 3 political divisions on the island of Great Britainp4 1 the British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth of the Commonwealth of Nations in 19312 the Commonwealth3 Describe the geographical position(features) of Britain4 it is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south andthe North Sea in the east5 the English Channelp5 1 Chunnel2 the north and west of Britain are mainly highlands.3 England occupies the largest, southern part of Great Britain with Wales to itswest and Scotland to its north.4 Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowlandp6 1 the Pennines2 tell the3 natural zones in Scotland3 Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in Britain is located Scotland.p7 1 in Britain, the longest river is the Seven River2 Thames Riverp8 the largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh in Northern Irelandp9 1 What factors influence the climate in Britain 2 tell the characteristics of Britain’s climatep11 1 Describe the distribution of Britain’s population2 Britain has a population of 57,411,0003 Britain is a densely populated country with an average of 237 people per squarekilometre and it is very unevenly distributed.p12 1 What is the difference between ancestors of the English and Scot, Welsh and Irish 2 During the fifth century when the Roman Empire fell, the Germanic Angles and Saxonsinvaded and conquered Britain.41 13 It was from the union of Norman conquerors and the defeated Anglo-Saxons that theEnglish people and the English language were born.p13 1 What are the differences in character and speech between southern England andnorthern England2 in Britain, southerners speak the type of English closer to BBC English3 Cockney4 the ancestors of the Welsh were the ancient Britonsp14 1 Eisteddfodau2 How do the Welsh keep their language and culture?3 What’s the main problem in North Ireland?p15 1 the immigrants came from the West Indies, India and Pakistan(排除型选择)2 Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest?p16 1 the first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians2 Why do we say that English nation is a mixture on nationality of different origin?p17 1 Earliest invasion of England is by Celts2 the Celts began to arrive about 700 BC and kept coming until the arrival of theRomans.p18 1 the Celts’s religion was Druidism2 British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion3 Julius Caesar4 for nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupationp19 1 Hadrian’s Wall2 Antonine Wall3 York had been created as a northern strongholdp20 1 the first Christian Emperor, Constantine, was proclaimed in AD 3062 tell why the Roman impact upon the Britons was surprisingly limited3 Who were the Anglo-Saxons, how did Heptarchy come into being?p21 1 Angles2 seven principal kingdoms3 Heptarchy4 when the Northumbrians submitted to him and took him for their master in 829,Egbert actually became an overlord of all the English5 the Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britainp22 1 a monk called Columba established a monastery.41 22 St. Augustine3 What contributions did the early Anglo-Saxons make to English state?p23 1 Witan2 Anglo-Saxons also established the manorial system3 Anglo-Saxons created the Witan4 Alfred5 the Danelaw6 Alfred is known as “the father of the British navy”7 Alfred the Greatp24 King Edward, the “Confessor”, seemed more concerned with the building ofWestminster Abbey than with affairs of state.p25 1 tell the reason of the battle on Hastings 2 1066, William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishopof Yorkp26 1 the Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best known event in English history.2 William the Conqueror3 the Norman Conquest4 the modern names of England English derive from the Angles5 Who were the Vikings?6 What do you know about St Augustine?p27 1 under William’s system, at the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeinsor serfs, unfree peasants who were little better than slaves.2 William replaced the Witan, the council of the Anglo-Saxon Kings, with the GrandCouncil of his new tenants in chiefp28 1 Domesday Book2 Domesday Book completed in 1086, was the result of a general survey of Englandmade in 1085p29 1 William, known as William Rufus because of his red complexion2 Henry II was the first king of the House of Plantagenet.3 How did King Henry II consolidate the monarchy?p30 1 How did Henry II reform the courts & law?2 In Henry II’s reign a common law, was gradually established in place of thecustoms of the manor.p31 1 What was the qurrel between King Henry II and Thomas Becket?2 exceptional privileges enjoyed by the clergy that brought King Henry into41 3collision with Thomas Becket3 the Great Council of Henry II drew up the Constitutions of Clarendon in 1164p32 Geoffrey Chaucerp33 1 What was the contents and significance of Great Charter?2 the Baron’s charter3 Magna Carta4 with the utmost reluctance, the king was forced to put his seal to the GreatCharter on June 19, 12155 Magna Carta had altogether 63 clauses6 a committee of 24 barons plus the Mayor of London was chosen to help the king carryout the Great Charterp34 1 Why and how did the English Parliament come into being?2 in 1242 HenryIII undertook an expensive war with France which ended with the lossof the whole of Poitou.3 Simon de Montfort4 Provisions of Oxford5 Simon de Montfort summoned in 1265 the Great Council to meet at Westminster.p36 1 handreds years war between England and France lasted from 1337—14532 What were the causes of Handreds Years War?3 Battle of Argencourt4 Joan de Arc5 By 1453, Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of theEnglish.6 Why the expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries?p37 1 Black Death2 as a result of the black death, much land was left untended and there was aterrible shortage of labour.3 during the black death period, in 1351, the government issued a Statute ofLabourersp38 1 What do you know about Wat Tyler’s Uprising?2 the Peasant Uprising3 the Lollardsp39 during the peasant uprising, many hundreds of rebels were put to death byKing Richard.p40 1 Wars of the Roses41 42 the instablility was caused by the two branches of the Plantagenet family,theHouse of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485.p41 1 on Aug 22, 1458 at Bosworth Field in Leicstershire the last battle of Warsof the Roses was fought between Richard III and Henry Tudor, Henry Tudor won.2 although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for thirty years, ordinarypeople were little affected.p42 1 What was the effect of Wars of Roses?2 the English Reformation began with Henry VIII3 Henry VIIIp43 Why and how did Reformation happen in England? and What was the effect?p44 Bloody Maryp45 1 Elizabeth I2 Elizabeth’s religious reform was a compremise of view. She broke Mary’s tieswith Rome and restored her father’s independent Church of England3 How did Queen Elizabeth deal with the religious problem after she became Queen of the country?p46 tell Elizabeth’s foreign policyp47 1 Renassance was the transitional period between the Middle Ages and modern times,covering the years c1350-c16502 in England, the Renaissance was usually thought of as beginning with the accessionof the House of Tudor to the throne in 1485.3 tell the characteristics of the English Renaissance.p49 1 Christopher Marlowe2 Ben Jonson3 William Shakespearep50 1 Edmund Spenser2 Francis Baconp51 1 Gunpowder Plot2 on Nov.5 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and hisministers up in the Houses of Parliament.p52 1 in 1620 a small group of the Puritans, called the Pilgrim Fathers, sailed fromPlymouth in the Mayflower.2 Charles I was the son of James I3 Charles I’s relations with the Parliament were from the start disastrous.41 5p53 Petition of Rightp55 1 Cavaliers2 Roundheadsp56 1 What were the consequences of the Civil Wars?2 the English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution3 Puritan Revolutionp57 1 after King Charles’s execution in 1649, there was public outrage in England2 the “Rump”p58 1 when Oliver Cromwell died in 1685, and was succeeded by his son, Richard.2 Parliament passed a series of severe laws called the Clarendon Code against thePuritans, now known as Nonconformistsp59 1 tell the 2 of the most famous literary works of the late 17th century2 John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress3 John Milton’s Paradise Lost4 How did the “glorious Revolution” break out? What was the significance of it? p60 Bill of Rights (1689)p61 1 What was the absolute rule of James I of England?2 Give a brief account of Henry VIIp62 1 the Whigs2 the Tories3 the Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.p63 the Tories were greatly influenced by Jeremy Bentham’s ideals known as“Utilitarianism”p65 1 Enclosure Acts2 in England, the 18th century also saw selective breeding of cattle, sheep andhorses by Robert Bakewell3 What’s your comment on land enclosures in England?p66 1 What was the industrial revolution?2 tell why Britains is the 1st country to start the industrial revolution?p68 1 How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed?2 John Kay’s flying shuttle41 63 James Hargreaves’spinning jenny4 James Wattp69 1 as a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the “workshopof the world”2 “workshop of the world”3 Luddites4 What do you know about parliamentary reforms?5 the Whigs under Lord Grey were returned to power after more than half a centuryp70 Why should Parliament be reformed in England?p71 1 a People’s Charter in 18382 What do you know about the chartist Movement and People’s Charter? What’s your comment on them?p74 Trade Union Act of 1871p75 1 tell the Colonial Expansion of the English2 English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 15833 Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris.4 1763 Treaty of Parisp79 1 by the Treaty of Nanking 1842, China cede Hong Kong to Britain2 by 1900 Britain had built up a big empire which included 25% of the world’spopulation and areap81 1 During WWI Britain lost over a million people, most of them under the age of25.2 Out of the war settlement came the establishment of the League of Nationsp82 in 1936 Edward VIII succeeded his father George V but abdicated.p83 Winston Churchillp84 1 one of the most far-reaching consequences of the war was that it hastenedthe end of Britain’s empire2 the Labour Party won the election after WWII, but Conservatives came back topower in 1951.p85 in Jan, 1973, Britain finally became a full member of the European EconomicCommunity.p86 1 the election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party41 72 Thatcherismp87 What were the Parliamentary politics like in the late 18th and early 19th centuries?p88 1 soon after the Second World War, Britain not noly gave up its ecnomic hegemonybut also sugffered a deep loss of its position of industrial leadership2 Between 1950 and 1973, Britain’s GDP grew at an average annual rate of 3.0%3 British diseasep89 1 What are the 3 periods as far as the evolution of British economy is concerned?2 in 1950, Britain’s GDP and its foreign trade ranked second and its per capitaincome third in the world3 John M. Keynesp90 1 in the 1970s among the developed countries Britain maintained the lowest growthrate and the highest inflation.2 in 1979, the new government adopted an economic programme known as Medium-termFinancial Strategy3 Privatiztion, deregulation and market liberalization replace prices and incomescontrol and state interventionism.(排除型选择)p91 an outstanding feature of the economic recovery in the 80s was its length, by1988, the recovery had lasted seven years.p92 1 just as the 1940s decade is remembered in Britain as the era of nationalization,the 1980s will be remembered as the decade of privatization.2 During the pas decade almost 40% of the British state enterprises were privatized.p94 rich deposits of iron ore were found in central England.p98 1 in the early 20th century the motor vehicle in dustry in Britain was developedin the West Midlands and South-East of England2 tell the areas in England where we can see some high-tech industrial growthp99 1 in Britain only 3% of the population are farmers but they manage 70% of theland area.2 agribusinessp100 1 in some areas factory faming methods are used, particularly for rearing poultryof pigs.2 Wheat and Potatoes are staple food of the British.p103 1 Britain is the 5th largest trading nation in the world.41 82 nation of shopkeepers3 tell the trade pattern that Britain’trade has4 What has Britain traditionally been in terms of foreign trade?p104 1 the City of London2 Lloyd’sp105 1 Where are oil and natural gas found in Britain?2 Where are the main textile producing regions in Britain?3 What are new industries in England?4 How has Britain’s trade pattern changed in recent years?p106 1 constitutional monarchy2 the head of the UK is a king or a queen3 the British constitution is made up statute law, common law and conventions(排除型选择)4 the monarchy is the oldest institution of government, going back to at least the9th century.p107 the present Sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II, was born on April 21, 1926, shecame to the throne on Feb.6, 1952, and she was crowned on Jun 2, 1953.p108 the Queen of Britain is the symbol of the whole nationp110 1 What do you know the Parliament in Britain?2 a Parliament has a maximum duration of 5 years.p111 in Britain, the House of Lords is presided over by the Lord Chancellorp112 1 the House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of651 Members of Parliament2 it is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority for law-making resides.3 a General Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequentintervals4 Black Rodp114 shadow cabinetp115 the great majority of these are Government measures introduced by a Ministerp116 in Britain, the Prime Minister is appointed by the Queen, and always sits inthe House of Commons, receives £ 78,292.p117 1 Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime41 9Minister2 the Privy Council3 the Privy Council is presided over by the Lord Presidentp118 the government departments are staffed by members of the Civil Servicep121 Local authorities in Great Britain raise revenue through the council tax.p122 1 When did a constitutional monarchy begin in Britain?2 What does the Cabinet consist of?3 Who are the members of the House of Lords?4 What is the function of the House of Lords?5 What are the two major parties in Britain today?6 How many constituencies are there in Britain today?7 How many members are there in the House of Commons?8 How often does a general election take place?9 Give a brief account of British Parliament.p123 1 criminal law2 civil lawp124 the Crown Prosecution Service assumes control of the case and independentlyreviews the evidence to decide whether to prosecutep125 1 Magistrates’Courts try summary offences2 either way3 in 1994 there were 79 stipendiary magistrates in England and Wales.p126 1 the Crown Court tries the most serious offences2 England and Wales are divided in six circuits for the purpose of hearing criminalcases.3 tell the three criminal courts in Scotland4 tell the two types of criminal procedure in Scotlandp127 appeals in criminal cases in England and Wales may be heard by the CrownCourt, the High Court, the Court of Appeal(排除型选择)p128 1 the main courts of civil jurisdiction in England and Wales are CountyCourts of which there are 2702 all judges of the Supreme Court and all circuit judges and recorders have thepower to sit in the county courtp129 in the UK, Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor, the HomeSecretary and the Attorney General(排除型选择)41 10p130 1 in Northern Ireland, court administration is the responsibility of the LordChancellor2 London’s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of the HomeSecretary.p131 1 in England and Wales a Magistrates’court cannot impose a term of more thansix month’s imprisonment for an individual offence tried summarily2 Capital punishment remains the penalty for treason and piracyp132 1 there are about 130 prisons establishments in England and Wales and some 20in Scotland, and 4 prisons and 1 young offenders’ centre in Northern Ireland2 in England and Wales young people aged 18-20 serve custodial sentences in a youngoffender institution3 What are the common features of all systems of law in Britain?4 How do you divide the British courts according to the nature of cases?5 What is the jury’s job?6 How many divisions is the High Court divided into?What are they?7 How many police forces are there in the UK?8 How different is the Metropolitan Police Force(London) from other police force in Great Britain?9 Discuss the treatment of offernders in the UK.p134 1 welfare state2 NHS3 NHS was established in the UK in 1948, and it was based at first on Acts ofParliament.p135 1 over 82% of the cost of the health service in Great Britain is funded outof general taxation.2 prescription charges do not apply to the ……(排除型选择)p136 in Great Britain, every year there are about 200 million consultations withfamily doctors and about 6 million people visit a pharmacy every day.p138 NHS service(排除型选择)p139 1 NHS services for elderly people(排除型选择)2 Britain has about 6 million adults with one or more disabilities, of whom around7% live in communal establishments.p141 1 Nearly a third of government expenditure is devoted to the social securityprogramme2 the non-contributory benefits include……(排除型选择)41 113 in UK, women at the age of 60 and men at the age of 65 are entitled to a stateretirement pension.p143 most pregnant working women receive their statutory maternity pay directly fromtheir employer for a maximum of 18 weeksp144 war pensionsp145 only that the Lord Chancellor may not be a Roman Catholic.p146 Church of Englandp147 the government of the Church of Scotland is Presbyterianp148 1 the Methodist Church2 the Baptists3 the United Reformed Church4 the formal structure of the Roman Catholic church in England and Wales was restoredin 18505 there are now 7 Roman Catholic provinces in Great Britain.p151 1 about Easter(排除型选择)2 Hogmanayp153 1 in the UK, the only really important patriotic festivalis Remembrance Sunday----Armistice Day2 Boxing Dayp154 1 What is the most important established church in Britain?2 What festival is the greatest in Britain?3 What is the Scottish tradition concerning New Year’s Day?4 Describe briefly the contribury social security benefits in the UK.p156 1 in the UK, compulsory education begins at five in Great Britain and fourin Northern Ireland, when children go to infant schools2 eleven-plusp157 1 about 90% of the state seconday school population in Great Britain attendcomprehensive schools2 comprehensive schools(in the UK)3 sixth-form college4 Teriary college5 publish school(in the UK)41 12p158 there are some 90 universities in the UKp159 What do you know about the university-industry links to the UK?p160 1 in the UK, with about 130 daily and Sunday newspapers published nationwide.2 on an average day 60% of people over the age of 15 read a national morning newspaper.p161 1 How the national newspapers are divided in the UK?2 quality dailies(排除型选择)3 quality papersp162 1 the Economist2 periodicals in the UK(排除型选择)p164 1 tell the four national channels of the TV in the UK 2 apart from a break during the Second World War, the BBC has been providingregular television broadcasts since 1936.p165 Reutersp166 1 it is estimated that 29 million people over the age of 16 regularly takepart in sport or exercise2 football is the most popular sport in England3 Cricket is the most typical English of sportsp171 in the UK, about 80 million people a year attend more than 2,000 museumsand art galleries open to the public.p172 the Beatlesp173 1 Andrew Lloyd Webber2 Andrew Lloyd Webber’s the Phantom of the operap176 1 among all the arts festivals in the UK, the most famous is the EdinburghInternational Festival of Music and Drama2 BFIp177 1 copyright libraries(排除型选择)2 For whom is compulsory education in the UK?3 What distinguishes the Open University from all other British Universities?4 How is the BBC financed?5 list some most important journals in the UK.6 Where would you find many of London’s theatres?41 137 Describe briefly the higher education in the UK Part two the Republic of Irelandp181 1 Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle because of its rich green countryside2 the Republic of Ireland is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland.3 the capital is Dublin. It is located on Dublin Bay at the mouth of the LiffeyRiver at its confluence with the Dodder River.4 Ireland has been compared to a basinp182 Shannon Riverp183 1 what remain the most significant feature of Irish landscape?2 How to describe the weather of Ireland?P184 For the whole country the chance of an unusully wet or an unusually dry yearIs estimated at 25%P186 1 In Ireland the basic ethnic stock is Celtic2 Ireland is unique among European countries for its century-long population declinep187 There are two official languages in Ireland . They are Irish (Gaelic) and Englishp188 1Catholicism2 Catholic religious practice is extremely high in Irelandp189 1 What was perhaps the most important event in Irish history?2 Henry viii was the first king to bring all Ireland under English control.3 The Tudors forced the Protestand Reformation and English law on the Irish.4 Scottish settlers established a colony in Ulster in 16105 How did the conflict begin between the English and the Irish?P190 1 IRA2 Easter Uprising3 Anglo-Irish Treaty4 Under Eamon de Valera, who took office in 1932, Ireland kept out of World WarII to demonstrate its continued displeasure with the British.P191 foreign policy of IrelandP192 1 both Ireland and Britain have agreed to hold regular meetings to negotiatea peaceful settlement of the problem of Northern Ireland41 142 Ireland established diplomatic relations woth China on June 22, 19793 Ireland currently maintains diplomatic relations with 46 countries4 What is the largest river in Ireland?5 Why is Shannon River important to Ireland?6 What has been a traditional source of conflict between the English and the Irish?7 When did Ireland declare itself a republic?P193 1 president of Ireland2 taoiseachP194 all the legislative powers are vested in the national parliamentP195 Irish law is based on English common law as modified by subsequent legislationand the 1937 Constitutionp196 1 two major parties , Fianna Fail and Fine Gael2Sinn Fein3 Sinn Fein was the guerrilla movement that wrested independence from the Britishin 19214Anglo-Irish Treatyp197 Fine Gaelp198 1 the Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland.2 Ireland is a free-market economy with a dominant private sectorp201 Ireland is now the lasgest producer of lead and zinc concentrates in Europep202 What is the chronic problem in Ireland?P204 1 Today the Irish Times is the nation’smost infuential daily in Ireland.2 the Irish Independent is a best-selling daily3 some 250 magazines are published in Ireland, almost 1/5 of them deal with religion.P205 1 Irish broadcasting began in 1926 in a small studio called Dublin BroadcastingStation2 the most well-known Irish writher of the modern period is James Joyce.3 James Joycep206 1 Ulysses is Joyce’s masterpiece.2Ulysses3 Who is the head of government in Ireland?4 What does the Irish Parliament consist of?41 155 Discuss the characteristics of Ireland’s economy6 List Ireland’s main industries7 Explain the reasons why Ireland has chronic negative balance of trade8 Identify the periods in the histroy of Irish Part three the United States of Americap209 1 the continental United States lies in central North America with canada toits north.2 Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south3 the Atlantic Ocean to its east.4 the United States has an ideal location for trade5 Why the United States has an ideal location for trade?6 the United States is the 4th largest country in the worldp210 1 How many states are there in US? Which is the largest, and the smallest?2 in US, on the mainland Texas is the largest state of the country.p211 1 The Rockies, the backbone of North american continent, is also known as theContinental Divide.2 in US, lying betwenn the Appalachian Mountans and the Rocky Moutains is one ofthe world’sgreat countinental rivers—Mississippi3Mississippi4 the Missouri rises in southwest Montana among the Rocky Mountians5Missouri6 the Missouri runs 3725 kilometres before it joins the Mississippi at St. Louis7 the River Ohio flows from the rainy east at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and joinsthe Mississippi at Cairo, Illinois8 father of waters9 old man riverp212 1 American Ruhr2 in US, on the Pacific side there are two great rivers: the Colorado in the south,and the Columbia, which rises in Canada.(colorado西班牙语多彩的)3 The Rio Grande River rises in the outhern Rocky mountains and flow to the Gulfof Mexico.(rio grande西班牙语大河)4 Great Lakes5 Lake Superior is the largest fresh water lake in the worldp213 1 What are the benefits of Lakes, rivers and seacoast of US?2 the Great Lakes are the economic lifeline of Midwest in US.3 What factors influence the climate of US?4 In US, a humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the41 16country(New England)p214 1 meditrranean climate can be found in south part of the Pacific coast2 the southern part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climatewith warm, dry summers and moist winters.3 besides latitude, list some most important forces the influence the climate of the US.4 New England is cooled by the waters of the Labrador Current.p215 New England is sometimes called the birthplace of America.p216 the Middle Atlantic States has about 1/5 of the total population of the US.Washington and New York are located herep217 1 Chicago2 Midwest America’s most important agricultural area in US.3 Detroit is known as the automobile capital of the world4 the American South stretches 2/3 of the way across the continent5 list some major economic activities of South America. p218 the American south now contains 90% of the American textile industry.p219 1 the Great Plains lies between the Rocky mountain and the Appalachians2 the Great Plains3 Denver located at the foothills of the Rockies.4 Yellowstone National Park5 Why is the tourist trade so important in American West?p220 1 the Grand Canyon2 the Grand Canyon in north-western Arizona is on of nature’s most impressivesight.p221 1 Albuquerque is a centre for touring the lands of Native American People andis the site of New Mexico’s state university.2 Hawaii is lacated in the Pacific Ocean3 list the differences between Alaska and Hawaii p222 the penisula of alaska is bordered on its east side by Canada.p224 1 the US is the 3rd most populous country in the worldp225 1 the US had a more or less open-door policy to immigrants from independenceuntil the 1960s.2 Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s.41 17。
专业英语八级英语国家概况-1
专业英语八级英语国家概况-1(总分:100.00,做题时间:90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数:50,分数:100.00)1.Traditional Australia-specific "school of the air" and "flying doctors" are both reached through ______.A. radioB. TVC. telephoneD. mail(分数:2.00)A. √B.C.D.解析:由于地理气候条件的限制,80%以上的澳大利亚人都生活在城市,只有不到20%的人生活在乡村,因此乡村的教育和福利设施相对比较落后。
为了解决乡村地区的教育和医疗问题,政府专门设置广播电台,播放教育节目和医疗服务节目,孩子们可以通过“空中学校”学习普通学校里面的课程,人们也可以通过广播联系医生。
如果有紧急和重大病情,医生就会乘政府配备的专机飞往病人所在地为病人治病,所以被称为“飞行医生”。
2.Since the ______, Australia has been moving toward multiculturalism.A. 1950sB. 1960sC. 1970sD. 1940s(分数:2.00)A.B.C. √D.解析:澳大利亚于1973年废除《限制移民法案》,开始接受世界各国移民,政府在鼓励移民融入主流文化的同时,也鼓励不同民族文化的发展。
因此,70年代是澳大利亚多元文化主义的起始阶段。
3.At first, Australia was settled by the British as a colony ______.A. to provide food and wool for BritainB. to receive free settlersC. to receive convicts from BritainD. to expand the British imperial power(分数:2.00)A.B.C. √D.解析:澳大利亚于1788年被英国人占领,因为澳大利亚曾经一度是英国的罪犯流放地,澳大利亚被英国人称为“the land down there”。
专八人文知识
一、英语国家概况英国世界上最大的博物馆:大英博物馆世界上最大的哥特式建筑:威斯敏斯特教堂英国第二大城市:伯明翰利物浦:披头士的故乡曼彻斯特:棉纺织业中心最重要的河流:泰晤士河内伊湖:最大的湖《大宪章》,1215,限制英国国王的绝对权力《联合法》,1707,英格兰和苏格兰统一1830年,英国成为“世界工厂”1900年,英国建立了“日不落”帝国政治:英国国家元首是国王或女王政府:行政权国会:立法权司法权独立伦敦警察署直接接受内政大臣管辖英国议会是立法的最高权力机关,最终立法权归下议院所有议会=国王(the Sovereign)+上议院(the House of Lords)+下议院(the House of Commons) Conservative Party(保守党)Labour Party(工党)教育:英国实行5-16岁义务教育制度白金汉大学:英国唯一一所私立大学美国国花:玫瑰花国鸟:秃鹫地理:美国的发源地:新英格兰,美国独立战争爆发于此费城:美国独立战争爆发于此第一次和第二次大陆会议在此召开美国宪法草案在此起草和签署这里是美国民主的诞生地世界著名的“玉米带”位于美国中西部落基山脉:大分水岭(the Continental Divide)密西西比河:“众河之父”或“老人河”俄亥俄河:美国的鲁尔河格兰德河:美国和墨西哥之间的天然界河密歇根湖:唯一一个完全在美国境内的湖速必利尔:世界上最大的淡水湖历史:英国第一个殖民地:弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯敦1783.9,《巴黎条约》的签署标志着英国正式承认美国独立美国内战:1861.4-18651862,Emancipation Proclamation《解放黑奴宣言》20世纪20年代,物质上成功、精神上迷惘的时期,美国经济呈现发展不平衡的繁荣现象1941.12.7国耻日政治:美国宪法:起草:1787 生效:1789 是世界上最早的成文宪法,也是美国的最高法律国会:众议院(两年选举一次)+参议院政党:民主党(the Democratic Party) +共和党(the Republican Party)文化:主要杂志:《读者文摘》《时代》《电视指南》《新闻周刊》《国家地理》美国本土音乐:乡村音乐和西部音乐加拿大国庆日:7月1日“枫叶之国”除魁北克之外,英语是加拿大的主要语言首都:渥太华魁北克:最大的省圣劳伦斯河:最重要的河流麦肯齐河:最长的河John Cabot:第一个发现加拿大的人制造业是加拿大最主要的经济活动政党:Liberal Party自由党Progressive Conservative Party进步保守党澳大利亚James Cook:第一个到达澳大利亚的英国人英国队澳大利亚的殖民开始于18世纪最大的城市:悉尼Anzac Day(澳新军团节):澳大利亚最重要的节日大选每三年一次世界上最大的羊毛出口国Cricket(板球):国球新西兰首都:惠灵顿最大的城市:奥克兰1893,成为第一个给予妇女选举权的国家世界上最大的羊肉出口国The world’s biggest farm二、英国文学1. 中古时期头韵:指单词开头辅音的重复Thomas Marlory: Le Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》乔叟:英国诗歌之父、英国小说之父《坎特伯雷故事集》《公爵夫人之书》《声誉之宫》《百鸟会议》《贤妇传说》《特洛伊罗斯与克里西达》2. 文艺复兴时期(14世纪-17世纪)Thomas Wyatt:最先将十四行诗引入英国文学Christopher Marlowe:使无韵诗成为英国戏剧的主要表现形式Tamburlaine《帖木儿》The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》The Jew of Malta《马耳他岛的犹太人》Edmund Spenser:诗人中的诗人The Faerie Queen仙后Thomas More:Utopia《乌托邦》Francis Bacon:第一位英国散文家The Advancement of Learning 《论学术的进展》EssaysThe New Atlantis莎士比亚:四大戏剧:《仲夏夜之梦》、《皆大欢喜》、《威尼斯商人》、《第十二夜》四大悲剧:《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》3.资产阶级革命和王政复辟时期(17世纪)John Donne:玄学派创始人A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《分别:莫悲伤》John Milton:无韵诗大师Paradise lostParadise RegainedSamson Agonistes《力士参孙》John Bunyan:The Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Holy War《圣战》John Dryden:18世纪英国古典主义的先驱者“英国批评文学之父”All for Love《一切为了爱情》An Essay of Dramatic Poesy《论戏剧诗歌》4. 启蒙运动时期(18世纪)Alexander Pope:英国18世纪最伟大的诗人An Essay on CriticismThe Rape of the Lock《夺发记》Essay on ManRichard Steele:The Tattler《闲谈者报》Joseph Addison:The Spectator《旁观者报》Samuel Johnson:The Dictionary of the English LanguageThe Lives of English Poets《诗人传》Daniel Defoe:现代小说的奠基人,“英国和欧洲小说之父”Robinson CrusoeCaptain Singleton《辛格顿船长》Colonel Jacque《杰克上校》Moll Flanders《摩尔·弗兰德斯》Jonathan Swift:爱尔兰讽刺大师A Tale of a Tub《一个木桶的故事》Gulliver’s TravelsA Modest ProposalHenry Fielding:“英国小说之父”小说:Joseph Andrew《约瑟夫·安德鲁的经历》Jonathan Wild the Great《大伟人乔纳森·维尔德》The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling《弃婴汤姆·琼斯的故事》Amelia《阿米莉亚》Samuel Richardson:Pamela《帕米拉》Laurence Sterne:Tristram Shandy《项狄传》A Sentimental Journey《伤感旅行》Oliver Goldsmith:The Traveler《旅游人》The Deserted Village《荒村》The Vicar of Wakefield《威克菲尔德牧师》Thomas Gray:“墓畔派”领导人Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》John Gay:The Beggar’s Opera《乞丐歌剧》Sheridan:The Rivals《情敌》The School for Scandal《造谣学校》,继莎士比亚之后最好的喜剧5. 浪漫主义时期(18世纪末-19世纪中期)浪漫主义时期:开始:1798年,《抒情歌谣集》的出版结束:1832年,司各特的逝世William Blake:Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》Songs of Experience《经验之歌》The Marriage of Heaven and Hell《天堂与地狱的婚姻》Robert Burns:苏格兰民族诗人A Red, Red Rose《一朵红红的玫瑰》Wordsworth:Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》I Wonder Lonely as a Cloud《我似流云天自游》The Prelude《序曲》Coleridge:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《孤舟子咏》Christabel《克里斯塔贝尔》Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》The Fall of the Bastille《巴士底狱的倒塌》Robert Southey(罗伯特·骚塞):Joan of Arc《圣女贞德》Wat Tyler《瓦特·泰勒》Byron(拜伦):She Walks in Beauty《她走在美的光影里》Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗尔德游记》Don Juan《唐璜》Shelly(雪莱):Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》To a Skylark《致云雀》Keats(济慈):“ Beauty is truth, truth beauty”美即是真,真即是美Ode on Melancholy《忧郁颂》Ode on a Grecian Urn《希腊古瓮颂》Ode to Autumn《秋颂》Ode to a Nightingale《夜莺颂》Charles Lamb(查尔斯·兰姆):Old China《古旧的瓷器》William Hazlitt(威廉·哈兹列特):The Spirit of the Age《时代精神》Table Talk《桌边文谈》Quincey(昆西):The Confession of an English Opium-Eater《一个抽鸦片人的自白》Walter Scott(沃尔特·司各特):他的去世标志着英国浪漫主义的结束,向现实主义过渡The Lady of the Lake《湖畔夫人》Waverly《威弗利》Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》Jane Austen(简·奥斯丁):英国第一位女性小说家Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》Emma《爱玛》Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德庄园》Persuasion《劝导》Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》6. 维多利亚时期(1836-1901)Dickens(狄更斯):The Pickwick Papers《匹克威客外传》Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》Dombey and Son《董贝父子》David Copperfield《大卫·科波菲尔》Bleak House《荒凉山庄》Hard Times《艰难时刻》A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》Great Expectation《远大前程》Thackeray(萨克雷):Vanity Fair《名利场》The Virginians《弗吉尼亚人》Charlotte Bronte(夏洛特·勃朗特):第一次把以家庭教师为题材的小说引入英国文学历史,女权主义和女权主义文学的先驱者Professor《教师》Jane Eyre《简·爱》Emily Bronte(艾米丽·勃朗特):Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》,批判资产积极婚姻制度Anne Bronte(安妮·勃朗特):Agnes Grey《艾格尼丝·格雷》Mrs. Gaskell(盖斯凯尔夫人):Mary Barton《玛丽·巴顿》George Eliot(乔治·艾略特):Adam Bede《亚当·彼德》The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》Silas Marner《织工马南》Hardy(哈代):开创了地域小说(regional novels)Tess of the D’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》Far From the Madding Crowd《远离尘嚣》Tennyson(丁尼生):维多利亚时期最伟大的诗人“人民的诗人”“ Poet of the People ”丁尼生、布朗宁、阿诺德:维多利亚诗人“三巨头”Break, Break, Break《拍吧,拍吧,拍吧》Ulysses《尤利西斯》The Princess《公主》Robert Browning(罗伯特·勃朗宁):贡献:戏剧独白(dramatic monologues)My Last Duchess《我的公爵夫人》,常被作为戏剧独白最典型的例子Arnold(阿诺德):Dover Beach《多佛海滩》7. 现实主义时期(19世纪末)Oscar Wilde(奥斯卡·王尔德):The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林·格雷的画像》A Woman of No Importance《一个无足轻重的女人》The Happy Prince and Other Tales《快乐王子故事集》Bernard Shaw(萧伯纳):莎士比亚之后最伟大的剧作家Mrs. Warren’s Profession《华伦夫人的职业》Pygmalion《茶花女》Heartbreak House《伤心之家》Man and Superman《人与超人》Major Barbara《芭芭拉少校》Samuel Beckett(塞缪尔·贝克特):Waiting for Godot《等待戈多》W. B. Yeats(叶芝):The Countess Cathleen《伯爵夫人凯瑟琳》T. S. Eliot:The Waste Land《荒原》Four Quartets《四重奏》D. H. Lawrence:心理小说Sons and Lovers《儿子与情人》James Joyce(詹姆斯·乔伊斯):“意识流”的先驱者Dubliners《都柏林人》A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man《一个年轻艺术家的画像》Ulysses《尤利西斯》Araby《阿拉比》Virginia Woolf(维吉尼亚·伍尔夫):20世纪最有影响力的女作家,女权运动的倡导者To the Lighthouse《到灯塔去》Orlando《奥兰多》三、美国文学1. 殖民地时期及独立战争革命时期(17世纪-18世纪末)John Smith(约翰·史密斯):A True Reflection of Virginia《关于弗吉尼亚真实的叙述》,被认为是美国文学史上“第一本书”Benjamin Franklin(本杰明·富兰克林):美国开国者Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷理查年鉴》The Autobiography《自传》Thomas Paine(托马斯·潘恩):美国革命之父The Common Sense《常识》,最著名的政治宣传册The American crisis《美国危机》Philip Freneau(菲利普·弗伦诺):美国革命诗人,美国诗歌之父The Rising Glory of America《美洲光辉的兴起》The Wild Honey Suckle《野金银花》Thomas Jefferson(托马斯·杰斐逊):Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》2.浪漫主义时期(18世纪末-19世纪中后期)Washington Irving(华盛顿·欧文):美国文学之父幽默感极强The Sketch Book《见闻札记》,标志着美国浪漫主义的开始The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷传奇》Cooper(库伯):开创了边疆传奇小说(Frontier Saga)The Pioneers《拓荒者》The Last of the Mohicans《最后的莫西干人》Emerson(爱默生):任何自然现象背后都是自然的灵魂Nature《论自然》,被称为“美国超验主义宣言”The American Scholar《美国学者》Thoreau(梭罗):Walden《瓦尔登湖》Hawthorne(霍桑):第一位伟大的美国小说家作品中心主题:人类灵魂象征主义大师The Scarlet Letter《红字》The House of the Seven Gables《带七个尖角阁的房子》The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》Herman Melville(赫尔曼·梅尔维尔):擅长描写航海奇遇和异域风情Typee《泰比》White Jacket《白外套》Moby Dick《白鲸》Walt Whitman(沃尔特·惠特曼):自由体之父Leaves of Grass《草叶集》,标志着真正的美国诗歌诞生,被赞为“共和诗经”和“美国史诗”Song of Myself《自我之歌》Emily Dickinson(艾米丽·迪金森):作品主题:爱、自然、友谊、死亡、永恒I’m Nobody, Who Are You?《我是无名小卒,你是谁?》Allan Poe(艾伦·坡):第一位美国职业作家,第一位侦探小说家The Fall of the House of Ushe r《厄舍古厦的倒塌》The Raven《乌鸦》Bryant(布莱恩特):To a Waterfowl《致水鸟》Longfellow(朗费罗):A Psalm of Life《人生礼赞》The Song of Hiawatha《海华沙之歌》Whittier(惠迪尔):V oice of Freedom《自由之声》3.现实主义时期(19世纪中期-20世纪初)Stowe(斯托):Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》Douglass(道格拉斯):My Bondage and Freedom《我的枷锁和自由》Henry James(亨利·詹姆斯):The Portrait of a Lady《贵妇人的画像》Daisy Miller《黛西·米勒》Mark Twain(马克·吐温):The Golden Age《镀金时代》The Adventure of Tom Sawyer《汤姆索亚历险记》The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》Life on Mississippi《在密西西比河上》Theodore Dreiser(西奥多·德莱赛):Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》Trilogy of Desire《欲望三部曲》The American Tragedy《美国悲剧》Jack London(杰克·伦敦):心理现实主义文学创始人The Mexican《墨西哥人》The Low of Life《生命的法则》O. Henry(欧·亨利):美国现代短篇小说之父The Cop and the Anthem《警察与赞美诗》The Last Leaf《最后一片叶子》The Gift of Magi《麦琪的礼物》4.现代主义时期(20世纪初)Pound(庞德):美国现代诗歌创始人,意象派诗歌之父In a Station of the Metro《在地铁站里》Robert Frost(罗伯特·弗罗斯特):The Road Not Taken《未选之路》Fitzgerald(菲茨杰拉德):The Great Gatsby《了不起的盖茨比》Hemingway(海明威):A Farewell to Arms《永别了,武器》The Sun Also Rises《太阳照常升起》For Whom the Bell Tolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》The Old Man and the Sea《老人与海》Sinclair Lewis(辛克莱·刘易斯):第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的美国作家William Faulkner(威廉·福克纳):小说中心主题:人类心灵与自己冲突The Sound and the Fury《喧嚣与骚动》John Steinbeck(约翰·斯坦贝克):The Grape of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》Of Mice and Men《人与鼠》Eugene O’Neil(尤金·奥尼尔):Beyond the Horizon《天外边》The Emperor Jones《琼斯皇帝》Anna Christie《安娜·克里斯蒂》Ralph Ellison(拉尔夫·埃里森):Invisible Man《隐形人》J.D.Salinger(塞林格):The Catcher in the Rye《麦田里的守望者》Jack Kerouac(杰克·布鲁亚克):On the Road《在路上》四、语言学1. 语言和语言学Design Features of Language语言的区别性特征:Arbitrariness任意性、Duality二重性、Creativity创造性、Displacement移位性信息功能是语言的主导功能语言学史对语言的科学研究2.音系学PhonologyMinimal Pairs最小对立体:两个意思不同的单词,除了出现在同一个位置上的音外,其余的音都相同。
专业英语八级英语国家概况-1_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
专业英语八级英语国家概况-1(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)单项选择题1.Traditional Australia-specific "school of the air" and "flying doctors" are both reached through ______.A. radioB. TVC. telephoneD. mailSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:A由于地理气候条件的限制,80%以上的澳大利亚人都生活在城市,只有不到20%的人生活在乡村,因此乡村的教育和福利设施相对比较落后。
为了解决乡村地区的教育和医疗问题,政府专门设置广播电台,播放教育节目和医疗服务节目,孩子们可以通过“空中学校”学习普通学校里面的课程,人们也可以通过广播联系医生。
如果有紧急和重大病情,医生就会乘政府配备的专机飞往病人所在地为病人治病,所以被称为“飞行医生”。
2.Since the ______, Australia has been moving toward multiculturalism.A. 1950sB. 1960sC. 1970sD. 1940sSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:C澳大利亚于1973年废除《限制移民法案》,开始接受世界各国移民,政府在鼓励移民融入主流文化的同时,也鼓励不同民族文化的发展。
因此,70年代是澳大利亚多元文化主义的起始阶段。
3.At first, Australia was settled by the British as a colony ______.A. to provide food and wool for BritainB. to receive free settlersC. to receive convicts from BritainD. to expand the British imperial powerSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:C澳大利亚于1788年被英国人占领,因为澳大利亚曾经一度是英国的罪犯流放地,澳大利亚被英国人称为“the land down there”。
英语国家概况知识点(绝对全)
英语国家概况知识点(绝对全)第一部分英国第一章英国地理1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. There are three political divisions on the islands of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.3. About a hund red years ago, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area.4. The Britain Empire was replaced by the Britain commonwealth in 1931,which is a free association of independent counties that were once colonies of Britain.5. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.6. Britain has, for centuries, been tilting with the northwest slowly rising, and the southeast slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands. The southeast and east are mainly lowlands.7. The pennies, a range of hills running from north midlands to Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.8. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain in Britain, and the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in Britain.9. There are three natural zones in Scotland: the highlands in the north, the central lowlands, and the southern uplands. The lowlands in the center comprise mostly the forth and Clyde valleys.10. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.11. Scotland has about 800 islands, including the Orkney, Shetlands and Hebrides.苏格兰有800座岛屿,包括奥克内群岛,谢特兰群岛和赫不里德群岛。
英语国家概况完整篇复习重点Word版
英语国家概况Chapter 1 Land and People第一章英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称:不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛(较大的一个)和爱尔兰岛,及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部,是最大,人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
【自考英语“英语国家概况”精讲(8)】
【自考英语“英语国家概况”精讲(8)】新版“英语国家概况”精讲笔记【8】Chapter 22. Holidays and Festivals:1)New year’s Daycelebration in the US: the celebration of this holiday begins the night before-on New Year’s Eve. Most people like to hold big parties at private homes or go to restaurants or clubs; Mummers Parade化装游行(one of the most popular New Year’s activities held in Philadelphia on the first day);the Rose Tournament玖瑰竞赛(held in Pasadena,California.)庆祝从前一天晚上—新年前夜就开始了。
大多数人喜欢在家里开晚会或去饭店、俱乐部;在费城举行的化装游行是新年活动中最受欢迎的活动之一;玖瑰竞赛在加利福尼亚的怕萨迪纳举行。
2)Valentine’s Day(Feb. 14):a day for lovers, and one of the loveliest holiday in the US3)Easter in the US:the second of the two most important religious holidays for Christians. It is on the first Sunday after the full moon that occurs on or after March 21, and it is for celebrating the rising of Jesus Christ from histomb.Symbols for Easter: egg and hare(rabbit or bunny) 是基督教徒的两大主要宗教节日的第二个。
英美人知识资料
• C. Elizabeth C. Gaskell. D. Jane Austen.
该题是关于英国文学知识,考查的是英国著名小说家的作品, 考查作家作品
是专业该书为浪漫主义时期女作家Jane Austen所作,因此答案是D。
• 2.Which of the following novels was written by Emily Bronte? (2007 年真题第35题)
二、国家历史知识 1. 最早居民或早期居民
英国:The Iberians 古伊比利亚人 美国:The Indians 印第安人
加拿大:The Inuits 因纽特人 澳大利亚:The Aborigines 土著居民 新西兰:The Maoris 毛利人
2.重要历史事件
英国:The Norman Conquest of 1066(1066年诺曼征服)、
condensed into fourteen lines (2006年真题第37题)
• A. Free verse
B. Sonnet
• C. Ode
D. Epigram
该题是关于文学术语的问题。十四行诗(Sonnet )是欧洲的一种抒情诗体,诗句 共 有十四行,音译为"商籁体",语源于普罗旺斯语Sonnet。原系中世纪民间流行并用于 歌唱的一种短小诗歌。 自欧洲进入文艺复兴时代之后,这种诗体获得广泛的运用。十 六世纪初,十四行诗体传到英国,风行一时,到十六世纪末,十四行诗已成 了英国最 流行的诗歌体裁。产生了锡德尼、斯宾塞等著名的十四行诗人。莎士比亚 进一步发展 并丰富了这一诗体,一生写下一百五十四首十四行诗。莎士比亚的诗作,改变了彼得 拉克的格式,由三段四行和一副对句组成,即按四、四、四、二编排, 其押韵格式为 ABAB,CDCD,EFEF,GG。每行诗句有十个抑扬格音节,常常在最后一副对句中点明 题意。后来,弥尔顿、华兹华斯、雪莱、济慈等人也曾写过一些优秀 的十四行诗。因 此答案为B。
英语国家概况专八资料
Media
1. BroadcastingBBC 2. TelevisionBBC1, BBC2, ITV3, ITV4, ITV5 3. News AgenciesReuters, Press Association (新闻联合社), AFX News Ltd. 4. Newspapers Times – the first newspaper in the world – 泰晤士报; The Guardian – The Manchester Guardian – 卫报; The Financial Times – 金融时报; The Daily Telegraph – 每日电讯报; The Observer-– 观察家报; The Daily Express – 每日快报; The Daily Mail – 每日邮报; The Mirror-– 镜报 5. Magazines The Economist, The Spectator, The New Statesman, The Woman’s Own, etc.
Niagara Waterfall
It contains two falls, on the New York side is the American Falls, over on the canadian side is the great big Horseshoe Falls.
Maid Of the Mist Tour
英语国家概况
A Brief Survey of the English Speaking Countries
英语国家社会文化知识
英国(UK) 美国(United States) 加拿大(Canada) 澳大利亚(The Commonwealth of Australia ) 新西兰(New Zealand)
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8级备考“英语国家概况”部分地理英国地理国土由大不列颠Britain(其中包括南边的England, 最北的Scotland & 英格兰西侧的Wales)和西边的北爱尔兰组成。
英格兰和苏格兰之间以哈德良长城(Hadrain’s Wall)为界,当初罗马人为阻止凯尔特人南下而建。
英格兰首府是伦敦(London)。
苏格兰首府是爱丁堡(Edinburgh)。
威尔士首府是卡迪夫(Cardiff)。
北爱尔兰首府是贝尔法斯特(Belfast)。
Birmingham是英国第二大城市,仅次于伦敦,被称为“工业革命的发源地”(the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution)。
Manchester被誉为棉都(Cottonopolis),是英国的棉纺织业中心,也是英国的交通枢纽。
伦敦是英国的行政中心、金融中心、最重要的港口城市。
英国最长河流是塞文河(Severn River)。
英国的第二大河是泰晤士河(Thames River)。
英格兰人约占英国总人口的80%。
英格兰人口最为稠密,而苏格兰人口最为稀少。
不列颠群岛被天然分成两部分:高地和低地。
高地地区包括北部和西部的高山和丘陵,低地地区位于南部和东部,大部分是起伏的平原。
多数英国人生活在气候温和、土壤肥沃的低地地区(lowland zone)。
本宁山(The Pennine Chain)被称为“英格兰的屋脊”(the backbone of England)。
英国最高的山峰是本尼维斯山(Ben Nevis)。
美国地理五大湖:Superior(苏必利尔湖), Huron(休伦湖), Erie(伊利湖), Ontario(安大略湖), Michigan (密歇根湖), 除Michigan外,其他四个为美加共享。
新英格兰(New England) 包括Maine, Vermont, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island。
其中,马萨诸塞州是最重要,也是人口最多的州。
Pacific Coast States(太平洋沿岸诸州):Washington, Oregon, California。
首都Washington, D.C. 是为纪念华盛顿和哥伦布而命名。
New York 的别称:the Big Apple, the Capital of the World ,为美国最大城市。
Los Angeles被称为天使之城(The City of Angels),是“全球大众文化行业之都”(the capital of global popular culture industry)。
Boston是美国最古老的城市Harvard为Massachusetts Institute of Technology所在地。
Detroit是Motor City。
Houston是美国南方第一大城,全国最大的石油中心。
最小的州是Rhode Island。
最大的州是Alaska。
落基山脉(The Rocky Mountains)被看成“北美洲的脊梁”(the backbone of the continent)。
密西西比河(the Mississippi River)被称为美国的“河流之父”(the Father of Waters),是美国最长的河流。
加拿大地理加拿大被称为The Land of Maple Leaf。
It is bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean.加拿大海岸线最长。
首都是渥太华(Ottawa)。
最大城市是Toronto。
最大的省Quebec。
在加拿大,第一个建立的城市为Quebec。
加拿大最高峰是洛根峰(Mount Logan)。
圣劳伦斯河(St. Lawrence)被称为加拿大的母亲河(Mother River)。
加拿大人最喜欢的运动是冰球(ice hockey)。
澳大利亚地理土著民是aborigines。
The Dutch were the first to reach Australia.最长的河流是墨雷河(the Murray River)。
首都是Canberra。
悉尼是澳大利亚的最大城市,也是新南威尔士州首府,位于澳大利亚东海岸。
The Australian Federation came into being in 1901.新南威尔士(New South Wales)是英国最早在澳大利亚建立的殖民地,如今是澳大利亚人口最多的州。
昆士兰(Queensland)是澳大利亚最年轻的州。
澳大利亚在1942年完全获得独立。
澳大利亚的自然景观包括有“海底花园”(a garden under sea)之称的“大堡礁”(the Great Barrier Reef)。
新西兰地理土著民(natives)是Maori。
首都是Wellington。
新西兰主要由南岛(South Island)和北岛(North Island)组成。
最大城市为奥克兰(Auckland),该市被誉为风帆之城(City of Sails)。
官方语言是英语和毛利语(Maori)。
新西兰被称为“世界上最大的农场”(the world’s largest farm)。
历史英国历史The earliest settlers是Celts 。
英国人祖先是盎格鲁人、撒克逊人、朱特人(Anglos, Saxons, Jutes)。
英法百年战争(Hundred Years’ War)是世界历史上最长的战争,前后持续116年。
起因为在法国国王死后,英王爱德华三世(法国国王的外甥)争夺法国王位。
Wars of Roses:1455,两个贵族家族为争夺英格兰王位而展开的内战。
两个家族为House of Lancaster, House of York. 名称源自两个家族的家徽,分别是红玫瑰和白玫瑰。
英国文艺复兴时期的重要作家包括Christopher Marlowe,Ben Johnson,William Shakespeare,Edmund Spencer,Francis Bacon,John Milton。
宗教改革(Reformation):亨利八世的第一个老婆没有生儿子,要离婚,罗马教皇不让,亨八脱离罗马教会。
1534年,议会通过《至尊法令》(Act of Supremacy),规定英王为英国教会之首。
1688年,光荣革命(Glorious Revolution)后,英国逐步确立了君主立宪政体。
(Since then, the British Constitutional monarchy gradually came into being. )光荣革命的胜利带来了资本主义体系的胜利,开创了现代英国的新时代。
维多利亚时代(Victorian Era)是英帝国最强盛时期,建立了日不落帝国(the empire on which the sun never sets)。
美国历史The first Americans 是Indians。
在美国大陆,最早的欧洲殖民者是西班牙人。
美国最早的移民来自英国和荷兰。
1607年,英国在Jamestown建立the first English colony。
1620, Puritans为躲避宗教迫害,乘坐Mayflower 到达美洲。
Thomas Paine在1776年写了The Common Sense,为美国的独立而辩论。
1776年7月4日,通过The Declaration of Independence, 由Thomas Jefferson起草。
1776年费城的第二次大陆会议(the Second Continental Congress)宣布美国独立。
美国国庆日(Independence Day)为July 4th。
1783年,英美签订《巴黎条约》(Treaty of Paris),结束独立战争。
美国内战始于1861年。
南部11州组成the Confederacy,北方政府则被称为the Union。
美国内战的转折点是葛底斯堡大捷(Battle of Gettysburg)。
The Emancipation Proclamation由Abraham Lincoln签署。
虽然美国在1776年宣布独立,但直到1812年英美战争后才真正摆脱英国在政治上的控制和经济上的渗透。
镀金时代(Gilded Age)是从内战结束到20世纪初。
权利法案(The Bill of Rights)是指1791年增加的宪法头十条修正案。
20世纪30年代罗斯福新政(New Deal)对美国经济复苏产生了重要影响。
新政包括3R,即Recover,Relief,Reform。
Franklin D. Roosevelt是美国历史上唯一任期超两届的总统。
美国垮掉的一代(the Beat Generation)是指20世纪50年代对社会及政治现实不满的一群年轻诗人及作家。
20世纪60年代美国民权运动(the American Civil Rights Movement)的突出成就是促进了1964年《民权法案》和1965年《选举权法案》的通过。
美国因“水门事件”下台的总统是尼克松。
政治英国政治英国政体为Constitutional Monarchy。
Head of state是monarch (queen)。
英国没有成文宪法。
(Britain has no written constitution.)Parliament实行两院制(the House of Lords, the House of Commons)。
下议院(the House of Commons)是真正的权力机关。
内阁(Cabinet)是政府的领导核心。
The Prime Minister是head of the Cabinet或称head of government。
枢密院(Privy Council)是英王的私人顾问机构,由已卸任和现任的内阁成员以及英国和英联邦的重要人物组成。
Political parties(Labor Party, 英国第一大党,此外还有Conservative Party, Liberal Democratic Party )英国一届议会的会期通常为5年。
英国国歌:上帝保佑女王(God Save the Queen)英国工党的前身是独立工党(Independent Labor Party),创建于1893年,1906年改名为工党。
美国政治总统代表行政部门。
目前,美国总统的最长任期不超过两届。
Congress是最高立法机构,由House of Representatives 和the Senate组成。