名词表示人或事物的名称它又分为专有名词和普通名词

Grammar
词类
一名词
⑪名词：表示人或事物的名称。

它又分为专有名词和普通名词
专有名词：人名，地名，国名，机构，组织，社团，江河，湖泊，山脉，岛屿等。

如： Tom, the Great Wall, China, Green China, the PLA,
普通名词：又分可数和不可数
可数是指能分为一个一个的个体的。

boy , girl, panda, apple , tomato, bag,
不可数是指不能分为一个个的个体的。

water, milk, beef, chicken, bread, (物质名词)
music, weather, news , work, sunshine, money.
⑫区别：①可数名词有复数，不可数没有。

②可数名词前可以直接加表数量多少的词，数量大于1时名词要用复数形式；不可数前不可以直接加表数量多少的词。

如要用则须在名词前加上量词+of (如：a piece of bread, two pieces of music, a cup of tea, three cups of milk. five boxes of bread . )
③不可数名词可单独用，可数名词单独用时，要用复数，否则须在前用一个其它词修饰。

( 用an, a, the, my, Tom's，等这类词来修饰 )
My shoes are black. This is my sister's skirt. I dont' like bananas.
She doesn't like bread.
⑬数量词+容器+of
a box of potatoes, five boxes of apples, four cups of tea,
⑭常见不可数：
①液体，肉类，油类，气体；broccoli
②money, work, homework, housework, news, sunshine, music , weather,
③ food, fruit, drink 常用作不可数，有时也用作可数
⑮一些动词也可作名词用，此时为可数
have a drink( rest, walk , talk). want a go,
He usually takes walks after supper. (他通常在晚饭后散步 )
Would you like a drink ?
Do you want a go ?( 你想要试试吗？)
⑯一些词作可数和不可数时意思不一样
chicken, 鸡肉，小鸡， time, 时间，次数 paper, 纸，报纸
snow, rain, wind, a heavy snow( rain ), a strong wind
⑰coffee, salad, ice cream, pizza, cola, 常用作不可数，但表示一分时可数
a coffee, ( 一杯咖啡) , a salad, ( 一分沙拉 )
⑱名词单数变复数
规则变化
①直接加s
②以s, x, sh, ch 结尾加es bus, box, watch, dish,
③以辅音字母加y结尾变y为i再加es, comedy --comedies, party---parties
( boy ---boys, 不能变，它是元音加y结尾)
不规则变化
①以o 结尾的只有 tomato, potato 加es, 其余加s
②Chinese, Japanese, sheep, fish , deer, 单数复数一样
③foot--feet, tooth----teeth, child---children, man--men, woman, Englishman, ⑲使用名词要注意的几个问题
①一些名词只有复数没有单数 people, the police
②一些名词常用复数 trousers, shoes, glasses(眼镜), shorts(短裤), jeans
③固定搭配中 make friends, by boat, make mistakes,
④合成词 a three--year--old boy ( The boy is three years old. )
⑤名词作定语修饰其后名词常用单数 (woman, man除外)
boy friend, shoe shop, bike factory, ( man doctor, men doctors n )
⑳名词的所有格“-----的”
结构：①'s 或 s'；②A of B (B的A )
一般是有生命的用前者，无生命的用后者
your brother's name, his father's car, Women's Day , the teachers' desk, the wall of the classroom, 教室的墙 the gate of the park公园的门
时间，距离，重量等也常用前者
in a few years' time, ten minutes' walk, in today's newspaper
有时两者都可
China's capital, the capital of China
共同所有 This is Tom and Mike's room.
分别所有These are Tom's and Mike's shoes.
双重所有格 a photo of my sister's
二代词：用来代替名词，形容词，或数词等。

1 人称代词：
主格：I , we, you , he , she, it, they 放在句子前作句子主语
宾格：me, us, you, him, her, it, them 放在动词或介词后面作宾语。

I am thirsty. Please give me a cup of water with honey.
2 物主代词：
形容词性：my, our, your, his, her, its, their 其后必须跟一个名词。

名词性： mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs 其后不能跟名词。

This is my book. His is over there.
3反身代词：
myself , ourselves, yourself, yourselves himself, herself, itself, themselves ①句子的主语和作宾语的代词在人称上致时，作宾语的人称代词用反身代词The boy teaches himself at home.
Come and see for yourself at Huaxing Clothes Store !
②同位语The word itself is becoming a smaller place.
I will go to see your father myself. (主语同位语)
I will go to see your father himself. (宾语同位语)
③by + 反身代词 ( 独自地，单独地)
He studies English by himself.
4 指示代词： this, these,( 近指) ； Is this your pencil ?
that , those (远指) Is that his book ?
5疑问代词： what , which(哪个，哪些), who(谁), whom (谁，宾格)
whose(谁的)
What ------for ? == why
What are you crying for ? Why are you crying ?
For whom you are waiting ?
What does your father do ?=== What is your father ?
Which 在一定范围内作选择，代替who , what.
6不定代词
① Some 一些及不可数，或可数名词的复数。

用于肯定句中 I have some red pencils. There is some milk in the cup.
用于疑问句中 Could you give some advice ? Would you like some bread?
用于问句主要是表示请求，建议，希望得到对方的肯定回答。

② any 一些主要用于否定句，疑问句
There are not any apples in the box.
Is there any milk in the cup ?
任何一个，用于肯定句中
He is taller than any other boy in his class.
他比他班上其它任何男生都高。

③many 其后名词用复数，much ， too much其后名词用不可数
a lot of = lots of 后用不可数或可数名词的复数
④a few有一些，有几个 , few 几乎没有，后跟名词的复数
a little, 有一点儿 little, 几乎没有，后跟不可数名词
⑤ each, every , 只有each 后面可不跟名词，单独使用。

⑥ both , all
⑦ no , none, no one, not
No除了回答一般问句外，必须跟一个名词，作形容词
No one is away . None of us is away. 没有一个人
Is there anyone in the classroom ?------None.
There is not any milk in the cup. ---There is no milk in the cup.
⑧ either, neither, either----or----, neither----nor.
either两者中任何一个都，其后名词都用单数，谓语用单数
neither 两者中任何一个都不，其后名词都用单数，谓语用单数
I don't know either of them. =I know neither of them.
He can't play the guitar. I can't , either. 也不
Neither can I . 我也不会。

⑨ other, the other, others, the others, one----- the other
another
other别的，其它的，及不可数或可数名词的复数，前面还可用my, his, some, a few, many 等来修饰
the other 表特指一个整体中除去一部分，其余的]
others 其余人或物， the others 表示特指，两者后面都不能再跟名词。

one ------ the other 是一个短语，用来描述两个人或物
another 及可数名词单数或 one 或pair, piece 等之类的量词。

它有两个完全不同的意思。

一个是，在原来的基础增加一个相同的以，再来，还有等之意思；另一个是来一个别的，基它的。

I have another three days' holiday. 我还有三天假。

区别： This mooncake is nice. I want another one.
This shirt is too small. Please show me another one.
These shoes are too long. Please show me another pair.
⑩ one
一个，某一个， one day, 有一天
one of ---- ----中的一个
代替前面提到的名词同类中的一个，复数用ones
-----Do you know the old man ?---Which man ?
---- The one in a black coat.
⑴ something, somebody, someone, everyone, everybody, everything
都作单数，谓语都用单。

有定语时放其后面。

else
Did you see anybody else in the next door ?
三冠词：分为定冠词the 和不定冠词 a, an
1 an, a 的用法
单数可数名词前元音开头的用an 辅音开头的用a
如： an interesting story , an ugly man, a beautiful flower
但 a useful book, a usual day, half an hour
①说明是某一类，常不译出来
What's this ? It's is a book. 这是什么。

它是书。

What do you do ? I am a teacher. 你是做什么的？我是教师.
②表示“一”和 one差不多"一个”
I have a daughter and two sons.
③“每一"
How often do you exercise ? Twice a week.
2 the 的用法
①特指：第一次出现了，再次出现时；
This is my pen. The pen is made in Japan.
谈话双方都知道的人或物
Do you know the old woman ?
②用在形容词前表一类人或物
the poor, the rich
③世界上独一无二的
the earth , the moon
④序数词，形容词的最高级前无其它词，且后面有一个名词时，序数词和最高级形容词前用the
my best friend, the most popular Tv star, the ninth day
⑤乐器前 the piano, the guitar
⑥一些短语中 do the cooking , in the evening
3 不用冠词
①可数名词的复数表示一类时 Girls are more careful than boys.
②不可数名词前常不用
③年，月份，季节，星期，节日，三餐饭，球类
in 2000, in October, in winter, on Sunday, have lunch,
play basketball
④名词前已有定语的“这，那，这些，那些，---的”来修饰时
⑤by+交通工具
by bike , by bus, by car, ( in a car, on a bus, )
四形容词：
1 ①用来作定语，修饰名词“-----的”常放在名词前面。

( 形容词修饰不定代词something, nothing, anythng 时要放其后面。

)
something interesting, something different,
②作表语 To study English is very important.
③补语 He often keeps the windows closed at night.
2 形容词有三种形式，原级，比较级，最高级。

不作比较 The boy is very tall.
两者作比较时有比较级 The boy is taller than Mike.
三者或三者以上作比较时用最高级 The boy is the tallest in his class.
3 形容词比较级，最高级构成
①直接加er,est, 以e 结尾的加r,st nice--nicer,
②辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i再加er, est
heavy--heavier, busy--busier
③一些词加more, most 构成比较级和最高级
popular, beautiful, interesting, boring, difficult, important, relaxing, exciting, delicious, athle tic, 等比较长的单词。

④不规则
little---less---lest
good / well----better---best
bad---worse----worst
⑤比较级前可以用 a lot, much (---得多)， a little ( ---一点儿)来修饰
五数词：分基数词和序数词
基数词：表数量多少 one , two, three , four, five, six, eight, nine, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fifteen, twenty, thir ty, forty , fifty, ninety,
序数词：表事物的顺序，常与the连用
first, second, third, fourth, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, fifteenth, twentieth
twenty-first , one hundred and first
July first, July 1st, July 1
六副词
①程度副词： too, very , so , quite, rather, fairly 放在形容词，副词前面
②频度副词: always, usually, sometimes, every day , once a week,
Sometimes I get to school by bus.
I usually get up at six.
③ly副词: quickly ,
He quickly got up and put on his clothes.
④其它 fast , early, late,
七介词：in, on, of , to ,under, for, at, with, from,about,其后及名词或代词
at home, at six thirty, learn about Chinese, She is from China.
buy from the store, in the bookcase, in red,
in English, a photo of your family, go to bed,
八连词：连接词，短语，句子
and, but, or, although, because,
九、动词：分为实意动词，连系动词，助动词，性态动词四类
㈠行为动词：表示一定的动作或状态，可单独作谓语。

它又分为两种，及物动词和不及物动词。

如： run , cry , smile, go, sit, 这些词后面不能跟宾语。

want, like, have, hope, ask, tell, say, need 这些词为及物动词，必须跟宾语。

(有些词可作及物，也可作不及物如：They are reading. 他们在看书 They are reading newspapers. 他们在看报 )
The boys are running. (不及物)
I need some help. ( 及物 )
㈡连系动词：本身有一定意义，但不能单独作谓语，，必须与后面的表语一起构成谓语。

⑪be 动词是最常见的连系动词 ( is, am, are , was, were )“是-----，在-----，”
后面跟①形容词，②名词或相当于名词的to+ 动词原形或动词ing、短语、句子，还可跟③代词，数词，副词，介词短语等
① My brother is tall and thin.
②These are bananas. My hobby is reading. 我的爱好是看书。

His job is to sell computers. 他的工作是卖电脑。

③This shirt is hers. She is twelve. Tom's pens are in the box.
⑫seem, feel, look, smell, taste, sound,
become, get, turn, fall, grow, keep, stay,
这类连系动词后常跟形容词。

They often keep the windows closed at night.
Eat a balanced diet to keep healthy.
㈢助动词：本身无任何意义，
①用来帮助提问：
如果句中没◆ be动词(am, is , are, was, were ) ,没有完成时中的◆have, has , 没有性态动词◆can, could, would, ,should, must, may,或◆will时
则将句子变成问句时，就须在句子前面加：⒈一般现在时+Do, 主语为第三人称单数时+Does, ⒉一般过去时加 Did, 这时原来句中主语后的动词要用原形。

They like apples .-----Do they like apples ?
The girl often gets up at six. -----Does the girl often get up at six ?
My father played soccer over the weekend.
Did your father play soccer over the weekend ?
②用来帮助构成否定:这与变问句类似。

没有◆_____时，就直接在句子主语后面加⒈一般现在时加don't , 主语为三单时加doesn't ⒉一般过去时加didn't 这时句中的谓语动词都用原形。

He goes to school by bike.----He doesn't go to school.
He likes to play basketball.------He doesn't like to play basketball.
They studied for the test over the weekend.
They didn't study for the test over the weekend.
I visited my grandpa over the weekend .
I didn't visit my grandpa over the weekend.
③构成时态、语态
She is writing a letter.( 进行时)
My bike was stolen last night. (被动语态 )
㈣情态动词：
can能够, 能，会；可以；可能
could 可以，可能, ⑪为can的过去时，用于过去时⑫不表过去，比can 委婉
would 将会，将要 , must 必须, 一定
may 或许，可能, 可以, might⑪为 may 过去时⑫不表过去，或许，可能，比may 可能性更小
should 应当，应该 , shouldn't 不应该
情态动词有一定意义，但不能单独作谓语，①其后面跟行为动词原形，如没有行为动词，则加上 be。

②情态动词无人称，单数和复数。

③变问句时直接将它们提句子开头，问否定句时直接在它们后面加not
He can speak English.
He may be at home now. (他或许现在在家 )
Can you come to the party on Wednesday ?
注：⒈ mustn't 是不可以，不是不必
不必用needn't , 或 You don't have to go home now.你不必现在回家。

---Must I finish doing my homework today ?
---Yes, you must. / No, you needn't
⒉ have to 不得不， must 必须。

have to 有人称，时态，单数和复数变化
must 没有这些变化
二、句子的种类
㈠按用途分为四类：陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，感叹句
①陈述句：用来陈述一件事实。

说明主语是--，怎么样，做什么
He is a student. My brother works in Beijing. Australia is very beautiful.
②疑问句：用来提出疑问。

分为一般问句，特殊问句，选择问句，反意问句。

★一般问句：用 Yes, No, 来回答的问句。

陈述句变一般问句：原则：有则提前，无则加。

句中有◆be动词(am,is are, was, were ), ◆情态动词 can, could , may , might, should, must, would, 和will 和完成时的◆have, has 时，直接将它们提到句子开头( 第一人称常变成第二人称)，如没有这些词，则加do ,does, did 在句子开头。

可参看前面。

I am twelve. ----Are you twelve ? Yes, I am. No, I'm not.
Are you playing the piano ?------------Yes, I am. No, I'm not.
She went to the movies. ----Did she go to the movies ?
Yes, she did. No, she didn't.
She likes milk.----Does she like milk ? Yes, she does. No, she doesn't.
Can you play the guitar ?----Yes, I can. No, I can't.
Is this your pencil ? Yes, it is. / No, it isn't
Is that your sister ? Yes, it is. / No, it isn't.
Is Guo Peng your brother ? Yes, he is.
Do you have a TV ? Yes, I do. No, I don't .
Does she have a computer ? Yes, she does. No, she doesn't .
Can he speak English ? Yes, he can. No, he can't.
Did you play soccer over the weekend ? Yes, I did. No, I didn't.
Were you at home yesterday ? Yes, I was.
★特殊问句：“问啥答啥”的问句。

where问地点, how old问年龄,
what color 问颜色, what 就物提问, who就某人提问 ,
what time几点钟, when什么时候, What------do----问职业，
What--- look like 问外表, how, 等等。

How old are you ?-----I am thirteen.
What time do you usually get up ?-----At six thirty.
陈述句变特殊问句：用疑问词代替划线部分，(也就是要提问的部分)。

将剩下部分变成一般问句写在疑问词后面。

但：如果就句子主语提问，则只将疑问词代替划线部分或要提问的部分既可。

He watches TV once a week.------How often does he watch TV ?
I am a doctor .----What are you ?-----What do you do ?
She wants to be an actor. ----- What does she want to be ?
My sister is writing a letter . -------Who is writing a letter.
注：就谓语动词提问用 What does / do /did -----do------?
What is / was /are /were ------ doing -----? 如：
I played soccer over the weekend.---What did you do over the weekend The girls are singsing .------What are the girls doing ?
★选择问句：不能用Yes 和No来回答，必须做出选择，选择的部分常用 or 来连接。

Are you a doctor or a teacher ? ---- I am a teacher.
★反意问句
③祈使句：表命令，请求，它是以动词原形开头的句子。

它的否定直接在句子前加Don't . 或用 No +一个名词或动词ing
No talking. 不准说话。

No food. (不准带食物)
Keep quiet , please.
Don't run in the hallways.
④感叹句
形容词直接跟名词则用What ,如果是可数名词单数则用What a , What an,
What a tall boy ! What a funny time to make breakfast !
What an interesting story ! What bad weather ! What exciting news !
其它情况都用 How
How tall the boy is ! How happy they are !
㈡句子按结构分为三类：简单句，并列句，复合句
★简单句：由一个主语(或并列主语) 和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子
I get up at six in the morning.
My mother and I often go shopping on weekends
The students sang and danced. 这些学生们唱啊，跳啊。

★并列句：由并列连词 (and, so, but , or,等)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起的句子。

She doesn't like science, and she thinks it is boring.
Ed has a great sports collection, but he doesn't play sports.
School starts at eight , so I get up at six thirty.
★复合句：由一个句子来充当一个简单句中的一个成分( 作状语，作宾语，作定语，作表语，
等) 这种句子叫复合句。

⑪(时间状语从句)The girl could swim when she was four years old.
▲⑫(宾语从句) I think science is very boring.
①作宾语的是陈述句，则将这个句子直接放在及物动词 believe, think, hope, 等词的后面。

I hope you feel better soon.
②作宾语的是一般问句，则用if 或whether (是否)+陈述句
I don't know if he is going camping this Sunday.
③作宾语的特殊问句，则用疑问词+陈述句
Can you tell me how old you are ?
宾语从句的原则：时态原则，语序原则
时态原则：主句用一般现在时，从句可用任何时态
I think China is a very interesting place.
I know you are arriving next Sunday.
主句用过去时，从句也要用过去的某种时态。

(客观真理除外)
I could speak English when I was four years old
The teacher told us the earth is round .
语序原则：宾语从句要用陈述句语序，如果有疑问词，则用疑问词+陈述句
Can you think what his job is ?
(疑问词作主语的除外，如： Can you tell me who is over there ?你能告诉我谁在那儿吗？)
⑬(定语从句)People who are two stressed out and angry may have too much yang.
⑭同位语从句 I can't stand the idea that old people can't be beautiful.
⑮表语从句：
三、句子的成分
◆主语：表示所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”，通常由名词，代词或相当于名词的词或短语等来充当。

Tom is from America.
He often goes to the movies.
Eeating too much junk food is bad for you health.
◆谓语：①说明主语是什么，怎么样，由系动词词和它后面的表语一起构成
My father is an English teacher. His sister is very tall.
Mary's books are on the desk. That sounds good .
②说明主语做什么，由行为动词构成
The boys are playing basketball. My brother sings well.
◆表语：说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，由名词，代词或相当于名词的词或短语等来充当，和系动词一起构成谓语。

Her mother is a bank clerk. The girl is very beautiful.
My hobby is listening to music. 我的爱好是听音乐。

The book is not mine. His basketball is under the bed.
◆宾语：放在介词、及物动词后，表动作行为的对象。

由名词，代词，或相当于名词的词或短语等来充当。

和主语一样。

He is looking for his pen. I need to have a rest.
She just finished making her last movie.
◆定语：用来修饰名词或代词。

常放在名词前面，介词短语作定语时放在名词后。

形容
词作定语修饰不定代词anything, something ,nothing ,形容词放后面。

“-----的”
three bananas, a red sweater , your name, Mary's father
the girl in a red sweater, the boy under the tree 树下的男孩
something different, something interesting ,
◆状语：用来修饰动词，形容词，副词。

表示①时间，②地点，③目的，
④方式，⑤程度等。

I was late for school yesterday. ( 时间)
Let 's go to the park. ( 地点 )
Can you come to help with my homework ? (目的)
He gets to school by bus. (方式 )
The boy is very shy . (程度 )
三、简单句的五种基本句型
⒈主语+不及物动词---
We exercise every day.
The girl is crying.
⒉主语+及物动词+宾语---
I enjoyed reading your " what's cool ?"。

She just finished making her last movie.
I like oranges .
We plan to have a very relaxing vacation.
⒊主语+连系动词 +表语--
This bike is my sister's .
That sounds interesting.
Everyone gets tired sometimes.
⒋主语+及物动词 +某人+某物；或主语 + 及物动词 +某物 + to+某人
People give me their money.She gave me a new bike. give --gave (给 ) He showed his photos to me .
He often asks our math teacher some strange questions.
He often tells interesting stories to the class.
但：My father bought me a new watch .
My father bought a new watch for me. buy--bought ( 买 )
⒌主语+及物动词 +宾语+宾语补语 (作补语的可以是名词，形容词，动词等)
I found a small boy crying in the corner. (动词ing , 现在分词)
That made me feel very happy. (动词原形)
He makes me very tired.
W e have great fun playing in the water.
He watched Wang Wang play with a friendly black cat.
My mother wants me to drink milk.
四、动词的形式：(行为动词)
㈠原形用于
①一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问句与否定句
Does your father like noodles ?
Did your father go to the movie yesterday evening ?
She doesn't like ice cream.
②一般现在时，主语不是第三人称单数时，陈述句中
We exercise three or four times a week.
③情态动词后，to后, please 后，You'd better 后， had better 后
Why not 后， let's ( =let us)后
④make +某人或某物+动词原形使，迫使某人做某事
That made me feel very happy.
let + 某人或某物 + 动词原形允许，让某人做某事
Let's see the pandas first.
㈡三人称单数：只有在陈述句中，一般现在时，且主语为第三人称单数时
My mother shops once a week.
㈢动词ing
①进行时，或进行进表将来
My mother is cooking. Look, the boys are playing soccer.
I am planning to spend time with my friends for vacation.
She is babysitting her sister for vacation.
② finish, enjoy，keep ，等后动词要用ing 形式I enjoy living in China.
③动词作主语或宾语，表语等时，这时它相当于一个名词。

Taking a bus must be a lot more fun than taking a bus .
④一些短语，词组中 go shopping, go swimming, go bike riding, eating habits,
⑤介词in, on, about ,of , 等后He thought about going to Spain. ( think ---thought )
㈣动词过去式 ,只用于陈述句，一般过去时。

They went to the movies over the weekend.
㈤to+动词原形
①作主语：To eat a balanced diet is important.
这时我们常换成 It 's important to eat a balanced diet.
用It作形式上的主语，真正的主语是to后面的部分。

②作宾语：放在及物动词后
I want to drink some water.She wants to be a doctor.
③作宾补，放在宾语后，补充说明宾语做什么
My mother wants me to drink milk.Good food and exercise help me to study better. 类似的还有： like, ask, tell,
④作状语，放在不及物动词后（表目的，原因，结果）
The students usually take a boat to get to school.
区别：不定式作宾补时动作由宾语发出。

不定式作状语时动作由主语发出。

⑤作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词等后面
I am the last one to take a shower.
What a funny time to make breakfast.
Brige Street is a good place to have fun.
We have a lot of work to do every day.
㈥注意：
①like 后可用 to +动词原形，或动词ing , 但 would like 后动词只用to+动词原形
②see / hear /watch +某人或某物+动词原形或动词ing
强调动作正在进行，则用ing 形式，否则用动词原形(看到，听到，观察到---做某事 )
③ stop 后用 to +动词原形，表示停下来去做--- 后用动词ing , 表示停止做---------
I am tired, and I want to stop to have a rest.
The teacher is coming. Stop talking.
④ be动词(is, am, are, was, were ) 后动词不能用动词原形。

⒈用动词ing 时，可以表示动作正在进行。

Look, they are running.瞧，他们正在跑步。

有时动词ing 相当于一个名词，和to +动词原形一样，作名词用。

His job is selling computers. 他的工作是卖电脑。

或 His job is to sell computers. 他的工作是卖电脑。

My hobby is reading. 我的爱好是看书。

⒉还可以用动词的过去分词。

这时表被动。

五、时态 (一 )表状态 (也就是不表示动作)
⑪表示现在的状态，结构：主语+ be ( am, is , are ) +--(名词，形容，代词，等
He is twelve. The girl is a doctor. They are in the classroom.
⑫表示过去的状态，结构：主语 + be ( was, were ) +---(名，形容，代词，等
How was your vacation ? --It was pretty good.
We were at home yesterday evening.
⑬表示将来的状态，结构：主语 + (am, is , are ) going to be + --
It is going to be sunny (晴朗的) tomorrow.
★There be 句型，表示在-----地方有---- (名词单数用is,was，
复数用are, were )
⑪表示现在有， There is / are + 名词+在----地方。

There is a boy, two girls under the tree.
⑫表示过去有， There was / were + 名词 + 在-----地方+过去时间。

There were about 600 students in our schoo last year.
⑬表示将来有， There is going to be + 名词+ 在-----地方+ 将来时间。

There is going to be a football game this Sunday.
(注意有时可能不出现地点或时间 )
( 二 )表动作
⑪◆一般现在时态：表经常性或习惯性动作；表主语的性格，能力，爱好，
结构：主语+动词原形+--- 主语 + 动词的第三人称单数+---
(如果主语是第三人称单数，则后面动作也要第三人称单数。

)
标志词： always ,usually , often, sometimes, every day, once a week, 等。

I usually get up at six. She often goes home at five in the aftrnoon.
I like noodles. The little girl speaks English well.
●when (当 ------的时候), before, after, until (=till ), 它后面的句子即使是将来要发生的动作也要用一般现在时
When it rains , we take a bus to get to school.
⑫◆现在进行时态：表示现在(说话)时正在发生或进行的动作。

结构：主语 + be (am,is, are ) +动词ing +---
标志词： Look, Listen, 开头引出的句子， now, at the moment, at present
What are you doing ? We are playing basketball.
⑬◆一般过去时态：表示过去经常发生的动作，或过去发生了的动作 (已结束 )
结构：主语 + 动词的过去式+----过去时间 ( 一般过去时常和过去时间连用)
标志：表过去时间，如： yesterday, last, in 2000 ，一段时间+ago, years befor (几年
前), two days ago, 等。

I visited my grandparents over the weekend.我周末去看望了我的外祖父母She went to the zoo on vacation.
⑭◆进行时还可以表示将要发生的动作，安排好了将做什么,通常要做
What are you doing for vacation ? I am babysitting my sister.
你假期做什么？我要照顾我的妹妹。

⑮◆一般将来时态：表示计划，安排，打算将要做什么，有可能做也有可能不
结构：主语 +be (is, am, are ) +going to + 动词原形 +------
标志：表将来的时间，如： tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in 2008, next---
I am going to visit my grandparents this Sunday.
这周星期天，我打算去看望我的外祖父母。

When I grow up, I am going to be a doctor.
When the boy grows up, he is g oing to be a policeman.。