山东大学病理学2019年考博真题考博试卷
山东大学考博试题(记忆版,来自dxy)
山东大学2008博士病理生理试题（专业基础）顺序有点乱啊，凭记忆，参考书为八年制版病生 1 细胞信号转导异常的原因 2 呼吸性酸中毒的原因和对机体的影响 3 水中毒的原因和对机体的影响 4 低张性缺氧的原因和血氧变化特点 5 钙超载在心肌再灌注损伤中的作用 6 心衰兴奋－收缩偶联机制7 癌基因致癌的机制8 DIC的临床表现及机制9病例分析大体是一名45岁女性，哮喘22年，近一月来呼吸困难，出现情绪不稳，头晕等症状，血气示PCO2 70、 PCO2 50,分析其中的病理现象机制 10 病例分析大体是胆囊炎病人应用庆大霉素4周后出现呕心呕吐、尿少、食欲降低等不适，血气示PCO2 28、PH 7.35（？）、血钾6.5 BE -15,SB12 （数据？），问发生了什么病理生理情况，并解释如何发生的影像：名词：高千伏摄影、IVDSA、PET、PACS、TR、lacunar infarction、脑膜尾征、气胸、薄壁空洞、MRCP、肠套叠三联征、库欣综合征、干骺端、骨软化、MSCT、MI、增益、无回声区、假肾征、HIFU 简答：垂体微腺瘤ct、mri；浸润肺结核x、ct；食管癌分型、特征；肝硬化超声问答：急性骨髓炎x、ct、mr；卵巢癌超声、ct、mr 病理：名词：凋亡、栓塞、炎性介质、转移、心肌病、肺肉质变、气球样变、RS细胞、侵袭性葡萄胎、原发综合症鉴别题：肉芽肿-肉芽组织；原发-继发结核；弥漫增生性-新月体性肾炎简答：骨折愈合过程、影响因素；血栓结局、对机体影响问答：非浸润乳腺癌分型、组织特点；何杰金分型、各型共同特点断层：填图题：内囊层面、颅底动脉环、主动脉三大分支层面、第二肝门平面、股骨头层面（男女各一张）、椎间盘平面（模式图）、手&足冠状层面，膝失状面（模式图）名词：AC-PC；半卵圆中心、翼腭间隙、鞍上池、Heubner动脉、主肺动脉窗、膀胱精囊角、椎静脉系、腕管、踝管问答：横断面如何识别中央沟；颈内动脉走行、分支、分布；横断面如何识别心脏各腔室；肝门平面标志意义；前列腺各种分区方法、意义、mr表现。
山东大学肿瘤学考博资料
山东大学肿瘤学考博资料病理学知识点1.病理学( pathology )：是一门研究疾病的病因、发病机制、病理改变(包括代谢、机能和形态结构的改变) 和转归的医学基础学科。
其目的是认识和掌握疾病的本质和发生发展的规律，从而为防治疾病提供必要的理论基础和实践依据。
2.流式细胞分析术(flow cytometry,FCM ) : FCM^近年来发展起来的一种新技术。
它可以快速定量细胞内DNA用于测定肿瘤细胞的DNA音体类型和肿瘤组织中S+G2/M期的细胞占所有细胞的比例(生长分数)。
测定肿瘤细胞的DNA1I体和生长分数不仅可以作为诊断恶性肿瘤的参考标志之一，而且可反应肿瘤的恶性程度和生物学行为。
FCM还可应用于细胞的免疫分型，对临床免疫学检测起到重要作用。
3.适应( adaptation )：细胞和由其构成的组织、器官能耐受内、外环境中各种有害因子的刺激作用而得以存活的过程，称为适应。
适应在形态上表现为萎缩、肥大、增生、化生。
4.亚致死性损伤( sublethal cell injury )：较轻的细胞损伤是可逆的，即消除刺激血子后，受损伤细胞可恢复常态，通常称之为变性或是亚致死性细胞损伤。
5.萎缩( atrophy )：是指已发育正常的实质细胞、组织或器官体积缩小，可以伴发细胞数量的减少。
6.肥大( hypertrophy )：细胞、组织和器官体积的增大，称为肥大。
7.增生( hyperplasia )：实质细胞的增多称为增生，增生可导致组织、器官的增大。
细胞增生也常伴发细胞肥大。
8.化生( metaplasia )：一种分化成熟的细胞因受刺激因素的作用转化为另一种分化成熟细胞的过程称为化生。
9.变性( degeneration )：是指细胞或细胞间质受损伤后因代谢发生障碍所致的某些可逆性形态学变化。
表现为细胞浆内或细胞间质内有各种异常物质或是异常增多的正常物质的蓄积，每伴有功能下降。
10.细胞水肿( cellular swelling )：或称水变性( hydropic degeneration )，是细胞轻度损伤后常发生的早期病变，好发于肝、心、肾等实质细胞的胞浆。
医学考博2019真题
Listening：无Vocabulary：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subjectto abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acidrain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it willhappen______, and it will not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous diseasein the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains firstseek medical help to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD.accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take placeright under our noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock comemostly from ______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD.contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have______effects on bones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggsin a process that can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving______ to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looksmagnificent at night when it’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings. A. ancient B. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overly dependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite ofa full array of emergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helps us understand a person’ emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have known far 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychology at the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The 53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to be afraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Sym ptoms and Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”, was published in the journal The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone’s eyes helps us understand whether a person isfeeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respond and what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children—so, understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of social learning,” Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchers showed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old, images of two women’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped with an eye tracking device that allowed them to measure 54 on the screen children were looking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the two women a total of four times. Next, one of the images was 55 with a loud scream and a fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both faces again without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired with the loud scream than the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they pay attention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they were of the faces.3. The more children avoided eye contact；the more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a face when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads to greater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety 59 , the study finds that—over time—children may be missing out 60_ important social information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary, and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” p eriod from birth to three may sca r a child’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it.Certainty, Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on childre n’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy，and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day car e the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it’s practiced by so many people nowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don’t know about day care’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care for their children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What’s the author’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needs further study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals,plant and marine life and econom ic activity in Canada’s North are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behavior can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of year s, ” says Moore, " Animals can't change their behavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft，and they’re easier to deploy,” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,” what does Moore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in the Journal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development. The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day or more in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animal studies have further suggested that prenatal caffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liver development with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a debilitating condition normally associated with obesity and diabetes. However, the underlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver development remains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates these effects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University inChina, investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose (equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function and hormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin like growth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of the stress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activity for liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function, as IGF-1 activity increases and stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease caused by prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced, compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lower birth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our current understanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest the potential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, these animal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggests that prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findings still need to be confirmed in people, I would recommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats given caffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has been achieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development when taking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The r esearch hasn’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers. Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery? No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours later on a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep. And the great French writer Voltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed, dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went back to bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, Pandit Ramrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer, in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seena sleepwalker. He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said to know more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five years had lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers. But none of my sleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, I doubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of those dramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. It lends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is much more common than is generally supposed. Some have estimated that there are four million somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that an accurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vivid dream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, or some other emotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare’s Lady Macbeth. Her nightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut.”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weighty problems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “So me people stay awake all night worrying about their problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are lik e salt adding flavor to people’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are still truthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identified two sources of psychic e nergy, which he called "drives”: aggression and libido. The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams. The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of the forebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just above the hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for some thing new. “What I was seeing,”he says, “was the urge to do stuff. ” Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that sounds very much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects,” says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically.” Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “seeking”emotion. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it also happens to be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience, meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin, who lived before the discovery of genes,” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it.” Perhaps it’s not a matter of proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.81. Freud believed that aggression and libido________A. were the only two sources of psychic energyB. could sometimes surface in our conscious lifeC. affected our behavior unconsciouslyD. could appear clearly on our dreams82. Which of the following terms is equivalent to what Freud called libido?A. Emotion.B. Lust.C. Seeking.D. Urge.83. Jaak Panksepp's study on a mouse proves that the seeking drive________.A. originates in the limbic systemB. involves parts of the forebrainC. controls how we respond to stimulusD. exists in many, other animals84. According to Mark Solms, dreaming_________.A. takes place during the whole sleeping periodB. involves a primitive part of the brain known as the ponsC. originates in the forebrainD. just takes place in a certain period。
山东大学肿瘤学2007--2017年考博真题
5.TNM staging
6.hypomethlation
7.proteomics
8.Horner syndrom
9.AFP
10.cancer gene therapy
二、简答题
1.癌基因与抑癌基因的激活方式。
2.放疗与化疗联合模式及优点。
3.表观遗传分子标志物的优缺点。
1、名解
IMRT,Brach therapy,EBV,GTV,N eo adjuvtchemotherapy
2、简答
各种肿瘤浸润的特点。
非霍奇金淋巴瘤的分期。
细胞凋亡的检测方法。
分次放疗的理论基础。
2、论述
术前放疗和术后放疗的优缺点。
肿瘤早期发现的途径和意义。
山东大学
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
2011
一、名词解释
1、凋亡
2、NK细胞
3、EGFR
4、IL-2
5、P53基因
6、IGRT
7、After loading
8、Dendritic cell
二、问答
1、非霍奇金淋巴瘤的治疗原则。
2、细胞因子抗肿瘤的机制。
3、临床剂量学原则。
4、内外照射的区别。
5、实验设计的原则。
三、论述
1、促进癌症发生发展的因素。
3.试述肿瘤现代放射治疗技术进展。（10分）
山东大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：肿瘤学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1. Lnc RNA
2. Tumor marker
医学考博2019真题
Listening：无Vocabulary：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, andit will not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in theworld.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medicalhelp to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right underour noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from ______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects onbones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in aprocess that can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving______ to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem oftraffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriatefor this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understandswhy.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices,and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overly dependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array of emergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social51 —it helps us understand a person’ emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have known far 52about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by KalinaMichalska, assistant professor of psychology at the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The 53and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to be afraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Symptoms and Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”, was published in the journal The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respond and what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children—so, understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of social learning,” Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchers showed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old, images of two women’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped with an eye tracking device that allowed them to measure 54on the screen children were looking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the two women a total of four times. Next, one of the images was 55with a loud scream and a fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both facesagain without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired with the loud scream than the face that was not paired with the scream, 56they pay attention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they were of the faces.3. The more children avoided eye contact；the more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a face when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads to greater 58experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety 59, the study finds that—over time—children may be missing out60_ important social information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary, and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” p eriod from birth to three may sca r a child’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does notusually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it.Certainty, Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care hada neutral or slightly positive effect on childre n’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy，and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What’s the result of American studies of children in day car e in the last decade?A. The children’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day car e the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children’s developmen t.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it’s practiced by so many people nowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don’t know about day care’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care for their children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What’s the author’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needs further study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves. Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense,the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life an d economic activity in Canada’s North are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along theBeaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in theregion to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil andgas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the countryhome.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物）is blooming two tothree weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for whenfood is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behavior canevolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade,rather than hundreds of year s, ” says Moore, " Animals can't change their behavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economicdevelopment and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a large researchaircraft，and they’re easier to deploy,”he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,” what does Moore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby’s liver developmentand increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in theJournal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development. The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day or more in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lowerbirthweights of their children. Animal studies have further suggested that prenatal caffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liver development with anincreased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a debilitating condition normally associated with obesity and diabetes. However, the underlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver development remains poorly understood. Abetter understanding of how caffeine mediates these effects could help prevent thesehealth issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China, investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose (equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function and hormonelevels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of theliver hormone, insulin like growth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of the stress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1,which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activity for liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occurafter birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function, as IGF-1 activity increases and stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver diseasecaused by prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced,compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lower birthweight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our current understanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest the potentialmechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, these animal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggests that prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findings still need to be confirmed in people, I would recommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats given caffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has been achieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growthfactor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development when takingin prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The r esearch hasn’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore theresults.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the health Passage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers. Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery? No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours later on astrange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep. And the great French writer V oltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed, dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and wentback to bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting up inthe middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. Hewould take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, PanditRamrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that hehad left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or aBritish farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer, in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker. He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago.He issaid to know more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five years had lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know thatthere are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers. But none ofmy sleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment,I doubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of thosedramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. It lends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to removethe worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is much more common than is generally supposed. Some have estimated that there are four millionsomnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that an accurate countcan never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vividdream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, or some other emotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare’s Lady Macbeth. Her nightlywanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut.”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weighty problems on his mind. Dr. ZeidaTeplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says,“So me people stay awake all night worrying about their problems. The sleepwalkerthrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in thesensory area."In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and doother things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are lik e salt adding flavor to people’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are stilltruthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. ZeidaTeplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identified twosources of psychic e nergy, which he called "drives”: aggression and libido. The key tohis theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams. Thework of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay therole of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in consciouslife. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist, and theyhave their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operates mostlybelow the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly referred to as emotions, themodem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of theforebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, JaakPanksepp, aneurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just above the hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal wouldsniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry?No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other objectPanksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for some thing new. “What I was seeing,”he says, “was the urge to do stuff. ”Pankseppcalledthis seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that sounds very much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seekpleasure in the world of objects,” says Solms. "Panksep p discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically.” Solms studied the same region of the brain forhis work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takesplace during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which isassociated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. WhenSolms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreamingwas actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure。
山东大学人体解剖学2014参考答案年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
山东大学
2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题参考答案
考试科目：人体解剖学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
1.胸锁乳突肌那个题，有下颌下三角、颈动脉三角、肌三角、椎动脉三角
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这么多重点、有临床意义的不考，反而考了一个胸锁乳突肌区---10多年来第一次考 2.肩关节那个题，髋关节、膝关节、踝关节、腕关节和腕管、肘关节，偏 偏考个肩关节----10多年来第一次考 3.面部面侧深区那个题，面部有腮腺咬肌区、穿经腮腺的结构、面部的神 经与血管、面侧区间隙，偏偏考个面侧深区的解剖----10多年来第一次考 4.上纵隔那个题。胸部这里重点且有临床意义的内容更多了，怎就考了个 上纵隔啊！---10多年来第一次考。看，肺部血管神经、肺门神经血管排列、肺的投影 、壁胸膜反折、乳房淋巴回流、肋间动脉静脉神经排列关系、心脏的那 些三角和窦、胸导管，这些更有意义且复习重点都不考，却考个上纵隔 ！ 5.“腹横筋膜和腹膜外筋膜配布及临床意义。” 考腹膜外筋膜还说的过 去，毕竟临床意义多。可考腹横筋膜---10多年来第一次考，有点故意不考其他更有临床意义内容的意图。 6.盆壁筋膜和盆脏筋膜---10多年来第一次考。这个题怎么说呢，有点吃哑巴亏的感觉，不搞妇产 科，真不知道这个是不是很有临床意义，反正学这门解剖时，这个不是 很重点。我只知道本章节更有临床意义且考过的是：男女性盆腔脏器位 置和与腹膜关系、膀胱和前列腺的内容、子宫的淋巴回流、尿生殖区间 隙、腹前壁层次结构与阴囊精索被摸的层次关系 7.胸交感干那个题----
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10多年来第一次考。这个题最让我吐槽了！！！以前考过颈部交感干的 组成和纤维分布，颈部这个多有临床意义啊！可人家不考，专门避开这 个有临床意义的，考这个胸部的！！！干嘛啊这是，神经系统本来就晦 涩难懂，还考这个死知识，唉！ 8.上下运动神经元---10多年来第一次考。虽然不难，但这个题我感觉有点为难非脑科专业的 同学了。真是的，放着往年必考的脑内核团、传导通路、脊髓内丘系不 考，考了个近乎不容易引起同学们备考重视啊。 9.肾被膜。这个题往年考过，今年大题里面，就这一个是往年的原题。 10.名词解释里，奇静脉这个题---10多年来第一次考,感觉又是为难人，明明是系解的内容啊，到这里鹊巢 鸠占！ 11.帽状腱膜、椎前筋膜、肋隔隐窝在往年的大题中出现过，但帽状腱膜 （epicranial aponeuroisis）迷惑性大，不常用、英文不易认出，我以为是颅神经麻 痹了，汗；椎前筋膜相对于同样地位的封套筋膜、颈筋膜中层（以及其 内的颈动脉鞘）临床意义欠点。髂胫束----10多年来第一次考
XXX2019年考博真题试卷
XXX2019年考博真题试卷
XXX医学考博真题试卷攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
XXX2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：妇产科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、选择题（30个）
二、名词解释
1.席汉综合征
2.前置胎盘/植入
3.绝经过渡期
4.TORCH综合症
5.卵泡募集
三、XXX
1.Poi dor Pof含义
2.子宫肌瘤用
3.gnrh指证
4.胎儿非整倍体产前筛查
四、论述题
1.子宫内膜异位症合并不孕的因素
2.葡萄胎后滋养细胞疾病的诊断
3.XXX前期的预测和预防
五、病例分析题
停经51天hcg6000多，b超提醒宫外孕，双侧卵巢囊肿，后手术，术中没瞥见反常，只剥了右边囊肿，术后查hcg ,mtx 保守医治，复查hcg，查b超提醒右边附件宫外孕约7周，胚胎存活，问诊断鉴别诊断，医治方案？。
医学考博2019真题
Listening：无Vocabulary：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subjectto abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acidrain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it willhappen______, and it will not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous diseasein the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and painsfirst seek medical help to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD.accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take placeright under our noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rockcome mostly from ______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD.contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have______effects on bones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chickeneggs in a process that can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly bygiving ______ to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looksmagnificent at night when it’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overly dependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array of emergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helps us understand a person’ emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have known far 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychology at the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The 53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to be afraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Symptoms and Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”, was publishedin the journal The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone’s eyes helps us understan d whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respond and what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children—so, understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of social learning,” Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchers showed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old, images of two women’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped with an eye tracking device that allowed them to measure 54 on the screen children were looking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the two women a total of four times. Next, one of the images was 55 with a loud scream and a fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both faces again without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired with the loud scream than the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they pay attention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they were of the faces.3. The more children avoided eye contact；the more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a face when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads to greater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety 59 , the study finds that—over time—children may be missing out 60_ important social information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary, and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” p eriod from birth to three may sca r a child’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it.Certainty, Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on childre n’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy，and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parentalseparation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children’s unh appiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it’s practiced by so many people nowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don’t know about day care’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care for their children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What’s the author’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needs further study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature isexpected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life an d economic activity in Canada’s North are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton （淳游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behavior can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of year s, ” says Moore, " Animals can't change their behavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft，and they’re easier to deploy,” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,” what does Moore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will_______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in the Journal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development. The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the riskof liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day or more in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animal studies have further suggested that prenatal caffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liver development with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, adebilitating condition normally associated with obesity and diabetes. However, the underlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver development remains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates these effects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China, investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose (equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function and hormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin like growth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of the stress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activity for liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function, as IGF-1 activity increases and stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease caused by prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced, compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lower birth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our current understanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest the potential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, these animal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggests that prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findings still need to be confirmed in people, I would recommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats given caffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a longrun.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has been achieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development when taking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The r esearch hasn’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers. Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleep How many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery? No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours later on a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep. And the great French writer Voltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed, dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went back to bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, Pandit Ramrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer, in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker. He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said to know more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five years had lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers. But none of my sleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, I doubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of those dramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. It lends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is much more common than is generally supposed. Some have estimated that there are four million somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that an accurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vivid dream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, or some other emotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare’s Lady Macbeth. Her nightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut.”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weighty problems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “Some people stay awake all night worrying about their problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are still truthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identified two sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives”: aggression and libido. The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams. The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly referredto as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of the forebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just above the hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for some thing new. “What I was seeing,” he says, “was the urge to do stuff. ” Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, t hat sounds very much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects,” says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically.” Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “seeking”emotion. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it also happens to be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience, meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin, who lived before the discovery of genes,” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it.” Perhaps it’s not a matter of proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.81. Freud believed that aggression and libido________A. were the only two sources of psychic energyB. could sometimes surface in our conscious lifeC. affected our behavior unconsciouslyD. could appear clearly on our dreams。
医学考博2019真题
Listening：无Vocabulary：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and it will not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right under our noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from ______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects on bones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______ to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overly dependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array of emergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helps us understand a person’ emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have known far 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychology at the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The 53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to be afraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Symptoms and Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”, was published in the journal The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respond and what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children—so,understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of social learning,” Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchers showed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old, images of two women’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped with an eye tracking device that allowed them to measure 54 on the screen children were looking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the two women a total of four times. Next, one of the images was 55 with a loud scream and a fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both faces again without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired with the loud scream than the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they pay attention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they were of the faces.3. The more children avoided eye contact；the more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a face when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads to greater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety 59 , the study finds that—over time—children may be missing out 60_ important social information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary, and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” p eriod from birth to three may scar achild’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it.Certainty, Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on childre n’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy，and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day car e the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it’s practiced by so many people nowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don’t know about day care’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care for their children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What’s the author’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needs further study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life and ec onomic activity in Canada’s North are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物）is bloomingtwo to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behavior can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of year s, ” says Moore, " Animals can't change their behavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft，and the y’re easier to deploy,” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,” what does Moore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in the Journal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development. The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day or more in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animal studies have further suggested that prenatal caffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liver development with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a debilitating condition normally associated with obesity and diabetes. However, the underlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver development remains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates these effects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China, investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose (equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function and hormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin like growth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of the stress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activity for liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function, as IGF-1 activity increases and stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease caused by prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced, compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lower birth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our current understanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest the potential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future.However, these animal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggests that prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findings still need to be confirmed in people, I would recommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats given caffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has been achieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development when taking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The r esearch hasn’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers. Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery? No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours later on a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep. And the great French writer Voltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed, dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went back to bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, Pandit Ramrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer, in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker. He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said to know more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five years had lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers. But none of my sleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, I doubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of those dramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. It lends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is much more common than is generally supposed. Some have estimated that there are four million somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that an accurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vivid dream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, or some other emotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare’s Lady Macbeth. Her nightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut.”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weighty problems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “So me people stay awake all night worrying about their problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area,partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are lik e salt adding flavor to people’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are still truthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identified two sources of psychic e nergy, which he called "drives”: aggression and libido. The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams. The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of the forebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just above the hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for some thing new. “What I was seeing,”he says, “was the urge to do stuff. ” Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that sounds very much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects,” says Solms. "Panksep p discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically.” Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “seeking”emotion. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it also happens to be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience, meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin, who lived before the discovery of genes,” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it.” Perhaps it’s not a matter of proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.81. Freud believed that aggression and libido________A. were the only two sources of psychic energyB. could sometimes surface in our conscious lifeC. affected our behavior unconsciouslyD. could appear clearly on our dreams82. Which of the following terms is equivalent to what Freud called libido?A. Emotion.B. Lust.C. Seeking.D. Urge.83. Jaak Panksepp's study on a mouse proves that the seeking drive________.A. originates in the limbic systemB. involves parts of the forebrainC. controls how we respond to stimulusD. exists in many, other animals。
2022年考博病理题套
95-考博病理试题31套本贴收到1朵鲜花95-考博病理试题31索引:1第二军医大病理学(硕士)2武汉大学医学院病理学考博试题3第四军医大学1996年招收攻读硕士硕士入学试题（病理学—1）4浙江大学医学院——病理学年博士硕士入学考试试题5国家医学考试中心病理学（博士全国统考题）6山东大学医学院—内分泌学博士硕士入学考试试题(多了一套内分泌试题,不改了)7北医考博病理试题8第四军医大学1995年博士入学考试病理学试题答题指南9第四军医大学1996年博士入学考试病理学试题10中山大学医学部博士入学考试病理学试题11中山大学医学部博士入学考试病理（专业基础）试题12中山大学医学部博士入学考试病理（专业基础）13浙江大学医学院博士入学病理试题14浙江大学医学院博士入学考试病理学试题15武汉大学医学部博士入学病理生理试题16天津医科大学博士入学病理试题17天津医科大学博士入学病理试题18上海第二医科大学博士入学考试病理学试题19华中科技大学同济医学院博士入学考试病理学（专业基础）试20华中科技大学同济医学院博士入学考试病理学（专业基础）试题21华中科技大学同济医学院博士入学考试病理学（专业基础）试题22华中科技大学同济医学院博士入学考试病理学（专业基础）试题23华中科技大学同济医学院1999年博士入学考试病理学（专业基础）试题24复旦大学医学院博士入学考试病理学试题25第四军医大学1997年博士硕士入学考试病理学试题（包括病理专业及其他专业）26 天医病理学硕士试题一.名词解释27 上海第二医科大学硕士入学考试病理试题（部分）名词解释30题28 上海交通大学考研病理试题29 复旦大学硕士硕士入学考试病理学试题30 北京大学医学部硕士硕士入学考试病理学试题31 重庆医科大学病理学（硕士）32 重庆医科大学病理学硕士入学试题试题:1第二军医大病理学(硕士)一、名词解释（30个共30分）化生，炎性假瘤，变质，变性，黏液样变，虎斑心，心衰细胞，槟榔肝，糜烂，肉芽组织，瘢痕组织，肺褐色硬化，伤寒细胞，绒毛心，恶性溃疡，桥接坏死，二、问答题：（一）1 良恶性肿瘤旳区别。
2014山东大学考博10年真题博士考试试题病理生理学历年真题
2014山东大学考博10年真题山东大学病理生理学考博历年真题山东大学2013年病理生理真题1.试述凋亡异常性疾病的防治思路。
2.什么是癌基因？试举一例说明是如何导致肿瘤的发生的。
3.水电解质酸碱平衡一分析病例。
可能需要使用代偿公式。
4.CO中毒性缺氧病例分析。
5.一产妇产后大出血，凝血指标异常，问发生的病理生理过程及机制？6.钙超载导致缺血再灌注损伤的机制。
7.肾小球率过滤降低的原因。
8.一发热病人体温上升的具体机制。
9.肝功能不全地方貌似出了个肝性脑病的氨中毒还是假性神经递质学说记不大清啦。
10.限制性通气功能障碍导致呼衰的机制。
山东大学2012年病理生理真题一、细胞周期调节异常引起恶心肿瘤的机制二、信号传导异常发生的环节三、病例分析，小儿肠梗阻，问题：水电解质紊乱的类型，原因，引起四肢无力和酸性尿的机制四、病例分析，糖尿病酮症，问题：治疗前后酸碱失衡的类型，发生的机制，及治疗后低钾的原因五、发热时心血管、中枢神经、呼吸、消化系统的变化六、血管损伤引起血栓的机制七、阻塞性通气障碍引发呼吸衰竭的机制八、病例分析，三楼坠落，内出血不能排除，血压90/75mmHg，心率123次/分。
问题：何种病理生理过程，哪一期，机制九、化学致癌物的共同特点及作用机制十、心衰时心室重构的表现和意义山东大学2011年病理生理真题1.肿瘤细胞分化障碍有哪些情况？诱导分化剂的作用机制？2.细胞信号转导异常的环节和机制？3.病例分析：病人发热、腹泻、呕吐四天，收入院。
尿量减少，血压正常，入院后给予葡萄糖溶液与抗生素，治疗后体温正常，但出现皮肤弹性减退、眼窝凹陷、尿量正常，血压下降，低于正常。
查生化：Na：125mmol、K：3、血浆渗透压270，问此病人发生什么病理过程？原因如何？下一步的治疗措施？4.急性期反应？急性期反应蛋白？急性期反应蛋白的功能？5.缺血再灌注损伤氧自由基产生增多的机制？6.低张性缺氧和血液性缺氧血氧变化的特点及原因？7.血浆凝血因子在血栓形成中的作用？8.病案分析：地震中两外伤出血的病人简单包扎后，送人急救室，甲病人大哭大喊，乙病人表情平静，对医生的问题无任何反应。
山东大学病理学2019年考博真题试卷
医学考博院
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
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一、名词解释 1、 血栓机化 2、 桥接坏死 3、 微卫星不稳定性 4、 炎症介质 5、 早期胃癌 6、 肺肉质变 二、问答题 1、 慢性萎缩性胃炎的组织学病理特征 2、 梅毒的病理特征 3、 风湿病的病理特征 4、 霍奇金淋巴瘤的组织学分类和免疫表型 5、 野生型P53基因和突变P53基因的功能 原发性肺结核的结局。 6、 引起成人和儿童肾病综合征的病并描述病理特点。 三、试述题 1、 肿瘤的免疫治疗靶点，如何检测和意义。 2、 肝硬化引起门脉高压的机制。 3、 乳腺癌ER PR HER2如何检测，意义。
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医学考博2019真题
Listening：无Vocabulary：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and it will not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right under our noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from ______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects on bones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______ to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overly dependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array of emergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helps us understand a person’ emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have known far 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychology at the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The 53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to be afraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Symptoms and Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”, was published in the journal The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respond and what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children—so, understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of social learning,” Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchers showed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old, images of two women’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped with an eye tracking device that allowed them to measure 54 on the screen children were looking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown eachof the two women a total of four times. Next, one of the images was 55 with a loud scream and a fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both faces again without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired with the loud scream than the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they pay attention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they were of the faces.3. The more children avoided eye contact；the more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a face when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads to greater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety 59 , the study finds that—over time—children may be missing out 60_ important social information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary, and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” p eriod from birth to three may scar a child’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it.Certainty, Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on childre n’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy，and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day car e the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it’s practiced by so many people nowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don’t know about day care’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care for their children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What’s the author’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needs further study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves. Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life and ec onomic activity in Canada’s North are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behavior can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of year s, ” says Moore, " Animals can't change their behavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies will also use a novel technology to gatheratmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft，and the y’re easier to deploy,” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,” what does Moore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in the Journal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development. The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in amanner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day or more in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animal studies have further suggested that prenatal caffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liver development with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a debilitating condition normally associated with obesity and diabetes. However, the underlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver development remains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates these effects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China, investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose (equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function and hormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin like growth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of the stress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activity for liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function, as IGF-1 activity increases and stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease caused by prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced, compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lower birth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our current understanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest the potential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, these animal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggests that prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findings still need to be confirmed in people, I would recommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats given caffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liverproblem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has been achieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development when taking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The r esearch hasn’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the health Passage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers. Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery? No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours later on a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep. And the great French writer Voltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed, dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went back to bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, PanditRamrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer, in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker. He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said to know more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five years had lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers. But none of my sleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, I doubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of those dramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. It lends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is much more common than is generally supposed. Some have estimated that there are four million somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that an accurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vivid dream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, or some other emotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare’s Lady Macbeth. Her nightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut.”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weighty problems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “So me people stay awake all night worrying about their problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are lik e salt adding flavor to people’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are still truthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identified two sources of psychic e nergy, which he called "drives”: aggression and libido. The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams. The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of the forebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just above the hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for some thing new. “What I was seeing,”he says, “was the urge to do stuff. ” Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that sounds very much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects,” says Solms. "Panksep p discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically.” Solms studied the sameregion of the brain for his work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “seeking”emotion. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it also happens to be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience, meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin, who lived before the discovery of genes,” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it.” Perhaps it’s not a matter of proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.81. Freud believed that aggression and libido________A. were the only two sources of psychic energyB. could sometimes surface in our conscious lifeC. affected our behavior unconsciouslyD. could appear clearly on our dreams82. Which of the following terms is equivalent to what Freud called libido?A. Emotion.B. Lust.C. Seeking.D. Urge.83. Jaak Panksepp's study on a mouse proves that the seeking drive________.A. originates in the limbic systemB. involves parts of the forebrainC. controls how we respond to stimulusD. exists in many, other animals84. According to Mark Solms, dreaming_________.A. takes place during the whole sleeping periodB. involves a primitive part of the brain known as the ponsC. originates in the forebrainD. just takes place in a certain period85. It can be inferred that Freud and Darwin are similar in that their theories____.A. have long been discreditedB. provided good guide for further researchC. are placed in the same categoryD. are concerned about human beingPassage SixScientists have a duty to talk to the public. Why? Because social policies need to be decided on the basis of rational grounds and facts. These include important issue。
2019年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题
2019年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题2019年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)略Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.According to the Geneva_____no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A.CustomsB.CongressesC.ConventionsD.Routines32.Environmental officials insist that something be done to___acid rain.A.CurbB.sureC.detoxifyD.condemn33.It is impossible to say how it will take place,because it will happen____,and it will not be along process.A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.principallyD.approximately34.Diabetes is one of the most____and potentially dangerous disease in the World.A.CrucialB.virulentC.colossalD.prevalent35.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to____the problem.A.AffiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate36.How is it possible that such____deception has come to take place right under our noses?A.obviousB.significantC.necessaryD.widespread37.Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from____onearth rather than bacteria on Mars.A.ConfigurationB.constitutionC.condemnationD.contamination38.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have____effects on bones.A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful39.Generally,vaccine makers_____the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can takefour to six months.A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate40.We are much quicker to respond,and we respond far too quickly by giving___to our anger.A.ventB.impulseC.temperD.Offence Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET.41.The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A.improvedB.returnedC.deterioratedD.changed42.Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it's litup.A.decoratedB.illustratedC.illuminatedD.entertained43.Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of trafficcongestion.A.amelioratedB.aggregatedC.deterioratedD.duplicated44.The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for thiscase can be rather difficult.A.sufficientB.plentifulC.adequateD.countable45.The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy,though no one understands why.A.deficitB.deviationC.draw backD.discrepancy46.He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A.successorB.replacementC.surrogateD.choice47.It had over2,000apartment complexes,a great market,a large number of industrial workshops,an administrative center,a number of massive religious edifices,and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A.ancientB.carefullyC.very largeD.carefully protected48.When patients spend extended periods in hospital,they tend to become overly dependent andlose interest in taking care of themselves.A.extremelyB.exclusivelyC.exactlyD.explicitly49.The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array of emergencyroom of doctors and nurses.A.preoccupiedB.unwaryC.watchfulD.dozing50.The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleaguesaccused him of inconsistency.A.waveredB.instigatedC.experimentedD.reliedPartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.We spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social51—it helps us understand a person's emotions,and make decisions about how to respond to them.We also know that adultsavoid eye contact when anxious.But researchers have known far52about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska,assistant professor of psychology at the University of California,Riverside,we now know that anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact,and this has consequences for how they experience fear.The53and less frequently they look at the eyes of others,the more likely they are to be afraid of them,even when there may be no reason to be.Her study,"Anxiety Symptoms and Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Learning",was published in the journal The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.“Looking at someone's eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad,angry,fearful, or surprised.As adults,we then make decisions about how to respond and what to do next.But,we know much less about eye patterns in children—so,understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of social learning,"Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchers showed82children,9to13years old,images of two women's faces on a computer screen.The computer was equipped with an eye tracking device that allowed them to measure54on the screen children were looking,and for how long.The participants were originally shown each of the two women a total of four times.Next,one of the images was55 with a loud scream and a fearful expression,and the other one was not.At the end,children saw both faces again without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1.All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired with the loud scream than the face that was not paired with the scream,56they pay attention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2.Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment,for both kinds of faces.This had consequences for how afraid they were of the faces.3.The more children avoided eye contact;the more afraid they were57the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a faces when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next.However,anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact,which leads to greater58 experience.Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety59,the study finds that—over time—children may be missing out60important social information.This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary,and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51.A.environment B.cues C.relations D.answers52.A.less B.more C.enough D.beyond53.A.longer B.more anxious C.shorter D.more54.A.where B.when C.how D.what55.A.followed B.recorded C.paired D.marked56.A.suggest B.suggesting C.suggests D.being suggested57.A.to B.of C.at D.about58.A.fear B.surprise C.sad D.angry59.A.in the long run B.for a long timeC.in the short timeD.in a long time60.A.with B.without C.of D.onPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part,there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question,there are four possible answers marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the Sensitive"attachment"period from birth to three may scar a child's personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby's work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails,and many people do believe this.It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents.But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modern societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret.Firstly,anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents formed in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies.For example,in some tribal societies,such as the Ngoni,the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it.Certainty,Bowlby's analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayed effects.The possibility that such care might lead to,say,more mental illness or crime15or20years later can only explored by the use of statistics.However,statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out,and even if they were,the results would certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly,common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it.Thirdly,in the last decade,there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care,and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children's development.Whatever the long-term effects,parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with.Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness.At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy,and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time.The matter,then,is far from clear-cut,though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable forinfants.61.According to the passage,the consequence of parental separation______.A.still needs more statistical studiesB.has been found negative is more seriousC.is obviousD.in modern times62.The author thinks that John Bowlby's concern_____.A.is relevant and justifiableB.is too strong to believeC.is utterly groundlessD.has something that deserve our attention63.What's the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A.The children's unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B.The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C.The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children's development.D.Early care was reasonable for babies since it's practiced by so any people nowadays.64.According to the passage,which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send theirchildren under three to day care?A.They don't know about day care's negative effect.B.They are too busy to care for their children.C.They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D.They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65.What's the author's attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowl-by's workthat children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?A.He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's preposition is well-grounded.B.He is sympathetic for them,for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C.He doesn't totally agree with them,since the long-term effect of day care still needs furtherstudy.D.He doesn't quite understand them,as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century,the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees,with widespread effects on rainfall,sea levels and animal habitats.But in the Arctic,where the effects of climate change are most intense,the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people,animals,plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada's North are important to the country's future,says Kent Moore,an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term,international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea.from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore,who has worked in the Arctic for more than20years,says his research has already found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain;phytoplankton（浮游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier.Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful,and have not adapted to the earlier bloom."'Animals'behavior can evolve over a long time,but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade,rather than hundreds of years,"says Moore,"Animals can't change their behavior that quickly."A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region,as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer,and resource extraction becomes more rmation gained from the study will help government,industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian,American and European researchers and government agencies will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data:remotely piloted drones."The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft,and they're easier to deploy,"he says,showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66.By the end of this century,according to the author,global warming will____.A.start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB.increase the average world temperature by four degreesC.cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD.affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming,as indicated by the passage,the international study______.A.is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB.pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC.involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68.When he ways,"Animals can't change their behavior that quickly,"what does Moore mean bythat quickly?A.The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B.The widespread effects of global warming.C.The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69.According to the author,to carry our proper human activities in the Arctic_____.A.becomes more difficult than ever beforeB.is likely to build a novel Economy in the regionC.will surely lower the average world temperatureD.needs the research-based supporting information70.With the drones deployed,as Moore predicts,the researchers will______.A.involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB.get more data to be required for their researche more novel technologies in researchD.conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby'liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood,according to a study published in the Journal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights,altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development.The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to2-3cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development,and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of300mg/day or more in women, which is approximately2to3cups coffee per day,can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animal studies have further suggested that prenatal caffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liver development with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,a debilitating condition normally associated with obesity and diabetes.However, the underlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver development remains poorly understood.A better understanding of how caffeine mediates these effects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study,Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China,investigated the effects of low(equivalent to2-3cups of coffee)and high doses(equivalent of6-9cups of coffee) caffeine,given to pregnant rats,on liver function and hormone levels of their offspring.Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower level of the liver hormone,insulin like growth factor(IGF-1), and higher levels of the stress hormone,corticosteroid at birth.However,liver development after birth showed a compensatory'catch up'phase,characterized by increased levels of IGF-1,which is important for growth.Dr.Yinxian Wen,study co-author,says,"Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother,which inhibits IGF-1activity for liver development before birth.However,compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function,as IGF-1activity increases and stress hormone signalling decreases.The increased risk of fatty liver disease caused by prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced,compensatory postnatal IGF-1activity."These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lower birth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our current understanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest the potential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future.However,these animal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr.Wen comments,"Our work suggests that prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findings still need to be confirmed in people,I would recommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71.Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats given caffeine?A.Lower birth weight.B.Smaller stress.C.Liver development problem.D.Growth problem.72.If a pregnant woman takes3cups of coffee,what will probably happen?A.Her weight will get lower and lower.B.The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C.She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D.Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73.Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A.A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has been achieved.B.4-5cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C.Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D.The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74.What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development when taking inprenatal caffeine?A.Lower stress hormone,lower birth weight before birth.B.Higher stress hormone,lower growth hormone before birth.C.Higher stress hormone,more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D.Lower stress hormone,less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75.What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A.The research hasn’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B.The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C.Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D.We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the health problems. Passage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police,perplexed scientists,and fascinated writers for centuries.There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers.Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs,solve mathematical problems,compose music,walk through plate-glasswindows,and commit murder in their sleep.How many of these stories have a basis in fact,and how many are pure fakery?No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt,others are a matter of record.In Revere,Massachusetts,a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep in and woke up five hours later on a strange sofa in a strange living room,with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep.And the great French writer Voltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed,dressed himself,made a polite bow,danced a minuet,and then undressed and went back to bed.At the University of Iowa,a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River.He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian,Pandit Ramrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed.Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer.The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep.The farmer,in his sleep,visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman,a physiologist at the University of Chicago.He is said to know more about sleep than any other living man,and during the last thirty-five years had lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep.Says he,"Of course,I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers.But none of my sleepers ever walked,and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment,I doubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking,nevertheless,is a scientific reality.Like hypnosis,it is one of those dramatic, eerie,awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic.It lends itself to controversy and misconceptions,what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance,and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is much more common than is generally supposed.Some have estimated that there are four million somnambulists in the United States.Others set the figure even higher.Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record,which means that an accurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vivid dream.The dream usually comes from guilt,worry,nervousness,or some other emotional conflict.The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth.Her nightly wanderings were caused by her guilty consience at having committed murder.Shakespeare said of her,"The eyes are open but their sense is shut."The age-old question is:Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep?Scientists have decidedthat he is about half-and-half.Like Lady Macbeth,he has weighty problems on his mind,Dr,Zeida Teplitz,who made a ten-year study of the subject,says,"Some people stay awake all night worrying about their problems.The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep.He is awake in the muscular area,partially asleep in the sensory area."In other words,a person can walk in his sleep,move around,and do other things,but he does not think about what he is doing.76.The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_____.A.no one knows,but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB.the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people's lifeC.sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD.the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions,yet there are still truthfullyrecorded stories.77.____was supposed to be the world’s champion sleepwalker.A.The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB.The man danced a minuet in his sleepC.The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD.The boy walked five hours in his sleep78.Sleepwalking is the result of_____according to the passage.A.emotional disorderB.a vivid dreamck of sleep and great anxietyD.insanity79.Dr.Zeida Teplitz seemed to_____.A.agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB.conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC.disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD.think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80.The writer makes it obvious that_____.A.sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB.most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC.it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD.sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain,Freud identified two sources of psychic energy,which he called"drives":aggression and libido.The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives,shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds;they surface,heavily disguised,only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives,focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life.But researchers have found evidence that Freud's drives really do exist,and they have their roots in the limbic system,a primitive part of the brain that operatesmostly below the horizon of consciousness.Now more commonly referred to as emotions,the modern suite of drives comprises five:rage,panic,separation distress,lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers.Although like the others it originates in the limbic system,it also involves parts of the forebrain;the seat of higher mental functions.In the1980s,Jaak Panksepp,a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio,became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventral tegmental area,which in humans lies just above the hairline.When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around,as though it were looking for something.Was it hungry?No.The mouse would walk right by a plate of food,or for that matter any other object Paksepp could think of.This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for something new."What I was seeing,"he says,"was the urge to do stuff."Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London,that sounds very much like libido."Freud needed some sort of general,appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects,"says Solms.Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically."Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams.Since the 1970s,neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons.Accordingly,they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest.When Solms looked into it,though,it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental,the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the"seeking"emotion.Dreams,it seemed,originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways,but it also happens to be the most coherent and,from the standpoint of individual experience,meaningful theory of the mind. "Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin,who lived before the discovery of genes," says Panksepp."Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus.We need to talk about it,develop it, test it."Perhaps it's not a matter of proving Freud wrong or right,but of finishing the job.81.Freud believed that aggression and libido_____.A.were the only two sources of psychic energyB.could sometimes surface in our conscious lifeC.affected our behavior unconsciouslyD.could appear clearly on our dreams82.Which of the following terms is equivalent to what Freud called libido?A.Emotion.B.Lust.C.Seeking.D.Urge.83.Jaak Panksepp's study on a mouse proves that the seeking drive_____.A.originates in the limbic system。
山大考博辅导班：2019山大齐鲁医学院考博难度解析及经验分享
山大考博辅导班：2019山大齐鲁医学院考博难度解析及经验分享博士生招生方式分为普通招考、“申请-考核”、硕博连读、本科直博等。
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下面是启道考博辅导班整理的关于山东大学齐鲁医学院考博相关内容。
一、院系简介山东大学齐鲁医学院（Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University）悠久的历史可追溯至1864年创办于登州的文会馆，1911年，共和医道学堂大讲堂在济南正式落成，成为今天山东大学医学学科的历史源头。
1952年由齐鲁大学医学院、山东省立医学院、华东白求恩医学院合并成立山东医学院。
1985年山东医学院更名为山东医科大学。
2000年7月，山东大学、山东医科大学、山东工业大学合并组建为新的山东大学。
2012年5月，山东大学按照国际标准、世界一流的要求和有利于发挥综合性大学举办医学教育优势的原则，成立齐鲁医学院。
2015年9月齐鲁医学院重构管理架构，统筹负责山东大学医学人才培养、科学研究、社会服务及文化传承与创新。
目前拥有基础医学院、临床医学院、公共卫生学院、医药卫生管理学院、口腔医学院、护理学院、药学院共七个学院，山东大学齐鲁医院、山东大学第二医院、口腔医院、生殖医院共四家直属附属医院及山东大学附属省立医院等多家非隶属关系的附属医院、教学医院及实践基地。
二、招生信专业代码、名称及研究方向考试科目备注071003生理学01消化生理02内分泌生理03神经生理①501英语②684医学分子生物学③921生理学（专业课）同等学力加试：生物类：1.细胞生物学2.分子生物学医学类：1.内科学 2.外科学071006 神经生物学①501英语同等学力加试：01 神经退行性疾病02 研究学习记忆和情感的分子、细胞和神经环路机制②684医学分子生物学③923 神经生物学生物类：1.细胞生物学2.分子生物学医学类：1.内科学2.外科学071007遗传学01肿瘤分子遗传学02神经系统疾病分子遗传学03自身免疫性疾病分子遗传学04遗传病致病基因的分离鉴定05生殖疾病与减数分裂①501英语②684医学分子生物学③924医学遗传学同等学力加试：生物类：1.细胞生物学2.分子生物学医学类：1.内科学2.外科学071009细胞生物学01蛋白类激素与受体作用的调控机制02研究重要膜受体的神经元转运机制及其生物学意义03表观遗传学、干细胞、胚胎发育、肿瘤发生发展机制研究04免疫细胞代谢05非编码RNA与肿瘤发生、RNA剪接调控、肿瘤靶向治疗06发育生物学07生殖生物学，细胞分裂①501英语②684医学分子生物学③925细胞生物学（专业课）同等学力加试：生物类：1.细胞生物学2.分子生物学医学类：1.内科学 2.外科学071010生物化学与分子生物学01退行性疾病分子机制和药物发展02肿瘤的生化代谢与分子生物学03蛋白质翻译后修饰与细胞信号转导04糖脂代谢05胆固醇代谢与疾病①501英语②763细胞生物学（基础课）③561生物化学与分子生物学（医）同等学力加试：生物类：1.细胞生物学2.分子遗传学医学类1.内科学2.外科学085273生物与医药①401英语（药学）②281药品生产与质量控制管理同等学力加试任选两门：1.高等有机化学 2.分析化学3.药理学③381制药工艺与设计100101人体解剖与组织胚胎学01肿瘤发生、转移的调控机制和临床转化研究02神经发育与神经再生03神经发育相关疾病①501英语②684医学分子生物学或682生理学（基础课）③01-02方向：562人体解剖学（专业课）；03方向：926组织学与胚胎学（专业课）同等学力加试：生物类：1.细胞生物学2.分子生物学医学类：1.内科学2.外科学100102免疫学01代谢免疫02肿瘤免疫03肝脏疾病与免疫04天然免疫识别和应答的分子机05自身免疫病的免疫学发生机制①501英语②684医学分子生物学③927医学免疫学（专业课）同等学力加试：生物类：1.细胞生物学2.分子生物学医学类：1.内科学2.外科学100103病原生物学01病原感染与肿瘤02消化道菌群与健康①501英语②684医学分子生物学③928医学微生物学（医）同等学力加试：生物类：1.细胞生物学2.分子生物学医学类：1.内科学2.外科学100104病理学与病理生理学01前列腺癌和乳腺癌的发生机制和临床转化的研究02肿瘤耐药、肿瘤转移及分子调节03心血管疾病的细胞和分子机制研究①501英语②764组织学与胚胎学（基础课）③01-02方向：563病理学（专业课）；03方向：568病理生理学（专业课）同等学力加试：1.内科学2.外科学1001Z1医学基础药理学01分子与细胞药理学①501英语②684医学分子生物学③930药理学同等学力加试：生物类：1.细胞生物学2.分子生物学医学类：1.内科学 2.外科学100201内科学01心血管病02血液病03呼吸系病04消化系病05内分泌与代谢病06肾病①501英语②689病理生理学（基础课）③01方向：931内科学（心血管病）；02方向：933内科学（血液病）；03方向：934内科学（呼吸系病）04方向：932内科学（消化系病）；05方向：935内科学（内分泌与代谢病）；06方向：937内科学（肾病）同等学力加试任选两门：1.医学分子生物学2.肿瘤病理学3.医学免疫学100202儿科学01小儿外科02小儿内科①501英语②689病理生理学（基础课）③01方向：950小儿外科学02方向：941儿科学同等学力加试任选两门：1.医学分子生物学2.肿瘤病理学3.医学免疫学100204神经病学01脑血管病与老年期痴呆02老年性神经退行性病变03神经免疫学04阿尔茨海默病05癫痫和睡眠障碍06神经系统感染和免疫疾病07神经遗传代谢和神经肌肉①501英语②684医学分子生物学③942神经病学同等学力加试任选两门：1.医学分子生物学2.肿瘤病理学3.医学免疫学100206皮肤病与性病学01感染性皮肤病02自身免疫性皮肤病03银屑病的基础研究04皮肤美容激光的基础与临床研究05皮肤干细胞研究①501英语②765医学免疫学（基础课）③947皮肤病与性病学同等学力加试：1.医学分子生物学2.肿瘤病理学100207影像医学与核医学01神经放射学02心血管影像、消化道影像03超声诊断与介入超声学04腹部①501英语②687病理学（基础课）；③01-06方向：943影像医学07方向：944核医学同等学力加试：1.医学分子生物学2.断层解剖学疾病影像诊断及纳米诊疗一体化研究05断层影像解剖学06功能神经影像学07分子核医学100208临床检验诊断学01临床免02肿瘤免疫与分子生物学03生物标志物与肿瘤诊断04临床细胞免疫05微血管医学06肿瘤免疫及免疫耐受微环境的研究07肿瘤耐药与精准用药标志物①501英语②765医学免疫学（基础课）③565临床生化同等学力加试：1.医学分子生物学2.医学免疫学100210外科学01普外02骨外03泌尿外04胸外05神外06整形07烧伤①501英语②686人体解剖学(基础课)③01方向：945外科学（普外02方向：948外科学（骨外）03方向：949外科学（泌尿外）04方向：566外科学（胸外）05方向：951外科学（神外）06方向：967外科学（整形）07方向：954外科学（烧伤）同等学力加试：1.肿瘤病理学2.断层解剖学金星教授仅接收硕博连读生100211妇产科学01妇科肿瘤的诊治及分子生物学研究02生殖医学03妇产内分泌学04妇科肿瘤05高危妊娠防治、产前诊断06妇科恶性肿瘤、宫颈癌及其癌前病变的基础与临床研究07妇科肿瘤、妇科微创08子宫内膜异位症子宫腺疾病09 妇科肿瘤、妇科微创及子宫内膜异位症10妇科内分泌，辅助生殖技术11妇科肿瘤疾病临床诊治及靶向治疗研究①501英语②687病理学(基础课)③955妇产科学同等学力加试：1.医学分子生物学2.断层解剖学100212眼科学01角膜病、白内障02玻璃体视网膜疾病及眼肿瘤①501英语②691五官应用解剖③956眼科学同等学力加试：1.医学分子生物学2.断层解剖学100213耳鼻咽喉科学01耳科学、耳神经外科学、颅底外科学02鼻科学03变态反应学①501英语②687病理学(基础课)③957耳鼻咽喉科学同等学力加试：1.医学分子生物学2.断层解剖学100214肿瘤学01肿瘤放射治疗的基础与临床研究02肿瘤化疗和肿瘤分子生物学03肿瘤免疫与肿瘤生物治疗04神经肿瘤细胞生物学及临床转化医学①501英语②687病理学(基础课)③559肿瘤学同等学力加试：1.医学分子生物学2.断层解剖学100215康复医学与理疗学01神经性疼痛的机制和治疗02骨骼肌肉系统疾病的康复①501英语②686人体解剖学(基础课)③560康复医学同等学力加试：1.医学分子生物学2.断层解剖学100217麻醉学01围术期脏器保护02麻醉对免疫功能的影响03围术期心肌保护04麻醉对循环功能的影响05慢性疼痛病因机制研究06长效镇痛抗炎药物研究07术中低温机制与防治08呼吸道梗阻检测仪器研究09神经病理性疼痛的机制与临床研究①501英语②695药理学（基础课）③929麻醉学同等学力加试任选两门：1.病理生理学 2.内科学3.局部解剖学100218急诊医学01急危重心血管病02心肺脑复苏和多脏器官功能障碍03急性心血管病，心肺脑复苏①501英语②689病理生理学（基础课）③577急诊医学同等学力加试任选两门：1.医学分子生物学2.肿瘤病理学3.医学免疫学1002Z1全科医学01不区分研究方向仅招收硕博连读生100301口腔基础医学01口腔组织学与病理学①501英语②718口腔基础综合③952口腔生物学同等学力加试：1.口腔组织病理学2.口腔解剖生理学在职申请/攻读硕士学位加试任选一门100302口腔临床医学01口腔颌面外科学02口腔正畸学03口腔内科学①501英语②718口腔基础综合③01方向：953口腔颌面外科学02方向：965口腔正畸学03方向：964口腔内科学同等学力加试：1.口腔组织病理学2.口腔解剖生理学在职申请/攻读硕士学位加试任选一门。
病理生理各校考博真题
本人在网内收集各校考博真题,全是园子里的,以利考生复习用,如果能加分,希望加分,谢谢!2005年中山医大病生试题：一，名词解释：1。
肺性脑病(英文)2。
非少尿型3。
凋亡(英文)4。
过热(英文)二，问答题1。
试述应激反应时下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺激活的生物学效应(利及敝) 2。
述肝性脑病时氨基酸失衡的原因和引起肝昏迷的机制。
3。
为何革兰氏阴性菌感染易引起4。
晚期休克引起呼吸衰竭的机制2007交名解12345678简答1、劳力性呼吸困难的原因、机制2、缺血再灌注组织局部白细胞增多、聚集？？？的机制3、？失活及癌细胞发生的关系4、时下降的原因、机制问号这个地方有三个字当时抄的潦草，不认识了。
2007山东大学病生试题：非病理生理专业做1-10题。
病理生理专业做3-12题1. 请列举基因突变的类型；2. 信号转导发生的机制及环节；3. 缺血再灌注损伤时自由基生成增多的主要机制；4. 血液性缺氧的原因及血氧参数变化；5. 发热的时相及各相热代谢的特点；6. 应激及心脑血管疾病的关系；7. 代谢性碱中毒时机体的代偿机制及血气变化的特点；8. 低钠血症的病因和发病机制；9. 心力衰竭时心肌代谢障碍的主要机制；10.休克缺血缺氧期和淤血缺氧期血压变化的主要特点和机制；11.简述肺通气血流比值失调时血气变化及呼吸衰竭的发病关系；12.肾功能衰竭时肾脏内分泌功能的改变及机制1.2006博士全国统考病生试题（回忆版选择题40分单选30分Ｂ型选择4分Ｘ型选择6分简答题20分1.影响组织液生成的影响因素2.急性肾衰出现什么类型的钾代谢紊乱，为什么？3.肝功能受损，激活的星形细胞的变化？4.为什么弥散功能障碍时只有2的降低，2无变化？论述题40分1.急性肾衰少尿的机制2.长期高血压导致心衰的机制3.严重感染导致ＤＩＣ的机制协和医科大学2005年病理生理学（博士）一、名词解释：每题3分，共30分。
1.热休克蛋白：2.发热及过热3.细胞凋亡4.粘附分子5.二氧化碳结合力6.肺性脑病7.一氧化氮合酶8.丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶（）9.红细胞生成素10.多器官功能衰竭二、是非题：每题1分，共10分1.临床上使用利尿剂，在利尿过程中均有钾的大量排出。
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二、问答题 1、 慢性萎缩性胃炎的组织学病理特征 2、 梅毒的病理特征 3、 风湿病的病理特征 4、 霍奇金淋巴瘤的组织学分类和免疫表型 5、 野生型 P53 基因和突变 P53 基因的功能 原发性肺结核的结局。 6、 引起成人和儿童肾病综合征的病并描述病理特点。
三、试述题 1、 肿瘤的免疫治疗靶点，如何检测和意义。 2、 肝硬化引起门脉高压的机制。 3、 乳腺癌 ER PR HER2 如何检测，意义。
攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 卷
医学考博真题试卷
山东大学医学院
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2019 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释 1、 血栓机化 2、ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ桥接坏死 3、 微卫星不稳定性 4、 炎症介质 5、 早期胃癌 6、 肺肉质变