山东大学考博试题(记忆版,来自dxy)

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山东大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析

山东大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction,in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject,Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies.As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle’s recent work,for example,judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards,rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological,and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction,however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all,is there a sufficient reason,other than the facial identity of the authors,to group together works by Black authors? Second,how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous?Rosenblatt showsthat Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable,coherent literary tradition.Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years,he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology.These structures are thematic,and they spring,not surprisingly,from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity;he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works—yet his reluctance seems misplaced,especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance,some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect,or are the authors working out of,or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition,the style of some Black novels,like Jean Toomer’s Cane,verges on expressionism or surrealism;does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted,a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions,what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study.Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,bringing to our attention in theprocess some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with[A]evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism.[B]comparing various critical approaches to a subject.[C]discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism.[D]summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism.2.The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt[A]evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction.[B]attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors.[C]explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history.[D]assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically.3.The author’s discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as[A]pedantic and contentious.[B]critical but admiring.[C]ironic and deprecating.[D]argumentative but unfocused.4.The author of the text employs all of the following in the discussion of Rosenblatt’s book EXCEPT:[A]rhetorical questions.[B]specific examples.[C]comparison and contrast.[D]definition of terms.5.The author of the text refers to James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an ExColored Man most probably in order to[A]point out affinities between Rosenblatt’s method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism.[B]clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage.[C]qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt’s book made in the first paragraph of the passage.[D]give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt’s work.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】A【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。

山东大学外科学(普外)2012年考博真题试卷

1、腹部闭合性损伤时，小肠破裂及结肠破裂的临床表现及手术原则有何不同？
2、手术预防性应用抗菌药的原则。
二、简答题（10分*6）
1、肿瘤ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ术切除的原则；
2、肝外胆管结石所致的胆管炎与急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎临床表现有何不同？
3、如何做直腿抬高实验及加强实验，及其阳性标准？
4、下肢深静脉血栓治疗的方法选择。
5、甲状腺癌病理类型及其特点。
6、左半结肠癌及右半结肠癌临床表现、治疗原则。
三、论述题（11分*2）
山东大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
山东大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（普外）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（3分*6）
1、血管源性休克；2、纵隔扑动；3、倾倒综合征；4、腕管综合症；5、克罗恩病；6、TIPS。

山东大学考博英语部分试题及参考答案详解

2015年山东大学考博英语部分试题完形填空A recent poll indicated that half the teenagers in the United States believe that communication between them and their parents is__1__and further that one of the prime causes of this gap is __2__listening behavior. As a(an)__3__ in point，one parent believed that her daughter had a severe__4__problem. She was so __5__that she took her to an audiologist to have her ear tested. The audiologist carefully tested both ears and reported back to the parent：“There‘s nothing wrong with her hearing. She’s just __6__you out.”A leading cause of the __7__divorce rate(more than half of all marriages end in divorce)is the failure of husbands and wives to __8__effectively. They don‘t listen to each other. Neither person__9__to the actual message sent by the other.In __10__fashion，political scientists report that a growing number of people believe that their elected and __11__officials are out of__12__with the constituents they are supposedly __13__. Why?Because they don‘t believe that they listen to them. In fact，it seems that sometimes our politicians don’t even listen to themselves. The following is a true story：At anational__14__conference held in Albuquerque some years ago，then Senator Joseph Montoyawas__15__a copy of a press release by a press aide shortly before he got up before the audience to__16__ a speech. When he rose to speak，__17__the horror of the press aide and the__18__of his audience，Montoya began reading the press release，not his speech. He began，“For immediate release. Senator Joseph M. Montoya，Democrat of New Mexico，last night told the National……”Montoya read the entire six-page release，__19__ with the statement that he“was repeatedly __20__by applause.”1.[A] scarce [B] little [C] rare [D] poor2.[A] malignant [B] deficient [C] ineffective [D] feeble3.[A] case [B] example [C] lesson [D] suggestion4.[A] audio [B] aural [C] hearing [D] listening5.[A] believing [B] convinced [C] assured [D] doubtless6.[A] turning [B] tuning [C] tucking [D] tugging7.[A] rising [B] arising [C] raising [D] arousing8.[A] exchange [B] interchange [C] encounter [D] interact9.[A] relates [B] refers [C] responds [D] resorts10.[A] like [B] alike [C] likely [D] likewise11.[A] nominated [B] selected [C] appointed [D] supported12.[A] connection [B] reach [C] association [D] touch13.[A] leading [B] representing [C]delegating [D] supporting14.[A] legislative [B] legitimate [C] legalized [D] liberal15.[A] distributed [B] awarded [C] handed [D] submitted16.[A] present [B] publish [C] deliver [D] pursue17.[A] to [B] with [C] for [D] on18.[A] joy [B] enjoyment [C] amusement [D] delight19.[A] conclude [B] to conclude [C] concluding [D] concluded20.[A] disrupted [B] interfered [C] interrupted [D] stopped阅读理解第一篇I’ve been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction(区别)and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.” In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goal is to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you’ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway through your available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.1 When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind “cannot work in parallel” inthe writing process, he meansA．one cannot use them at the same time B．they cannot be regarded as equally important C．they are in constant conflict with each other D．no one can be both creative and critical2 What prevents people from writing on isA．putting their ideas in raw form B．ignoring grammatical soundnessC．attempting to edit as they write D．trying to capture fleeting thoughts3 What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing?A．To organize one’s thoughts logically. B．To get one’s ideas down.C．To choose an appropriate topic. D．To collect raw materials.4 One common concern of writers about “free writing” is thatA．it overstresses the role of the creative mind B．it does not help them to think clearly C．it may bring about too much criticism D．it takes too much time to edit afterwards5 In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process?A．It allows him to sit on the side and observe. B．It helps him to come up with new ideas. C．It saves the writing time available to him. D．It improves his writing into better shape.第二篇 2002年1月六级"The world's environment is surprisingly healthy. Discuss." If that were an examination topic, most students would tear it apart, offering a long list of complaints: from local smog ( 烟雾 )to global climate change, from the felling ( 砍伐 ) of forests to the extinction of species. The list would largely be accurate, the concern legitimate. Yet the students who should be given the highest marks would actually be those who agreed with the statement. The surprise is how good things are, not how bad.After all, the world's population has more than tripled during this century, and world output has risen hugely, so you would expect the earth itself to have been affected. Indeed, if people lived, consumed and produced things in the same way as they did in 1900 (or 1950, or indeed 1980), the world by now would be a pretty disgusting place: smelly, dirty, toxic and dangerous.But they don't. The reasons why they don't, and why the environment has not been mined, have to do with prices, technological innovation, social change and government regulation in re- sponse to popular pressure. That is why, today's environmental problems in the poor countries ought, in principle, to be solvable.Raw materials have not run out, and show no sign of doing so. Logically, one day they must: the planet is a finite place. Yet it is also very big, and man is very ingenious. What has happened is that every time a material seems to be running short, the price has risen and, in response, people have looked for new sources of supply, tried to find ways to use less of the material, or looked for a new substitute. For this reason prices for energy and for minerals have fallen in real temp3s during the century. The same is true for food. Prices fluctuate, in response to harvests, natural disasters and political instability; and when they rise, it takes some time before new sources of supply become available. But they always do, assisted by new famp3ing and crop technology. The long temp3 trend has been downwards.It is where prices and markets do not operate properly that this benign ( 良性的 ) trend begins to stumble, and the genuine problems arise. Markets cannot always keep the environment healthy. If no one owns the resource concerned, no one has an interest in conserving it or fostering it: fish is the best example of this.1. According to the author, most students________.A) believe the world's environment is in an undesirable conditionB) agree that the environment of the world is not as bad as it is thought to beC) get high marks for their good knowledge of the world's environmentD) appear somewhat unconcerned about the state of the world's environment2. The huge increase in world production and population ________.A) has made the world a worse place to live inB) has had a positive influence on the environmentC) has not significantly affected the environmentD) has made the world a dangerous place to live in3. One of the reasons why the long-temp3 trend of prices has been downwards is that________.A) technological innovation can promote social stabilityB) political instability will cause consumption to dropC) new famp3ing and crop technology can lead to overproductionD) new sources are always becoming available4. Fish resources are diminishing because________.A) no new substitutes can be found in large quantitiesB) they are not owned by any particular entityC) improper methods of fishing have mined the fishing groundsD) water pollution is extremely serious5. The primary solution to environmental problems is________.A) to allow market forces to operate properlyB) to curb consumption of natural resourcesC) to limit the growth of the world populationD) to avoid fluctuations in prices第三篇 2005年6月六级Low-level slash-and-burn farming doesn’t harm rainforest. On the contrary, it helps farmers and improves forest soils. This is the unorthodox view of a German soil scientist who has shown that burnt clearings in the Amazon, dating back more than 1,000 years, helped creates patches of rich, fertile soil that farmers still benefit from today.Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because they lack minerals and because the heat and heavy rainfall destroy most organic matter in the soils within four years of it reaching the forest floor. This means topsoil contains few of the ingredients needed for long-term successful farming. But Bruno Glaser, a soil scientist of the University of Bayreuth, has studied unexpected patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon. These soils contain lots of organic matter.Glaser has shown that most of this fertile organic matter comes from “ black carbon” --- the organic particles from camp fires and charred (烧成炭的) wood left over from thousands of years of slash-and-burn farming. “ The soils, known as Terra Preta, contained up to 70 times more black carbon than the surrounding soils,” says Glaser.Unburnt vegetation rots quickly, but black carbon persists in the soil for many centuries. Radiocarbon dating shows that the charred wood in Terra Preta soils is typically more than 1,000 years old.“Slash-and-burn farming can be good for soils provided it doesn’t completely burn all the vegetation, and leaves behind charred wood,” says Glaser. “It can be better than manure (粪肥).” Burning the forest just once can leave behind enough black carbon to keep the soil fertile for thousands of years. And rainforests easily regrow after small-scale clearing. Contrary to the conventional view that human activities damage the environment, Glaser says: “ Black carbon combines with human wastes is responsible for the richness of Terra Preta soils.”Terra Preta soils turn up in large patches all over the Amazon, where they are highly prized by farmers. All the patches fall within 500 square kilometers in the central Amazon. Glaser says the widespread presence of pottery (陶器) confirms the soil’s human origins.The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amazon have recovered so well from past periods of agricultural use that the regrowth has been mistaken by generations of biologists for “virgin” forest.During the past decade, researchers have discovered hundreds of large earth works deep in the jungle. They are up to 20 meters high and cover up to a square kilometer. Glaser claims that these earth works, built between AD 400 and 1400, were at the heart of urban civilizations managed to feed themselves.1. We learn from the passage that the traditional view of slash-and-burn farming is that _______.A) it does no harm to the topsoil of the rainforestB) it destroys rainforest soilsC) it helps improve rainforest soilsD) it diminishes the organic matter in rainforest soils2. Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because _________.A) the composition of the topsoil is rather unstableB) black carbon is washed away by heavy rainsC) organic matter is quickly lost due to heat and rainD) long-term farming has exhausted the ingredients essential to plant growth3. Glaser made his discovery by __________.A) studying patches of fertile soils in the central AmazonB) examining pottery left over by ancient civilizationsC) test-burning patches of trees in the central AmazonD) radiocarbon-dating ingredients contained in forest soils4. What does Glaser say about the regrowth of rainforest?A) They take centuries to regrow after being burnt.B) They cannot recover unless the vegetation is burnt completely.C) Their regrowth will be hampered by human habitation.D) They can recover easily after slash-and-burn farming5. From the passage it can be inferred that __________.A) human activities will do grave damage to rainforestsB) Amazon rainforest soils used to be the richest in the worldC) farming is responsible for the destruction of the Amazon rainforestsD) there once existed an urban civilization in the Amazon rainforests第四篇 2006年12月六级In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body's system for reacting to things that can harm us- the so-called fight-or-flight response. "An animal that can't detect danger can't stay alive," says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons(神经元) deep in the brain known as the amygdala (扁桃核).LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdala appraised a situation- I think this charging dog wants to bite me-and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three.This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know they're afraid. That is, as LeDoux says, "if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear."Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal human phenomenon: worry.That's not necessarily a bad thing, says Hallowell. "When used properly, worry is an incredible device," he says. After all, a little healthy worrying is okay if it leads to constructive action-like having a doctor look at that weird spot on your back.Hallowell insists, though, that there's a right way to worry. "Never do it alone, get the facts and then make a plan," he says. Most of us have survived a recession, so we're familiar with the belt-tightening strategies needed to survive a slump.Unfortunately, few of us have much experience dealing with the threat of terrorism, so it's been difficult to get facts about how we should respond. That's why Hallowell believes it was okay for people to indulge some extreme worries last fall by asking doctors for Cipro and buying gas masks.1. The "so-called fight-or-flight response" (Line2, Para. 1) refers to "________".A) the biological process in which human beings' sense of self-defense evolvesB) the instinctive fear human beings feel when faced with potential dangerC) the act of evaluating a dangerous situation and making a quick decisionD) the elaborate mechanism in the human brain for retrieving information2. Form the studies conducted by LcDoux we learn that __________.A) reactions of humans and animals to dangerous situations are often unpredictableB) memories of significant events enable people to control fear and distressC) people's unpleasant memories are derived from their feelings of fearD) the amygdale plays a vital part in human and animal responses to potential danger3.Form the passage we know that__________.A) a little worry will do us good if handled properlyB) a little worry will enable us to survive a recessionC) fear strengthens the human desire to survive dangerD) fear helps people to anticipate certain future events4. Which of the following is the best way to deal with your worries according to Hallowell?A) Ask for help-from the people around you.B) Use the belt-tightening strategies for survival.C) Seek professional advice and take action.D) Understand the situation and be fully prepared.5. In Hallowell's view, people's reaction to the terrorist threat last fall was _________.A) ridiculous B) understandable C) over-cautious D) sensiblePassage六选五How Poison Ivy WorksAccording to the American Academy of Dermatology, an estimated 10 to 50 million people in this country have an allergic reaction to poison ivy each year. Poison ivy is often very difficult to spot. It closely resembles several other common garden plants, and can also blend in with other plants and weeds. But if you come into contact with it, you'll soon know by the itchy, blistery rash that forms on your skin. Poison ivy is a red, itchy rash caused by the plant that bears its name. Many people get it when they are hiking or working in their garden and accidentally come into direct contact with the plant's leaves, roots, or stems. The poison ivy rash often looks like red lines, and sometimes it forms blisters.1. ______About 85 percent of people are allergic to the urushiol in poison ivy, according to the American Academy of Dermatology. Only a tiny amount of this chemical -- 1 billionth of a gram -- is enough to cause a rash in many people. Some people may boast that they've been exposed to poison ivy many times and have never gotten the rash, but that doesn't necessarily mean they're not allergic. Sometimes the allergy doesn't emerge until you've been exposed several times, and some people develop a rash after their very first exposure. It may take up to ten days for the rash to emerge the first time.2. ______Here are some other ways to identify the poison ivy plant. It generally grows in a cluster of low, weed-like plants or a woody vine which can climb trees or fences. It is most often found in moist areas, such as riverbanks, woods, and pastures. The edges of the leaves are generally smooth or have tiny "teeth". Their color changes based on the season -- reddish in the spring; green in the summer; and yellow, orange, or red in the fall. Its berries are typically white.3. ______The body's immune system is normally in the business of protecting us from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign invaders that can make us sick. But when urushiol from the poison ivy plant touches the skin, it instigates an immune response, called dermatitis, to what would otherwise be a harmless substance. Hay fever is another example of this type of response; in the case of hay fever, the immune system overreacts to pollen, or another plant-produced substance.4. ______The allergic reaction to poison ivy is known as delayed hypersensitivity. Unlike immediate hypersensitivity, which causes an allergic reaction within minutes of exposure to an antigen, delayed hypersensitivity reactions don't emerge for several hours or even days after the exposure.5. ______In the places where your skin has come into contact with poison ivy leaves or urushiol, within one to two days you'll develop a rash, which will usually itch, redden, burn, swell, and form blisters. The rash should go away within a week, but it can last longer. The severity of the reaction often has to do with how much urushiol you've touched. The rash may appear sooner in some parts of the body than in others, but it doesn't spread -- the urushiol simply absorbs into the skin at different rates in different parts of the body. Thicker skin such as the skin on the soles of your feet, is harder to penetrate than thinner skin on your arms and legs.A Because urushiol is found in all parts of the poison ivy plant -- the leaves, stems, and roots -- it's best to avoid the plant entirely to prevent a rash. The trouble is, poison ivy grows almost everywhere in the United States (with the exception of the Southwest, Alaska, and Hawaii), so geography won't help you. The general rule to identify poison ivy, "leaflets three, let it be," doesn't always apply. Poison ivy usually does grow in groups of three leaves, with a longer middle leaf -- but it can also grow with up to nine leaves in a group.B Most people don't have a reaction the first time they touch poison ivy, but develop an allergic reaction after repeated exposure. Everyone has a different sensitivity, and therefore a slightly different reaction, to poison ivy. Sensitivity usually decreases with age and with repeated exposures to the plant.C Here's how the poison ivy response occurs. Urushiol makes its way down through the skin, where it is metabolized, or broken down. Immune cells called T lymphocytes (or T-cells) recognize the urushiol derivatives as a foreign substance, or antigen. They send out inflammatory signals called cytokines, which bring in white blood cells. Under orders from the cytokines, these white blood cells turn into macrophages. The macrophages eat foreign substances, but in doing so they also damage normal tissue, resulting in the skin inflammation that occurs with poison ivy.D Poison ivy's cousins, poison oak and poison sumac, each have their own unique appearance. Poison oak grows as a shrub (one to six feet tall). It is typically found along the West Coast and in the South, in dry areas such as fields, woodlands, and thickets. Like poison ivy, the leaves of poison oak are usually clustered in groups of three. They tend to be thick, green, and hairy on both sides. Poison sumac mainly grows in moist, swampy areas in the Northeast, Midwest, and along the Mississippi River. It is a woody shrub made up of stems with rows of seven to thirteen smooth-edged leaflets.E The culprit behind the rash is a chemical in the sap of poison ivy plants called urushiol. Its name comes from the Japanese word "urushi", meaning lacquer. Urushiol is the same substance that triggers an allergic reaction when people touch poison oak and poison sumac plants. Poison ivy, Eastern poison oak, Western poison oak, and poison sumac are all members of the same family -- Anacardiaceae.F Call your doctor if you experience these more serious reactions:Pus around the rash (which could indicate an infection).A rash around your mouth, eyes, or genital area.A fever above 100 degrees.A rash that does not heal after a week.2015年山大考博英语真题部分答案完形填空答案及翻译：1.D2.B3.A4.C5.B6.B7.A8.D9.C 10.A11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.C 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.C 20.C最近的一项民意测验显示：美国一半的青少年认为他们与父母的交流不好，而且造成这种隔阂的一个首要原因是有不理想的倾听行为。

山东大学肿瘤学2007--2017年考博真题

7.霍奇金淋巴瘤分期
8.食管癌UICC分段及影像学改变
9.肺癌的综合治疗
10.食管癌并发症处理
11.早期乳腺癌病理类型及特点
12.靶向治疗进展
13.蛋白质组学在肿瘤研究中的应用
14.肿瘤外科治疗及地位
15.现代放射技术进展
2008
1.切取活检注意事项
2.化疗四度骨髓抑制合并严重感染的处理
3.三围是形放疗的定义及好处
2、放射治疗技术的进展。
2012
HPV PSA SRS SAD GTV IGRT凋亡获得性细胞免疫治疗基因治疗原位癌
1.早期乳腺癌手术及放疗适应症
2.肿瘤侵袭相关因素
3.DC抗肿瘤机制
4.细胞周期及放射敏感是想
5.食管癌放疗副作用及处理
6.乳腺癌治疗原则及内分泌治疗策略
7.现代放疗技术新进展
2013
3.试述肿瘤现代放射治疗技术进展。（10分）
山东大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：肿瘤学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1. Lnc RNA
2. Tumor marker
3. hyperfractionation accelerated radiation
4. Tumor multidrug resistance
5.TNM staging
6.hypomethlation
7.proteomics
8.Horner syndrom
9.AFP
10.cancer gene therapy
二、简答题
1.癌基因与抑癌基因的激活方式。
2.放疗与化疗联合模式及优点。

山东大学博士研究生入学考试分子生物学历试题

山东大学博士研究生入学考试分子生物学专业考题1999年名词解释（任选10个，共20分）逆转座子C值悖理半不连续DNA复制GT－AT规律魔斑RNA编辑反式作用因子顺式作用元件基因沉默副密码子拼接体调控密码基因放大简要回答以下问题（任选10题，共60分）组蛋白和非组蛋白的主要特点是什么？SOS修复为什么会导致倾向差错性突变？真核生物mRNA的帽子有几类？其名称和特点是什么?增强子有哪些特征？放线菌酮和氯霉素对蛋白质合成的抑制作用有何不同？各有何用途？真核生物结构基因5‘启动区上游远端顺式作用元件可以采用何种方式参与该基因的表达调控？杂交阻断翻译何杂交释放翻译的原理是什么?RFLP 和RAPD 的原理是什么？DDRT－PCR和phage display 的原理是什么？Tyl/copia因子在真核生物基因组中可能的作用是什么？什么叫核酶？从核酶入手，谈谈对生命进化过程中RNA世界假说的认识？大肠杆菌DNA复制所需RNA引物的合成及组织的起始过程如何？论述题选做其一（20分）试从淋巴细胞分化中DNA重排说明产生免疫球蛋白分子多样性的机理?从真核生物断裂基因mRNA的加工过程说明真核生物基因表达的复杂性？2000年名词解释（20分，12题中任选10题）D－loop 端粒酶GT－AG规律严谨反应RNA饱和杂交试验同型异位突变α－互补作用组织相容性复合体（MHC）Southern－Western blot 朊病毒Cot1/2 YAC载体二．简要回答以下问题（48分，10题中选做8题）1．信号肽与前导肽有何区别？2．何为顺式作用元件？试举例说明3．何为蛋白质剪辑？试举例说明4．原癌基因可通过哪些机制的活化而导致癌变？5．DNA复制与蛋白质合成各用什么机制维持其合成的忠实性？6．什么是基因打靶？其原理是什么？7．Lac＋大肠杆菌转入含Lac的培养基中，Lac操纵子如何开启？加入葡萄糖之后，情况又如何？8．何为生物孵化器？动物乳腺作为孵化器有何优点？9．欲研究一个反式蛋白因子（Trans－activator）与某基因5‘端启动子区接合部位的序列。

山东大学肿瘤学2007--2017年考博真题

4. Tumor multidrug resistance
5.TNM staging
6.hypomethlation
7.proteomics
8.Horner syndrom
9.AFP
10.cancer gene therapy
二、简答题
1.癌基因与抑癌基因的激活方式。
2.放疗与化疗联合模式及优点。
3.表观遗传分子标志物的优缺点。
1、名解
IMRT,Brach therapy,EBV,GTV,N eo adjuvtchemotherapy
2、简答
各种肿瘤浸润的特点。
非霍奇金淋巴瘤的分期。
细胞凋亡的检测方法。
分次放疗的理论基础。
2、论述
术前放疗和术后放疗的优缺点。
肿瘤早期发现的途径和意义。
山东大学
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
2011
一、名词解释
1、凋亡
2、NK细胞
3、EGFR
4、IL-2
5、P53基因
6、IGRT
7、After loading
8、Dendritic cell
二、问答
1、非霍奇金淋巴瘤的治疗原则。
2、细胞因子抗肿瘤的机制。
3、临床剂量学原则。
4、内外照射的区别。
5、实验设计的原则。
三、论述
1、促进癌症发生发展的因素。
3.试述肿瘤现代放射治疗技术进展。（10分）
山东大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：肿瘤学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1. Lnc RNA
2. Tumor marker

山东大学考博历年西方经济学试题

山东大学历年经济学博士入学试题2001年经济学博士入学试题一、计算题1、设要素X2和X1之间的技术替代率为－4，如果要使产量保持不变，但X1的使用量又减少了3个单位，请问需要增加多少单位的X2。

（5分）2、垄断厂商有一条用D（P）＝10P-3表示的需求曲线，它的成本函数为C（y）=2y，它的最优产量水平和价格是多少？（5分）3、设法定准备率r＝20％。

某商业银行自愿保存5％的超额准备金。

若这个商业银行接收100万存款，由此创造的银行货币和存款乘数各是多少？（5分）二、论述你所知道的西方学者提出的各种消费函数理论，并给予评析。

（30分）三、论述福利经济学的第一原理和第二原理，给出帕累托最优的条件，并加以评论。

（25分）四、论国有企业产权改革与制度创新的不同模式及其利弊。

（15分）五、论当前中国工业化所处的阶段及其面对的主要矛盾。

（15分）2002年经济学博士入学试题一、消费者最初遇到的预算线P1X1+P2X2=m,随后商品1的价格提高了一倍，商品2的价格提高了7倍，收入增加了3倍，根据原来的价格和收入写出新预算线的方程。

（5分）二、设一个厂商使用几种投入n>2，对于一个既定的产出水平，关于要素价格变化△W i和要素变化△X i，显示的成本最小化原理导出什么不等式？（5分）三、假定有两家厂商，他们面临的是线性需求曲线P（Y）＝a-bY，每家厂商的边际成本不变为C，是求古诺均衡情况下的产量。

（5分）四、根据经济学原理，简明扼要讨论解决我国商品房交易中由于信息不对称造成的问题。

（10分）五、试说明委托－代理理论分析的基本框架（10分）六、试论述浮动汇率下，货币政策对本国经济的作用。

（15分）七、试分析采用扩张性财政政策增加就业的机制和条件。

（20分）八、论述非公有制经济在我国社会主义市场经济中的地位和作用。

（15分）九、论述我国实现经济增长方式转变的必要性与途径。

（15分）2003年经济学博士入学试题1、芒代尔－弗莱明模型（固定汇率情形）2、委托－代理理论。

山东大学考博真题

山东大学考博真题2022年山东大学经济学院考博真题--经济学一、名词解释1、古诺模型和斯塔克尔伯格模型的比较2、社会福利函数理论3、新剑桥模型理论二、计算题2、已知生产函数：Y=K-0.2K^2，Y为人均产出，K为人均资本存量，平均储蓄倾向S=0.1，人口增长率=0.05，求：均衡资本--劳动比率；均衡人均储蓄；均衡人均消费；均衡人均产出。

三、论述题1、公共产品与私人产品相比有哪些特点？公共产品的这些特点怎样使其生产上的市场失灵？2、封闭经济与开放经济的国家宏观政策在操作上有哪些不同？开放经济下浮动汇率与固定汇率条件下货币政策有哪些不同？2022年山东大学博士考试现代经济学前沿试题1.论述新增长理论（内生增长理论）产生的原因和背景，并阐明其主要观点。

2.新凯恩斯主义的主要观点是什么？比较新凯恩斯主义与传统凯恩斯主义的异同。

3.论述孔多塞的投票悖论。

4.阐述非对称信息博弈论与微观经济学的发展，并论述信息经济学的主要观点。

5、论述2022年诺贝尔奖获得者的主要理论贡献。

6、论述诺斯与马克思关于制度变迁的主要内容。

7、用经济学理论（如克鲁格曼的萧条经济学、马克思的危机论、凯恩斯的经济学）解释当前的金融危机。

上述题目中1-4任选二题，5-7任选二题，每题25分。

95年一.名词解释(5某4)1边际替代率2资本边际效率3挤出效应4生产可能性曲线(边界)二.简答(15某2)1需求曲线一般是一条由左上方向右下方倾斜的曲线,但也有例外情况,,请举例说明至少三种特殊的需求曲线2.简述”有效需求原理”的基本内容三.论述(25某2)1作图并证明,非线性需求曲线上任何一点的需求价格弹性等于该点沿切线到横轴的距离与到纵轴的距离之比2试述LM曲线的推导过程并说明ISLM分析的意义96年一.名词解释(5某4)1规模收益2完全垄断3通货膨胀4法定准备率二.简答(15某2)1公开市场业务通过哪些传导机制来影响货币供应量2为什么说完全垄断市场是经济效率最底的市场三.论述(25某2)1完全竞争市场条件下厂商的短期均衡和长期均衡是如何实现的2为什么说国民收入流量的决定是宏观经济学的核心问题(试用二部门,三部门和四部门经济模型说明)97年一.名词解释(5某4)1需求收入弹性2等产量线3投资乘数4边际消费倾向二.简答(15某2)1无差异曲线主要有那些性质2如图所示,请说明IS-LM模型中从非均衡点A到均衡点E的调整过程三.论述(25某2)1试述购买替代品的最大效用原则2论述”内在稳定器”的主要内容和作用98年一名词解释（每题5分，共20分）1.替代效应2.机会成本3.加速原理4.边际消费倾向二简要回答下列问题（每题15分，共30分1.简述货币政策的基本问题和主要工具（手段）2.西方生产理论和市场理论所分析的中心问题各是什么？三论述下列问题（每题25分，共50分）1.试述垂直的总供给曲线所建立的假定前提并推导（画）出这条曲线。

山东大学研究生入学考试文物与博物馆专业试题精选全文

可编辑修改精选全文完整版
山东大学研究生入学考试文物与博物馆专业试题2013年
一、名词解释
1、裴李岗文化
2、良渚文化
3、下七垣文化
4、二里头遗址
5、釉陶
6、云冈石窟
7、陈列设计
8、博物馆智能建筑系统
9、网络博物馆10、经幢（顺序不一定对）
二、简答
1、元谋人及其文化特征。

2、列举四座东周列国都城的发掘内容。

3、西汉手工业的发展水平。

4、博物馆建筑设计的主要原则。

三、论述题
1、试述山东龙山文化的特征、内容。

2、试论殷墟的发掘、布局特点及学术意义。

3、唐三彩的特征、造型、分类及艺术成就。

4、博物馆建筑设计的主要原则。

2015年
一、名词解释
1、河姆渡遗址
2、妇好墓
3、黄肠题凑
4、牛河梁遗址
5、满城汉墓
6、镇墓兽
7、高昌古城
8、侯马盟书
9、《格古要论》10、
网络博物馆（记忆版，顺序不太确定）
二、简答
1、下川文化的特征。

2、西周文化中陶器的特征。

3、官窑瓷器。

4、博物馆观众研究包括哪些内容？
三、论述
1、山东龙山文化的特征。

2、二里头文化的特征及学术意义。

3、汉画像石墓的分布、内容及技艺。

4、评述目前热播的鉴宝类节目。

2023年山东大学古典文献学考博题

山东大学古典文献学考博题1.古代汉语2.先秦两汉文学3月22日上午古代汉语一、标点30分吳王夫差敗越于夫椒報檇李也遂入越越子以甲楯五千保于會稽使大夫種因吳大宰嚭以行成吳子將許之伍員曰不可臣聞之樹德莫如滋去疾莫如盡昔有過澆殺斟灌以伐斟鄩滅夏后相后緡方娠逃出自竇歸于有仍生少康焉為仍牧正惎澆能戒之澆使椒求之逃奔有虞為之庖正以除其害虞於是妻之以二姚邑諸綸有田一成有衆一旅能布其德而兆其謀以收夏衆撫其官職使女艾諜澆使季杼誘豷遂滅過戈復禹之績祀夏配天不失舊物今吳不如過而越大於少康或將豐之不亦難乎句踐能親而務施施不失人親不棄勞與我同壤而世為仇讐於是乎克而弗取將又存之違天而長寇讐後雖悔之不可食已姬之衰也日可俟也介在蠻夷而長寇讐以是求伯必不行矣弗聽退而告人曰越十年生聚而十年敎訓二十年之外吳其為沼乎三月越及吳平吳入越不書吳不告慶越不告敗也二、翻译40分齊宣王問曰齊桓晉文之事可得聞乎孟子對曰仲尼之徒無道桓文之事者是以後世無傳焉臣未之聞也無以則王乎曰德何如則可以王矣曰保民而王莫之能禦也曰若寡人者可以保民乎哉曰可曰何由知吾可也曰臣聞之胡齕曰王坐於堂上有牽牛而過堂下者王見之曰牛何之對曰將以釁鐘王曰舍之吾不忍其觳觫若無罪而就死地對曰然則廢釁鐘與曰何可廢也以羊易之不識有諸曰有之曰是心足以王矣百姓皆以王為愛也臣固知王之不忍也王曰然誠有百姓者齊國雖褊小吾何愛一牛即不忍其觳觫若無罪而就死地故以羊易之也曰王無異於百姓之以王為愛也以小易大彼惡知之王若隠其無罪而就死地則牛羊何擇焉王笑曰是誠何心哉我非愛其財而易之以羊也宜乎百姓之謂我愛也曰無傷也是乃仁術也見牛未見羊也君子之於禽獸也見其生不忍見其死聞其聲不忍食其肉是以君子逺庖廚也三、文言文写作30分《隋书经籍志》曰: “汉时刘向《别录》、刘歆《七略》, 剖析条流, 各有其部, 推寻事迹, 疑则古之制也。

”请根据对这段话的理解, 写一篇文言文, 规定观点鲜明, 层次清楚, 符合文言行文规范。

不少于300字。

2021年山东大学考博英语部分试题及参考答案

2021年山东大学考博英语部分试题及参考答案2021年山东大学考博英语部分试题完形填空A recent poll indicated that half the teenagers in the United States believe that communication between them and their parents is__1__and further that one of the prime causes of this gap is __2__listening behavior. As a(an)__3__ in point，one parent believed that her daughter had a severe__4__problem. She was so __5__that she took her to an audiologist to have her ear tested. The audiologist carefully tested both ears and reported back to the parent：“There‘s nothing wrong with her hearing. She’s just __6__you out.”A leading cause of the __7__divorce rate(more than half of all marriages end in divorce)is the failure of husbands and wives to__8__effectively. They don‘t listen to each other. Neither person__9__to the actual message sent by the other.In __10__fashion，political scientists report that a growing number of people believe that their elected and __11__officials are outof__12__with the constituents they are supposedly __13__. Why?Because they don‘t believe that they listen to them. In fact，it seems that sometimes our politicians don’t even listen to themselves. The following is a true story：At a national__14__conference held in Albuquerque some years ago，then Senator Joseph Montoya was__15__a copy of a press release by a press aide shortly before he got up before the audience to__16__ a speech. When he rose to speak，__17__the horror of the press aide and the__18__of his audience，Montoya began reading the press release，not his speech. He began，“For immediate release. Senator Joseph M. Montoya，Democrat of New Mexico，last night told the National??”Montoya read theentire six-page release，__19__ with the statement that he“was repeatedly __20__by applause.” 1.[A] scarce [B] little [C] rare [D] poor2.[A] malignant [B] deficient [C] ineffective [D] feeble3.[A] case [B] example [C] lesson [D] suggestion4.[A] audio [B] aural [C] hearing [D] listening5.[A] believing [B] convinced [C] assured [D] doubtless6.[A] turning[B] tuning [C] tucking [D] tugging 7.[A] rising [B] arising [C] raising[D] arousing8.[A] exchange [B] interchange [C] encounter [D] interact 9.[A] relates[B] refers [C] responds [D] resorts 10.[A] like [B] alike [C] likely [D] likewise11.[A] nominated [B] selected [C] appointed [D] supported 12.[A] connection [B] reach [C] association [D] touch 13.[A] leading [B] representing [C]delegating [D] supporting 14.[A] legislative [B] legitimate [C] legalized [D] liberal 15.[A] distributed [B] awarded [C] handed [D] submitted 16.[A] present [B] publish [C] deliver [D] pursue17.[A] to [B] with [C] for [D] on18.[A] joy [B] enjoyment [C] amusement [D] delight19.[A] conclude [B] to conclude [C] concluding [D] concluded 20.[A] disrupted [B] interfered [C] interrupted [D] stopped 阅读理解第一篇 I’ve been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction(区别)and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying tocapture a fleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.” In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goal is to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen. Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you’ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway through your available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.1 When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind “cannot work in parallel” in the writing process, he means . A．one cannot use them at the same time B．they cannot be regarded as equally important C．they are in constant conflict with each other D．no one can be both creative and critical2 What prevents people from writing onis . A．putting their ideas in raw form B．ignoring grammatical soundness C．attempting to edit as they write D．trying tocapture fleeting thoughts 3 What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing?A．To organize one’s thoughts logically. B．To get one’s ideas down. C．To choose an appropriate topic. D．To collect raw materials.4 One common concern of writers about “free writing” isthat . A．it overstresses the role of the creative mind B．it does not help them to think clearly C．it may bring about too much criticism D．it takes too much time to edit afterwards 5 In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process?A．It allows him to sit on the side and observe. B．It helps him to come up with new ideas. C．It saves the writing time available to him. D．It improves his writing into better shape.第二篇 2002年1月六级\world's environment is surprisingly healthy. Discuss.\If that were an examination topic, most students would tear it apart, offering a long list of complaints: from local smog ( 烟雾 )to global climate change, from the felling ( 砍伐 ) of forests to the extinction of species. The list would largely be accurate, the concern legitimate. Yet the students who should be given the highest marks would actually be those who agreed with the statement. The surprise is how good things are, not how bad.After all, the world's population has more than tripled during this century, and world output has risen hugely, so you would expect the earth itself to have been affected. Indeed, if people lived, consumed and produced things in the same way as they did in 1900 (or 1950, or indeed 1980), the world by now would be a pretty disgusting place: smelly, dirty, toxic and dangerous. But they don't. The reasons why they don't, and why the environment has not been mined, have to do with prices, technological innovation, social change and government regulation in re-sponse to popular pressure. That is why, today's environmental problems in the poor countries ought, in principle, to be solvable.Raw materials have not run out, and show no sign of doing so. Logically, one day they must: the planet is a finite place. Yet it is also very big, and man is very ingenious. What has happened is that every time a material seems to be running short, the price has risen and, in response, people have looked for new sources of supply, tried to find ways to use less of the material, or looked for a new substitute. For this reason prices for energy and for minerals have fallen in real temp3s during the century. The same is true for food. Prices fluctuate, in response to harvests, natural disasters and political instability; and when they rise, it takes some time before new sources of supply become available. But they always do, assisted by new famp3ing and crop technology. The long temp3 trend has been downwards.It is where prices and markets do not operate properly that this benign ( 良性的 ) trend begins to stumble, and the genuine problems arise. Markets cannot always keep the environment healthy. If no one owns the resource concerned, no one has an interest in conserving it or fostering it: fish is the best example of this.1. According to the author, most students________.A) believe the world's environment is in an undesirable conditionB) agree that the environment of the world is not as bad as it is thought to be C) get high marks for their good knowledge of the world's environment D) appear somewhat unconcerned about the state of the world's environment 2. The huge increase in world production and population ________. A) has made the world a worse place to live in B) has had a positive influence on the environment C) has not significantly affected the environment D) has made the world a dangerous place to live in3. One of the reasons why the long-temp3 trend of prices has been downwards is that________. A) technological innovation can promote social stability B) political instability will cause consumption to drop C) new famp3ing and crop technology can lead to overproduction D) new sources are always becoming available4. Fish resources are diminishing because________. A) no new substitutes can be found in large quantitiesB) they are not owned by any particular entityC) improper methods of fishing have mined the fishing groundsD) water pollution is extremely serious5. The primary solution to environmental problems is________. A) to allow market forces to operate properly B) to curb consumption of natural resources C) to limit the growth of the world population D) to avoid fluctuations in prices第三篇 2005年6月六级Low-level slash-and-burn farming doesn’t harm rainforest. On the contrary, it helps farmers and improves forest soils. This is the unorthodox view of a German soil scientist who has shown that burnt clearings in the Amazon, dating back more than 1,000 years, helped creates patches of rich, fertile soil that farmers still benefit from today. Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because they lack minerals and because the heat and heavy rainfall destroy most organic matter in the soils within four years of it reaching the forest floor. This means topsoil contains few of the ingredients needed for long-term successful farming. But Bruno Glaser, a soil scientist of the University of Bayreuth, has studied unexpected patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon. These soils contain lots of organic matter.Glaser has shown that most of this fertile organic matter comes from “ black carbon” --- the organic particles from camp fires and charred (烧成炭的) wood left over from thousands of years of slash-and-burnfarming. “ The soils, known as Terra Preta, contained up to 70 times more black carbon than the surrounding soils,” says Glaser.Unburnt vegetation rots quickly, but black carbon persists in the soil for many centuries. Radiocarbon dating shows that the charred wood in Terra Preta soils is typically more than 1,000 years old.“Slash-and-burn farming can be good for soils provided it doesn’t completely burn all the vegetation, and leaves behind charred wood,”says Glaser. “It can be better than manure (粪肥).” Burning the forest just once can leave behind enough black carbon to keep the soil fertile for thousands of years. And rainforests easily regrow after small-scale clearing. Contrary to the conventional view that human activities damage the environment, Glaser says: “ Black carbon combines with human wastes is responsible for the richness of Terra Preta soils.”Terra Preta soils turn up in large patches all over the Amazon, where they are highly prized by farmers. All the patches fall within 500 square kilometers in the central Amazon. Glaser says the widespread presence of pottery (陶器) confirms the soil’s human origins.The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amazon have recovered so well from past periods of agricultural use that the regrowth has been mistaken by generations of biologists for “virgin”forest.During the past decade, researchers have discovered hundreds of large earth works deep in the jungle. They are up to 20 meters high and cover up to a square kilometer. Glaser claims that these earth works, built between AD 400 and 1400, were at the heart of urban civilizations managed to feed themselves.1. We learn from the passage that the traditional view of slash-and-burn farming is that _______. A) it does no harm to the topsoil of the rainforest B) it destroys rainforest soils C) it helps improve rainforest soilsD) it diminishes the organic matter in rainforest soils 2. Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because _________. A) the composition of the topsoil is rather unstable B) black carbon is washed away by heavy rainsC) organic matter is quickly lost due to heat and rainD) long-term farming has exhausted the ingredients essential to plant growth 3. Glaser made his discovery by __________.A) studying patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon B) examining pottery left over by ancient civilizations C) test-burning patches of trees in the central Amazon D) radiocarbon-dating ingredients contained in forest soils 4. What does Glaser say about the regrowth of rainforest?A) They take centuries to regrow after being burnt.B) They cannot recover unless the vegetation is burnt completely. C) Their regrowth will be hampered by human habitation. D) They can recover easily after slash-and-burn farming 5. From the passage it can be inferred that __________. A) human activities will do grave damage to rainforestsB) Amazon rainforest soils used to be the richest in the worldC) farming is responsible for the destruction of the Amazon rainforestsD) there once existed an urban civilization in the Amazon rainforests 第四篇 2006年12月六级In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body's system for reacting to things that can harm us- the so-called fight-or-flight response. \stay alive,\processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons(神经元) deep in the brain known as the amygdala (扁桃核).LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdalaappraised a situation- I think this charging dog wants to bite me-and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three.This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know they're afraid. That is, as LeDoux says, \system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear.\Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwireddanger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal human phenomenon: worry.。

山东大学2012-2015年马克思主义理论博士研究生入学考试真题

山东大学2012-2015年马克思主义理论
博士研究生入学考试真题
考试科目：马克思主义基本原理
试题：
2012年
1、论述马克思主义的实践观。

2、试述马克思主义的社会主义观。

2013年
1、马克思主义人的解放的思想及对当代启示。

2、马克思主义人与自然的思想及对当代启示。

2014年
1、试论马克思主义群众观的理论和实践的意义。

2、社会发展动力思想对理论和实践的意义。

3、从理论和实践上论马克思主义是发展着的理论。

2015年
1、试论马克思主义辩证思维的基本内容和实践要求。

2、论述全球化条件下当代资本主义的新变化及其原因。

考试科目：马克思主义中国化
试题：
2012年
3、马克思主义中国化理论体系的整体性。

4、试述文化软实力。

2013年
1、在理论与实践上，试论中国特色社会主义的发展规律。

2、试述中国的马克思主义大众化的历史经验。

2014年
1、试论马克思主义与中华民族传统文化相结合的必然性和客观途径。

2、论坚持中国特色社会主义道路自信的内涵、理论依据和现实基础。

3、联系实际论述中国共产党先进性建设的基本内容和实践要求。

2015年
1、试论中国特色社会主义的实践形态、理论形态、制度形态。

2、结合中国特色社会主义的历史发展，谈谈你对“办好中国的事情，关键在党”这一论断的认识。