山东大学考博英语2014年真题.doc
2014年山东大学博士研究生入学考试博士试题
2014年山东大学博士研究生入学考试博士试题第一篇：2014年山东大学博士研究生入学考试博士试题2014年山东大学博士研究生入学考试博士试题一、名词解释epicranial aponeurosis椎前筋膜iliotibial tract奇静脉肋膈隐窝二、面侧深区的境界及内容三、胸锁乳突肌区的境界及内容四、上纵隔的层级结构五、腹横筋膜和腹膜外筋膜的延续及临床意义六、盆筋膜壁层和盆筋膜壁层的配布七、肩关节及肩袖的组成八、胸部交感干的形成及节前节后纤维的走向九、上运动神经元和下运动神经元的鉴别十、肾筋膜的延续和临床意义第二篇：复旦大学博士研究生入学考试试题复旦大学——文史哲综合2004年博士研究生入学考试试题04复旦考博入学试题——文史哲综合名词解释（6*5）：魔幻现实主义；类书；玄言诗；“形而上”；词汇学；？填空（10*1’）：[古今中外都有，难度不大，关键是范围广，不易复习，感觉只能靠平时积累] 选择（15*1’）：[感觉与填空差不多，如1969诺贝尔文学奖获得者是哪一位？] 论述（8题选三，3*15’）：1、请对儒家的几个代表人物的思想说说你的看法及其现实意义；2、谈谈人文学科对于科技和经济的导向作用；3、试述“垮掉的一代”创作思潮的特点及其对于中国青年文学的影响；4、乾嘉学派在文献整理方面的成就；5、民族和国家的文化交流对古代文学的影响；复旦大学——文史哲专业2003年博士研究生入学考试试题2003复旦博士入学中文系、古籍所各专业文史哲试卷题目该卷适用于古代文学、文艺理论、比较文学、现当代文学、语言学、中国古典文献学等六个方向。
一、名词解释：（6*5=30分）相对真理文字资治通鉴新感觉派五经元杂剧二、填空（1*15=15分）1、反映论是----的认识论。
2、意识和物质的相互关系体现人的-------。
3、《文赋》和《诗品》作者4、乾嘉学派发生年代5。
同光体发生年代6。
三言是指7。
甲骨文以前的成体系文字是------8。
山东大学考博英语2014年真题
山东大学考博英语2014年真题(总分：95.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Grammar and Vocabulary (总题数：30，分数：15.00)1.Most good writers use every means at their ______ to make the reader"s way smooth and easy. （分数：0.50）A.willB.disposal √C.requestD.convenience解析：[解析] 固定搭配。
没有at one"s will的搭配，而是at will“任意，随意”；at one"s disposal“可自行支配”；at one"s request“应某人请求”；at one"s convenience“在某人方便时”。
根据句意，只有B项符合题意。
2.John was so ______ in his book that he did not hear the doorbell ring.（分数：0.50）A.engagedB.occupiedC.absorbed √D.concentrated解析：[解析] 近义词辨析。
absorbed“全神贯注的”，只用于表示精力的集中，多用作表语，有be absorbed in(全神贯注于)这样一个搭配；concentrated“决心要做的，全力以赴的，集中的，密集的，浓缩的”，多用作定语。
concentrated表示精力的集中之意时，侧重于表示决心。
根据句中的was so的结构，absorbed 更符合句意。
故答案为C。
3.Too much ______ to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.（分数：0.50）A.exposureB.disclosure √C.contactD.connection解析：[解析] 固定搭配。
山东大学考博英语部分试题及参考答案详解
2015年山东大学考博英语部分试题完形填空A recent poll indicated that half the teenagers in the United States believe that communication between them and their parents is__1__and further that one of the prime causes of this gap is __2__listening behavior. As a(an)__3__ in point，one parent believed that her daughter had a severe__4__problem. She was so __5__that she took her to an audiologist to have her ear tested. The audiologist carefully tested both ears and reported back to the parent：“There‘s nothing wrong with her hearing. She’s just __6__you out.”A leading cause of the __7__divorce rate(more than half of all marriages end in divorce)is the failure of husbands and wives to __8__effectively. They don‘t listen to each other. Neither person__9__to the actual message sent by the other.In __10__fashion，political scientists report that a growing number of people believe that their elected and __11__officials are out of__12__with the constituents they are supposedly __13__. Why?Because they don‘t believe that they listen to them. In fact，it seems that sometimes our politicians don’t even listen to themselves. The following is a true story：At anational__14__conference held in Albuquerque some years ago，then Senator Joseph Montoyawas__15__a copy of a press release by a press aide shortly before he got up before the audience to__16__ a speech. When he rose to speak，__17__the horror of the press aide and the__18__of his audience，Montoya began reading the press release，not his speech. He began，“For immediate release. Senator Joseph M. Montoya，Democrat of New Mexico，last night told the National……”Montoya read the entire six-page release，__19__ with the statement that he“was repeatedly __20__by applause.”1.[A] scarce [B] little [C] rare [D] poor2.[A] malignant [B] deficient [C] ineffective [D] feeble3.[A] case [B] example [C] lesson [D] suggestion4.[A] audio [B] aural [C] hearing [D] listening5.[A] believing [B] convinced [C] assured [D] doubtless6.[A] turning [B] tuning [C] tucking [D] tugging7.[A] rising [B] arising [C] raising [D] arousing8.[A] exchange [B] interchange [C] encounter [D] interact9.[A] relates [B] refers [C] responds [D] resorts10.[A] like [B] alike [C] likely [D] likewise11.[A] nominated [B] selected [C] appointed [D] supported12.[A] connection [B] reach [C] association [D] touch13.[A] leading [B] representing [C]delegating [D] supporting14.[A] legislative [B] legitimate [C] legalized [D] liberal15.[A] distributed [B] awarded [C] handed [D] submitted16.[A] present [B] publish [C] deliver [D] pursue17.[A] to [B] with [C] for [D] on18.[A] joy [B] enjoyment [C] amusement [D] delight19.[A] conclude [B] to conclude [C] concluding [D] concluded20.[A] disrupted [B] interfered [C] interrupted [D] stopped阅读理解第一篇I’ve been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction(区别)and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.” In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goal is to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you’ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway through your available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.1 When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind “cannot work in parallel” inthe writing process, he meansA．one cannot use them at the same time B．they cannot be regarded as equally important C．they are in constant conflict with each other D．no one can be both creative and critical2 What prevents people from writing on isA．putting their ideas in raw form B．ignoring grammatical soundnessC．attempting to edit as they write D．trying to capture fleeting thoughts3 What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing?A．To organize one’s thoughts logically. B．To get one’s ideas down.C．To choose an appropriate topic. D．To collect raw materials.4 One common concern of writers about “free writing” is thatA．it overstresses the role of the creative mind B．it does not help them to think clearly C．it may bring about too much criticism D．it takes too much time to edit afterwards5 In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process?A．It allows him to sit on the side and observe. B．It helps him to come up with new ideas. C．It saves the writing time available to him. D．It improves his writing into better shape.第二篇 2002年1月六级"The world's environment is surprisingly healthy. Discuss." If that were an examination topic, most students would tear it apart, offering a long list of complaints: from local smog ( 烟雾 )to global climate change, from the felling ( 砍伐 ) of forests to the extinction of species. The list would largely be accurate, the concern legitimate. Yet the students who should be given the highest marks would actually be those who agreed with the statement. The surprise is how good things are, not how bad.After all, the world's population has more than tripled during this century, and world output has risen hugely, so you would expect the earth itself to have been affected. Indeed, if people lived, consumed and produced things in the same way as they did in 1900 (or 1950, or indeed 1980), the world by now would be a pretty disgusting place: smelly, dirty, toxic and dangerous.But they don't. The reasons why they don't, and why the environment has not been mined, have to do with prices, technological innovation, social change and government regulation in re- sponse to popular pressure. That is why, today's environmental problems in the poor countries ought, in principle, to be solvable.Raw materials have not run out, and show no sign of doing so. Logically, one day they must: the planet is a finite place. Yet it is also very big, and man is very ingenious. What has happened is that every time a material seems to be running short, the price has risen and, in response, people have looked for new sources of supply, tried to find ways to use less of the material, or looked for a new substitute. For this reason prices for energy and for minerals have fallen in real temp3s during the century. The same is true for food. Prices fluctuate, in response to harvests, natural disasters and political instability; and when they rise, it takes some time before new sources of supply become available. But they always do, assisted by new famp3ing and crop technology. The long temp3 trend has been downwards.It is where prices and markets do not operate properly that this benign ( 良性的 ) trend begins to stumble, and the genuine problems arise. Markets cannot always keep the environment healthy. If no one owns the resource concerned, no one has an interest in conserving it or fostering it: fish is the best example of this.1. According to the author, most students________.A) believe the world's environment is in an undesirable conditionB) agree that the environment of the world is not as bad as it is thought to beC) get high marks for their good knowledge of the world's environmentD) appear somewhat unconcerned about the state of the world's environment2. The huge increase in world production and population ________.A) has made the world a worse place to live inB) has had a positive influence on the environmentC) has not significantly affected the environmentD) has made the world a dangerous place to live in3. One of the reasons why the long-temp3 trend of prices has been downwards is that________.A) technological innovation can promote social stabilityB) political instability will cause consumption to dropC) new famp3ing and crop technology can lead to overproductionD) new sources are always becoming available4. Fish resources are diminishing because________.A) no new substitutes can be found in large quantitiesB) they are not owned by any particular entityC) improper methods of fishing have mined the fishing groundsD) water pollution is extremely serious5. The primary solution to environmental problems is________.A) to allow market forces to operate properlyB) to curb consumption of natural resourcesC) to limit the growth of the world populationD) to avoid fluctuations in prices第三篇 2005年6月六级Low-level slash-and-burn farming doesn’t harm rainforest. On the contrary, it helps farmers and improves forest soils. This is the unorthodox view of a German soil scientist who has shown that burnt clearings in the Amazon, dating back more than 1,000 years, helped creates patches of rich, fertile soil that farmers still benefit from today.Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because they lack minerals and because the heat and heavy rainfall destroy most organic matter in the soils within four years of it reaching the forest floor. This means topsoil contains few of the ingredients needed for long-term successful farming. But Bruno Glaser, a soil scientist of the University of Bayreuth, has studied unexpected patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon. These soils contain lots of organic matter.Glaser has shown that most of this fertile organic matter comes from “ black carbon” --- the organic particles from camp fires and charred (烧成炭的) wood left over from thousands of years of slash-and-burn farming. “ The soils, known as Terra Preta, contained up to 70 times more black carbon than the surrounding soils,” says Glaser.Unburnt vegetation rots quickly, but black carbon persists in the soil for many centuries. Radiocarbon dating shows that the charred wood in Terra Preta soils is typically more than 1,000 years old.“Slash-and-burn farming can be good for soils provided it doesn’t completely burn all the vegetation, and leaves behind charred wood,” says Glaser. “It can be better than manure (粪肥).” Burning the forest just once can leave behind enough black carbon to keep the soil fertile for thousands of years. And rainforests easily regrow after small-scale clearing. Contrary to the conventional view that human activities damage the environment, Glaser says: “ Black carbon combines with human wastes is responsible for the richness of Terra Preta soils.”Terra Preta soils turn up in large patches all over the Amazon, where they are highly prized by farmers. All the patches fall within 500 square kilometers in the central Amazon. Glaser says the widespread presence of pottery (陶器) confirms the soil’s human origins.The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amazon have recovered so well from past periods of agricultural use that the regrowth has been mistaken by generations of biologists for “virgin” forest.During the past decade, researchers have discovered hundreds of large earth works deep in the jungle. They are up to 20 meters high and cover up to a square kilometer. Glaser claims that these earth works, built between AD 400 and 1400, were at the heart of urban civilizations managed to feed themselves.1. We learn from the passage that the traditional view of slash-and-burn farming is that _______.A) it does no harm to the topsoil of the rainforestB) it destroys rainforest soilsC) it helps improve rainforest soilsD) it diminishes the organic matter in rainforest soils2. Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because _________.A) the composition of the topsoil is rather unstableB) black carbon is washed away by heavy rainsC) organic matter is quickly lost due to heat and rainD) long-term farming has exhausted the ingredients essential to plant growth3. Glaser made his discovery by __________.A) studying patches of fertile soils in the central AmazonB) examining pottery left over by ancient civilizationsC) test-burning patches of trees in the central AmazonD) radiocarbon-dating ingredients contained in forest soils4. What does Glaser say about the regrowth of rainforest?A) They take centuries to regrow after being burnt.B) They cannot recover unless the vegetation is burnt completely.C) Their regrowth will be hampered by human habitation.D) They can recover easily after slash-and-burn farming5. From the passage it can be inferred that __________.A) human activities will do grave damage to rainforestsB) Amazon rainforest soils used to be the richest in the worldC) farming is responsible for the destruction of the Amazon rainforestsD) there once existed an urban civilization in the Amazon rainforests第四篇 2006年12月六级In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body's system for reacting to things that can harm us- the so-called fight-or-flight response. "An animal that can't detect danger can't stay alive," says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons(神经元) deep in the brain known as the amygdala (扁桃核).LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdala appraised a situation- I think this charging dog wants to bite me-and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three.This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know they're afraid. That is, as LeDoux says, "if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear."Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal human phenomenon: worry.That's not necessarily a bad thing, says Hallowell. "When used properly, worry is an incredible device," he says. After all, a little healthy worrying is okay if it leads to constructive action-like having a doctor look at that weird spot on your back.Hallowell insists, though, that there's a right way to worry. "Never do it alone, get the facts and then make a plan," he says. Most of us have survived a recession, so we're familiar with the belt-tightening strategies needed to survive a slump.Unfortunately, few of us have much experience dealing with the threat of terrorism, so it's been difficult to get facts about how we should respond. That's why Hallowell believes it was okay for people to indulge some extreme worries last fall by asking doctors for Cipro and buying gas masks.1. The "so-called fight-or-flight response" (Line2, Para. 1) refers to "________".A) the biological process in which human beings' sense of self-defense evolvesB) the instinctive fear human beings feel when faced with potential dangerC) the act of evaluating a dangerous situation and making a quick decisionD) the elaborate mechanism in the human brain for retrieving information2. Form the studies conducted by LcDoux we learn that __________.A) reactions of humans and animals to dangerous situations are often unpredictableB) memories of significant events enable people to control fear and distressC) people's unpleasant memories are derived from their feelings of fearD) the amygdale plays a vital part in human and animal responses to potential danger3.Form the passage we know that__________.A) a little worry will do us good if handled properlyB) a little worry will enable us to survive a recessionC) fear strengthens the human desire to survive dangerD) fear helps people to anticipate certain future events4. Which of the following is the best way to deal with your worries according to Hallowell?A) Ask for help-from the people around you.B) Use the belt-tightening strategies for survival.C) Seek professional advice and take action.D) Understand the situation and be fully prepared.5. In Hallowell's view, people's reaction to the terrorist threat last fall was _________.A) ridiculous B) understandable C) over-cautious D) sensiblePassage六选五How Poison Ivy WorksAccording to the American Academy of Dermatology, an estimated 10 to 50 million people in this country have an allergic reaction to poison ivy each year. Poison ivy is often very difficult to spot. It closely resembles several other common garden plants, and can also blend in with other plants and weeds. But if you come into contact with it, you'll soon know by the itchy, blistery rash that forms on your skin. Poison ivy is a red, itchy rash caused by the plant that bears its name. Many people get it when they are hiking or working in their garden and accidentally come into direct contact with the plant's leaves, roots, or stems. The poison ivy rash often looks like red lines, and sometimes it forms blisters.1. ______About 85 percent of people are allergic to the urushiol in poison ivy, according to the American Academy of Dermatology. Only a tiny amount of this chemical -- 1 billionth of a gram -- is enough to cause a rash in many people. Some people may boast that they've been exposed to poison ivy many times and have never gotten the rash, but that doesn't necessarily mean they're not allergic. Sometimes the allergy doesn't emerge until you've been exposed several times, and some people develop a rash after their very first exposure. It may take up to ten days for the rash to emerge the first time.2. ______Here are some other ways to identify the poison ivy plant. It generally grows in a cluster of low, weed-like plants or a woody vine which can climb trees or fences. It is most often found in moist areas, such as riverbanks, woods, and pastures. The edges of the leaves are generally smooth or have tiny "teeth". Their color changes based on the season -- reddish in the spring; green in the summer; and yellow, orange, or red in the fall. Its berries are typically white.3. ______The body's immune system is normally in the business of protecting us from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign invaders that can make us sick. But when urushiol from the poison ivy plant touches the skin, it instigates an immune response, called dermatitis, to what would otherwise be a harmless substance. Hay fever is another example of this type of response; in the case of hay fever, the immune system overreacts to pollen, or another plant-produced substance.4. ______The allergic reaction to poison ivy is known as delayed hypersensitivity. Unlike immediate hypersensitivity, which causes an allergic reaction within minutes of exposure to an antigen, delayed hypersensitivity reactions don't emerge for several hours or even days after the exposure.5. ______In the places where your skin has come into contact with poison ivy leaves or urushiol, within one to two days you'll develop a rash, which will usually itch, redden, burn, swell, and form blisters. The rash should go away within a week, but it can last longer. The severity of the reaction often has to do with how much urushiol you've touched. The rash may appear sooner in some parts of the body than in others, but it doesn't spread -- the urushiol simply absorbs into the skin at different rates in different parts of the body. Thicker skin such as the skin on the soles of your feet, is harder to penetrate than thinner skin on your arms and legs.A Because urushiol is found in all parts of the poison ivy plant -- the leaves, stems, and roots -- it's best to avoid the plant entirely to prevent a rash. The trouble is, poison ivy grows almost everywhere in the United States (with the exception of the Southwest, Alaska, and Hawaii), so geography won't help you. The general rule to identify poison ivy, "leaflets three, let it be," doesn't always apply. Poison ivy usually does grow in groups of three leaves, with a longer middle leaf -- but it can also grow with up to nine leaves in a group.B Most people don't have a reaction the first time they touch poison ivy, but develop an allergic reaction after repeated exposure. Everyone has a different sensitivity, and therefore a slightly different reaction, to poison ivy. Sensitivity usually decreases with age and with repeated exposures to the plant.C Here's how the poison ivy response occurs. Urushiol makes its way down through the skin, where it is metabolized, or broken down. Immune cells called T lymphocytes (or T-cells) recognize the urushiol derivatives as a foreign substance, or antigen. They send out inflammatory signals called cytokines, which bring in white blood cells. Under orders from the cytokines, these white blood cells turn into macrophages. The macrophages eat foreign substances, but in doing so they also damage normal tissue, resulting in the skin inflammation that occurs with poison ivy.D Poison ivy's cousins, poison oak and poison sumac, each have their own unique appearance. Poison oak grows as a shrub (one to six feet tall). It is typically found along the West Coast and in the South, in dry areas such as fields, woodlands, and thickets. Like poison ivy, the leaves of poison oak are usually clustered in groups of three. They tend to be thick, green, and hairy on both sides. Poison sumac mainly grows in moist, swampy areas in the Northeast, Midwest, and along the Mississippi River. It is a woody shrub made up of stems with rows of seven to thirteen smooth-edged leaflets.E The culprit behind the rash is a chemical in the sap of poison ivy plants called urushiol. Its name comes from the Japanese word "urushi", meaning lacquer. Urushiol is the same substance that triggers an allergic reaction when people touch poison oak and poison sumac plants. Poison ivy, Eastern poison oak, Western poison oak, and poison sumac are all members of the same family -- Anacardiaceae.F Call your doctor if you experience these more serious reactions:Pus around the rash (which could indicate an infection).A rash around your mouth, eyes, or genital area.A fever above 100 degrees.A rash that does not heal after a week.2015年山大考博英语真题部分答案完形填空答案及翻译：1.D2.B3.A4.C5.B6.B7.A8.D9.C 10.A11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.C 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.C 20.C最近的一项民意测验显示：美国一半的青少年认为他们与父母的交流不好，而且造成这种隔阂的一个首要原因是有不理想的倾听行为。
2015年山东大学考博英语部分试题及参考答案
2015年山东大学考博英语部分试题及参考答案2015年山东大学考博英语部分试题完形填空A recent poll indicated that half the teenagers in the United States believe that communication between them and their parents is__1__and further that one of the prime causes of this gap is__2__listening behavior. As a(an)__3__ in point , one parent believed that her daughter had a severe__4__problem. She was so __5__that she took her to an audiologist to have her ear tested.The audiologist carefully tested both ears and reported back to the parent :“ There ‘ s nothing wrong with her hearing. She 's just __6__you out. ”A leading cause of the __7__divorce rate(more than half of all marriages end in divorce)isthe failure of husbands and wives to __8__effectively. They don ‘ t listen to each other. Neither person__9__to the actual message sent by the other.In __10__fashion , political scientists report that a growing number of people believe thattheir elected and __11__officials are out of__12__with the constituents they are supposedly__13__. Why?Becausethey don 't believe that they listen to them. In fact , it seems that sometimes our politicians don 't even listen to themselves. The following is a true story : At anational__14__conference held in Albuquerque some years ago , then Senator Joseph Montoyawas__15__a copy of a press release by a press aide shortly before he got up before the audienceto__16__ a speech. When he rose to speak , __17__the horror of the press aide and the__18__ofhis audience , Montoya began reading the press release , not his speech. He began,"For immediate release. Senator Joseph M. Montoya , Democrat of New Mexico , last night told the National .. ”Montoya read the entire six-page release , __19__ with the statement that he “was repeatedly__20__by applause. ”1. [A] scarce [B] little [C] rare [D] poor2. [A] malignant [B] deficient [C] ineffective [D] feeble3. [A] case [B] example [C] lesson [D] suggestion4. [A] audio [B] aural [C] hearing [D] listening5. [A] believing [B] convinced [C] assured [D] doubtless6. [A] turning [B] tuning [C] tucking [D] tugging7. [A] rising [B] arising [C] raising [D] arousing8. [A] exchange [B] interchange [C] encounter [D] interact9. [A] relates [B] refers [C] responds [D] resorts10. [A] like [B] alike [C] likely [D] likewise11. [A] nominated [B] selected [C] appointed [D] supported12. [A] connection [B] reach [C] association [D] touch13. [A] leading [B] representing [C]delegating [D] supporting14. [A] legislative [B] legitimate [C] legalized [D] liberal15. [A] distributed [B] awarded [C] handed [D] submitted16. [A] present [B] publish [C] deliver [D] pursue17. [A] to [B] with [C] for [D] on18. [A] joy [B] enjoyment [C] amusement [D] delight19. [A] conclude [B] to conclude [C] concluding [D] concluded20. [A] disrupted [B] interfered [C] interrupted [D] stopped阅读理解第一篇I 've been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction区另 U ）and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. Thedistinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing thatmost of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammarwhile you are trying to capture a fleeting （稍纵即逝的）thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writingthe tool for thinking that it is.The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you writeis what Elbow calls “free writing. ” In free writing, the objective is to get words down onpaper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goalis to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you ' ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near. Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway throughyour available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move backand forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.1 When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind “ cannot work in parallel ” in the writi ng process, he means ________________________________ .A. one cannot use them at the same time B . they cannot be regarded as equally importantC. they are in constant conflict with each other D . no one can be both creative and critical2 What prevents people from writing on is .A. putting their ideas in raw form B . ignoring grammatical soundnessC. attempting to edit as they write D . trying to capture fleeting thoughts3 What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing?A. To organize one 's thoughts logically. B . To get one 's ideas down.C. To choose an appropriate topic. D . To collect raw materials.4 One commonconcern of writers about “free writing ” is that _____________________________________ .A. it overstresses the role of the creative mind B . it does not help them to think clearlyC. it may bring about too much criticism D . it takes too much time to edit afterwards5 In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process?A . It allows him to sit on the side and observe.B . It helps him to come up with new ideas.C. It saves the writing time available to him. D . It improves his writing into better shape.第二篇2002年1月六级"The world's environment is surprisingly healthy. Discuss." If that were an examination topic,most students would tear it apart, offering a long list of complaints: from local smog ( 烟雾)to global climate change, from the felling (砍伐)of forests to the extinction of species.The list would largely be accurate, the concern legitimate. Yet the students who should be given the highest marks would actually be those who agreed with the statement. The surprise is how good things are, not how bad.After all, the world's population has more than tripled during this century, and world outputhas risen hugely, so you would expect the earth itself to have been affected. Indeed, if peoplelived, consumed and produced things in the same way as they did in 1900 (or 1950, or indeed 1980), the world by now would be a pretty disgusting place: smelly, dirty, toxic and dangerous.But they don't. The reasons why they don't, and why the environment has not been mined, have to do with prices, technological innovation, social change and government regulation in response to popular pressure. That is why, today's environmental problems in the poor countries ought, in principle, to be solvable.Raw materials have not run out, and show no sign of doing so. Logically, one day they must:the planet is a finite place. Yet it is also very big, and man is very ingenious. What has happened is that every time a material seems to be running short, the price has risen and, in response, people have looked for new sources of supply, tried to find ways to use less of the material, or looked for a new substitute. For this reason prices for energy and for minerals have fallen in real temp3s during the century. The same is true for food. Prices fluctuate, in response to harvests, natural disasters and political instability; and when they rise, it takes some timebefore new sources of supply become available. But they always do, assisted by new famp3ing andcrop technology. The long temp3 trend has been downwards.It is where prices and markets do not operate properly that this benign (良性的)trend begins to stumble,and the genuine problems arise. Markets cannot always keep the environment healthy. If no one owns the resourceconcerned, no one has an interest in conserving it or fostering it: fish is the best example of this.1. According to the author, most students ____ .A) believe the world's environment is in an undesirable conditionB) agree that the environment of the world is not as bad as it is thought to beC) get high marks for their good knowledge of the world's environmentD) appear somewhat unconcerned about the state of the world's environment2. The huge increase in world production and population ___ .A) has made the world a worse place to live inB) has had a positive influence on the environmentC) has not significantly affected the environmentD) has made the world a dangerous place to live in3. One of the reasons why the Iong-temp3 trend of prices has been downwards is that _ .A) technological innovation can promote social stabilityB) political instability will cause consumption to dropC) new famp3ing and crop technology can lead to overproductionD) new sources are always becoming available4. Fish resources are diminishing because ____ .A) no new substitutes can be found in large quantitiesB) they are not owned by any particular entityC) improper methods of fishing have mined the fishing groundsD) water pollution is extremely serious5. The primary solution to environmental problems is ___ .A) to allow market forces to operate properlyB) to curb consumption of natural resourcesC) to limit the growth of the world populationD) to avoid fluctuations in prices第三篇2005年6月六级Low-level slash-and-burn farming doesn 't harm rainforest. On the contrary, it helps farmersand improves forest soils. This is the unorthodox view of a German soil scientist who has shown that burntclearings in the Amazon, dating back more than 1,000 years, helped creates patches of rich, fertile soilthat farmers still benefit from today.Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because they lack minerals and because the heat andI i! heavy rainfall destroy most organic matter in the soils within four years of it reaching theI I; forest floor. This means topsoil contains few of the ingredients needed for long-term successful farming.But Bruno Glaser, a soil scientist of the University of Bayreuth, has studied unexpected patches of fertilesoils in the central Amazon. These soils contain lots of organic matter.Glaser has shown that most of this fertile organic matter comes from “ black carbon ” --the organic particles from camp fires and charred ( 烧成炭的)wood left overfrom thousands ofyears of slash-and-burn farming. “ The soils, known as Terra Preta, contained up to 70 times more black carbon than the surrounding soils, ” says Glaser.Unburnt vegetation rots quickly, but black carbon persists in the soil for many centuries. Radiocarbon dating shows that the charred wood in Terra Preta soils is typically more than 1,000 years old.I・；“ Slash-and-burn farming can be good for soils provided it doesn 't completely burn all the vegetation, and leaves behind charred wood, ” says Glaser. “It can be better than manure ( 粪月肥).” Burning the forest just once can leave behind enough black carbon to keep the soil fertile for thousands of years. And rainforests easily regrow after small-scale clearing. Contrary to the conventional view that human activities damage the environment, Glaser says: “ Black carbon combines with human wastes is responsible for the richness of Terra Preta soils. ”Terra Preta soils turn up in large patches all over the Amazon, where they are highly prizedby farmers. All the patches fall within 500 square kilometers in the central Amazon. Glaser saysI I the widespread presence of pottery ( 陶器)confirms the soil 's human origins.The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amazon have recovered so wellfrom past periods of agricultural use that the regrowth has been mistaken by generations of biologists for “virgin ” forest.During the past decade, researchers have discovered hundreds of large earth works deep in thejungle. They are up to 20 meters high and cover up to a square kilometer. Glaser claims thatthese earth works, built between AD400 and 1400, were at the heart of urban civilizations managed to feed themselves.1. Wdearn from the passage that the traditional view of slash-and-burn farming is that ___________ .A) it does no harm to the topsoil of the rainforestB) it destroys rainforest soilsC) it helps improve rainforest soilsD) it diminishes the organic matter in rainforest soils2. Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because __________ .A) the composition of the topsoil is rather unstableB) black carbon is washed away by heavy rainsC) organic matter is quickly lost due to heat and rainD) long-term farming has exhausted the ingredients essential to plant growth3. Glaser made his discovery by ________ .A) studying patches of fertile soils in the central AmazonB) examining pottery left over by ancient civilizationsC) test-burning patches of trees in the central AmazonD) radiocarbon-dating ingredients contained in forest soils4. What does Glaser say about the regrowth of rainforest?A) They take centuries to regrow after being burnt.B) They cannot recover unless the vegetation is burnt completely.C) Their regrowth will be hampered by human habitation.D) They can recover easily after slash-and-burn farming5. From the passage it can be inferred that ______ .A) human activities will do grave damage to rainforestsB) Amazon rainforest soils used to be the richest in the worldC) farming is responsible for the destruction of the Amazon rainforestsD) there once existed an urban civilization in the Amazon rainforests第四篇2006年12月六级In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body's system for reacting to things that can harm us- the so-called fight-or-flight response. "An animal that can't detect danger can'tI i! stay alive," says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism forI __ I: processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons(神经元)deep in the brainknown as the amygdala ( 扁桃核).LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories ofsignificant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regionsresponsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdala appraised a situation- I thinkthis charging dog wants to bite me-and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body.These signals produce the familiar signs of distress:trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three.This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beastsother than humans know they're afraid. That is, as LeDoux says, "if you put that system into a brain thathas consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear."Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in thepast and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwireddanger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal human phenomenon: worry.That's not necessarily a bad thing, says Hallowell. "When used properly, worry is an incredible device,"he says. After all, a little healthy worrying is okay if it leads to constructive action-like having a doctorlook at that weird spot on your back.Hallowell insists, though, that there's a right way to worry. "Never do it alone, get the facts and thenmake a plan," he says. Most of us have survived a recession, so we're familiar with the belt-tighteningstrategies needed to survive a slump.Unfortunately, few of us have much experience dealing with the threat of terrorism, so it's been difficult to get facts about how we should respond. That's why Hallowell believes it was okay for people to indulge some extreme worries last fall by asking doctors for Cipro and buying gas masks.1. The "so-called fight-or-flight response" (Line2, Para. 1) refers to " ".A) the biological process in which human beings' sense of self-defense evolvesB) the instinctive fear human beings feel when faced with potential dangerC) the act of evaluating a dangerous situation and making a quick decisionD) the elaborate mechanism in the human brain for retrieving information2. Form the studies conducted by LcDoux we learn that _______ .A) reactions of humans and animals to dangerous situations are often unpredictableB) memories of significant events enable people to control fear and distressC) people's unpleasant memories are derived from their feelings of fearD) the amygdale plays a vital part in human and animal responses to potential danger3. Form the passage we know that ________ .A) a little worry will do us good if handled properlyB) a little worry will enable us to survive a recessionC) fear strengthens the human desire to survive dangerD) fear helps people to anticipate certain future events4. Which of the following is the best way to deal with your worries according to Hallowell?A) Ask for help-from the people around you.B) Use the belt-tightening strategies for survival.C) Seek professional advice and take action.D) Understand the situation and be fully prepared.5. In Hallowell's view, people's reaction to the terrorist threat last fall was .A) ridiculous B) understandable C) over-cautious D) sensiblePassage六选五How Poison Ivy WorksAccording to the American Academy of Dermatology, an estimated 10 to 50 million people inthis country have an allergic reaction to poison ivy each year. Poison ivy is often very difficult to spot. It closely resembles several other common garden plants, and can also blend in with other plants and weeds. But if you come into contact with it, you'll soon know by the itchy, blistery rash that forms on your skin. Poison ivy is a red, itchy rash caused by the plant that bears its name. Manypeople get it when they arehiking or working in their garden and accidentally come into direct contact with the plant's leaves, roots, or stems. The poison ivy rash often looks like red lines, and sometimes it forms blisters.1. _____About 85 percent of people are allergic to the urushiol in poison ivy, according to theAmerican Academy of Dermatology. Only a tiny amount of this chemical -- 1 billionth of a gram--is enough to cause a rash in many people. Some people may boast that they've been exposedto poison ivy many times and have never gotten the rash, but that doesn't necessarily mean they're not allergic. Sometimes the allergy doesn't emerge until you've been exposed several times, and some people develop a rash after their very first exposure. It may take up to ten days for the rash to emerge the first time.2. _____Here are some other ways to identify the poison ivy plant. It generally grows in a clusterof low, weed-like plants or a woody vine which can climb trees or fences. It is most often foundin moist areas, such as riverbanks, woods, and pastures. The edges of the leaves are generally smooth or have tiny "teeth". Their color changes based on the season -- reddish in the spring; green in the summer; and yellow, orange, or red in the fall. Its berries are typically white.3. _____The body's immunesystem is normally in the business of protecting us from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign invaders that can make us sick. But when urushiol from the poison ivy plant touches the skin, it instigates an immune response, called dermatitis, to what would otherwise be a harmless substance. Hay fever is another example of this type of response; in the case of hay fever, the immune system overreacts to pollen, or another plant-produced substance.4. _____The allergic reaction to poison ivy is known as delayed hypersensitivity. Unlike immediate hypersensitivity, which causes an allergic reaction within minutes of exposure to an antigen, delayed hypersensitivity reactions don't emerge for several hours or even days after the exposure.5. _____In the places where your skin has come into contact with poison ivy leaves or urushiol,within one to two days you'll develop a rash, which will usually itch, redden, burn, swell, and form blisters. The rash should go away within a week, but it can last longer. The severity of the reaction often has to do with how much urushiol you've touched. The rash may appear sooner in some parts of the body than in others, but it doesn't spread -- the urushiol simply absorbs into the skin at different rates in different parts of the body. Thicker skin such as the skin on the soles of your feet, is harder to penetrate than thinner skin on your arms and legs.A Because urushiol is found in all parts of the poison ivy plant -- the leaves, stems, and roots -- it's best to avoid the plant entirely to prevent a rash. The trouble is, poison ivy grows almost everywhere in the United States (with the exception of the Southwest, Alaska, and Hawaii), so geography won't help you. The general rule to identify poison ivy, "leaflets three, let it be," doesn't always apply. Poison ivy usually does grow in groups of three leaves, with a longer middle leaf -- but it can also grow with up to nine leaves in a group.B Most people don't have a reaction the first time they touch poison ivy, but developan allergic reaction after repeated exposure. Everyone has a different sensitivity, and therefore a slightly different reaction, to poison ivy. Sensitivity usually decreases with age and with repeated exposures to the plant.C Here's how the poison ivy response occurs. Urushiol makes its way down through the skin, where it is metabolized, or broken down. Immune cells called T lymphocytes (or T-cells) recognize the urushiol derivatives as a foreign substance, or antigen. They send out inflammatory signals called cytokines, which bring in white blood cells. Under orders from the cytokines, these white blood cells turn into macrophages. The macrophages eat foreign substances, but in doing so they also damage normal tissue, resulting in the skin inflammation that occurs with poison ivy.D Poison ivy's cousins, poison oak and poison sumac, each have their own unique appearance. Poison oak grows as a shrub (one to six feet tall). It is typically found along the West Coast and in the South, in dry areas such as fields, woodlands, and thickets. Like poison ivy, the leaves of poison oak are usually clustered in groups of three. They tend to be thick, green,I and hairy on both sides. Poison sumac mainly grows in moist, swampyareas in the Northeast, Midwest, and along the Mississippi River. It is a woody shrub made up of stems with rows of seven to thirteen smooth-edged leaflets.E The culprit behind the rash is a chemical in the sap of poison ivy plants called urushiol. Its name comes from the Japanese word "urushi", meaning lacquer. Urushiol is the same substancethat triggers an allergic reaction when people touch poison oak and poison sumac plants. Poison ivy, Eastern poison oak, Western poison oak, and poison sumac are all members of the same family--Anacardiaceae.F Call your doctor if you experience these more serious reactions:Pus around the rash (which could indicate an infection).A rash around your mouth, eyes, or genital area.A fever above 100 degrees.A rash that does not heal after a week.2015年山大考博英语真题部分答案完形填空答案及翻译：I. D 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.AII. C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.C 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.C 20.C最近的一项民意测验显示：美国一半的青少年认为他们与父母的交流不好，而且造成这种隔阂的一个首要原因是有不理想的倾听行为。
2014山东大学英语专业考研真题(回忆版)
基础英语（一）语言学对定义给出评论1.reference语篇分析里的指代nguage origin他给的定义是语言起源于对动物声音的模仿。
3.sentence 4 suprasegmental feature一共五个最后一个想不起来了二 onsetcombination 里的组合规则，给了你三组词，让你说出每组词里的组合规则，都是书上的例子。
2.画树形图。
给出的句子是Can you eat it？具体的句子记不清了，还要求把can的位置转换用箭头标出来。
三.Pair的定义和区分1.bound morpheme and free morpheme2.error and mistake四.ambiguitycan happen at both lexical level and structural level.进行展开说明答案在书上，很详细（二）美国文学一. 作品对应作家要注意考试的顺序是不按照书上的年代顺序来的，是被打乱的，为了防止蒙题的1.ThePathfinder—James Fenimore Cooper2.TheConfidence Man—Herman Melville3.Out ofthe Cradle Endlessly Rocking—WaltWhitman4.TheTitan—Theodore Dreiser5.CivilDisobedience—Henry David Thoreau6.Tenderis the Night—F. Scott. Fitzgerald7.GoDown, Moses—William Faulkner8.LookHomeward, Angle—Thomas Wolfe9.TheCall of the Wild—Jack London10.想不起来了二.Term1.parody2.imagism三.辨认作品及分析The Waste Land “The Burial of the Dead”“Unreal CityUnder the brown fog of a winter dawn,A crowd flowed over London Bridge, so many,I had not thought death had undone so many. ”四.Make a commenton the love and the war in A Farewell toArms（三）英国文学一.作品对应作家1.ParadiseRegained—John Milton2.JonathanWild—Henry Fielding3.Ode ona Grecian Urn—John Keats4.MaryBarton—Charlotte Bronte5.MajorBarbara—George Bernard Shaw6.Jude ofObscure—Thomas Hardy7.Lines Composeda Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey—WilliamWordsworth8.ThePortrait of a Young Artist—JamesJoyce9.East of19 这个记不清了，of不知道有没有，反正后面是一个年份10.TheRape of Lucrece—William Shakespeare二.Term1.sentimentalism2.terzarima三.辨认作品及分析When the stars threw down their spears,And water'd heaven with their tears,Did He smile his work to see?Did He who made the Lamb make thee?WilliamBlake “ The Tiger”四.为什么《名利场》的副标题是“A Novel without a Hero”注：对基础英语的分析集中在后面的经验分享里，希望大家务必要多了解，打好考研的信息战，我非圣人，但从我的错误里吸取了教训就可以不重蹈我之覆辙。
2014年山东大学英语专题真题
基础英语（一）语言学对定义给出评论1.reference语篇分析里的指代nguage origin给的定义是语言起源于对动物声音的模仿。
3.sentence4suprasegmental feature二 onsetcombination里的组合规则，给了你三组词，让你说出每组词里的组合规则，2.画树形图。
给出的句子是Can you eat it？要求把can的位置转换用箭头标出来。
三.Pair的定义和区分1.bound morpheme and free morpheme2.error and mistake四.ambiguitycan happen at both lexical level and structural level.进行展开说明（二）美国文学一.作品对应作家1.ThePathfinder—James Fenimore Cooper2.TheConfidence Man—Herman Melville3.Out ofthe Cradle Endlessly Rocking—WaltWhitman4.TheTitan—Theodore Dreiser5.CivilDisobedience—Henry David Thoreau6.Tenderis the Night—F.Scott.Fitzgerald7.GoDown,Moses—William Faulkner8.LookHomeward,Angle—Thomas Wolfe9.TheCall of the Wild—Jack London二.Term1.parody2.imagism三.辨认作品及分析The Waste Land“The Burial of the Dead”“Unreal CityUnder the brown fog of a winter dawn,A crowd flowed over London Bridge,so many,I had not thought death had undone so many.”四.Make a commenton the love and the war in A Farewell toArms（三）英国文学一.作品对应作家1.ParadiseRegained—John Milton2.JonathanWild—Henry Fielding3.Ode ona Grecian Urn—John Keats4.MaryBarton—Charlotte Bronte5.MajorBarbara—George Bernard Shaw6.Jude ofObscure—Thomas Hardy7.Lines Composeda Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey—WilliamWordsworth8.ThePortrait of a Young Artist—JamesJoyce10.TheRape of Lucrece—William Shakespeare二.Term1.sentimentalism2.terzarima三.辨认作品及分析When the stars threw down their spears,And water'd heaven with their tears,Did He smile his work to see?Did He who made the Lamb make thee?WilliamBlake“The Tiger”四.为什么《名利场》的副标题是“A Novel without a Hero”实践英语作文是TheAttitudes towards Ups and Downs of Life二外法语四.法译汉题目是TheAllocation Famille,关于法国及欧洲为什么独生子女家庭居多的原因五.汉译法1.在当今社会广告已经成为了人们生活中的一部分，因此很难分清它的好坏利弊。
山大2014经典英文诵读考试题目及答案
山大2014经典英文诵读考试题目及答案第一篇：山大2014经典英文诵读考试题目及答案一、简述题1.简述英文诗歌的格律、押韵和体式。
3-6页2.简述莎士比亚创作的十四行诗的特点。
8页主要表现为语汇丰富、用词洗练、比喻新颖、结构巧妙、音调铿锵悦耳。
而其最擅长的是最后两行诗，往往构思奇诡，语出惊人，既是全诗点睛之作，又自成一联警语格言。
在英国乃至世界十四行诗的创作中，莎士比亚十四行诗是一座高峰，当得起空前绝后的美称。
莎士比亚154首十四行诗每首自成一体，但循着一条主线，即友谊和爱情关系的变化和发展形成一个有机整体。
诗人歌颂友谊和爱情，把两者看作人与人之间和谐关系的表征，特别强调忠诚、谅解以及心灵的契合，坚信美好事物将永存于世。
3.简述《一朵红红的玫瑰》中的修辞、押韵及内涵。
11页4.简述散文的特点及类型。
P56页散文的基本特点是“形散神聚”。
所谓“形散”，就是从表面看，结构比较松散，未必有完整的情节和紧凑的故事，人物形象也未必丰满；但不管如何零乱的，优杂的材料必须费串于一条线上，这条线便是主题，或说是中心思想，也就是说形散的材料必须集中地为主题服务，这就是所谓的神聚。
据此，散文的一般特点可分如下四点：一、通材广泛，可大可小。
一般来说，散文的写作素材是易于猎取的，它可以走漫无边际的谈天说地，也可走娓娓细腻的情人秘语，报刊要闻、街谈巷议、花鸟鱼虫、米麦豆穗，未来的构想，成功的设计，罗列的趣闻，幻想的故事，古今中外，南北东西，海外奇谈、名人迭事，一切的一切，任你信手拈来，经你精心构思，表达你深遂的思想，抒发你真挚的情意。
但须切记，紧扣主题，切不可方构园，背离文章的宗旨。
二、体裁多样，灵活机变。
作者可根据所掌握的素材和自己的写作习惯，在散文这个大的体裁概念范畴内，选用最便于表现主题的具体样式，可以是溶知识与文学于一炉的科学小品，还可以是记述言行观感的日记，又可以是倾吐心事的书信，甚至那些是信手拈来的随笔扎记，录写见闻的参观访问记写，也都可归之于散文一类。
2014山东省英语卷文档版(有答案)-2014年普通高等学校招生统一考试0001
2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（山东卷）英语第一部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分55分）第一节单项选择（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）1. Writing out all the invitations by hand was more time-cconsuming than we ____ .A. will expectB. are expect ingC. expectD. had expected2.1 don ' t really th e author, _______ I have to admit his books are very exciting.A. althoughB. uni essC. un tilD. once3. —This apple pie is too sweet, don ' t you think so?—____ . I think it ' s just right, actually.A. Not reallyB. I hope soC. Sou nds good D .No wo nder4. Susa n made ____ clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.A. thatB. thisC. itD. her5. They made up their mind that they ____ a new house once Larry cha nged jobs.A. boughtB. would buyC. have boughtD. had bought6. There is a note pinned to the door ____ whe n the shop will ope n aga in.A. say ingB. saysC. saidD. hav ing said7. It is difficult for us to imagine ___ life was like for slaves in the ancient world.A. whereB. whatC. whichD. why8. —Is Anne ing tomorrow?—____ 」f she were to e, she would have called me.A. Go aheadB. CertainlyC. That ' s rightD. I don ' t think so9. It ' s standard practice! pany like this one ______ a security officer.A. employedB. being employedC. to employD. employs10. A pany _____ profits from home markets are decli ning may seek opport un ities abroad.A. whichB. whoseC. whoD. why第二节完型填空（共两篇；第一篇短文10小题，每小题1分；第二篇短文20小题，每小题1.5分; 满分40分）AThere was a pet store and the owner had a parrot. One day a 11 walked in and the parrot said to the man , —Hey you! II The man s—dyhat!? The parrot said, —Your 12 is really ugly. H arTIgetmvery 13 and went to the store owner and said, —Your bird just 14 my wife. It said she was ugly. IIThe owner stormed over, 15 the bird, took it into the “black room,” shook it a bit, __________________ 16out a few feathers, and said, “Don ' t ever, ever say anything to 17 my customers again. You gotWith that 18 he took the bird and put it back into its cage. The old bird shook out its 19and relaxed in its cage. A couple of weeks 20 and in walked this guy and his wife aga in. The parrotsaid, —Hey you! II The gu—sWdiat!? The parrot answered, —You know that. II11. A. group B. team C. couple D. crowd12. A. wife B. sister C. mother D. daughter13 . A. curious B.n ervous C. guilty D. angry14 . A. greeted B. puzzled C. offen ded D. scared15 . A.hugged B. seized C. trained D. rescued16 . A. sent B.handed C. pulled D. dug17 . A. touch B.amuse C. cheat D. embarrass18 . A. warni ng B. ment C. suggesti on D. request19 . A. eyes B.feathers C. fur D. skin20. A. lasted B. arrivedC. appeared BD. passedCharlotte Whitehead was born in England in 1843, and moved to Montreal, Canada at the age fivewith her family. While 21 her ill elder sister throughout the years, Charlotte discovered she had a（a n）22 __ in medicine. At 18 she married and 23 a family. Several years later, Charlotte said shewan ted to be a —24 --------- H er husba nd supported her decisi on.25 , Canadian medical schools did not 26 women students at the time. Therefore,Charlotte went to the United States to study 27 at the Women ' s Medical College in Philadelphia. It took her five years to 28 her medical degree.Upon graduati on, Charlotte 29 to Mon treal and set up a private 30 . Three years later,she moved to Winn ipeg, Man itoba, and there she was once aga in a 31 doctor. Many of her patie ntswere from the n earby timber and railway camps. Charlotte 32 herself operat ing on damaged limbsand sett ing 33 bon es, in additi on to deliveri ng all the babies in the area.But Charlotte had been practicing without a license. She had 34 a doctor 'license in both Mon treal and Winn ipeg, but was 35 . The Man itoba College of Physicia ns and Surge ons, an all-maleboard, wan ted her to 36 her studies at a Can adia n medical college! Charlotte refused to _______________ 37her patients to spend time studying what she already knew. So in 1887, she appeared to the Manitoba Legislature to 38 a license to her but they, too, refused. Charlotte 39 to practice without a lice nse un til 1912. She died four years later at the age of 73.In 1993, 77 years after her 40 , a medical license was issued to Charlotte. This decision wasmade by the Manitoba Legislature to hono r —this courageous and pioneering woman. II21. A. raisi ng B. teach ing C. nursing D. missi ng22. A. habit B. i nterest C. opi nio n D. voice23. A. i nven ted B. selected C. offered D. started24. A. doctor B. musicia n C. lawyer D. physicist25. A. Besides B. Un fortu nately C. Otherwise D. Even tually26. A. hire B. en terta in C. trustD. accept27. A. history B. physics C. medici ne D. law28. A. improve B. save C. desig n D. earn29. A. returned B. escaped C. spread D. wan dered30. A. school B. museum C. cli nicD. lab31. A. busy B. wealthy C. greedyD. lucky32. A. helped B. found C. troubled D. imagi ned33. A. harmful B. tired C. broke n D. weak34. A. put away B. take n over C. turned in D. applied for35. A. puni shed B. refused C. blamed D. fired36. A. display B. change C. preview D. plete37. A. leave B. charge C. test D. cure38. A. sell B. don ate C. issue D.show39. A. con ti nued B. promised C. prete nded D. dreamed40. A. birth B. death C. weddi ng D.graduati on第二部分：阅读理解（共25题，每小题2分，满分50分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
2014年山东大学考博英语完型填空和阅读试题
2014年山东大学考博英语完型填空和阅读试题Passage Four（2004年6月）Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.When we worry about who might be spying on our private lives, we usually think about the Federal agents. But the private sector outdoes the government every time. It’s Linda Tripp, not the FBI, who is facing charges under Maryland’s laws against secret telephone taping. It’s our banks, not the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), that pass our private financial data to telemarketing firms.Consumer activists are pressing Congress for better privacy laws without much result so far. The legislators lean toward letting business people track our financial habits virtually at will.As an example of what’s going on, consider U.S. Bancorp, which was recently sued for deceptive practices by the state of Minnesota. According to the lawsuit, the bank supplied a telemarketer called Member Works with sensitive customer data such as names, phone numbers, bank-account and credit-card numbers, Social Security numbers, account balances and credit limits.With these customer lists in hand, Member Works started dialing for dollars-selling dental plans, videogames, computer software and other products and services. Customers who accepted a “free trial offer” had 30 days to cancel. If the deadline passed, they were charged automatically through their bank or credit-card accounts. U.S. Bancorp collected a share of the revenues.Customers were doubly deceived, the lawsuit claims. They, didn’t know that the bank was giving account numbers to MemberWorks. And if customers asked, they were led to think the answer was no.The state sued MemberWorks separately for deceptive selling. The company denies that it did anything wrong. For its part, U.S. Bancorp settled without admitting any mistakes. But it agreed to stop exposing its customers to nonfinancial products sold by outside firms. A few top banks decided to do the same. Many other banks will still do business with MemberWorks and similar firms.And banks will still be mining data from your account in order to sell you financial products, including things of little value, such as credit insurance and credit-card protection plans.You have almost no protection from businesses that use your personal accounts for profit. For example, no federal law shields “transaction and experience” information-mainly the details of your bank and credit-card accounts. Social Security numbers are for sale by private firms. They’ve generally agreed not to sell to the public. But to businesses, the numbers are an open book. Self-regulation doesn’t work. A firm might publish a privacy-protection policy, but who enforces it?Take U.S. Bancorp again. Customers were told, in wr iting, that “all personal information you supply to us will be considered confidential.” Then it sold your data to MemberWorks. The bank even claims that it doesn’t “sell” your data at all. It merely “shares” it and reaps a profit. Now you know.36. Contrary to popular belief, the author finds that spying on people’s privacy________.A) is practiced exclusively by the FBIB) is more prevalent in business circlesC) has been intensified with the help of the IRSD) is mainly carried out by means of secret taping37. We know from the passage that ________.A) the state of Minnesota is considering drawing up laws to protectprivate informationB) most states are turning a blind eye to the deceptive practices ofprivate businessesC) legislators are acting to pass a law to provide better privacyprotectionD) lawmakers are inclined to give a free hand to businesses to inquireinto customers’ buying habits38. When the “free trial” deadline is over, you’ll be charged without notice for aproduct or service if ________.A) you happen to reveal your credit card numberB) you fail to cancel it within the specified periodC) you fail to apply for extension of the deadlineD) you find the product or service unsatisfactory39. Businesses do not regard information concerning personal bank accounts asprivate because ________.A) it is considered “transaction and experience” informationunprotected by lawB) it has always been considered an open secret by the general publicC) its sale can be brought under control through self-regulationD) its revelation will do no harm to consumers under the currentprotection policy40. We can infer from the passage that ________.A) banks will have to change their ways of doing businessB) “free trial” practice will eventually be bannedC) privacy protection laws will soon be enforcedD) consumers’ privacy will continue to be invaded36. B 37. D 38. B 39. A 40. D1997年6月Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” is debatable, that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby’s life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes then the face will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye then the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother’s back, infants to not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the “proper place to focus one’s gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one’s conversation partner.”The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well defined: speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a few moments they re-establish eye contact with the listener or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves-to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the `precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.36. The author is convinced that the eyes are ________.A) of extreme importance in expressing feelings and exchanging ideasB) something through which one can see a person’s inner worldC) of considerable significance in making conversations interestingD) something the value of which is largely a matter of long debate37. Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person ________.A) whose front view is fully perceivedB) whose face is covered with a maskC) whose face is seen from the sideD) whose face is free of any covering38. According to the passage, the Japanese fix their gaze on their conversationpartner’s neck because ________.A) they don’t like to keep their eyes on the face of the speakerB) they need not communicate through eye contactC) they don’t think it polite to have eye contactD) they didn’t have much opportunity to communicate through eyecontact in babyhood39. According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans may breakdown due to ________.A) one temporarily glancing away from the otherB) eye contact of more than one secondC) improperly-timed ceasing of eye contactD) constant adjustment of eye contact40. To keep a conversation flowing smoothly, it is better for the participants________.A) not to wear dark spectaclesB) not to make any interruptionsC) not to glance away from each otherD) not to make unpredictable pauses36. A 37. C 38. D 39. C 40. A1998年1月A few common misconceptions. Beauty is only skin deep. One’s physical assets and liabilities don’t count all that much in a managerial career. A woman should always try to look her best.Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how we react to beautiful and not so beautiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks do matter, more than most of us realize. The datasuggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically. With the possible exception of women seeking managerial jobs, they are also more likely to be hired, paid well, and promoted.Un American, you say, unfair and extremely unbelievable? Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties (虔诚) while acting just the contrary. Their typical experiment works something like this. They give each member of a group-college students, or teachers or corporate personnel mangers-a piece of paper relating an individual’s accomplishments. Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the pictures are different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some an average looking character, and some an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the individual on certain attributes, anything from personal warmth to the likelihood that he or she will be promoted.Almost invariably, the better looking the person in the picture, the higher the person is rated. In the phrase, borrowed from Sappho, that the social scientists use to sum up the common perception, what is beautiful is good.In business, however, good looks cut both ways for women, and deeper than for men. A Utah State University professor, who is an authority on the subject, explains: In terms of their careers, the impact of physical attractiveness on males is only modest. But its potential impact on females can be tremendous, making it easier, for example, for the more attractive to get jobs where they are in the public eye. On another note, though, there is enough literature now for us to conclude that attractive women who aspire (追求) to managerial positions do not get on as well as women who may be less attractive.21. According to the passage, people often wrongly believe that in pursuing acareer as a manager ________.A) a person’s property or debts do not matter muchB) a person’s outward appearance is not a critical qualificationC) women should always dress fashionablyD) women should not only be attractive but also high minded22. The result of research carried out by social scientists show that ________.A) people do not realize the importance of looking one’s bestB) women in pursuit of managerial jobs are not likely to be paid wellC) good looking women aspire to managerial positionsD) attractive people generally have an advantage over those who are not23. Experiments by scientists have shown that when people evaluate individualson certain attributes ________.A) they observe the principle that beauty is only skin deepB) they do not usually act according to the views they supportC) they give ordinary looking persons the lowest ratingsD) they tend to base their judgment on the individual’saccomplishments24. “Good looks cut both ways for women” (Line 1, Para. 5) means that________.A) attractive women have tremendous potential impact on public jobsB) good looking women always get the best of everythingC) being attractive is not always an advantage for womenD) attractive women do not do as well as unattractive women inmanagerial positions25. It can be inferred from the passage that in the business world ________.A) handsome men are not affected as much by their looks as attractivewomen areB) physically attractive women who are in the public eye usually doquite wellC) physically attractive men and women who are in the public eyeusually get along quite wellD) good looks are important for women as they are for men21. B 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. A2000年6月Reebok executives do not like to hear their stylish athletic shoes called “footwear for yuppies (雅皮士,少壮高薪职业人士)”. They contend that Reebok shoes appeal to diverse market segments, especially now that the company offers basketball and children’s shoes for the under-18 set and walking shoes for older customers not interested in aerobics (健身操) or running. The executives also point out that through recent acquisitions they have added hiking boots, dress and casual shoes, and high-performance athletic footwear to their product lines, all of which should attract new and varied groups of customers.Still, despite its emphasis on new markets, Reebok plans few changes in the upmarket (高档消费人群的) retailing network that helped push sales to $1 billion annually, ahead of all other sports shoe marketers. Reebok shoes, which are priced from $27 to $85, will continue to be sold only in better specialty, sporting goods, and department stores, in accordance with the company’s view that consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution.In the past few years, the Massachusetts-based company has imposed limitson the number of its distributors (and the number of shoes supplied to stores), partly out of necessity. At times the unexpected demand for Reebok’s exceeded supply, and the company could barely keep up with orders from the dealers it already had. These fulfillment problems seem to be under control now, but the company is still selective about its distributors. At present, Reebok shoes are available in about five thousand retail stores in the United States.Reebok has already anticipated that walking shoes will be the next fitness-related craze, replacing aerobics shoes the same way its brightly colored, soft leather exercise footwear replaced conventional running shoes. Through product diversification and careful market research, Reebok hopes to avoid the distribution problems Nike came across several years ago, when Nike misjudged the strength of the aerobics shoe craze and was forced to unload huge inventories of running shoes through discount stores.36. One reason why Reebok’s managerial personnel don’t like their shoes to becalled “footwear for yuppies” is that ________.A) they believe that their shoes are popular with people of different agegroupsB) new production lines have been added to produce inexpensive shoesC) “yuppies” usually evokes a negative imageD) the term makes people think of prohibitive prices37. Reebok’s view that “consumers judge the quality of the brand by the qualityof its distribution” (Line 5, Para. 2) implies that ________.A) the quality of a brand is measured by the service quality of the storeselling itB) the quality of a product determines the quality of its distributorsC) the popularity of a brand is determined by the stores that sell itD) consumers believe that first-rate products are only sold byhigh-quality stores38. Reebok once had to limit the number of its distributors because ________.A) its supply of products fell short of demandB) too many distributors would cut into its profitsC) the reduction of distributors could increase its share of the marketD) it wanted to enhance consumer confidence in its products39. Although the Reebok Company has solved the problem of fulfilling itsorders, it ________.A) does not want to further expand its retailing networkB) still limits the number of shoes supplied to storesC) is still particular about who sells its productsD) still carefully chooses the manufacturers of its products40. What lesson has Reebok learned from Nike’s distribution problems?A) A company should not sell its high quality shoes in discount stores.B) A company should not limit its distribution network.C) A company should do follow-up surveys of its products.D) A company should correctly evaluate the impact of a new craze onthe market.36. A 37. D 38. A 39. C 40. DPassage 8（2001年考研英语）The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 32 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 33 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 34 and will strictly control the amount of 35 that canbe given to a case 36 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairmanof the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 37 with a committee report this year which saidthat self-regulation did not 38 sufficient control.39 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 40 of media protest when he said the 41of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 42to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introductionof the Human Rights Bill, which 43the European Convention on Human Rightslegally 44 in Britain, laid downthat everybody was 45 to privacyand that public figures could go to court toprotect themselves and their families."Press freedoms will be in safe hands46 our British judges," he said.Witness payments became an 47 after West sentenced to 10 life sentences in1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 48 tohave received payments for telling theirstories to newspapers. Concerns were raised49 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 50 guilty verdict.31.[A] as to [B] for instance [C] in p32.[A] tightening [B] intensifying [C] focu33.[A]sketch [B] rough [C]preliminary [D] draft34.[A]illogical [B] illegal [C] impr35.[A]publicity [B] penalty [C] popu36.[A]since [B] if [C]before [D] as37.[A]sided [B] shared [C] comp38.[A]present [B] offer [C]manifest [D] indicate39.[A]Release [B] Publication [C] Prin40.[A]storm [B] rage [C] flare [D] flas41.[A]translation [B] interoperation [C] exhi42.[A]better than [B] other than [C] rath43.[A]changes [B] makes [C] sets [D] turn44.[A] binding [B] convincing [C] rest45.[A] authorized [B] credited [C] enti46.[A] with [B] to [C] from [D] by47.[A] impact [B] incident [C] infe48.[A] stated [B] remarked [C] said49.[A] what [B] when [C] which [D] that50.[A] assure [B] confide [C] ensu 31. [D] 32. [A] 33. [D] 34. [B] 35. [A]36. [C] 37. [D] 38. [B] 39. [B] 40. [A]41. [B] 42. [C] 43. [B] 44. [A] 45. [C]46. [A] 47. [D] 48. [C] 49. [D] 50. [C]。
山东大学考博英语完型填空和阅读试题精选文档
山东大学考博英语完型填空和阅读试题精选文档TTMS system office room 【TTMS16H-TTMS2A-TTMS8Q8-Passage Four（2004年6月）Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.When we worry about who might be spying on our private lives, we usually think about the Federal agents. But the private sector outdoes the government every time. It’s Linda Tripp, not the FBI, who is facing charges under Maryland’s laws against secret telephone taping. It’s our banks, not the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), that pass our private financial data to telemarketing firms.Consumer activists are pressing Congress for better privacy laws without much result so far. The legislators lean toward letting business people track our financial habits virtually at will.As an example of what’s going on, consider . Bancorp, which was recently sued for deceptive practices by the state of Minnesota. According to the lawsuit, the bank supplied a telemarketer called Member Works with sensitive customer data such as names, phone numbers, bank-account and credit-card numbers, Social Security numbers, account balances and credit limits.With these customer lists in hand, Member Works started dialing for dollars-selling dental plans, videogames, computer software and other products and services. Customers who accepted a “free trial offer” had 30 days to cancel. If the deadline passed, they were chargedautomatically through their bank or credit-card accounts. . Bancorp collected a share of the revenues.Customers were doubly deceived, the lawsuit claims. They, didn’t know that the bank was giving account numbers to MemberWorks. And if customers asked, they were led to think the answer was no.The state sued MemberWorks separately for deceptive selling. The company denies that it did anything wrong. For its part, . Bancorp settled without admitting any mistakes. But it agreed to stop exposing its customers to nonfinancial products sold by outside firms. A few top banks decided to do the same. Many other banks will still do business with MemberWorks and similar firms.And banks will still be mining data from your account in order to sell you financial products, including things of little value, such as credit insurance and credit-card protection plans.You have almost no protection from businesses that use your personal accounts for profit. For example, no federal law shields “transaction and experience” information-mainly the details of your bank and credit-card accounts. Social Security numbers are for sale by private firms. They’ve generally agreed not to sell to the public. But to businesses, the numbers are an open book. Self-regulation doesn’t work. A firm might publish a privacy-protection policy, but who enforces it?Take . Bancorp again. Customers were told, in writing, that “allpersonal information you supply to us will be considered confidential.” Then it sold your data to MemberWorks. The bank even claims that it doesn’t “sell” your data at all. It merely “shares” it and reaps a profit. Now you know.36. Contrary to popular belief, the author finds that spying onpeople’s privacy ________.A) is practiced exclusively by the FBIB) is more prevalent in business circlesC) has been intensified with the help of the IRSD) is mainly carried out by means of secret taping37. We know from the passage that ________.A) the state of Minnesota is considering drawing up laws to protectprivate informationB) most states are turning a blind eye to the deceptive practices ofprivate businessesC) legislators are acting to pass a law to provide better privacyprotectionD) lawmakers are inclined to give a free hand to businesses toinquire into customers’ buying habits38. When the “free trial” deadline is over, you’ll be charged withoutnotice for a product or service if ________.A) you happen to reveal your credit card numberB) you fail to cancel it within the specified periodC) you fail to apply for extension of the deadlineD) you find the product or service unsatisfactory39. Businesses do not regard information concerning personal bankaccounts as private because ________.A) it is considered “transaction and experience” informationunprotected by lawB) it has always been considered an open secret by the generalpublicC) its sale can be brought under control through self-regulationD) its revelation will do no harm to consumers under the currentprotection policy40. We can infer from the passage that ________.A) banks will have to change their ways of doing businessB) “free trial” practice will eventually be bann edC) privacy protection laws will soon be enforcedD) consumers’ privacy will continue to be invaded1997年6月Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” is debatable, that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby’s life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes then the face will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye then the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother’s back, infants to not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the “proper place to focus one’s gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one’s conversation partner.”The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well defined: speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a fewmoments they re-establish eye contact with the listener or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves-to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the `precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.36. The author is convinced that the eyes are ________.A) of extreme importance in expressing feelings and exchanging ideasB) something through which one can see a person’s inner worldC) of considerable significance in making conversations interestingD) something the value of which is largely a matter of long debate37. Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person ________.A) whose front view is fully perceivedB) whose face is covered with a maskC) whose face is seen from the sideD) whose face is free of any covering38. According to the passage, the Japanese fix their gaze on theirconversation partner’s neck because ________.A) they don’t like to keep their eyes on the face of the speakerB) they need not communicate through eye contactC) they don’t think it polite to have eye contactD) they didn’t have much opportunity to communicate through eyecontact in babyhood39. According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans maybreak down due to ________.A) one temporarily glancing away from the otherB) eye contact of more than one secondC) improperly-timed ceasing of eye contactD) constant adjustment of eye contact40. To keep a conversation flowing smoothly, it is better for theparticipants ________.A) not to wear dark spectaclesB) not to make any interruptionsC) not to glance away from each otherD) not to make unpredictable pauses1998年1月A few common misconceptions. Beauty is only skin deep. One’s physical assets and liabilities don’t count all that much in a managerial career. A woman should always try to look her best.Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how we react to beautiful and not so beautiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks do matter, more than most of us realize. The data suggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically. With the possible exception of women seeking managerial jobs, they are also more likely to be hired, paid well, and promoted.Un American, you say, unfair and extremely unbelievable? Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties (虔诚) while acting just the contrary. Their typical experiment works something like this. They give each member of a group-college students, or teachers or corporate personnel mangers-a piece of paper relating an individual’saccomplishments. Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the pictures are different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some an average looking character, and some an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the individual on certain attributes, anything from personal warmth to the likelihood that he or she will be promoted.Almost invariably, the better looking the person in the picture, the higher the person is rated. In the phrase, borrowed from Sappho, that the social scientists use to sum up the common perception, what is beautiful is good.In business, however, good looks cut both ways for women, and deeper than for men. A Utah State University professor, who is an authority on the subject, explains: In terms of their careers, the impact of physical attractiveness on males is only modest. But its potential impact on females can be tremendous, making it easier, for example, for the more attractive to get jobs where they are in the public eye. On another note, though, there is enough literature now for us to conclude that attractive women who aspire (追求) to managerial positions do not get on as well as women who may be less attractive.21. According to the passage, people often wrongly believe that inpursuing a career as a manager ________.A) a person’s property or debts do not matter muchB) a person’s outward appearance is not a critical qualificationC) women should always dress fashionablyD) women should not only be attractive but also high minded22. The result of research carried out by social scientists show that________.A) people do not realize the importance of looking one’s bestB) women in pursuit of managerial jobs are not likely to be paidwellC) good looking women aspire to managerial positionsD) attractive people generally have an advantage over those who arenot23. Experiments by scientists have shown that when people evaluateindividuals on certain attributes ________.A) they observe the principle that beauty is only skin deepB) they do not usually act according to the views they supportC) they give ordinary looking persons the lowest ratingsD) they tend to base their judgment on the individual’saccomplishments24. “Good looks cut both ways for women” (Line 1, Para. 5) means that________.A) attractive women have tremendous potential impact on public jobsB) good looking women always get the best of everythingC) being attractive is not always an advantage for womenD) attractive women do not do as well as unattractive women inmanagerial positions25. It can be inferred from the passage that in the business world________.A) handsome men are not affected as much by their looks asattractive women areB) physically attractive women who are in the public eye usually doquite wellC) physically attractive men and women who are in the public eyeusually get along quite wellD) good looks are important for women as they are for men2000年6月Reebok executives do not like to hear their stylish athletic shoescalled “footwear for yuppies (雅皮士,少壮高薪职业人士)”. They contend that Reebok shoes appeal to diverse market segments, especially now that the company offers basketball and children’s shoes for the under-18 set and walking shoes for older customers not interested in aerobics (健身操) or running. The executives also point out that through recent acquisitions they have added hiking boots, dress and casual shoes, and high-performance athletic footwear to their product lines, all of which should attract new and varied groups of customers.Still, despite its emphasis on new markets, Reebok plans few changes in the upmarket (高档消费人群的) retailing network that helped push sales to $1 billion annually, ahead of all other sports shoe marketers. Reebok shoes, which are priced from $27 to $85, will continue to be sold only in better specialty, sporting goods, and department stores, in accordance with the company’s view that consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution.In the past few years, the Massachusetts-based company has imposed limits on the number of its distributors (and the number of shoes supplied to stores), partly out of necessity. At times the unexpected demand for Reebok’s exceeded supply, and the company could barely keep up with orders from the dealers it already had. These fulfillment problems seem to be under control now, but the company is still selective about its distributors. At present, Reebok shoes are availablein about five thousand retail stores in the United States.Reebok has already anticipated that walking shoes will be the next fitness-related craze, replacing aerobics shoes the same way its brightly colored, soft leather exercise footwear replaced conventional running shoes. Through product diversification and careful market research, Reebok hopes to avoid the distribution problems Nike came across several years ago, when Nike misjudged the strength of the aerobics shoe craze and was forced to unload huge inventories of running shoes through discount stores.36. One reason why Reebok’s managerial personnel don’t like theirshoes to be called “footwear for yuppies” is that ________.A) they believe that their shoes are popular with people ofdifferent age groupsB) new production lines have been added to produce inexpensive shoesC) “yuppies” usually evokes a negative imageD) the term makes people think of prohibitive prices37. Reebok’s view that “consumers judge the quality of the brand bythe quality of its distribution” (Line 5, Para. 2) implies that ________.A) the quality of a brand is measured by the service quality of thestore selling itB) the quality of a product determines the quality of itsdistributorsC) the popularity of a brand is determined by the stores that sellitD) consumers believe that first-rate products are only sold by high-quality stores38. Reebok once had to limit the number of its distributors because________.A) its supply of products fell short of demandB) too many distributors would cut into its profitsC) the reduction of distributors could increase its share of themarketD) it wanted to enhance consumer confidence in its products39. Although the Reebok Company has solved the problem of fulfilling itsorders, it ________.A) does not want to further expand its retailing networkB) still limits the number of shoes supplied to storesC) is still particular about who sells its productsD) still carefully chooses the manufacturers of its products40. What lesson has Reebok learned from Nike’s distribution problems?A) A company should not sell its high quality shoes in discountstores.B) A company should not limit its distribution network.C) A company should do follow-up surveys of its products.D) A company should correctly evaluate the impact of a new craze onthe market.Passage 8（2001年考研英语）The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 32 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 33 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 34 and will strictlycontrol the amount of 35 that can be given to a case 36a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 37 with a committee report this year which said that self-regulation did not 38 sufficient control.39 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a40 of media protest when he said the 41 of privacy controlscontained in European legislation would be left to judges 42 to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill,which 43 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 44 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 45 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and theirfamilies."Press freedoms will be in safe hands 46 our British judges," he said.Witness payments became an 47 after West sentenced to 10life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 48 to havereceived payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 49 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate theirstories in court to 50 guilty verdict.31.[A] as to [B] for instance [C] in particular [D]such as32.[A] tightening [B] intensifying [C] focusing [D] fastening33.[A]sketch [B] rough [C] preliminary [D] draft34.[A]illogical [B] illegal [C] improbable [D] improper35.[A]publicity [B] penalty [C] popularity [D] peculiarity36.[A]since [B] if [C] before [D] as37.[A]sided [B] shared [C] complied [D] agreed38.[A]present [B] offer [C] manifest [D] indicate39.[A]Release [B] Publication [C] Printing [D] Exposure40.[A]storm [B] rage [C] flare [D] flash41.[A]translation [B] interoperation [C] exhibition [D] demonstration42.[A]better than [B] other than [C] rather than [D] sooner than43.[A]changes [B] makes [C] sets [D] turns44.[A] binding [B] convincing [C] restraining [D] sustaining45.[A] authorized [B] credited [C] entitled [D] qualified46.[A] with [B] to [C] from [D] by47.[A] impact [B] incident [C] inference [D] issue48.[A] stated [B] remarked [C] said [D] told49.[A] what [B] when [C] which [D] that50.[A] assure [B] confide [C] ensure [D] guarantee31. [D] 32. [A] 33. [D] 34. [B] 35. [A]36. [C] 37. [D] 38. [B] 39. [B] 40. [A]41. [B] 42. [C] 43. [B] 44. [A] 45. [C]46. [A] 47. [D] 48. [C] 49. [D] 50. [C]。
2012年山东大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2012年山东大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Grammar 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingGrammar1．All the major cities of the United States, ______the cities of the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico, began as centers of the trade.A．and to includeB．which includingC．includedD．including正确答案：D解析：本题考查句子结构和动词形式。
根据题干，主语为cities，谓语为began，可初步判断空格处应该填入非谓语动词形式或者从句。
B选项中which可引导定语从句，但including为非谓语形式，不可充当定语从句的谓语，故不能选。
由此可知，including为现在分词结构，表示“包含”，符合句法要求。
2．Settled by English Puritans in 1630, Boston became______.A．the capital of the Massachusetts Bay ColonyB．the Massachusetts Bay Colony its capitalC．it was the capital of the Massachusetts Bay ColonyD．so that the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony正确答案：A解析：本题考查句子结构。
该句空格处应该填入became的表语，只有A和B符合要求。
B选项of结构表达错误，故本题正确答案为A。
3．Navigators on ships and aircraft use a compass to determine______they are heading.A．the direction in whichB．to where the directionC．that direction of whichD．where the direction正确答案：A解析：本题考查句子结构和定语从句。
2014年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2014年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：W: It would help me if you could go over last week and give me an idea how much beer you drank each evening. M: Well, let me see, I went up to the pub 4 times last week, and drank about 3 pints each evening. Q: How much beer did the man drink last week?1．A．About 12 pints.B．About 3 pints.C．About 4 pints.D．About 7 pints.正确答案：A解析：男士说，“I went up to the pub 4 times last week，and drank about 3 pints each evening．”简单计算后可知，男士上周总共喝了12品脱的啤酒。
故答案为A。
听力原文：W: Is there anything else I can do to help me sleep tonight?M: Don’t worry so much about things of work. I know, I know, easier said than done. W: Should I stay home from work?M: No, I don’t think that’s necessary; just remember to stay calm. Q: What did the doctor suggest the woman do?2．A．Take a holiday from work.B．Worry less about work.C．Take some sleeping pills.D．Work harder to forget all her troubles.正确答案：B解析：医生建议说“Don’t worry so much about things of work”，即建议病人少想工作。
2012年山东大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2012年山东大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Grammar 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingGrammar1．All the major cities of the United States, ______the cities of the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico, began as centers of the trade.A．and to includeB．which includingC．includedD．including正确答案：D解析：本题考查句子结构和动词形式。
根据题干，主语为cities，谓语为began，可初步判断空格处应该填入非谓语动词形式或者从句。
B选项中which可引导定语从句，但including为非谓语形式，不可充当定语从句的谓语，故不能选。
由此可知，including为现在分词结构，表示“包含”，符合句法要求。
2．Settled by English Puritans in 1630, Boston became______.A．the capital of the Massachusetts Bay ColonyB．the Massachusetts Bay Colony its capitalC．it was the capital of the Massachusetts Bay ColonyD．so that the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony正确答案：A解析：本题考查句子结构。
该句空格处应该填入became的表语，只有A和B符合要求。
B选项of结构表达错误，故本题正确答案为A。
3．Navigators on ships and aircraft use a compass to determine______they are heading.A．the direction in whichB．to where the directionC．that direction of whichD．where the direction正确答案：A解析：本题考查句子结构和定语从句。
2014年博士英语试卷 完整原题版
2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9. A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left mymind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure,in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though theconcept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weakenthe immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorably Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark your answeron the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that theradiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health,without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health. It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation. However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive. 51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks. Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools oftheir trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index”planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases ________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools;a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors”thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries”that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them. 76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.A. a misunderstandingB. a confrontationC. a collaborationD. a consensus77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ___________.A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitations。
2014年山东大学英语语言文学考博真题
考博详解与指导题为英语语言文学下的翻译上午为翻译理论：1，Describe your understanding of“Translation norms”2，Describe the linguistic approaches to translation studies3，Describe the relationship between translation criticism and translation studies4，Describe your understanding of descriptive translation studies下午为经典作品翻译和译本赏析IPassage one汉译英枯叶蝴蝶峨眉山下，伏虎寺旁，有一种蝴蝶，比最美丽的蝴蝶还要美丽些，是峨眉山最珍贵的特产之一。
〃当它阖②起两张翅膀的时候，像生长在树枝上的一张干枯了的树叶。
谁也不去注意它，谁也不会瞧它一眼。
它收敛了它的花纹、图案，隐藏了它的粉墨、彩色，逸出了繁华的花丛，停止它翱翔的姿态，变成了一张憔悴的，干枯了的，甚至不是枯黄的，而是枯槁③的，如同死灰颜色的枯叶。
它这样伪装，是为了保护自己。
但是它还是逃不脱被捕捉的命运。
不仅因为它的美丽，更因为它那用来隐蔽它的美丽的枯槁与憔悴。
它以为它这样做可以保护自己，殊不知它这样做更教人去搜捕它。
有一种生物比它还聪明，这种生物的特技之一是装假作伪，因此装假作伪这一种行径是瞒不过这种生物——人的。
人把它捕捉，将它制成标本，作为一种商品去出售，价钱越来越高。
最后几乎把它捕捉得再也没有了。
这一生物品种快要绝种了。
到这时候，国家才下令禁止捕捉枯叶蝶。
但是，已经来不及了。
国家的禁止更增加了它的身价。
枯叶蝶真是因此而要绝对的绝灭了。
我们既然有一对美丽的和真理的翅膀，我们永远也不愿意阖上它们。
做什么要装模作样，化为一只枯叶蝶，最后也还是被售，反而不如那翅膀两面都光彩夺目的蝴蝶到处飞翔，被捕捉而又生生不息。
最新山东大学考博英语真题2014-2010附答案
2014山大考博英语2014-04-07语法词汇题比较难，30个单选题，一个0.5分，基本上是考查词意的完型题20个，一个0.5分，01年考研真题阅读理解4篇，每个题 1.5分，30分，都是六级和考研原题（最近两年阅读没出专八题）7选5，共10分，关于奥巴马的英译汉五个，一个3分，长句子翻译比较难，费得时间比较长作文20分，关于children surfing the net2013山大考博英语Part I Grammar and Vocabulary1. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that __________ the speakers stopped for deferments.A. at largeB. at intervalsC. at easeD. at random2. When traveling, you are advised to take travelers’ checks, which providea secure__________ to carrying your money in cash.A. substituteB. selectionC. inferenceD. alternative3. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a character.A. graciousB. suspiciousC. uniqueD. particular4. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this__________produces artificial cold surrounding it.A. absorptionB. transitionC. consumptionD. interaction5. Language, culture, and personality may be considered__________of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.A. IndistinctlyB. separatelyC. irrelevantlyD. independently6. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December25th__________the birth of Jesus Christ.A. in accordance withB. in terms ofC. in favor ofD. in honor of7. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must__________the qualities and varieties of products we make t o the world market demand.A. improveB. enhanceC. guaranteeD. gear8. To give you a general idea of our products, we enclose the catalogues showing various products handled by us with detailed __________and means of packing.A. specimensB. inspectionsC. samplesD. specifications9. Many of the conditions that __________population pressures --- overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, hunger and illness --- lead to dissatisfaction.A. bring forwardB. give rise toC. feed up withD. result from10. Arriving anywhere with these possessions, he might just aseasily__________for a month or a year as for a single day.A. put upB. stay upC. speed upD. make up11. The fact that the earth’s surface heats__________provides a convenient way to divide it into temperature region.A. infrequentlyB. irregularlyC. unsteadilyD. uneverny12. If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mockingbird __________a set ofactions to protect its offspring.A. hastensB. releasesC. devisesD. initiates13. How large a proportion of the sales of stores in or near resort areas canbe__________to tourist spending?A. attributedB. appliedC. contributedD. attached14. Knowledge is a comfortable and necessary retreat and __________for us inan advanced age; and if we do not plant it while young, it will give us no shadewhen we grow old.A. ingredientB. relianceC. shelterD. inclination15. Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to__________wonderful bargains in the market.A. pick upB. bump intoC. pile upD. bring back16. Scientists are searching for the oldest tree __________because it can teach them a great deal about many issues related with climate change.A. livelyB. aliveC. livingD. live17. The destruction of the Twin Towers in New Y ork City __________shock and anger throughout the world.A. temptedB. provokedC. summonedD. enveloped18. A 1994 World Bank report concluded that __________girls in school wasprobably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing worldtoday.A. enrollingB. assigningC. involvingD. consenting19. The UN o fficial said aid programs will be __________until there is adequate protection for relief personnel.A. multipliedB. arrestedC. spannedD. suspended20. Despite almost universal__________of the vital importance of women’s literacy, education remains a dream for many women i n far too many countries of the world.A. confessionB. identificationC. acknowledgementD. compliment21. Since the island soil has been barren for so many years, the natives mustnow __________much of their food.A. deliverB. importC. produceD. develop22. Because Jenkins neither __________nor defends either management or thestriking workers, both aides admire his journalisticA. criticizes...acumenB. attacks,neutralityC. confronts,aptitudeD.dismis ses,flair23. Some anthropologists claim that a few aps have been taught a rudimentarysign languages, but skeptics argue that the apes are only __________their trainers.A. imitatingB. condoningC. instructingD. acknowledging24. It is ironic that the__________insights of the great thinkers are voicedso often that they have become mereA. oriinal, clichesB. banal, beliefsC. dubious, habitsD.philosophical-questions 25. The most frustrating periods of any diet are theinevitable__________, when weight loss if not stops.A. moods, acceleratesB. feasts, haltsC. holidays, contractsD. plateaus, slows26. Since the author’s unflattering references to her friends were so__________, she was surprised that her__________were recognized.A. laud atory, stylesB. obvious, anecdotesC. oblique, allusionsD.critical, eulogies27. If it is true that morality cannot exist without religion, then does notthe erosion of religion herald the __________of moraliy?A, regulation B. basis C. belief D. collapse28. Certain animal behaviors, such as mating rituals, seem to be __________,and therefore external factors such as climate changes, food supply, or the presence of other animals of the same species.A. learned, immune toB. innate, unaffected byC. intricate, belong toD.specific, confused with29. Shaken by two decades of virtual anarchy, the majority of people were ready to buy __________at any price.A. orderB. emancipationC. hopeD. liberty30. As a person who combines care with _________, Marisa completed her dutieswith__________as well as zeal.A. levity, resignationB. enthusiasm, meticulousnessC. vitality,willingness D. empathy, rigorPartⅡ CloseThe study of genetics has given rise to a profitable new industry calledbiotechnology. As the name __31__ , it combines biology and modern technology through such __32__ as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies, as they are called, __33__ in agriculture and are working enthusiastically to patent (取得专利) seeds that give a high yield (产量), that __34__ disease, drought and frost,and that reduce the need for dangerous chemicals. __35__ such goals could be achieved, it would be most beneficial. But some h ave raised __36__ about genetically engineered crops. "In nature, genetic diversity (多样性) is created within certain limits,"says the book Genetic Engineering, Food and Our Environment. "A rose can becrossed(杂交) with a different kind of rose, but a lose will __37__ cross with apotato ..." Genetic engineering, on the other hand, usually involves taking genesfrom one species and inserting them into another in an attempt to __38__ a desiredproperty or character. This could mean, __39__ , selecting a gene which leads tothe production of a chemical with antifreeze properties from an arctic fish, andjoining it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. It is now possible for plants to be engineered with genes __40__ from bacteria, viruses, insects,animals or even humans. __41__ , then, biotechnology allows humans to break thegenetic walls that __42__ species. Like the green revolution, (43)what some callthe gene revolution (44)contributes to the problem of genetic uniformity (千篇一律) –some say even more so (45)because geneticists can employ techniques such (46)as cloning and organ culture, processes that produce perfectly (47)identical copies,or clones. Concerns about the biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new(48) issues, such as the effects that they may have onus a nd the environment. ―We are flying blindly into a new (49) of agriculturalbiotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potensial(50) , ‖ said science writer Jeremy Rifkin.31. A. suggests B. recalls C. concerns D. advises32. A. concepts B. views C. techniques D. courses33. A. participate B. focus C. specialize D. involve34. A. treat B. avoid C. oppose D. resist35. A. If B. Unless C. Since D. As36. A. demands B. topics C. concerns D. lessons37. A. sometimes B. never C. frequently D. eventually38. A. convey B. transfer C. select D. collect39. A. for example B. for one thing C. on one hand D. in any case40. A. resulted B. evolved C. injected D. taken41. A. In contrast B. In that C. In case D. In essence42. A. separate B. form C. create D. vary43. A. what B. where C. as D. so44. A. combines B.contributes mands D. breaks45. A. that B.because C. if D. when46. A. like B. for example C. as D. is47. A. resembling B. alike C. similar D. identical48. A. issues B. height C. difficulties D. goals49. A. spot B. era C. deadline D. scheme50. A. navigations B. mystery C. outcomes D. destinationsPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionPassage 1The Carnegie Foundation report says that many col leges have tried to be ―all things to all people‖. In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students. Thecurrent crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learningto productive ends. The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work hasno context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students are offereda variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, drivenby careerism, ―the nation’s colleges and universities are more successful inproviding credentials (文凭) than in providing a quality education for theirstudents. ―The report concludes that the special challenge confronting theundergraduate college is one of shaping an integrated core of common learning. Such a core would introduce students to essential knowledge, to connections across thedisciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus. ― Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie studyfound that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact, theydo much to undermine it. As one professor observed: ―Teaching is important, we aretold, and yet faculty know th at research and publication matter most.‖ Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges and universities have failed tograduate half of their four-year degree candidates. Faculty members who dedicatedthemselves to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure (终身任期), promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculties say their interests lie more in teaching than in research. Additionally, a frequent complaint among y oung scholars is that ―There is pressure to publish, although there is virtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the content of thepublications.‖51. When a college tries to be ―all things to al people‖ (Lines 1-2, Para.1) it aims to ________.A) satisfy the needs of all kinds of students simultaneouslyB) focus on training students in various skillsC) encourage students to take as many courses as possibleD) make learning serve academic rather than productive ends52. By saying that ―in too many a cademic fields, the work has no context‖ (Lines 4-5, Pare. 1) the author means that the teaching in these areas ________.A) ignores the actual situationB) is not based on the right perspectiveC) only focuses on an integrated core of common learningD) gives priority to the cultivation of a global vision among students53. One of the reasons for the current crisis in American colleges anduniversities is that ________.A) a narrow vocationalism has come to dominate many collegesB) students don’t have enough f reedom in choosing what they want to learnC) skills are being taught as a means to an endD) students are only interested in obtaining credentials54. American colleges and universities failed to graduate half of theirfour-year degree candidates because ________.A) most of them lack high-quality facultiesB) the interests of most faculty members lie in researchC) there are not enough incentives for students to study hardD) they attach greater importance to research and publication than to teaching55. It can be inferred from the passage that high-quality college education calls for ________. A) putting academic work in the proper contextB) a commitment to students and effective teachingC) the practice of putting leaning to productive endsD) dedication to research in frontier areas of knowledge答案51. C 52. B 53. A 54. D 55. BPassage 2Endangered Species Endangered species are plants and animals that are inimmediate danger of extinction. Extinction is actually a normal process in the course of evolution. Since the formation of the earth, many m ore species have become extinct than those exist today. These species slowly disappeared because of changes ofclimate and their failure to adapt to such conditions as competition and predation (捕食). Since the 1600s, however, the process of extinction has greatly accelerated as a result of both human population growth and technological encroachment (侵犯) on natural ecology systems. Today the majority of the world’s envir onments are changing faster than the ability of most species to adapt to such changes throughnatural selection.Species become extinct or endangered for a number of reasons, but the primarycause is the destruction of natural habitats (栖息地). Drainage of wetlands (沼泽地), cutting and clearing of forests, growth of cities, and highway and damconstruction have seriously reduced available natural habitats. As the varioussurroundings become fragments, the remaining animal populations crowd into smaller areas, causing further destruction of natural surroundings. Species in these small islands‖ lose contact with other populations of their own kind, thus reducing their genetic variation and making them less adaptable to environment changes.Since the 1600s, commercial exploitation of animals for food and other products has caused many species to become extinct or endangered. Introduced diseases andparasites have also greatly reduced some species. Pollution is another importantcause of their extinction.Some private and governmental efforts have been organized to save decliningspecies. Laws were made i n some c ountries in the early 1900s to protect wild animals from commercial trade and killing. International endeavors are shown in theConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species. approved by 51 nations.Its purpose is to restrict exploitation of wild animals and plants by regulatingand restricting trade in certain species. How e ffective such laws will be in various countries, however, depends on enforcement (实施 ) and support by the people andthe courts. Because of a lack of law enforcement, the willingness of some segmentsof society to trade in endangered species, the activities of people who catch andkill animals illegally and dealers who supply the trade, the future of many species is in doubt in spite of legal protection.56 According to the passage, which of the following is the most important factor causing the rapid extinction of man species since the 17th century?A Human b eings are not aware of the importance of preserving endangered species.B Some e ndangered species have already reached the end of their life span in evolution.C The development of human society has greatly affected natural ecology systems.D The world’s climate has ch anged so greatly that most species cannot survive.57 In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the word islands refers toA the lands that are completely surrounded by water.B the wild animals’ breeding grounds protected by lawC the pieces of land separated by modern buildings and roads.D the small and isolated areas inhabited by certain species.58 This passage mentions all of the following reasons that cause the extinctionof man species exceptA natural selection of species.B various natural disasters.C commercial trade and killing.D destruction of natural surroundings.59 According to the passage, which of the following is most important in saving declining species?A Governments should make some laws to protect endangered species.B People should pay more attention to the protection of natural surroundings.C Relevant laws must be made and enforced with the support of the people.D Some organizations should warn people not to trade in endangered animals.60 How d oes the author feel about the prospect of protecting endangered species from being extinct?A Worried.B Optimistic.C Indifferent.D Confident.Passage 3Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as afactor in world peace. They did not foreseethat the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressivearmies. None of them foresaw that the more weare together-the more chances thereare of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that.Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against itcan always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds, catarrhs (粘膜炎) and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being movedthrough the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In thosewith high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy (中风). The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just theopposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize thecirculation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep.The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test ofendurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air,the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-classcarriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards,while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few mode e xcept speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat,but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic (滑稽的) press. This kind of thing: A man w as seen yesterday buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquiredinto.A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second-andthird-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railwaysmust have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the openthird-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rainfrom whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, fromwhose searching power there was no escape.61. All boys and girls in large families know thatA) a boy and a girl usually fight when they are togetherB) people tend to be together more than they used to beC) a lot of people being together makes fights likelyD) Railway leads the world to peace62. According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself shouldinclude all the following except .A) the railway enables people travel fastB) the railway brings comfort to peopleC) the railway makes the world peacefulD) the railway leads the world to war as well.63. According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but .A) tunnels are dangerous to public healthB) the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people's nervesC) the rapid speed through the air does damage to people's lungsD) to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die64. We may safely conclude that .A) the author belongs to the anti-railway groupB) the author belongs to the for-railway groupC) the author speaks highly of the railwayD) the author may never take train because of its potential dangers65. What is the tone of this passage?A)Practical B)Satirical C)Humorous D)Exaggerated答案61.C 62.D 63.D 64.A 65.C PassagePassage 4The Myth of College Many of you young persons out there are seriously thinkingabout going to college. (That is, of course, a lie. The only things you young persons think seriously about are loud music and sex. Trust me: these are closely relatedto college). College is basically a bunch of rooms where you sit for roughly twothousand hours and try to memorize things. The two thousand hours are spread outover four years; you spend the rest of the time sleeping and trying to get dates.Basically, you learn two kinds of things in college:Things you need to know later in life (two hours). These include how to makecollect telephone calls and get beer and crepe-paper stains out of your pajamas.Things you will not need to know in later life (1,998 hours). These are the things you learn in classes whose names end in -ology, -osophy, -istry, -ics, and so on.The idea is you memorize these things, then write them down in little exam books,then forget them. If you fail to forget them, you become a professor and have tostay in college for the rest of your life.It's very difficult to forget everything. For example, when I was in college,I had to memorize - don't ask me why - the names of the metaphysical poets otherthan John Donne. I have managed to forget one of them, but I still remember thatthe other two were named Vaughan and Crashaw.Sometimes, when I'm trying to remember something important, like whether my w ife told me to get tuna packed in oil or tuna packed in water, Vaughan and Crashaw just pop up in my mind, right there in the supermarket. It's a terrible waste of braincells. After you've been in college for a year or so, you're supposed to choose amajor, which is the subject you intend to memorize and forget the most things about. Here is a very important piece of advice: be sure to choose a major that does notinvolve Known Facts and Right Answers.This means t hat you must not major in mathematics, physics, biology or chemistry, because these subjects involve actual facts. If, for example, you major inmathematics, you're going to wander into class one day and the professor will say: "Define the cosine integer of the quadrant of the rhomboid binary axis, andextrapolate your result to five significant vertices." If you don't come up withexactly the answer the professor has in mind, you fail. The same i s true of chemistry: if you write in your exam book that carbon and hydrogen combine to form oak, yourprofessor will flunk you. He wants you to come up with the same answer he and allthe other chemists have agreed on. Scientists are extremely snotty about this.68. When should the college students choose a major?A. The moment they go to collegeB. After they have been in college for nearly two yearsC. After they have been in college for a year or soD. When they become a senior69. The word ―flunk‖ in the last paragraph meansA. floatB. failC. ridiculeD. dupe70. What is the beat title for the passage?A. The Myth of CollegeB. What Can You Learn in College?C. How to Enjoy Your College LifeD. The Importance of CollegePart Ⅳ Use of LanguageThe psychology of warranties保单心理学Protection racket保护之诈tend If extended guarantees are overpriced, why are they so popular? CUSTOMERSto agonise over the relative merits of different models of electronic goods suchas digital cameras or plasma televisions. But when they get to the till, many spend freely on something they barely think about at all: an extended warranty, which is often more profitable to the retailer than the device it covers.Shoppers typically pay 10-50% of the cost of a product to insure it beyond theterm covered by the manufacturer’s guarantee. 71 . Yet products rarely break within the period covered, and repairs tend to cost no more than the warranty itself. 72l.So why, asks a paper published in the December issue of the Journal of Consumer Research, do so many consumers still buy extended warranties? The authors—Tao Chen of the University of Maryland, Ajay Kalra of Rice University and Baohong Sun ofCarnegie Mellon University—examined purchase data from a big electronics retailerfor over 600 households from November 2003 to October 2004. 73 .If a customer is about to buy something fun (ie, a plasma television rather than a vacuum cleaner), he will be more inclined to splash out on extra insurance. Thisis because consumers value ―hedonic‖ items over utilitarian ones, regardless ofthe actual price tag. 74 . The study also found that poorer consumers are more likelyto buy ―potentially unnecessary and overpriced insurance‖, because they are more worried about the expense of replacing a product if it breaks.75 . But although most policies go unused, he admits that the emotionaltranquillity that comes with buying a new warranty is not in itself without value,even if ―rationally, it doesn’t make sense‖．A. This is especially true if the item is on sale, as finding an unexpectedbargain leaves buyers feeling flush and pleased.B. The terms of these deals vary (and there is often a great deal of fine print), but they usually promise to repair or replace a faulty device for between one andfour years.C. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant powerto alter the nature of his world.D. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant powerto alter the nature of his world.E. They concluded that the decision to buy a warranty had a great deal to dowith a shopper’s mood.F. The popularity of warranties should logically depend on the likelihood ofa product’s failure, says Mr Kalra.G. That makes warranties amazingly profitable: they generate over $16 billionannually for American retailers, according to Warranty Week, a trade journal答案B G E A FPart Ⅴ Translation1. Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food.”2. According to a growing body of exidence, the chemicals that make up manyplastics may migrate out of the material and into foods and fluids, ending up inyour body.3. Consider the survey evidence, which shows that while most Americans want to have both science and religion in their lives, they’ ll only go so far to preserve the former at the expense of the latter.4. The bodies who play major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fitthe growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.5. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult tocontinue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yieds.Part Ⅵ WritingAs the society develops, interpersonal relationships are getting more and more indifferent. Please make comment on the phenomena。
2014年山东大学考博英语试题及答案
PARTI(1-30题，共15分，每个0.5分)BCAAD DBCCA BACBD BCAAC BBADB ABCADPart II（40-50题，共10分，每个0.5分from 2001年考研英语Passage 8）DADBA CDBBA BCBAC ADCDCThe government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 32 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 33 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 34 and will strictly control the amount of 35 that can be given to a case 36 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 37 with a committee report this year which said that self-regulation did not 38 sufficient control.39 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 40 of media protest when he said the 41 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 42 to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 43 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 44 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 45 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families."Press freedoms will be in safe hands 46 our British judges," he said.Witness payments became an 47 after West sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 48 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 49 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 50 guilty verdict.31.[A] as to [B] for instance [C] in particular [D] such as32.[A] tightening [B] intensifying [C] focusing [D] fastening33.[A]sketch [B] rough [C] preliminary [D] draft34.[A]illogical [B] illegal [C] improbable [D] improper35.[A]publicity [B] penalty [C] popularity [D] peculiarity36.[A]since [B] if [C] before [D] as37.[A]sided [B] shared [C] complied [D] agreed38.[A]present [B] offer [C] manifest [D] indicate39.[A]Release [B] Publication [C] Printing [D] Exposure40.[A]storm [B] rage [C] flare [D] flash41.[A]translation [B] interoperation [C] exhibition [D] demonstration42.[A]better than [B] other than [C] rather than [D] sooner than43.[A]changes [B] makes [C] sets [D] turns44.[A] binding [B] convincing [C] restraining [D] sustaining45.[A] authorized [B] credited [C] entitled [D] qualified46.[A] with [B] to [C] from [D] by47.[A] impact [B] incident [C] inference [D] issue48.[A] stated [B] remarked [C] said [D] told49.[A] what [B] when [C] which [D] that50.[A] assure [B] confide [C] ensure [D] guarantee PART III(30分，每个1.5分)Passage Four（2004年6月）Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.When we worry about who might be spying on our private lives, we usually think about the Federal agents. But the private sector outdoes the government every time. It’s Linda Tripp, not the FBI, who is facing charges under Maryland’s laws against secret telephone taping. It’s our banks, not the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), that pass our private financial data to telemarketing firms.Consumer activists are pressing Congress for better privacy laws without muchresult so far. The legislators lean toward letting business people track our financial habits virtually at will.As an example of what’s going on, consider U.S. Bancorp, which was recently sued for deceptive practices by the state of Minnesota. According to the lawsuit, the bank supplied a telemarketer called Member Works with sensitive customer data such as names, phone numbers, bank-account and credit-card numbers, Social Security numbers, account balances and credit limits.With these customer lists in hand, Member Works started dialing for dollars-selling dental plans, videogames, computer software and other products and services. Customers who accepted a “free trial offer” had 30 days to cancel. If the deadline passed, they were charged automatically through their bank or credit-card accounts. U.S. Bancorp collected a share of the revenues.Customers were doubly deceived, the lawsuit claims. They, didn’t know that the bank was giving account numbers to MemberWorks. And if customers asked, they were led to think the answer was no.The state sued MemberWorks separately for deceptive selling. The company denies that it did anything wrong. For its part, U.S. Bancorp settled without admitting any mistakes. But it agreed to stop exposing its customers to nonfinancial products sold by outside firms. A few top banks decided to do the same. Many other banks will still do business with MemberWorks and similar firms.And banks will still be mining data from your account in order to sell you financial products, including things of little value, such as credit insurance and credit-card protection plans.You have almost no protection from businesses that use your personal accounts for profit. For example, no federal law shields “transaction and experience” information-mainly the details of your bank and credit-card accounts. Social Security numbers are for sale by private firms. They’ve generally agreed not to sell to the public. But to businesses, the numbers are an open book. Self-regulation doesn’t work.A firm might publish a privacy-protection policy, but who enforces it?Take U.S. Bancorp again. Customers were told, in writing, that “all personal information you supply to us will be considered confidential.” Then it sold your data to MemberWorks. The bank even claims that it doesn’t “sell” your data at all. It merely “shares” it and reaps a profit. Now you know.36. Contrary to popular belief, the author finds that spying on people’s privacy________.A) is practiced exclusively by the FBIB) is more prevalent in business circlesC) has been intensified with the help of the IRSD) is mainly carried out by means of secret taping37. We know from the passage that ________.A) the state of Minnesota is considering drawing up laws to protect privateinformationB) most states are turning a blind eye to the deceptive practices of privatebusinessesC) legislators are acting to pass a law to provide better privacy protectionD) lawmakers are inclined to give a free hand to businesses to inquire intocu stomers’ buying habits38. When the “free trial” deadline is over, you’ll be charged without notice for aproduct or service if ________.A) you happen to reveal your credit card numberB) you fail to cancel it within the specified periodC) you fail to apply for extension of the deadlineD) you find the product or service unsatisfactory39. Businesses do not regard information concerning personal bank accounts asprivate because ________.A) it is considered “transaction and experience” information unprotected by lawB) it has always been considered an open secret by the general publicC) its sale can be brought under control through self-regulationD) its revelation will do no harm to consumers under the current protectionpolicy40. We can infer from the passage that ________.A) banks will have to change their ways of doing businessB) “free trial” practice will eventually be bannedC) privacy protection laws will soon be enforcedD) consumers’ privacy will continue to be invaded1997年6月Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” is debatable, that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby’s life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair o f eyes. The eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes then the face will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye then the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, wherebabi es are carried on their mother’s back, infants to not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the “proper pla ce to focus one’s gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one’s conversation partner.”The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well defined: speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a few moments they re-establish eye contact with the listener or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves-to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the `precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.36. The author is convinced that the eyes are ________.A) of extreme importance in expressing feelings and exchanging ideasB) something through which one can see a pe rson’s inner worldC) of considerable significance in making conversations interestingD) something the value of which is largely a matter of long debate37. Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person ________.A) whose front view is fully perceivedB) whose face is covered with a maskC) whose face is seen from the sideD) whose face is free of any covering38. According to the passage, the Japanese fix their gaze on their conversationpartner’s neck because ________.A) they don’t like to keep their eyes on the face of the speakerB) they need not communicate through eye contactC) they don’t think it polite to have eye contactD) they didn’t have much opportunity to communicate through eye contact inbabyhood39. According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans may breakdown due to ________.A) one temporarily glancing away from the otherB) eye contact of more than one secondC) improperly-timed ceasing of eye contactD) constant adjustment of eye contact40. To keep a conversation flowing smoothly, it is better for the participants________.A) not to wear dark spectaclesB) not to make any interruptionsC) not to glance away from each otherD) not to make unpredictable pauses1998年1月A few common misconceptions. Beauty is only skin deep. One’s physical assets and liabilities don’t count all that much in a managerial career. A woman should always try to look her best.Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how we react to beautiful and not so beautiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks do matter, more than most of us realize. The data suggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically. With the possible exception of women seeking managerial jobs, they are also more likely to be hired, paid well, and promoted.Un American, you say, unfair and extremely unbelievable? Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties (虔诚) while acting just the contrary. Their typical experiment works something like this. They give each member of a group-college students, or teachers or corporate personnel mangers-a piece of paper relating an individual’s accomplishments. Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the pictures are different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some an average looking character, and some an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the individual on certain attributes, anything from personal warmth to the likelihood that he or she will be promoted.Almost invariably, the better looking the person in the picture, the higher the person is rated. In the phrase, borrowed from Sappho, that the social scientists use to sum up the common perception, what is beautiful is good.In business, however, good looks cut both ways for women, and deeper than for men. A Utah State University professor, who is an authority on the subject, explains:In terms of their careers, the impact of physical attractiveness on males is only modest. But its potential impact on females can be tremendous, making it easier, for example, for the more attractive to get jobs where they are in the public eye. On another note, though, there is enough literature now for us to conclude that attractive women who aspire (追求) to managerial positions do not get on as well as women who may be less attractive.21. According to the passage, people often wrongly believe that in pursuing a careeras a manager ________.A) a person’s property or debts do not matter muchB) a person’s outward appearance is not a critical qualificationC) women should always dress fashionablyD) women should not only be attractive but also high minded22. The result of research carried out by social scientists show that ________.A) people do not realize the importance of looking one’s bestB) women in pursuit of managerial jobs are not likely to be paid wellC) good looking women aspire to managerial positionsD) attractive people generally have an advantage over those who are not23. Experiments by scientists have shown that when people evaluate individuals oncertain attributes ________.A) they observe the principle that beauty is only skin deepB) they do not usually act according to the views they supportC) they give ordinary looking persons the lowest ratingsD) they tend to base their judgment on the individual’s accomplishments24. “Good looks cut both ways for women” (Line 1, Para. 5) means that ________.A) attractive women have tremendous potential impact on public jobsB) good looking women always get the best of everythingC) being attractive is not always an advantage for womenD) attractive women do not do as well as unattractive women in managerialpositions25. It can be inferred from the passage that in the business world ________.A) handsome men are not affected as much by their looks as attractive womenareB) physically attractive women who are in the public eye usually do quite wellC) physically attractive men and women who are in the public eye usually getalong quite wellD) good looks are important for women as they are for men2000年6月Reebok executives do not like to hear their stylish athletic shoes called “footwear for yuppies (雅皮士,少壮高薪职业人士)”. They contend that Reebok shoes appeal to diverse market segments, especially now that the company offers basketball and children’s shoes for the under-18 set and walking shoes for older customers not interested in aerobics (健身操) or running. The executives also point out that through recent acquisitions they have added hiking boots, dress and casual shoes, and high-performance athletic footwear to their product lines, all of which should attract new and varied groups of customers.Still, despite its emphasis on new markets, Reebok plans few changes in the upmarket (高档消费人群的) retailing network that helped push sales to $1 billion annually, ahead of all other sports shoe marketers. Reebok shoes, which are priced from $27 to $85, will continue to be sold only in better specialty, sporting goods, and department stores, in accordance with the company’s view that consu mers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution.In the past few years, the Massachusetts-based company has imposed limits on the number of its distributors (and the number of shoes supplied to stores), partly out of necessity. At ti mes the unexpected demand for Reebok’s exceeded supply, and the company could barely keep up with orders from the dealers it already had. These fulfillment problems seem to be under control now, but the company is still selective about its distributors. At present, Reebok shoes are available in about five thousand retail stores in the United States.Reebok has already anticipated that walking shoes will be the next fitness-related craze, replacing aerobics shoes the same way its brightly colored, soft leather exercise footwear replaced conventional running shoes. Through product diversification and careful market research, Reebok hopes to avoid the distribution problems Nike came across several years ago, when Nike misjudged the strength of the aerobics shoe craze and was forced to unload huge inventories of running shoes through discount stores.36. One reason why Reebok’s managerial personnel don’t like their shoes to becalled “footwear for yuppies” is that ________.A) they believe that their shoes are popular with people of different age groupsB) new production lines have been added to produce inexpensive shoesC) “yuppies” usually evokes a negative imageD) the term makes people think of prohibitive prices37. Reebok’s view that “consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality ofits distribution” (Line 5, Para. 2) implies that ________.A) the quality of a brand is measured by the service quality of the store selling itB) the quality of a product determines the quality of its distributorsC) the popularity of a brand is determined by the stores that sell itD) consumers believe that first-rate products are only sold by high-quality stores38. Reebok once had to limit the number of its distributors because ________.A) its supply of products fell short of demandB) too many distributors would cut into its profitsC) the reduction of distributors could increase its share of the marketD) it wanted to enhance consumer confidence in its products39. Although the Reebok Company has solved the problem of fulfilling its orders, it________.A) does not want to further expand its retailing networkB) still limits the number of shoes supplied to storesC) is still particular about who sells its productsD) still carefully chooses the manufacturers of its products40. What lesson has Reebok learned from Nike’s distribution problems?A) A company should not sell its high quality shoes in discount stores.B) A company should not limit its distribution network.C) A company should do follow-up surveys of its products.D) A company should correctly evaluate the impact of a new craze on the market.PART IV（7选5，共10分，每个2分）A method that some political scientists use for gauging ideology is to compare the annual ratings by the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) with the ratings by the American Conservative Union (ACU). Based on his years in Congress, Obama has a lifetime average conservative rating of 7.67% from the ACU,and a lifetime average liberal rating of 90% from the ADA. Obama was an early opponent of the Bush administration's policies on Iraq.On October 2, 2002, the day President George W. Bush and Congress agreed on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War, Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago anti-Iraq War rally in Federal Plaza, speaking out against the war.On March 16, 2003, the day President Bush issued his 48-hour ultimatum to Saddam Hussein to leave Iraq before the U.S. invasion of Iraq, Obama addressed the largest Chicago anti-Iraq War rally to date in Daley Plaza and told the crowd that "it's not too late" to stop the war.Obama stated that if elected he would enact budget cuts in the range of tens of billions of dollars,stop investing in "unproven" missile defense systems, not "weaponize" space, "slow development of Future Combat Systems," and work towards eliminating all nuclear weapons. Obama favors ending development of new nuclear weapons, reducing the current U.S. nuclear stockpile, enacting a global ban on production of fissile material, and seeking negotiations with Russia in order to take ICBMs off high alert status. In November 2006, Obama called for a "phased redeployment of U.S. troops from Iraq" and an opening of diplomatic dialogue with Syria and Iran.In a March 2007 speech to AIPAC, a pro-Israel lobby, he said that the primary way to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons is through talks and diplomacy, although he did not rule out military action.Obama has indicated that he would engage in "direct presidential diplomacy" with Iran without preconditions.（F）Detailing his strategy for fighting global terrorism in August 2007, Obama said "it was a terrible mistake to fail to act" against a 2005 meeting of al-Qaeda leaders that U.S. intelligence had confirmed to be taking place in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas. He said that as president he would not miss a similar opportunity, even without the support of the Pakistani government.In a December 2005, Washington Post opinion column, and at the Save Darfur rally in April 2006, Obama called for more assertive action to oppose genocide in the Darfur region of Sudan.He has divested $180,000 in personal holdings of Sudan-related stock, and has urged divestment from companies doing business in Iran.In the July–August 2007 issue of Foreign Affairs, Obama called for an outward looking post-Iraq War foreign policy and the renewal of American military, diplomatic, and moral leadership in the world. （G）Saying that "we can neither retreat from the world nor try to bully it into submission," he called on Americans to "lead the world, by deed and by example."In economic affairs, in April 2005, he defended the New Deal social welfare policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt and opposed Republican proposals to establish private accounts for Social Security.In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Obama spoke out against government indifference to growing economic class divisions, calling on both political parties to take action to restore the social safety net for the poor.Shortly before announcing his presidential campaign, Obama said he supports universal health care in the United States.Obama proposes to reward teachers for performance from traditional merit pay systems, assuring unions that changes would be pursued through the collective bargaining process.In September 2007, he blamed special interests for distorting the U.S. tax code.His plan would eliminate taxes for senior citizens with incomes of less than $50,000 a year, repeal income tax cuts for those making over $250,000 as well as the capital gains and dividends tax cut, close corporate tax loopholes, lift the income cap on Social Security taxes, restrict offshore tax havens, and simplify filing of income tax returns by pre-filling wage and bank information already collected by the IRS.Announcing his presidential campaign's energy plan in October 2007, Obama proposed a cap and trade auction system to restrict carbon emissions and a ten year program of investments in new energy sources to reduce U.S. dependence on imported oil.（E）Obama proposed that all pollution credits must be auctioned, with no grandfathering of credits for oil and gas companies, and the spending of the revenue obtained on energy development and economic transition costs.Obama has encouraged Democrats to reach out to evangelicals and other religious groups. InDecember 2006, he joined Sen. Sam Brownback (R-KS) at the "Global Summit on AIDS and the Church" organized by church leaders Kay and Rick Warren. Together with Warren and Brownback, Obama took an HIV test, as he had done in Kenya less than four months earlier.（C）He encouraged "others in public life to do the same" and not be ashamed of it.Addressing over 8,000 United Church of Christ members in June 2007, Obama challenged "so-called leaders of the Christian Right" for being "all too eager to exploit what divides us."后四个FGEC。
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山东大学考博英语2014年真题(总分：95.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Grammar and V(总题数：30，分数：15.00)1.Most good writers use every means at their ______ to make the reader"s way smooth and easy.（分数：0.50）A.willB.disposalC.requestD.convenience2.John was so ______ in his book that he did not hear the doorbell ring.（分数：0.50）A.engagedB.occupiedC.absorbedD.concentrated3.Too much ______ to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.（分数：0.50）A.exposureB.disclosureC.contactD.connection4.And we maintain a reflexive, ______ affection for Uncle Ralph, the boring fellow with interminable stories of a time we never knew.（分数：0.50）A.hatefulB.distancedC.lovingD.close glaring5.______ a delay, the train will arrive in Shanghai at 6:30 a.m.（分数：0.50）A.ExceptB.BarringC.Apart fromD.On account of6.If something very substantial is not done next month, he cannot ______ his office.（分数：0.50）A.obtainB.secureC.haveD.retain7.Stores and supermarkets have been ______ with each other to attract customers.（分数：0.50）A.strivingB.vyingC.conqueringD.sprouting8.The boy was very naughty, his mother ______ punishment to make him obey.（分数：0.50）A.took advantageB.made useC.resorted toD.turned for9.If the heavy rain had ______ an extreme high tide, serious flooding would have resulted.（分数：0.50）A.happened toB.occurred toC.coincided withD.turned out10.The criminal was told he would be ______ from punishment if he said what he knew about the murder.（分数：0.50）A.immuneB.immigrantC.imminentD.infallible11.It is hard to tell whether we are going to have a ______ in the economy or a recession.（分数：0.50）A.concessionB.boomC.transmissionD.submission12.There is no ______ evidence that the diplomatic relations will be restored to normal between these two countries.（分数：0.50）A.tangibleB.touchableC.noticeableD.inevitable13.The mountain peak is ______ on the horizon.（分数：0.50）A.straddlingB.overlookingC.toweringD.dominant14.14, All the investors in stocks must be ______ to the risks in such investment.（分数：0.50）A.realisticB.alertC.accessibleD.awake15.The excursion will give you an even deeper ______ into our language and culture.（分数：0.50）A.inquiryB.investigationC.inputD.insight16.The Prime Minister denied that the president ______ any information about the transfer and transaction of the nuclear weapons in North Korea.（分数：0.50）A.kept silent aboutB.was privy toC.was knowledgeable aboutD.had a stake in17.______ there was not a soul around except some cars passing occasionally.（分数：0.50）A.Over nightB.At duskC.In the dead of nightD.Fortnight18.With facilities worth 30 to 50 billion dollars and 9,000 miles of roads in the national ______ park system alone, keeping up with needed repairs is.（分数：0.50）A.overwhelmingB.appallingC.dominantD.appealing19.The career I have chosen ______ opportunities yet it is fraught with heartbreak, despair and hardship.（分数：0.50）A.is laden withB.is lack ofC.is burdened withD.is in want of20.Science is based on experiment, on a willingness to ______ old dogma, on an openness to see the universe as it really is.（分数：0.50）A.encounterB.convertC.challengeD.formulate21.In the process of development we should ______ heart that social life is based on exchange.（分数：0.50）A.take fromB.take toC.take forD.take in22.What makes basketball the most ______ of sports is how these styles do not necessarily clash.（分数：0.50）A.aspiringB.intriguingC.conspiringD.famous23.She is too shy to ask a stranger the time, ______ speak to a room of people.（分数：0.50）A.much lessB.much moreC.still moreD.more or less24.A balance used for weighing drugs or jewels must be a ______ instrument, but this would be quite unsuitable for weighing coal, sand or blocks of stone.（分数：0.50）A.distinctionB.correctionC.precautionD.precision25.Motorcyclists should wear helmets to ______ them from injury.（分数：0.50）A.saveB.shieldC.shelterD.defend26.______ what has been said, it is unlike that population growth will be halted, either in the developed or in the undeveloped world.（分数：0.50）A.In view ofB.On behalf ofC.For the sake ofD.With the exception of27.This new book has received several reviews since its publication; but none of them have madea just ______ of the book.（分数：0.50）A.calculationB.evaluationC.profitD.register28.The spy gave General Washington a ______ report on enemy activities.（分数：0.50）A.confidentB.influentialC.confidentialD.substantial29.Henry"s news report covering the conference was so ______ that nothing had been omitted.（分数：0.50）prehensiveprehensibleC.understandingD.understandable30.In Scotland, as in the rest of the United Kingdom, ______ schooling begins at age 5 and ends at age 16.（分数：0.50）pellingB.forcedC.obligedpulsory二、Part Ⅱ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West. In a significant 2 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 3 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 4 and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be given to a case 6 a trial begins. In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 7 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 8 sufficient control. 9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media protest when he said the 11 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 12 to parliament. The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 13 the European convention on Human Rights legally 14 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 15 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. "Press freedoms will be in safe hands 16 our British judges," he said. Witness payments became an 17 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 19 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.（分数：10.00）A.as toB.for instanceC.in particularD.such asA.tighteningB.intensifyingD.fasteningA.sketchB.roughC.preliminaryD.draftA.illogicalB.illegalC.improbableD.improperA.publicityB.penaltyC.popularityD.peculiarityA.sinceB.ifC.beforeD.asA.sidedB.sharedpliedD.agreedA.presentB.offerC.manifestD.indicateA.ReleaseB.PublicationC.PrintingD.ExposureA.stormB.rageC.flareD.flashA.translationB.interpretationC.exhibitionD.demonstrationA.better thanB.other thanC.rather thanD.sooner thanA.changesB.makesC.setsD.turnsA.bindingB.convincingC.restrainingA.authorizedB.creditedC.entitledD.qualifiedA.withB.toC.fromD.byA.impactB.incidentC.inferenceD.issueA.statedB.remarkedC.saidD.toldA.whatB.whenC.whichD.thatA.assureB.confideC.ensureD.guarantee三、Part Ⅲ Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：7.50)When we worry about who might be spying on our private lives, we usually think about the Federal agents. But the private sector outdoes the government every time. It"s Linda Tripp, not the FBI, who is facing charges under Maryland"s laws against secret telephone taping. It"s our banks, not the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), that pass our private financial data to telemarketing firms. Consumer activists are pressing Congress for better privacy laws without much result so far. The legislators lean toward letting business people track our financial habits virtually at will. As an example of what"s going on, consider U.S. Bancorp, which was recently sued for deceptive practices by the state of Minnesota. According to the lawsuit, the bank supplied a telemarketer called MemberWorks with sensitive customer data such as names, phone numbers, bank-account and credit-card numbers, Social Security numbers, account balances and credit limits.With these customer lists in hand, MemberWorks started dialing for dollars-selling dental plans, videogames, computer software and other products and services. Customers who accepted a "free trial offer" had 30 days to cancel. If the deadline passed, they were charged automatically through their bank or credit-card accounts. U.S. Bancorp collected a share of the revenues. Customers were doubly deceived, the lawsuit claims. They, didn"t know that the bank was giving account numbers to MemberWorks. And if customers asked, they were led to think the answer was no.The state sued MemberWorks separately for deceptive selling. The company denies that it did anything wrong. For its part, U. S. Bancorp settled without admitting any mistakes. But it agreed to stop exposing its customers to nonfinancial products sold by outside firms. A few top banks decided to do the same. Many other banks will still do business with MemberWorks and similar firms. And banks will still be mining data from your account in order to sell you financial products,including things of little value, such as credit insurance and credit-card protection plans. You have almost no protection from businesses that use your personal accounts for profit. For example, no federal law shields "transaction and experience" information—mainly the details of your bank and credit-card accounts. Social Security numbers are for sale by private firms. They"ve generally agreed not to sell to the public. But to businesses, the numbers are an open book. Self-regulation doesn"t work. A firm might publish a privacy-protection policy, but who enforces it?Take U.S. Bancorp again. Customers were told, in writing, that "all personal information you supply to us will be considered confidential". Then it sold your data to MemberWorks. The bank even claims that it doesn"t "sell" your data at all. It merely "shares" it and reaps a profit. Now you know.（分数：7.50）(1).Contrary to popular belief, the author finds that spying on people"s privacy ______.（分数：1.50）A.is practiced exclusively by the FBIB.is more prevalent in business circlesC.has been intensified with the help of the IRSD.is mainly carried out by means of secret taping(2).We know from the passage that ______.（分数：1.50）A.the state of Minnesota is considering drawing up laws to protect private informationB.most states are turning a blind eye to the deceptive practices of private businessesC.legislators are acting to pass a law to provide better privacy protectionwmakers are inclined to give a free hand to businesses to inquire into customers" buying habits(3).When the "free trial" deadline is over, you"ll be charged without notice for a product or service if ______.（分数：1.50）A.you happen to reveal your credit card numberB.you fail to cancel it within the specified periodC.you fail to apply for extension of the deadlineD.you find the product or service unsatisfactory(4).Businesses do not regard information concerning personal bank accounts as private because ______.（分数：1.50）A.it is considered "transaction and experience" information unprotected by lawB.it has always been considered an open secret by the general publicC.its sale can be brought under control through self-regulationD.its revelation will do no harm to consumers under the current protection policy(5).We can infer from the passage that ______.（分数：1.50）A.banks will have to change their ways of doing businessB."free trial" practice will eventually be bannedC.privacy protection laws will soon be enforcedD.consumers" privacy will continue to be invaded五、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：2.50)Whether the eyes are "the windows of the soul" is debatable, that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby"s life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes covered will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye when the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother"s back,infants do not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the "proper place to focus one"s gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one"s conversation partner".The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well defined: speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a few moments they re-establish eye contact with the listener or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.（分数：2.50）(1).The author is convinced that the eyes are ______.（分数：0.50）A.of extreme importance in expressing feelings and exchanging ideasB.something through which one can see a person"s inner worldC.of considerable significance in making conversations interestingD.something the value of which is largely a matter of long debate(2).Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person ______.（分数：0.50）A.whose front view is fully perceivedB.whose face is covered with a maskC.whose face is seen from the sideD.whose face is free of any covering(3).According to the passage, the Japanese fix their gaze on their conversation partner"s neck because ______.（分数：0.50）A.they don"t like to keep their eyes on the face of the speakerB.they need not communicate through eye contactC.they don"t think it polite to have eye contactD.they didn"t have much opportunity to communicate through eye contact in babyhood(4).According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans may break down due to ______.（分数：0.50）A.one temporarily glancing away from the otherB.eye contact of more than one secondC.improperly-timed ceasing of eye contactD.constant adjustment of eye contact(5).To keep a conversation flowing smoothly, it is better for the participants ______.（分数：0.50）A.not to wear dark spectaclesB.not to make any interruptionsC.not to glance away from each otherD.not to make unpredictable pauses六、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：7.50)A few common misconceptions. Beauty is only skin-deep. One"s physical assets and liabilities don"t count all that much in a managerial career. A woman should always try to look her best. Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how we react to beautiful and not-so-beautiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks do matter, more than most of us realize. The data suggest, for example, that physically attractive individualsare more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically. With the possible exception of women seeking managerial jobs, they are also more likely to be hired, paid well, and promoted.Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties (虔诚) while acting just the contrary. Their typical experiment works something like this. They give each member of a group-college students, or teachers or corporate personnel mangers—a piece of paper relating an individual"s accomplishments. Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the pictures are different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some anaverage-looking character, and some an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the individual on certain attributes, anything from personal warmth to the likelihood that he or she will be promoted.Almost invariably, the better looking the person in the picture, the higher the person is rated. In the phrase, borrowed from Sappho, that the social scientists use to sum up the common perception, what is beautiful is good.In business, however, good looks cut both ways for women, and deeper than for men. A Utah State University professor, who is an authority on the subject, explains: In terms of their careers, the impact of physical attractiveness on males is only modest. But its potential impact on females can be tremendous, making it easier, for example, for the more attractive to get jobs where they are in the public eye. On another note, though, there is enough literature now for us to conclude that attractive women who aspire (追求) to managerial positions do not get on as well as women who may be less attractive.（分数：7.50）(1).According to the passage, people often wrongly believe that in pursuing a career as a manager ______.（分数：1.50）A.a person"s property or debts do not matter muchB.a person"s outward appearance is not a critical qualificationC.women should always dress fashionablyD.women should not only be attractive but also high-minded(2).The result of research carried out by social scientists show that ______.（分数：1.50）A.people do not realize the importance of looking one"s bestB.women in pursuit of managerial jobs are not likely to be paid wellC.goodlooking women aspire to managerial positionsD.attractive people generally have an advantage over those who are not(3).Experiments by scientists have shown that when people evaluate individuals on certain attributes ______.（分数：1.50）A.they observe the principle that beauty is only skin-deepB.they do not usually act according to the views they supportC.they give ordinary-looking persons the lowest ratingsD.they tend to base their judgment on the individual"s accomplishments(4)."Good looks cut both ways for women" (Line 1, Para. 5) means that ______.（分数：1.50）A.attractive women have tremendous potential impact on public jobsB.goodlooking women always get the best of everythingC.being attractive is not always an advantage for womenD.attractive women do not do as well as unattractive women in managerial positions(5).It can be inferred from the passage that in the business world ______.（分数：1.50）A.handsome men are not affected as much by their looks as attractive women areB.physically attractive women who are in the public eye usually do quite wellC.physically attractive men and women who are in the public eye usually get along quite wellD.good looks are important for women as they are for men七、Passage Four(总题数：1，分数：7.50)Reebok executives do not like to hear their stylish athletic shoes called "footwear for yuppies (雅皮士，少壮高薪职业人士)". They contend that Reebok shoes appeal to diverse market segments, especially now that the company offers basketball and children"s shoes for the under-18 set and walking shoes for older customers not interested in aerobics(健身操) or running. The executives also point out that through recent acquisitions they have added hiking boots, dress and casual shoes, and high-performance athletic footwear to their product lines, all of which should attract new and varied groups of customers.Still, despite its emphasis on new markets, Reebok plans few changes in the upmarket (高档消费人群) retailing network that helped push sales to $1 billion annually, ahead of all other sports shoe marketers. Reebok shoes, which are priced from $27 to $85, will continue to be sold only in better specialty, sporting goods, and department stores, in accordance with the company"s view that consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution.In the past few years, the Massachusetts-based company has imposed limits on the number of its distributors (and the number of shoes supplied to stores), partly out of necessity. At times the unexpected demand for Reebok"s exceeded supply, and the company could barely keep up with orders from the dealers it already had. These fulfillment problems seem to be under control now, but the company is still selective about its distributors. At present, Reebok shoes are available in about five thousand retail stores in the United States.Reebok has already anticipated that walking shoes will be the next fitness-related craze, replacing aerobics shoes the same way its brightly colored, soft leather exercise footwear replaced conventional running shoes." Through product diversification and careful market research, Reebok hopes to avoid the distribution problems Nike came across several years ago, when Nike misjudged the strength of the aerobics shoe craze and was forced to unload huge inventories of running shoes through discount stores.（分数：7.50）(1).One reason why Reebok"s managerial personnel don"t like their shoes to be called "footwear for yuppies" is that ______.（分数：1.50）A.they believe that their shoes are popular with people of different age groupsB.new production lines have been added to produce inexpensive shoesC."yuppies" usually evokes a negative imageD.the term makes people think of prohibitive prices(2).Reebok"s view that "consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution" (Line 5, Para. 2) implies that ______.（分数：1.50）A.the quality of a brand is measured by the service quality of the store selling itB.the quality of a product determines the quality of its distributorsC.the popularity of a brand is determined by the stores that sell itD.consumers believe that first-rate products are only sold by high-quality stores(3).Reebok once had to limit the number of its distributors because ______.（分数：1.50）A.its supply of products fell short of demandB.too many distributors would cut into its profitsC.the reduction of distributors could increase its share of the marketD.it wanted to enhance consumer confidence in its products(4).Although the Reebok Company has solved the problem of fulfilling its orders, it ______.（分数：1.50）A.does not want to further expand its retailing networkB.still limits the number of shoes supplied to storesC.is still particular about who sells its productsD.still carefully chooses the manufacturers of its products(5).What lesson has Reebok learned from Nike"s distribution problems?（分数：1.50）A.A company should not sell its high quality shoes in discount storesB.A company should not limit its distribution networkC.A company should do follow-up surveys of its productsD.A company should correctly evaluate the impact of a new craze on the market八、Part Ⅳ Use of Langua(总题数：1，分数：10.00)On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $ 35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a "Fun Card", which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user"s gambling activities. For Williams, those activities become what he calls "electronic heroin".1 . In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem. In March 1998 a friend of Williams"s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams"s gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a "cease admissions" letter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.2 .The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: "Enjoy the fun... and always bet with your head, not over it." Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams"s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was "helplessly addicted to gambling", intentionally worked to "lure" him to "engage in conduct against his will". Well.3 .The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says "pathological gambling" involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.4 . Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.5 .Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on—you might say addicted to—revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers" dollars has become intense. The Oct.28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web"s most profitable business.A. Although no such evidence was presented, the casino"s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.B. It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?C. By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.D. Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly。