2011年山东大学考博英语真题答案解析笔记
2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】
2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解[部分视频讲解]Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choosethe best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. The man is busyB. The man has trouble breathing.C. The man is out of town on business.D. The man is hiding himself from the woman.【答案】A【解析】录音中男士提到最近在做一个项目，甚至连呼吸的时间也没有，可见他最近很忙。
山东大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
山东大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction,in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject,Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies.As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle’s recent work,for example,judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards,rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological,and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction,however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all,is there a sufficient reason,other than the facial identity of the authors,to group together works by Black authors? Second,how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous?Rosenblatt showsthat Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable,coherent literary tradition.Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years,he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology.These structures are thematic,and they spring,not surprisingly,from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity;he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works—yet his reluctance seems misplaced,especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance,some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect,or are the authors working out of,or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition,the style of some Black novels,like Jean Toomer’s Cane,verges on expressionism or surrealism;does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted,a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions,what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study.Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,bringing to our attention in theprocess some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with[A]evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism.[B]comparing various critical approaches to a subject.[C]discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism.[D]summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism.2.The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt[A]evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction.[B]attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors.[C]explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history.[D]assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically.3.The author’s discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as[A]pedantic and contentious.[B]critical but admiring.[C]ironic and deprecating.[D]argumentative but unfocused.4.The author of the text employs all of the following in the discussion of Rosenblatt’s book EXCEPT:[A]rhetorical questions.[B]specific examples.[C]comparison and contrast.[D]definition of terms.5.The author of the text refers to James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an ExColored Man most probably in order to[A]point out affinities between Rosenblatt’s method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism.[B]clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage.[C]qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt’s book made in the first paragraph of the passage.[D]give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt’s work.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】A【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。
【最新】2011年考研英语真题及答案完整解析
2011 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But __1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow. Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile –or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles ___18___ more exuberantly to funny cartons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Ant hony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in theTimes, calls him “a n unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The wi despread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that diffe rence? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Par a.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in r evitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspira tions. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managerscautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26.When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials and print advertisements –still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media –for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities tolearn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter –nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampe n our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive – and newly single –mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wond er if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in theirlives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every wee k of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a littl e bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, manyhumanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the kn owledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and crit icize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book T he Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.”(48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Alle n’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now webecome authorities of what is possible.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and 2) give reasons for your recommendation Your should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User“LI MING” instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explai n it’s intended meaning, and3)give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)旅程之“余”2011年考研英语一真题答案及详解Section I Use of English1-5 CDBBA 6-10 BADCA 11-15 BCDCB 16-20 DADAC1.C解析：语义逻辑题。
2011年高考山东卷英语试题答案及分析（详细版）
2011年高考山东卷英语试题答案及分析（详细版）选材新颖贴近生活重点突出稳中有变—— 2011 年高考山东卷英语试题分析2011 年高考山东卷英语试题继承了前几年的优点，难度稳定，材料丰富新颖，题目不偏不怪，给高中英语教学以良好的导向。
同时，试题也有一些微妙的变化。
具体说来，今年的英语试题主要有以下几个特点：一、材料新颖，文章话题多样，语言地道，贴近生活这一点主要体现在完形填空、阅读理解和阅读表达的选材上。
今年的英语试题共选用了六篇阅读材料，文章体裁题材多样，话题新颖，分别涉及听音乐会的经历、阿瑟·米勒及其代表作、退休教师夫妇热心公益事业、大学学费上涨、手机短信上瘾等内容。
六篇文章的语言特色鲜明，原汁原味，文中很多句子含意深刻，耐人寻味。
同时，文章的主题贴近生活，为考生所熟悉，尤其是阅读表达题，文章提出了手机短信上瘾的原因、症状以及解决办法。
在人们越来越依赖手机的当今社会，此文在考查考生语言水平的同时，对考生也有一定的教育意义。
二、注重基础，重点突出今年的英语试题依然注重对基础知识的考查，这一点在单项选择题上表现尤为明显。
该部分涉及的知识点，如定语从句、名词性从句、时态、非谓语动词、冠词、代词等，都是中学生应该掌握的基础语言知识。
试题的难度适中，考点不偏不怪，这对中学英语教学有着良好的导向作用。
在注重考查基础知识的同时，单项选择题还突出了英语学习中的重点，这与往年有所不同。
前几年的试题更多地注重知识点的覆盖面，常见的知识点一般都会涉及。
今年试题并没有在各考点上均衡用力，而是加大了对重要知识点如名词性从句、时态等的考查力度；对于词汇的考查则由往年的三、四个题目减少到两个。
鉴于对词汇知识的考查主要由完形填空题来承担，将单项选择题有限的分数集中用于对主要语法点的考查，有利于突出考查重点，明确各题型的考查目标。
三、阅读量控制合理，超纲词处理得当试题的长度直接关系到试题的难度和区分度，也会影响到考试的信度和效度，因此保持相对合理稳定的阅读量对于保证试题的质量至关重要。
山东大学考研真题回忆版
2011年山大英语专业考研真题（回忆版）实践英语第一题：单选（1*10）第二题：阅读（2*20）第三题：完形填空（0.5*10）（不给任何词）第四题：改错（1*10）第五题：写一篇150字左右的summary（关于英国各大学的学生对自己学校的教学满意度的文章）（15）第六题：作文work attitude（30）第七题：翻译（20*2）英译汉专业英语一.语言学 1.名词解释（10个）Displacement performative parallelism clipping predication hyponymy phrase structure rules adjacent pair transferred epithet thematic structure2.简答（2个）syntagmatic and paradigmaticderivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme3. 论述（与往年不同，今年给出一段话，让首先判断所说的话是否正确，再解释原因）（2个）二.英国文学 1.作家作品（10个）Doctor Faustus, Measure for measure, Paradise Lost, Joseph Andrews, Pamela, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, Far from Madding Crowd, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Widower's Houses, Sailing to Byzantium2.名词解释（2个）Aestheticism, Sentimentalism3.选段作品赏析4.论述：What is the difference between the works of Charlotte Bronte and Emily Bronte?三.美国文学 1.作家作品（10个）Rappaccini's daughter, Song of Myself, As I Lay Dying, The Raven, The Man that Corrupted Hardleybug, A Lost Lady, McTeague, Winsburg,Ohio, U.S.A. The Emperor Jones,2.名词解释（2个）The Lost Generation, point of view3.选段作品赏析4. 论述：Analyze the character of Ahab in the “Moby Dick”.山东大学外国语专业2011年考研英语专业课真题（回忆版）实践英语：一、单选，十个。
2011年7月英美文学选读真题附答案——山东大学特色教育中心.docx
2011 年7 月全国英美文学选读自考试题1. All of Charles Dickens ' works, with the exception of _____________ , present a criticism ofthe more complicated and yet most fundamental social institutions and morals of the Victorian England.A. Bleak HouseB. Hard TimesC. Great ExpectationsD. A Tale of Two Cities2. From ___________ on, the tragic sense becomes the keynote of Thomas Hardy ' snovels, the conflict between the traditional and the moden is brought to the center of the stage.A. The Return of the NativeB. The Mayor of CasterbridgeC. Tess of the D ' UrbervillesD. Jude the Obscure3. George Bernard Shaw ' s play ___________ shows his almost nihilistic bitterness onthe subjects of the cruelty and madness of World War I and the aimlessness and disillusion of the young.A. Getting MarriedB. Too True to Be GoodC. Widowers ' HousesD. The Apple Cart4. It was only after the publication of __________ that D.H. Lawrence was recognizedas aprominent novelist.A. The TrespasserB. The White PeacockC. Sons and LoversD. The Rainbow5. T. S. Eliot ' s poem ___________ is heavily indebted to James Joyce in terms of thestream- of -consciousness technique, also a prelude to The Waste Land.A. “ Prufrock ”B. “ Gerontion ”C. The Hollow MenD. Lyrical Ballads6. Charlotte Bront e' s ________________ is no ted for its sharp criticism of the exist ing society,e. g. the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions.A. The ProfessorB. Wuthering HeightsC. VilletteD. Jane Eyre7. Shelley ' s greatest achievement is his fo ur - act poetic drama ____________ , which isan ex- ultant work in praise of humankind ' s potential.A. AdonaisB. Queen MabC. Prometheus UnboundD. Kubla Khan8. Among the Romantic poets __________ is regarded as a “ worshipper of natureA. William BlakeB. William WordsworthC. George Gordon ByronD. John Keats9. The most perfect example of the verse drama after Greek style in English is John Milton ' s .A. Paradise LostB. Paradise RegainedC. Samson AgonistesD. Areopagitica10. The major theme of Jane Austen ' s novels is ____________ .A. love and moneyB. money and social statusC. social status and marriageD. love and marriage11. T. S. Eliot ' s most important single poem ___________ has been hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th-century English poetry.A. The Hollow MenB. The Waste LandC. Murder in the CathedralD. Ash Wednesday12. According to the subjects, William Wordsworth ' s short poems can be classified into two groups, poems about ____________ .A. nature and human lifeB. happiness and childhoodC. symbolism and imaginationD. nature and commonlife13. Among the following writers ________________ is considered to be the best -knownEnglish dramatist since Shakespeare.A. Oscar WildeB. John GalsworthyC. W. B. YeatsD. George Bernard Shaw14. William Blake ' s _____________ composed during the climax of the French Revolution playsthe double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy.A. The Book of UrizenB. The Book of LosC. Poetical SketchesD. Marriage of Heaven and Hell15. Charles Dicke ns ' works are characterized by a min gli ng of ____________ a nd pathos.A. metaphorB. passi onC. satireD. humor16. Daniel Defoe describes ___________ as a typical En glish middle -class man of theeigh- tee nth cen tury, the very prototype of the empire builder, the pion eer coloni st.A. Robinson CrusoeB. Moll Fla ndersC. GulliverD. Tom Jones17. In Thomas Hardy ' s Wessex novels, there is an apparen t ____________ t ouch in his description of the simple and beautiful though primitive rural life.A. no stalgicB. tragicC. roma nticD. iro nic18. Of all the eightee nth - cen tury no velists _________ was the first to set out, both inthe- ory and practice, to write specially a “ comic epic in prose ” , the first to give the moder no vel its structure and style.A. Thomas GrayB. Richard Brin sley Sherida nC. Jon athan SwiftD. Henry Fieldi ng19. Shakespeare ' s authentic non -dramatic poetry consists of two long narrative poems:Venus and Ado nis and ___________ .A. Julius CaesarB. The Win ter ' s TaleC. The Rape of LucreceD. The Two gen tleme n of Verona20. Joh n Milt on ' s ____________ i s probably his most memorable prose work, which is agreatplea for freedom of the press.A. Paradise LostB. Paradise rega inedC. AreopagiticaD. Lycidas21. D. H. Lawre nee ' s no vels __________ are gen erally regarded as his masterpieces.A. The Rai nbow; Wome n in LoveB. The Rain bow; Sons and LoversC. Sons and Lovers; Lady Chatterley ' s LoverD. Women in Love; Lady Chatterley ' s Lover22. The best representatives of the English humanists are Thomas More, ChristopherMar-lowe and ___________ .A. William ShakespeareB. John Milt onC. Henry FieldingD. Jon athan Swift23. Mark Twa in ' s particular concern about the local character of a region came about as "local colorism, ” a unique variation of American literary _____________ .A. roma nticismB. n ati on alismC. moder nismD. realism24. As a poet with a strong sense of mission, Walt Whitman devoted all his life to the creation of the “ single ” poem, ____________ .A. Drum TapsB. North of Bost onC. A Boy ' s WillD. Leaves of Grass25. William Faulkner creates his own mythical kingdom that mirrors not only the decline ofthe _____________ society of America but also the spiritual wasteland of the wholeAmerica n society.A. Easter nB. WesternC. Souther nD. Northern26. In his final years, Herman Melville turned again to prose fiction and wrote what isB. RedburnC. Moby - DickD. Typee27. The Sun Also Rise casts light on a whole generation after ____________________ and the effects of the war by way of a vivid portrait of “ the Lost Gen erati on. ”A. the Spa nish Civil WarB. the America n- Mexica n WarC. WWID. WWII28. Herman Melville went to the South Seas on a whaling ship in 1841, where he gainedthe first -ha nd in formati on about whali ng that he used later in _________ .A. TypeeB. RedburnC. Moby - DickD. Omoo29. Accord ing to ___________ , the life - death cycle, the spri ng and win ter of the earth,the birth and death of the animals is reality.A. Theodore DreiserB. William Faulk nerC. Henry JamesD. F Scott Fitzgerald30. “ Though life is but a los ing battle, it is a struggle man can domin ate in such a way thatloss becomes dignity. ” This is an outlook towards life that _______________ had been tryingto illustrate in his works.A. F Scott FitzgeraldB. Ern est Hemin gwayC. Theodore DreiserD. William Faulk ner31. More tha n five hun dred poems __________ wrote are about n ature, in which his(her) gen eral skepticism about the relati on ship betwee n man and n ature is well-expressed.C. Ezra PoundD. Walt Whitman32. In 1954, the Nobel Prize for literature was gran ted to ___________________ , one of thegreatest of America n writers.A. Ern est Hemin gwayB. Robert FrostC. Henry JamesD. Theodore Dreiser33. North of Bost on is described by Robert Frost as “ a book of poople, ” which shows a brillia nt in sight i nto _________ character and the backgro und that formed it.A. Easter nB. WesternC. Souther nD. New En gla nd34. Walt Whitma n is radically inno vative in terms of the form of his poetry. What he prefersfor his new poetic feeli ngs is “__________ ”.A. sta ndardized rhy mingB. regular rhy mingC. free verseD. strict verse35. Henry James ' fame gen erally rests upon his no vels and stories with the ___________theme.A. intern ati onalB. localC. colo nialD. post-moder n36. The Finan cier, The Tita n and The Stoic by Theodore Dreiser ar e called his “ Trilogy ofA. HatredB. DeathC. DesireD. Fate37. In 1920, F • Scott Fitzgerald ' s first novel_________________ was published, which was, to some exte nt, his own story.A. This Side of ParadiseB. Tales of the Jazz AgeC. All the Sad Young MenD. Taps at Reveille38. In 1837, Nathaniel Hawthorne published Twice - Told Tales, a collection of ___________ which attracted critical atte ntio n.C. essaysD. plays39. William Faulkner set most of his works in the American ____________________ , with his emphasis on the ________ subjects and con scious ness.A. North... NorthernB. East... Easter nC. West... WesternD. South... Souther n40. The House of the Seven Gables was based on the traditi on of a curse pronouncedon _____________ 's family when his great - grandfather was a judge in the Salemwitchcraft trials.A. Natha niel Hawthor neB. Wash ington IrvingC. Ezra PoundD. Walt WhitmanPART TWO (60 POINTS)II. Readi ng Comprehe nsion (16 points in all, 4 for each)Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English. Write youran swers in the corresp onding space on the an swer sheet.41. “ Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow ' st;Nor shall Death brag thou wander ' st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow ' st:So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. ”Questio ns:A. Who' s the poet of the quoted stanza, and what ' s the title of the poem?Willian Shakespeare; "Sonnet 18 ”B. What does the word “ th i n the last line refer to?The poemC. What idea do the quoted lines express?When you are in my eternal poetry,you are even with time.The nice summer ' day istransient,but the beauty in poetry can last forever.42. “ Never did sun more beautifully steep In his first splendor, valley, rock or hill; Ne ' er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep ! The river glideth at his own sweet will: Dear God! The very houses seem asleep; And all that mighty heart is lying still!”( From Wordsworth ' s sonnet Composed upon Westm inster Bridge) Questions: A. What does this sonnet describe?The sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London. B. What does the phrase“ mighty heart ” refer to?“ Mightyheart ”refers to LondonC. The sonnet follows strictly the Italian form. What is the feature of the Italian form ofsonnet?It follows strictly the Italian form,with a clear division between the octave and the sestet;the rhyme scheme is abbaabba,cdcdcd.43. “ The woods are lovely, dark and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep. ” Questions:A. Who ' s the poet of the quoted stanza, and what Robert Lee Frost;Stopping by Woods on a Snowy EveningB. What does the word“ sleep ” mean?C. What idea do the four lines express? 44.“ I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loafe and invite my soul,I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass. ”( From Walt Whitman ' s Song of Myself) Questions:A. Who does “ myself ” refer to?B. How do you understand the line“ I loafe and invite my soul ” ?C. What does “ a spear of summer grass ” symbolize? III. Questions and Answers (24 points in all, 6 for each)Give a brief answer to each of the following questions in English. answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.45. What 's the theme of the poem Paradise Lost? What ' s the authorand the implication that the poem expresses? 46. The Waste Land is T. S. Eliot ' s most important single poem. Whatpoem?own way. What are the features of Dickinson 's poems?48. What 's the theme of F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby?IV. Topic Discussion(20 points in all, 10 for each)Write no less than 150 words on each of the following topics in English in the corresponding space on thes the title of the poem?Write yours intention to create it' s the theme of the47. In American literature, Emily Dickinson s poetry is unique anudnconventional in itsanswer sheet.49. Discuss Charles Dickens 'art of fiction: the setting, the character - portrayal, the language, etc. , based on his novel Oliver Twist.50. Summarize Ernest Hemingway 's artistic features.。
2011年山东高考英语试题及解析
第Ⅰ卷（共105分）第二部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分35分）第一节语法和词汇知识（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
21. Take your time-it's just _________ short distance from here to _________ restaurant.A.不填；theB. a; theC. the; aD.不填；a22. —I'm sorry I broken the vase.—Oh, _________. It wasn't very expensive.A. you'd better notB. I'm afraid notC. as you wishD. that's all right23. Find ways to praise your children often,_________ you'll find they will open their hearts to you.A. tillB. orC. andD. but24. The two girls are so alike that strangers find _________ difficult to tell one from the other.A. itB. themC. herD. that25. They are broadening the bridge to _________ the flow of traffic.A. put offB. speed upC. turn onD. work out26. I'm afraid he is more of a talker than a doer, which is _________ he never finishes anything.A. thatB. whenC. whereD. why27. Look over there—there's a very long, winding path_________ up to the house.A. leadingB. leadsC. leD. to lead28. He had his camera ready _________ he saw something that would make a good picture.A. even ifB. if onlyC. in caseD. so that29. —Are you going to Tom's birthday party?—_________.I might have to work.A. It dependsB. Thank youC. Sound greatD. Don't mention it30. I'm sorry I didn't phone you, but I've been very busy_________ the past couple of weeks.A. beyondB. withC. amongD. over31. When I got on the bus, I _________ I had left my wallet at home.A. was realizingB. realizedC. have realizedD. would realize32. The old town has narrow streets and small houses _________are built close to each other.A. theyB. whereC. whatD. that33. We've offered her the job, but I don't know_________ she'll accept it.A. whereB. whatC. whetherD. which34. There's a _________ in our office that when it's somebody's birthday, they bring in a cake for us all to share.A. traditionB. balanceC. concernD. relationship35. She was surprised to find the fridge empty; the child _________ everything!A. had been eatingB. had eatenC. have eatenD. have been eating第二节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D），选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
2011年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题
2011年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题2011年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题试卷一(Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once,after you hear the question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I feel faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question Number1.1. A.The man is busy. B.The man has trouble breathingC.The man is out of town on business.D.The man is hiding himself from the woman.2. A.He has a terrible backache. B.He has a bad headache.C.He has a toothacheD.He has a diarrhea3. A.It is fast. B.It is slow. C.It works well. D.It is not working.4. A.Four days. B.Ten days. C.One week D.Two weeks.5. A.He is a lawyer B.He is a doctor.C.He is a travel agent.D.He is an immigration officer.6. A.Sunday. B.Tuesday. C.Thursday. D.Saturday.7. A.Two. B.Thee. C.Four. D.Five.8. A.To X-ray his chest. B.To hospitalize him.C.To perform a minor surgery.D.To transfer him to a specialist.9. A.To go shopping. B.To go back to work.C.To change their topic.D.To entertain their guests.10. A.The man is working too hard. B.The man needs to think it over.C.The man is supposed to find a job.D.The man has made a right decision.11. A.Discussin a case. B.Def in a dia nosis.C.Performing a surgery.D.Talking with the patient.12. A.The woman's classmate. B.The woman's boyfriend.C.The woman's brother.D.The woman's teacher.13. A.The man is a liar. B.The man is jealous of Lisa.C.She does not agree with the man on that.D.She will surely do the same as Lisa does.14. A.250Yuan. B.450Yuan. C.650Yuan. D.850Yuan.15. A.She disagrees with the man there. B.She is going to change her mind.C.It is out of the question to do that.D.It is possible to forgive him.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages,after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B, C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16. A.Liver failure. B.Breast cancer.C.Kidney failure.D.Diabetes out of control.17. A.Shape. B.Color C.Price. D.Size18. A.It is much smaller than a microwave. B.It leaves much room for reduction.C.It is adjustable.D.It is perfect.19. A.It is under a clinical trial. B.It is available in the market.C.It is widely used in the clinic.D.It is in the experimental stage.20. A.The commercial companies have invested a lot in the new machine.B.The further development of the machine is in financial trouble.C.The federal government finances the research.D.The machine will come into being in no time.Passage One21. A.Suicide. B.Obesity. C.Turmoil. D.Drug abuse.22. A.Preventable. B.Destructive. C.Treatable. D.Curable23. bining anti-depressants and talk therapy.B.Promoting the transmission between neurons.C.Winning parental assistance and support.D.Administering effective anti-depressants.24. A.Because it adds to the effect of treatment.B.Because it works better than the medications.C.Because it can take the place of antidepressants.D.Because it helps reduce the use of antidepressants.25. A.65percent. B.75percent. C.85percent. D.95percent. Passage Two26. A.Helplessness and worthlessness. B.Feeling like a loser.C.Suicidal feeling.D.All of the above.27. A.It encourages the patient to be a top student at school.B.It motivates the patient to work better than others.C.It makes it easy for the patient to make friends.D.It helps the patient hold a positive attitude.28. A.By encouraging the patient to do the opposite at school.B.By urging the patient to face any challenge in reality.C.By making the patient aware of his or her existence.D.By changing the patient's perspective.29. A.Those who stop taking anti-depressants. B.Those who ask for more medications.C.Those who are on the medications.D.Those who abuse the medications.30. A.Anxiousness B.Nausea. C.Fever. D.InsomniaPartⅡVocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.There are many doctors who have endeavored to increase the___of their behavior as medicalprofessionals.A.transactionB.transformationC.transmissionD.transparency32.He seemed most___to my idea which was exceptionally creative.A.alienB.ambulantC.amiableD.amenable33.The fist attempts at gene therapy have mostly___,but technique will surely be made to workeventually.A.stumbledB.stammeredC.striddenD.strutted34.She is admitted to the hospital with complaints of upper abdominal pain and___for fatty foods.A.preferenceB.persistenceC.intoleranceD.appetence35.By sheer___I met the old classmate we had been discussing yesterday.A.coincidenceB.coherenceC.collaborationD.collocation36.As the drugs began to____,the pain began to take hold again.A.wear offB.put offC.all offD.show off37.The environment surrounding health care has been greatly altered by the___medicaltechnologies.A.ApproachingB.impracticableC.sophisticatedD.transient38.At last,she____some reasons for her strange behavior.A.abolishedB.admonishedC.abstainedD.perception39.Doctors are concerned with health of people from___to the grave.A.conceptionB.receptionC.deceptionD.perception40.In more___examinations,the blood is tested in a multichannel analyzer machine forabnormities.A.conciseB.deviousC.elaborateD.feasibleSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer an the ANSWER SHEET.41.She fell awkwardly and broke her leg.A.embarrassinglyB.reluctantlyC.clumsilyD.dizzily42.Throughout most of the recorded history,medicine was anything but scientific.A.more or lessB.by and largeC.more often than notD.by no means43.The students were captivated by the way the physician presented the case.A.illuminatedB.fascinatedC.alienatedD.hallucinated44.We demand some tangible proof of our hard work in the form of statistical data,a product or afinancial reward.A.intelligibleB.infinitiveC.substantialD.deficient45.But diets that restrict certain food groups or promise unrealistic results are difficult—orunhealthy—to sustain over time.A.maintainB.reserveC.conceiveD.empower46.The molecular influence pervades all the traditional disciplines underlying clinical medicine.A.specialtiesB.principlesC.rationalesD.doctrines47.One usually becomes aware of the onset of puberty through its somatic manifestations.A.juvenileB.potent B.potent D.matured48.His surgical procedure should succeed,for it seems quite feasible.A.rationalB.reciprocalC.versatileD.viable49.These are intensely important questions about quality and the benefits of specialty care andexperience.A.irresistiblyB.vitallyC.potentiallyD.intriguingly50.This guide gives you information on the best self-care strategies and the latest medicaladvances.A.tendsB.techniquesC.notionsD.breakthroughsPartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEIET.Whenever people go and live in another country,they have new experiences and new feelings.They experience culture shock.Many people have a(n)51about culture shock:they think that it's just a feeling of sadness and homesickness when a person is in a new country.But this isn't really true.Culture shock is a completely natural52,and everybody goes53it in a new culture.There are four stages,or steps,in culture shock.When people first arrive in a new country, they're usually excited and54.Everything is interesting.They notice that a lot of things are55 their own culture and this surprises them and makes them happy.This is Stage One.In Stage Two,people notice how different the new culture is from their own culture.They become confused.It seems difficult to do even very simple things.They feel56.They spend a lot of time57or with other people from their own country.They think,“my problems are all because I'm living in this country.”Then,in Stage Three,they begin to understand the new culture better.They begin to like some new customs.They58some people in the new country.They're59comfortable and relaxed.In Stage Four,they feel very comfortable.They have good friends in the new culture.They understand the new customs.Some customs are similar to their culture,and some are different,but that's OK.They can60it.51. A.account B.reflection C.verification D.misconception52. A.transition B.exchange C.immigration D.selection53. A.for B.through C.after D.about54. A.frightened B.confused C.uneasy D.happy55. A.representative of B.different from C.peculiar to D.similar to56. A.intoxicated B.depressed C.amazed D.thrilled57. A.lonely B.alone C.lone D.only58. A.make friends with B.make transactions withC.hold hostility toD.shut the door to59. A.hardly B.more C.very D.less60. A.live with B.do without C.hold up with D.make a success ofPartⅣReading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OnePatients can recall what they hear while under general anesthetic even if they don't wake up, concludes a new study.Several studies over the past three decades have reported that people can retain conscious or subconscious memories of things that happened while they were being operated on.But failure by other researchers to confirm such findings has led skeptics to speculate that the patients who remembered these events might briefly have regained consciousness in the course of operations.Gitta Lubke,Peter Sebel and colleagues at Emory University in Atlanta measured the depth of anesthesia using bispectral analysis,a technique which measures changes in brainwave patterns in the frontal lobes moment by moment during surgery.Before this study,researchers only took an average measurement over the whole operation,says Lubke.Lubke studied96trauma patients undergoing emergency surgery,many of whom were too severely injured to tolerate full anesthesia.During surgery,each patient wore headphones trough which a series of16words was repeated for3minutes each.At the same time,bispectral analysis recorded the depth of anesthesia.After the operation,Lubke tested the patients by showing therm the fist three letters of a word, such as“lim”,and asking them to complete it.Patients who had had a word starting with these letters played during surgery—“limit”for example—chose that word an average of1I percent more often than patients who had been played a different word list.None of the patients had any conscious memory of hearing the word list.Unconscious priming was strongest for words played when patients were most lightly anaesthetized.But it was statistically significant even when patients were fully anaesthetized when the word was played.This finding,which will be published in the journal Anesthesiology could mean that operating theatre staff should be more discreet.What they say during surgery may distress patients afterwards, says Philip Merikle,a psychologist at the University of Waterloo,Ontario.61.Scientists have found that deep anesthesia___A.is likely to affect hearingB.cannot block surgeons’wordsC.can cause serious damages to memoryD.helps retain conscious or subconscious memories62.By the new study,the technique of bispectral analysis helps the scientists__A.acquire an average measurement of brainwave changes over the whole surgeryB.decide whether the patient would retain conscious or subconscious memoriesC.relate their measurements and recordings to the verbal sounds during surgeryD.assure the depth of anesthesia during surgery63.To test the patients,the scientists___A.prepared two lists of wordsed ninety-six headphones for listeningC.conducted the whole experiment for three minutesD.voiced only the first three letters of sixteen words during surgery64.The results from the new study indicate that it was possible for the patients___A.to regain consciousness under the knife.B.to tell one word from another after surgery.C.to recall what had been heard during surgery.D.to overreact to deep anesthesia in the course of operations.65.What we can infer from the finding?A.How surgical malpractice can be prevented.B.Why a surgeon cannot be too careful.C.Why surgeons should hold their tongues during surgery.D.How the postoperative patients can retain subconscious memories.Passage TwoScientists used to believe adult brains did not grow any new neurons,but it has emerged that new neurons can sprout in the brains of adult rats,birds and even humans.Understanding the process could be important for finding ways to treat diseases such as Alzheimer's in which neurons are destroyed.Most neurons sprouting in adulthood seem to be in the hippocampus,a structure involved in learning and memory.But they rarely survive more than a few weeks.“We thought they were possibly dying because they were deprived of some sort of input.”says Elizabeth Gould,a neuroscientist at Princeton.Because of the location,Gould and her colleagues suspect that learning itself might bolster the new neurons’survival,and that only tasks involving the hippocampus would do the trick.To test this,they injected adult male rats with a substance that labeled newborn neurons so that they could be ter,they gave some of the rats standard tasks.One involved using visual and spatial cues,such as posters on a wall,to learn to find a platform hidden under murky water.In another,the rats learnt to associate a noise with a tiny shock half a second later.Both these tasks use the hippocampus—if this structure is damaged,rats can’t do them.Meanwhile,the researches gave other rats similar tasks that did not require the hippocampus. finding a platform that was easily visible in water,for instance.Other members of the control group simply paddled in a tub of water or listened to noises.The team report in Nature Neuroscience that the animals given the tasks that activate the hippocampus kept twice as many of their new neurons alive as the others.“Learning opportunities increase the number of neurons,”says Gould.But Fred Gage and his colleagues at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla,California,dispute this.In the same issue of Nature Neuroscience,they report that similar water maze experiments on mice did not help new neurons survive.Gould thinks the difference arose because the groups labeled new neurons at different times. Her team gave the animals tasks two weeks after the neurons were labeled.When the new cells would normally be dying.She thinks the Salk group put their mice to work too early for new neurons to benefit.“By the time the cells were degenerating,the animals were not learning anything,”she says.66.Not until recently did scientists find out that_____A.new neurons could grow in adult brainsB.neurons could be man-made in the laboratoryC.neurons were destroyed in Alzheimer's diseaseD.humans could produce new neurons as animals67.Gould’s notion was that the short-lived neurons___A.did survive longer than expectedB.would die much sooner than expected couldC.could actually better learning and memoryD.could be kept alive by stimulating the hippocampus68.Which of the following can clearly tell the two groups of rats from each other in the test?A.The water used.B.The noises played.C.The neurons newly born.D.The hippocampus involved.69.Gould theorizes that the Salk group’s failure to report the same results was due to__A.the timing of labeling new neuronsB.the frequency of stimulationC.the wrongly labeled neuronsD.the types of learning tasks70.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?e It or Lose ItB.Learn to SurviveC.To Be or Not to BeD.Stay Mentally HealthyPassage ThreeHere’s yet another reason to lose weight.Heavier people are more likely to be killed or seriously injured in car accidents than lighter people.That could mean car designers will have to build in new safety features to compensate for the extra hazards facing overweight passengers.In the U.S.,car manufacturers have already had to redesign air bags so they inflate to lower pressures making them less of a danger to smaller women and children.But no one yet knows what it is that puts overweight passengers at extra risk.A study carried out in Seattle,Washington looked at more than26000people who had been involved in car crashes,and found that heavier people at far more risk.People weighing between 100and119kilograms are almost two-and-a-half lines as likely to die in a crash as people weighing less than60kilo-grams.And importantly,the same trend held up when the researchers looked at body mass index (BMI)—a measure that takes height as well as weight into account.Someone1.8meters tall weighing126kilograms would have a BMI of39,but so would a person1.5meters tell weighing88 kilograms.People are said to be obese if their BMI is30or over.The study found that people with a BMI of35to39are over twice as likely to die in a crash compared with people with BMIs of about20.It’s not just total weight,but obesity itself that’s dangerous.While they do not yet know why this is the case,the evidence is worth pursuing,says Charles Mack,a surgeon and epidemiologist at the Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center in Seattle,who led the research team.He thinks one answer maybe for safety authorities to use heaviercrash-test dummies when certifying cars as safe to drive.Crash tests normally use dummies that represent standard-sized males weighing about78 kilograms.Recently,smaller crash-test dummies have also been used to represent children inside crashing cars.But larger and heavier dummies aren’t used,the U.S.National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in Washington DC told New Scientist.The reasons for the higher injury and death rates are far from clear,Mock speculates that car interiors might not be suitably designed for heavy people.Or obese people,with health problems such as high blood pressure or diabetes,could be finding it tougher to recover from injury.71.When they redesigned air bags to hold less pressure,the American car manufacturers____.A.found it hard to set standards without the definition of obesityB.incidentally brought about extra risks to obese passengersC.based their job on the information of car accidentsD.actually neglected smaller women and children72.When they categorized the obese people,the researchers____.A.showed a preference for BMI in measurementsB.achieved almost the same results as previouslyC.found the units of kilogram more applicable than BMID.were shocked to know the number of obese people killed in car crashes73.To address the problem,Mock____.A.suggested that the safety authorities use heavier crash-test dummiesB.cried for the standardization of crash-test dummiesC.reduced the weights of crash-test dummiesD.encouraged obese people to lose weight74.While exploring the reason for the higher injury and death rates,Mock would most probablysay that____.A.cars can be made safer to avoid cashesB.it is wise for obese people not to drive drunkC.it is not just total weight,but obesity itself that is dangerousD.the main reason behind the problem is drinkers’heavy weight75.Which of the following questions is closely related to the passage?A.Are air bags really necessary to be built in cars?B.Are cars certified as safe to drive?C.Are crash-test dummies too thin?D.Are car accidents preventable?Passage FourIt seems intuitive that going to a specialist physician will result in more thorough and up-to-date care for whatever ails you.In fact,many studies support this idea-but health-Care researchers caution that they may not tell the whole story.The first question is whose patients are sicker?Specialists tend to treat more complicated forms of disease,but generalist—family physicians and general practitioners—are more likely to treat patients with several coexisting diseases.A second question is what counts as the most valuable treatment?Specialists are more familiar with standards of care for the diseases they treat regularly,says Harlan M.Krumholz of Yale University.On the other hand,a generalist may do a better job of coordinating a patient’s care and keeping an eye on a person’s overall health,says Martin T.Donohoe of the Oregon Health Sciences University in PortlandTo further complicate comparisons,many generalists will consult with specialists on complicated cases,but medical records do not always show that,says Carolyn Clancy of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research in Rockville,Md.That said,stroke patients treated by neurologists are more likely to survive than stroke patients treated by generalists.Among about3800sroke sufferers nationwide,16.1percent of those treated by a neurologist died within3months,compared with25.3percent of those treated by family physicians.Several studies have shown that people with heart disease fare better when they are treated by cardiologists,says Ira S.Nash of the Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York,but it’s hard to figure out exactly why.“Physician specialty,in addition to being a measure of formal training in the field,is also a proxy for clinical experience,”he says.“It’s very difficult to separate out the overlapping concepts: one,that practice makes perfect;two,the effect of the educational and time investments in a clinical problem the physician is simply interested in;and three,the issue of formal training.”Differences between specialist care and generalist care,however,pale in comparison with the finding that both specialists and generalists often fail to put the latest knowledge into practice, contend both Donohoe and Clancy.A report by the U.S.General Accounting Office documented that heart attack survivors who saw cardiologists regularly were more likely to take cholesterol-lowering drugs and beta blockers—which reduce heart rate and blood pressure—than those who received care from a generalist.Even so,these life-prolonging drugs were not prescribed to many patients who appeared to be eligible for them,implying that both generalists and specialists could do better.“Maybe we are focusing too much energy on the differences between generalist and specialist care,”says Donohoe.Perhaps,he adds,“we should focus more intently on improving the quality of communication and cooperation between generalists and specialists and on developing and promoting practice guidelines that might have a much bigger effect on the overall health of Americans.”76.Which of the following questions can most probably come out of the two questions raised inthe passage?A.Is specialist care superior?B.What is specialist care all about?C.Why is one unwilling to be a generalist?D.Is generalist care the future of medicine?77.The answers to the two questions suggest that____.A.generalists are more likely to be ignoredB.a specialist can be a generalist,or vice versaC.neither of the two groups is better than the otherD.patients have every reason to go to specialist physicians78.According to the passage,the better treatment of stroke and heart disease on the part ofspecialists____.A.cannot simply be ascribed to specialtyB.is hard to be justified on the nationwide scaleC.is enough to prove the superiority of specialist careD.has much to do with the amount of formal education79.Both specialists and generalists,Donohoe and Clancy contend,could do a better job of____.A.taking advantage of the otherB.avoiding as much malpractice as possibleC.putting the latest knowledge into practicecating the public to their consciousness of health80.Donohoe is trying to shift our attention to_____.A.better communication and cooperation between generalists and specialistsB.the real nature of specialist and generalist care,respectivelyC.the similarities between generalist and specialist careD.the declining health of AmericansPassage FiveChildren are spending an increasing amount of time using puters are now found in most classrooms,and in the majority of homes,almost always with internet accepts. However,many studies of children’s use of computers show that there are possible negative effects. This essay will explain the possible negative effects of computer use on children,focusing on the effects on family and peer relationships and the increased tendency towards violent behavior.Computer use may negatively affect the social relationship between children and their parents. Because children spend so much time on computers,they often know more about advanced computer use than their parents,According to Subrahmanyam and his colleagues(2001)this often leads to a role reversal,where the child becomes a teacher to the parent.In other words,it is often the case that a highly computer literate teenager will teach their parents how to use the more complex functions of computer technology.This can lead to a reduction in parental authority. Moreover,with the anonymity of online communication,computer users do not know if they are talking to a child or an adult,so all users are treated equally(Subrahmanyam et al,2001).Children may then expect the same equality in real life,further contributing to a breakdown in the parent-children relationship(Subrahmanyam et al,200l).Children’s peer relationships can also be negatively affected by extensive computer use.Since computers are more likely to be used in isolation by children,they spend little time interacting with their peers(Shields&Behrman,2001).As a result,children may not develop the social skills they need,or be able to maintain friendships in the real world(Subrahmanyam et al,2001).With the very extended computer use,this isolation from the real world can lead to loneliness and even depression(Shields&Behrman,2001).A disturbing possible effect of computer use on children is the link between computer games and violence.Current research has already documented a strong link between violent films and television and aggressive behavior in children,so it is reasonable to believe that a similar link will be found between violent behavior in children and violence in computer games(Subrahmanyam et al,200l).However,as Shields Behrman(200l)points out,it is important to note that although the games may affect all children,children who prefer violent games could be most affected.In conclusion,using a computer,particularly for extended periods,may affect the parent-children relationship in families.It could also result in children not learning the social skills they need to interact with peers and maintain friendships.Moreover,it seems likely that playing violent computer games is linked to violence in children.Although the research is not conclusive,it appears that extended use of computers could have a negative effect on children’s social development.8l.From the very beginning,the author is trying to draw out attention to_____A.crimes on rise at schoolB.a decline in family valueC.the negative effects of children’s overuse of computerD.the increasing number of investigations on education82.Which is the best reason for the reduction of parental authority according to the passage?A.Children become teachers to their parents.B.Parents are fossilized in new technology.C.Children expect for an equal status with their parents.D.Parents’roles are being shrunk by the computer.83.What does Shield Behrman imply in the passage?A.Children greatly value the friendship with their peers.B.Children are doomed to suffer depression by using computer.C.Children will in no circumstances be affected by violent games.D.Children’s inclination to aggression may derive from violent games.84.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the negative result of playing computer games inthe passage?A.A lack of social communication.B.Increasing violent performance.C.A decline in intelligence.D.A breakdown in family relationship.85.Where the passage might be taken from?。
2011年考研英语真题答案及解析
2011年考研英语真题答案及解析2011年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析文章出自2009年4月的《科学美国人》（Scientific American）,作者Steve Ayan,原文题目为How Humor Makes You Friendlier,Sexier：幽默如何使你更加有人缘且性感。
文章主要探讨了笑的作用以及情感和肌肉反应之间的相互关系。
第一段由古希腊哲学家亚里士多德的观点引出“笑是有益于健康的身体运动”。
第二、三段承接上文，阐述了笑能放松肌肉，从而帮助减轻心理紧张的程度。
第四段以在1988年公布的一项实验为例论证了情绪是肌肉反应的结果，笑这一行为可以使心情好转。
二、试题解析1.[A]among在……之中[B]except除了[C]despite尽管[D]like像，如同【答案】[C]【考点】上下文逻辑关系+介词辨析【解析】第一段第一句意思是：古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把笑看作是“有益于健康的身体运动”，由连词but可知，第二句与第一句形成语义转折，即一些人提出相反的观点：笑不利于身体健康。
第二句逗号之后又提出：笑可能对身体健康几乎没有影响，这是对前两种观点的否定，由此判断第二句的句内逻辑是转折关系，[A]、[B]、[C]、[D]四个选项中只有[C]despite“尽管”表示转折，所以是正确答案。
2.[A]reflect反映[B]demand要求[C]indicate表明，预示[D]produce产生，引起【答案】[D]【考点】上下文语义衔接+动词辨析【解析】上下文语境是“笑确实能对心血管功能短期的改变”，具体说明笑对身体产生的影响。
所选动词要与后面的changes构成动宾关系，并且带有“发生……作用，产生……效果”的含义。
四个选项中[A]reflect“反映”，[B]demand“要求”，[C]indicate“表明，暗示”，[D]produce“产生”，只有[D]选项“产生、引起”符合本句语境，所以是正确答案。
2011山东大学考博英语真题
2011山东大学考博英语真题回忆
听力：一个长对话，两段News item，再加一篇关于美国图书馆发展史的论述文。
15分，总体感觉难度不是很大，但我没怎么听懂……
语法与词汇：大部分都是猜的，难。
15分。
阅读理解：注意是6篇，我一直以为是四篇，所以开始做的比较慢，以致最后两篇直接先看题再查passage选答案。
30道题，30分。
感觉不是很难，好几篇是跟科普科学有关，例如海洋生物多样性、辐照食品安全。
感觉理工科的学生占优势。
句子排序：10分。
又是关于科学方面的，排序还是有难度。
我只有两个很确定，别的凭感觉了。
翻译：英译中。
4道题，10分。
做了两道，另两道直接放弃。
翻译拿高分还是比较难的。
作文：“people living in cities are happier than people in countryside”??好像是这样~20分。
总体感觉：虽然自己做的很一般。
但是感觉没有想象中的难。
仅供参考。
继续看书，明天再战专业课考试。
2011年山东高考英语试题及解析答案
2011年山东高考英语试题及解析答案2011山东省普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（山东卷）英语试题本试卷分第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷两部分，共12页。
满分150分。
考试用时120分钟。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
注意事项：1.答题前，考生务必用0.5毫米黑色签字笔将自己的姓名、座号、准考证号、县区和科类填写在答题卡和试卷规定的位置上。
2.第Ⅰ卷每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑；如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
3.第Ⅱ卷必须用0.5毫米黑色签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域内相应的位置，不能写在试卷上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案；不能使用涂改液、胶带纸、修正带。
不按以上要求作答的答案无效。
第Ⅰ卷（共105分）第二部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分35分）第一节语法和词汇知识（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
21.Take your time-it’s just_____ short distance from here to_____ restaurant.A.不填；theB. a; theC. the;a D.不填；a22.-I’m sorry I broke the vase.-Oh,_____. It wasn’t very expensive.A. you’d better notB. I’m afraid notC. as you wishD. that’s all right23.Find ways to praise your children ofte n,_____ you’ll find they will open their hearts to you.A. tillB. orC. andD. but24.The two girls are so alike that strangers find_____ difficult to tell one from the other.A. itB. them C, her D. that25.They are broadening the bridge to _______ the flow of traffic.A. put offB. speed upC. turn onD. work out26.I’m afraid he’s more of a talker than a doer, whichis______ her never finishes anything.A. thatB. whenC. whereD. why27.Look over there-there’s a very long, winding path_____ up to the house.A. leadingB. leadsC. ledD. to lead28. He had his camera ready_______ he saw something that would make a good picture.A. even ifB. if onlyC. in caseD. so that29.-Are you going to Tom’s birthday party?-_____.I might have to work.A. It dependsB. Thank youC. Sounds greatD. Don’t mention it30.I’m sorry I didn’t phone you, but I’ve been very busy_____ the past couple of weeks.A. beyondB. withC. amongD. over31.When I got on the bus, I_____ I had left my wallet at home.A. was realizingB. realizedC. have realizedD. would realize32.The old town has narrow streets and small houses _____are built close to each other.A. theyB. whereC. whatD. that33.We’ve offered her the job, but I don’t kn ow______ she’ll accept it.A. whereB. whatC. whetherD. which34. There’s a _____ in our office that when it’s somebody’s birthday, they bring in a cake for us all to share.A. traditionB. balanceC. concernD. relationship35. She was surprised to find the fridge empty; the child _____ everything!A. had been eatingB. had eatenC. have eatenD. have been eating第二节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D），选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
2011年全国高等学校统一考试英语试题及参考答案（山东卷）
2011年全国高等学校统一考试英语试题及参考答案（山东
卷）
2012年05月23日亲，很高兴访问《2011年全国高等学校统一考试英语试题及参考答案(山东卷)》一文，也欢迎您访问店铺（）的高考频道，为您精心准备了2011高考外语真题的相关模拟考试试题内容！同时，我们正在加紧建设高考频道，我们全体编辑的努力全是为了您，希望您能在本次高考中能获得好的名次，以及考上满意的大学，也希望我们准备的《2011年全国高等学校统一考试英语试题及参考答案(山东卷)》内容能帮助到您。
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2011年山东英语高考真题及答案
2011年普通高等学校招全国统一考试（山东卷）英语第Ⅰ卷（共105分）第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第二部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分35分）第一节语法和词汇知识（15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）21.Take your time---it‟s just______ short distance from here to ______ restaurant.A.不填;theB. a ; theC. the ; aD.不填;a22.-I‟m sorry ,I broke the vase.---Oh,__________ It wasn‟t very expensive .A. you‟d better notB. I‟m afraid notC. as you wishD. that‟s all right23.Find ways to praise your children often, ___ you‟ll find they w ill open their hearts to you .A. stillB. orC. andD. but24.The two girls are so alike that strangers find ___________difficult to tell one from the other.A. itB. themC. herD. that25.They are broadening the bridge to ___________ the flow of traffic.A. put offB. speed upC. turn onD. work out26.I‟m afraid he‟s more of a talker than a doer, which is _____he never finishes anything.A. thatB. whenC. whereD. why27.Look over there ---ther e‟s a ver y long, winding path _________up to the house.A. leadingB. leadsC. ledD. to lead28.He had his camera ready _______ he saw something that would make a good picture.A. even ifB. if onlyC. in caseD. so that29.——Are you going to Tom‟s birthday party?——______________.I might have to work.A. It dependsB. Thank youC. Sounds greatD. Don‟t mention it30.I‟m sorry I don‟t phone you, but I‟ve been very busy _________ the past couple of weeksA. beyondB. withC. amongD. over31.When I got on the bus ,I_________I had left my wallet at home.A. was realizingB. realizedC. have realizedD. would realize32.The town has narrow streets and small houses _______ are built close to each other.A. theyB. whereC. whatD. that33.We‟ve offered her the job, but I didn‟t know_____________ she‟ll accept itA. whereB. whatC. whetherD. which34.There‟s a in our office that when it‟s somebody‟s birthday, they bring in a cake for us allto share.A .tradition B. balance C. concern D. relationship35.She was surprised to find the fridge empty; the children _______ everything!A. had been eatingB. had eatenC. have eatenD. have been eating第二节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）I first went to hear a live rock concert when I was eight years old. My brother and his friends were all 36 of a heavy metal group called Black Wednesday. When they 37 that Black Wednesday were going to perform at our local theatre. They all bought 38 for the performance. However, at the last minute, one of the friends couldn‟t go, so my brother 39 me the ticket.I was really 40 !I remember the buzz（嘈杂声）of excitement inside the theatre as we all found our41 .After a few minutes，the lights went down and everybody became 42 .I could barely make out the stage in the 43 .We waited. Then there was a roar from the crowd, like an explosion, as the first members of the band 44 the stage. My brother leaned over and shouted something in my ear, but I couldn‟t 45 what he was saying. The first song was already starting and the music was as 46 as a jet engine. I could 47 the drum beats and the bass notes in my stomach.I can‟t recall any of the songs that t he band played. I just 48 that I really enjoyed the show and didn‟t want it to 49 .But in the end, after three encores（加演）, the show finished. We left the 50 and walked unsteadily out onto the pavement. I felt a little dizzy, as if I had just 51 from a long sleep. My ears were still 52 with the beat of the last song.After the 53 , I became a Black Wednesday fan too for a few years before getting into other kinds of music. Once in a while, 54 , I listen to one of their songs and 55 I‟m back at that first show.36.A.members B. friends C. fans D. volunteers37.A.guessed B. discovered C. thought D. predicted38.A.flower B. drinks C. clothes D. tickets39.A.looked B. offered C. returned D. found40.A.relaxed B. embarrassed C. excited D. encouraged41.A.seats B. entrance C. spots D. spacefortable B. quiet C. serious D. nervous43. A. silence B. noise C. darkness D. smoke44.A.fell upon B. got through C. broke into D. stepped onto45.A.forget B. hear C. repeat D. bear46.A.loud B. hard C. sweet D. fast47.A.feel B. touch C. enjoy D. digest48.A.realize B. understand C. believe D. remember49.A.continue B. delay C. finish D. change50.Apatry B. theatre C. opera D. stage51.A.escaped B. traveled C. benefited D. woken52.A.aching B. burning C. ringing D. rollingpettion B. performance C. interview D. celebration54.A.though B. otherwise C. instead D. besides55.Adecide B. regret C. conclude D. imagine第三部分阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分）AArthur Miller (1915-2005)is universally recognized as one of the greatest dramatists of the 20th century. Miller‟s father had moved to the USA from Austria-Hungary, drawn like so many others by the “Great American Dream，” However, he experience severe financial hardship when his family business was ruined in the Great Depression of the early 1930s.Miller‟s most famous play,Death of a Salesman, is a powerful attack on the American system with its aggressive way of doing business and its insistence on money and social status as indicators of worth. In Willy Loman, the hero of the play, we see a man who has got into trouble with this system. Willy is “burnt out” and in the true world of business there is no room for sentiment: if he can‟t do the work, then he is no good to his employer, the Wagner Company, and he must go. Willyis painfully aware of this, and at a loss as to do with his lack of success. He refuses to face the face that he has failed and kills himself in the end.When it was first staged in 1949,the play was greeted with enthusiastic reviews, and it won the Tony Award for Best Play, the New York Drama Critics Circle Award, and the Pulitzer prize for Drama. It was the first play to win all three of these major awards.Miller died of heart failure at his home in Roxbury, Connecticut, on the evening of February 10, 2005, the 56th anniversary of first performance of Death of a Salesman on Broadway.56. Why did Arthur Miller‟s Father move to the USA?A. He still is from severe hunger in his home country.B. He was attracted by the “Great American Dream.”C. He hoped to make his son a dramatist.D. His family business failed.57. The play Death of a Salesman__________.A. exposes the cruelty of the American business worldB. discuss the ways to get promoted in a companyC. talks about the business career of Arthur MillerD. focuses on the skills in doing business58. What can we learn about Willy Loman?A. He treats his employer badly.B. He runs the Wagner Company.C. He is a victim of the American system.D. He is regarded as a hero by his colleagues.59. After it was first staged, Death of a Salesman________A. achieved huge success.B. won the first Tony Award.C. The hardship Arthur Miller experienced.D. Arthur Miller and his best-known play.60.What is the text mainly about?A. Arthur Miller and his familyB. The awards Arthur Miller won.C. The hardship Arthur Miller experienced.D. Arthur Miller and his best-known playBTim Richter and his wife, Linda, had taught for over 30 years near Buffalo, New York---he in computers, she in special education. “Teaching means everything to us,” Tim would say. In April 1998. he learned he would need a heart operation. It was the kind of news that leads to some serious thinking about life‟s purpose.Not long after the surgery, Tim saw a brochure describing Imagination Library, a program started by Dolly Parton‟s foun dation(基金会)that mailed a book every month to children from birth to age five in the singer‟s home town of Sevier, Tennessee. …I thought, maybe Linda and I could do something like this when we retire‟,Tim recalls, He placed the brochure on his desk , “as a reminder.”Five years later, now retired and with that brochure still on the desk ,Tim clicked on imaginationlibrary com. The program had been opened up to partners who could take advantage of book and postage discounts.The qualityof the books was of grea t concern to the Richter‟s. Rather than sign up online, they want to Dollywood for a look-see. “We didn‟t want to give the children rubbish,” says Linda. The books --- reviewed each year by teachers, literacy specialists, and Dollywood board members ---- i ncluded classics such as Ezra Jack Keats‟s The Snowy Day and newer books like Anna Dewdney‟sLlama Llama series.Satisfied, the couple set up the Richter Family Foundation and got to work. Since 2004, they have shipped more than 12,200 books to preschoolers in their area. Megan Williams, a mother of four is more than appreciative: “The program introduces us to books I‟ve never heard of.”The Richter‟s spend about $400 a month sending books to 200 child ren. “Some people sit there and wait to die,” says Tim. “Others get as busy as they can in the time they have left.”61. What led Tim to think seriously about the meaning of life?A. His health problem.B. His love for teaching.C. The influence of his wife.D. The news from the Web.62. What did Tim want to do after learning about Imagination Library?A. Give out brochures.B. Do something similar.C. Write books for children.D. Retire from being a teacher.63. According to the text, Dolly Parton is______.A. a well-known surgeonB. a mother of a four-year-oldC. a singer born in TennesseeD. a computer programmer64. Why did the Richter‟s go to Dollywood?A. To avoid signing up online.B. To meet Dollywood members.C. To make sure the books were the newest.D. To see if the books were of good quality.65. What can learn from Tim‟s words in the last paragraph?A. He needs more money to help the children.B. He wonders why some people are so busy.C. He tries to save those waiting to die.D. He considers his efforts worthwhile.CDiana Jacobs thought her family had a workable plan to pay for college for her 21-year-old twin sons: a combination of savings, income, scholarships, and a modest amount of borrowing. Then her husband lost his job, and the plan fell apart.“I have two kids in college, and I want to say …come home.‟but at the same time I want to provide them with a good education.” says Jacobs.The Jacobs family did work out a solution :They asked and received more aid from the schools, and each son increased his borrowing to the maximum amount through the federal loan(贷款）program. They will each graduate with 20,000 of debt , but at least they will be able to finish school.With unemployment rising ,financial aid administrators expect to hear from more families like the Jacobses . More students are applying for aid , and more families except to need student loans. College administrators are concerned that they will not have enough aid money to go around.At the same time , tuition(学费)continues to rise . A report from the National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education found that college tuition and fees increased 439% from 1982 to 2007, while average family income rose just 147%. Student borrowing has more than doubled in the last decade."If we go on this way for another 25 years , we won't have an affordable system of higher education." says Patrick M. Callan, president of the center . "The middle class families have been financing it through debt. They will send kids to college whatever it takes, even if that means a hugeamount of debt."Financial aid administrators have been having a hard time as many companies decide that student loans are not profitable enough and have stopped making them. The good news, however, is that federal loans account for about three quarters of student borrowing, and the government says that money will flow uninterrupted.66. According to Paragraph I, why did the plan of the Jacobs family fail?A. The twins wasted too much money.B. The father was out of work.C. Their savings ran out.D. The family fell apart.67. How did the Jacobses manage to solve their problem?A. They asked their kids to come home.B. They borrowed ＄20,000 from the schools.C. They encouraged their twin sons to do part-time jobs.D. They got help from the schools and the federal government.68. Financial aid administrators believe that .A. more families will face the same problem as the Jacobses .B. the government will receive more letters of complaint.C. college tuition fees will double soon.D. America,s unemployment will fall.69. What can we learn about the middle class families from the text?A. They blamed the government for the tuition increase.B. Their income remained steady in the last decade.C. They will try their best to send kids to college.D. Their debts will be paid off within 25 years.70. According to the last paragraph, the government will ________.A. provide most students with scholarshipsB. dismiss some financial aid administratorsC. stop the companies from making student loansD. go on providing financial support for college studentsDSince the 1970s, scientists have been searching for ways to link the brain with computers. Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines.Recently, two researchers. Jose Millan and Michele Tavella from the Federal Polytechnic School in Lausanne, Switzerland, demonstrated（展示）a small robotic wheelchair by a person‟s thoughts.“Our brain has bi llions of nerve cells. These send signals through the spinal cord(脊髓) to the muscles to give us the ability to move. But spinal cord injuries or other conditions can prevent these weak electrical signals from reaching the muscles .” Tavella says. “our sys tem allows disabled people to communicate with external world and also to control devices.”The researchers designed a special cap for the user. This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp(头皮)and sends them to a computer. The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair. The wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path. They help the computer react to commands from the brain.Prof. Millan, the team leader, says scientists keep improving the computer software that brainsignals and turns them into simple commands. “The practical possibilities that BCI technology offers to disabled people can be grouped in two categories, communication, and controlling devices. One example is this wheelchair.”He says his team has set two goals .One is testing with real patients, so as to prove that this is a technology they can benefit from. And the other is to guarantee that they can use the technology 71．BCI is technology that can .A. help to update computer systemsB. link the human brain with computerC. help the disabled to recoverD. control a person‟s thoughts72．How did Tavella operate the wheelchair in the laboratory?A. By controlling his muscles.B. By talking to the machineC. By moving his hand.D. By using his mind.73．Which of following shows the path of the signals described in Paragraph 5?A. scalp→computer→cap→ wheelchairB. computer →cap→scalp→ wheelchairC. scalp→cap→computer→ wheelchairD. cap→computer→ s calp→ wheelchair74．The team will test with real patients to _______A. make profits from themB. prove the technology useful to themC. make them live longerD. learn about their physical condition75．Which of the following would be the best title for the test?A. Switzerland, the BCI Research CenterB. New Findings About How the Hungry Brain WorksC. BCI Could Mean More Freedom for the DisabledD. Robotic Vehicles Could Help to Cure Brain Injuries第Ⅱ卷（共45分）第四部分书面表达（共两节，满分45分）第一节阅读表达（第76题2分，第77、78、80题每题3分，第79题4分，满分15分）[1] Do you spend over an hour each day texting messages to your friends？Do you frequently ignore work, study, and other activities to check your phone for messages？Are you anxious and restless if you are separated from your mobile phone？Do you hardly ever use your phone to talk any more, and do your thumbs hurt from texting too much？[2] If ,then it is very possible that you are a textaholic. A textaholic can be defined as someone who is addicted to sending and receiving messages. The main symptoms are a strong desire to text messages, which takes preccdence（优先）over everything else. And bad moods, low spirits and a lack of self-confidence if messages fail to come in. The root of the problem, as with many addictions, is the desire to escape from emotional difficulties such as stress, anxiety and relationship problems. Experts warn that text addiction is likely to become the most common form of addiction in the future, especially among the young.[3] So what can you do if you think you may be a textaholic ? The key is to get your life back in balance. Make sure you resist the urge to answer every message you receive, and consider leaving your mobile phone behind occasionally when you go out. Most importantly, make a point of spending quality time with friends and family, and make time to re-learn the art of face-to-face conversation instead of conducting your relationships by means of text messages. Not only will you save time and money, but you may also rediscover the pleasure of true communication.76.How does the author introduce the topic of the text?(no more than 5 words)_______________________________________________________________77.Fill in the blank in Paragraph 2 with proper words.(no more than 8 words)_____________________________________________________78.What emotional difficulties may be the causes of text addiction? (no more than 5 words)①____________________②__________________ ③________________79.What do experts say about text addiction? (no more than 14 words)__________________________________________________________________80.What is the main idea of Paragraph 3? (no more than 8 words)________________________________________________________________第二节写作（满分30分）假设你是李华，你的美国朋友Tom上个月来到北京学习。
2011年考研英语真题答案及真题解析
Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.〞But __1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does__2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating bac k to the 1930’s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of___10___ feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional state.__11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles ___18___ more exuberantly to funnycartons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2021. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!〞wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.〞As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of theart-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed〞at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new mu sic has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.〞But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding t he orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appoin tment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmo nic, the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.〞Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,〞McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t al one. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:〞I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.〞Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tinyInternet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,〞says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.〞26.When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitti ng may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word “poached〞(Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid〞media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned〞media by sending alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned〞media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting s sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,〞is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tensecondition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can besoul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.〞The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive – and newly single – mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant〞news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, bu t unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own〞(read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel〞might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education〞should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read〞-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partlybecause universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.〞So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.〞Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.〞Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.〞Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book T he Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,〞creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is anin-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? 〞Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are.〞Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you d on’t “ get〞success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.〞(48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged〞then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and 2) give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User“LI MING〞instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain it’s intended meaning, and3)give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)旅程之“余〞2021年考研答案真题汇总>>1-5 CDBBA6-10 BADCA11-15 BCDCB16-20 DADAC21-25 CBDBA26-30 BDCAC31-35 DCBAA36-40 CDADB41.B42. D43. A44.C45. F46、艾伦的奉献在于提供了我们能分担和提醒错误性质的假设--因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想47、我们可以单独通过意识维持控制的感觉，但实际上我们一直面临着一个问题，为什么我不能完成这件事情或那件事情48、这似乎可能为必要时的无视正名，也能合理说明剥削，以及在顶层的人的优越感及处于后层人们的劣势感49、环境似乎是为了挑选出我们的强者，而且如果我们感觉受了委屈，那么我们就不可能有意识的做出努力逃离我们原来的处境50. 积极的一面是:时机是存在的，只要我们相信事在人为。
2011年山东英语高考试卷及答案
2011年山东英语高考试卷三．完形填空：I first went to hear a live rock concert when I was eight years old. My brother and his friends were all __36__ of a heavy metal group called Black Wednesday. When they __37__ that Black Wednesday were going to perform at our local theatre, they all bought __38__ for the performance. However, at the last minute, one of the friends couldn‟t go, so my brother __39__ me the ticket. I was really __40__!I remember the buzz(嘈杂声)of excitement inside the theatre as we all found our __41__.After a few minutes, the lights went down and everybody became __42__. I could barely make out the stage in the __43__.We waited. Then there was a roar from the crowd, like an explosion, as the first members of the band __44__ the stage. My brother leaned over and shouted something in my ear, but I couldn‟t __45__ what he was saying. the first song was already starting and the music was as __46__ as a jet engine. I could __47__ the drum beats and the bass notes in my stomach.I can‟t recall any of the songs that the band played. I just __48__ that I really enjoyed the show and didn‟t want it to __49__.But in the end, after three encore(加演)，the show finished. We left the __50__ and walked unsteadily out onto the pavement. I felt a little dizzy, as if I had just __51__ from a long sleep. My ears were still __52__ with the beat of the last song.After the __53__,I became a Black Wednesday fan too for a few years before getting into other kinds of music. Once in a while, __54__ , I listen to one of their songs and __55__I‟m back at that first show.36. A. members B. friends C. fans D. volunteers37. A. guessed B. discovered C. thought D. predicted38. A. flowers B. drinks C. clothes D. tickets39. A. booked B. offered C. returned D. found40. A. relaxed B. embarrassed C. excited D. encouraged41. A. seats B. entrance C. spots D. space42. A. comfortable B. quiet C. serious D. nervous43. A. silence B. noise C darkness D. smoke44. A. fell upon B. got through C. broke into D. stepped onto45. A. forget B. hear C. repeat D. bear46. A. loud B. hard C. sweet D. fast47. A. feel B. touch C. enjoy D. digest48. A. realize B. understand C. believe D. remember49. A. continue B. delay C. finish D.change50. A. party B. theatre C. opera D. stage51. A. escaped B. traveled C. benefited D. woken52. A. aching B. burning C. ringing D. rolling53. A. competition B. performance C. interview D. celebration54. A. though B. otherwise C. instead D. besides55. A. decide B. regret C. conclude D. imagine四．阅读理解： AArthur Miller(1915-2005)is universally recognized as one of the greatest dramatists of the 20th century. Miller‟s father had moved to the USA from Austria-Hungary, drawn like so many others by the “Great American Dream.”However, he experienced severe financial hardship when his family business was ruined in the Great Depression of the early 1930s.Miller‟s most famous play, Death of a Salesman, is a powerful attack on the American system. with its aggressive way of doing business and its insistence on money and social status as indicators of worth. In Willy Loman, the hero of the play, we see a man who has got into trouble with this system. Willy is “burnt out”and in the cruel world of business there is no room for sentiment: if he can‟t do the work, then he is no good to his employer, the Wagner Company, and he must go. Willy is painfully aware of this, and at a loss as to what to do with his lack of success. He refuses to face the fact that he has failed and kills himself in the end. When it was first staged in 1949, the play was greeted with enthusiastic reviews, and it won the Tony Award for Best Play, the New York Drama Critics‟Circle Award, and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. It was the first play to win all three of these major awards.Miller died of heart failure at his home in Roxbury, Connecticut, on the evening of February 10, 2005, the 56th anniversary of the first performance of Death of a Salesman on Broadway.56. Why did Arthur Miller‟s father move to the USA?A. He suffered from severe hunger in his home countryB. He was attracted by the “Great American Dream.”C. He hoped to make his son a dramatistD. His family business failed57. The play Death of a Salesman _____.A. exposes the cruelty of the American business worldB. discusses the ways to get promoted in a companyC. talks about the business career of Arthur MillerD. focuses on the skills in doing business58. What can we learn about Willy Loman?A. He treats his employer badlyB. He runs the Wagner CompanyC. He is a victim of the American systemD. He is regarded as a hero by his colleagues59. After it was first staged, Death of a Salesman ______.A. achieved huge successB. won the first Tony AwardC. was warmly welcomed by salesmenD. was severely attacked by dramatists.60. What is the text mainly about?A. Arthur Miller and his familyB. The awards Arthur Miller wonC. The hardship Arthur Miller experiencedD. Arthur Miller and his best-know play.BTim Richter and his wife, Linda, had taught for over 30 years near Buffalo, New York—he in computers, she in special education. “Teaching means everything to us,”Tim would say. In April 1998, he learned he would need a heart operation. It wasthe kind of news that leads to some serious thinking about life‟s purpose.Not long after the surgery, Tim saw a brochure describing Imagination Library, a program started by Dolly Parton‟s foundation(基金会) that mailed a book every month to children from birth to age five in the singer‟s home town of Sevier, Tennessee . “I thought, maybe Linda and I could do something like this when we retire,” Tim recalls. He placed the brochure on his desk, “as a reminder.”Five years later, now retired and with that brochure still on the desk, Tim clicked on . The program had been opened up to partners who could take advantage of book and postage discounts.The quality of the books was of great concern to the Richters. Rather than sign up online, they went to Dollywood for a look-see, literacy specialists, and Dollywood board members—included classics such as Ezra Jack Keats‟s The Snowy Day and newer books like Anna Dewdney‟s Llama Llama series.Satisfied, the couple set up the Richter Family Foundation and got to work. Since 2004, they have shipped more than 12,200 books to preschoolers in their area. Megan Williams, a mother of four, is more than appreciative: “This program introduces us to books I‟ve never heard of .”The Richters spend about $400 a month sending books to 200 children, “Some people sit there and wait to die,” says Tim. “Others get as busy as they can in the timeThey have left.”61. What led Tim to think seriously about the meaning of life?A. His health problemB. His love for teachingC. The influence of his wifeD. The news from the Web62. What did Tim want to do after learning about Imagination Library?A. Give out brochuresB. Do something similarC. Write books for childrenD. Retire from being a teacher63. According to the text, Dolly Parton is _______.A. a well-known surgeonB. a mother of a four-year-oldC. a singer born in TennesseeD. a computer programmer64. Why did the Richters go to Dollywood?A. To avoid signing up onlineB. To meet Dollywood board membersC. To make sure the books were the newestD. To see if the books were of good quality65. What can we learn from Tim‟s words in the last paragraph?A. He needs more money to help the children.B. He wonders why some people are so busyC. He tries to save those waiting to dieD. He considers his efforts worthwhileCDiana Jacobs thought her family had a workable plan to pay for college for her 21-year-old twin sons: a combination of savings, income, scholarships, and a modest amount of borrowing. Then her husband lost his job, and the plan fell apart.“I have two kids in college, and I want to say …come home,‟ but at the same time I want to provide them with a good education,” says Jacobs.The Jacobs family did work out a solution: They asked and received more aid from the schools, and each son increased his borrowing to the maximum amount through the federal loan(贷款)program. They will each graduate with $20,000 of debt, but at least they will be able to finish school.With unemployment rising, financial aid administrators expect to hear from more families like the Jacobses. More students are applying for aid, and more families expect to need student loans. College administrators are concerned that they will not have enough aid money to go around.At the same time，tuition(学费)continues to rise. A report from the National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education found that college tuition and fees increased 439% from 1982 to 2007, while average family income rose just 147%.Student borrowing has more than doubled in the last decade.“If we go on this way for another 25 years, we won‟t have an affordable system of higher education,”says Patrick M. Callan, president of the center. “The middle class families have been financing it through debt. They will send kids to college whatever it takes, even if that means a huge amount of debt.”Financial aid administrators have been having a hard time as many companies decide that student loans are not profitable enough and have stopped making them. The good news, however, is that federal loans account for about three quarters of student borrowing, and the government says that money will flow uninterrupted.66. According to Paragraph 1, why did the plan of the Jacobs family fail?A. The twins wasted too much money.B. The father was out of work.C. Their savings ran out.D. The family fell out.67. How old the Jacobses manage to solve their problem?A. They asked their kids to come home.B. They borrowed $20,000 from the schools.C. They got help from the schools and the federal government.68. Financial aid administrators believe that _______.A. more families will face the same problem as the JacobsesB. the government will receive more letters of complaintC. college tuition fees will double soonD. America‟s unemployment will fall69. What can we learn about the middle class families from the text?A. They blame the government for the tuition increase.B. their income remained steady in the last decade.C. They will try their best to send kids to college.D. Their debts will be paid off within 25 years.70. According to the last paragraph, the government will ______.A. provide most students with scholarshipsB. dismiss some financial aid administratorsC. stop the companies from making student loansD. go on providing financial support for college studentsDSince the 1970s, scientists have been searching for ways to link the brain with computers. Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines.Recently, two researchers, Jose Millan and Michele Tavella from the Federal Polytechnic School in Lausanne, Switzerland, demonstrated(展示) a small robotic wheelchair directed by a person‟s thoughts.In the laboratory, Tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right hand. He could even talk as he watched the vehicle and guided it with his thoughts.“Our brain has billions of nerve cells. These send signals through the spinal cord(脊髓) to the muscles to give us the ability to move. But spinal cord injuries or other conditions can prevent these weak electrical signals from reaching the muscles,”Tavella says. “Our system allows disabled people to communicate with external world and also to control devices.”The researchers designed a special cap for the user. This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp(头皮) and sends them to a computer. The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair. The wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path. They help the computer react to commands from the brain.Prof. Millan, the team leader, says scientists keep improving the computer software that interprets brain signals and turns them into simple commands. “The practical possibilities that BCI technology offers to disabled people can be grouped in two categories: communication,and controlling devices. One example is this wheelchair.”He says his team has set two goals. One is testing with real patients, so as to prove that this is a technology they can benefit from. And the other is to guarantee that they can use the technology over long periods of time.71. BCI is a technology that can ________.A. help to update computer systemsB. link the human brain with computersC. help the disabled to recoverD. control a person‟s thoughts72. How did Tavella operate the wheelchair in the laboratory?A. By controlling his musclesB. By talking to the machineC. By moving his handD. By using his mind.73. Which of the following shows the path of the signals described in Paragraph 5?A. scalp→computer→cap→wheelchairB. computer→cap→scalp→wheelchairC. scalp→cap→computer→wheelchairD. cap→computer→scalp→wheelchair74. The team will test with real patients to ________.A. make profits from themB. prove the technology useful to themC. make them live longerD. learn about their physical condition75. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Switzerland. The BCI Research CenterB. New Findings About How the Human Brain WorksC. BCI Could Mean More Freedom for the DisabledD. Robotic Vehicles Could Help to Cure Brain Injuries五．书面表达：[1] Do you spend over an hour each day texting messages to your friends? Do you frequently ignore work, study, and other activities to check your phone for messages? Are you anxious and restless if you are separated from your mobile phone? Do you hardly ever use your phone to talk any more, and do you thumbs hurt from texting too much?[2] If _________, then it is very possible that you are a textaholic. A textaholic can be defined as someone who is addicted to sending and receiving messages. The main symptoms are a strong desire to text messages, which takes precedence(优先) over everything else, and bad moods, low spirits and a lack of self-confidence if messages fail to come in. The root of the problem, as with many addictions, is the desire to escape from emotional difficulties such as stress, anxiety and relationship problems. Experts warn that text addiction is likely to become the most common form of addiction in the future, especially among the young.[3] So what can you do if you think you may be a textaholic? The key is to get your life back in balance. Make sure you resist the urge to answer every message you receive, andconsider leaving your mobile phone behind occasionally when you go out. Most importantly, make a point of spending quality time with friends and family, and make time to re-learn the art of face-to face conversation instead of conducting your relationships by means of text messages. Not only will you save time and money, but you may also rediscover the pleasure of true communication.76. How does the author introduce the topic of the text?(no more than 5 words)_________________________________________________________77. Fill in the blank in Paragraph 2 with proper words. (no more than 8 words)_________________________________________________________78. What emotional difficulties may be the causes of text addiction?(no more than 5 words ) (1)__________________ (2)___________________ (3)_________________79. What do experts say about text addiction? (no more than 14 words)_________________________________________________________80. What is the main idea of Paragraph 3? (no more than 8 words)_______________________________________________________答案1.C2.A3.B4.B5.A6.C7.B8.A9.C 10.B 11.C 12.A 13.A 14.B 15.C 16.C 17.A 18.B 19.A 20.C 21.B 22.D 23.C 24.A 25.B 26.D 27.A 28.C 29.A 30.D 31.B 32.D 33.C 34.A 35.B 36.C 37.B 38.D 39.B 40.C 41.A 42.B 43.C 44.D 45.B 46.A 47.A 48.D 49.C 50.B 51.D 52.C 53.B 54.A 55.D 56.B 57.A 58.C 59.A 60.D 61.A 62.B 63.C 64.D 65.D 66.B 67.D 68.A 69.C 70.D 71.B 72.D 73.C 74.B 75.C76. By asking/ raising questions77. you answer “yes” to any of the questions78. (1) stress (2) anxiety (3) relationship problem79. It may become the most common form of addiction, especially among the young.80.How to get rid of text addiction.。
2011年山东专升本(英语)真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2011年山东专升本（英语）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. V ocabulary and Structure 2. Reading Comprehension 5. Translation 6. Writing 11. Listening ComprehensionV ocabulary and Structure1．The coat has a______inside to show the size and where it was made.A．labelB．markC．signD．tag正确答案：A解析：这件衣服里面的标签说明它的型号以及它的产地。
2．I’m very sorry to have ______you with so many questions on such an occasion.A．interferedB．botheredC．impressedD．offended正确答案：B解析：我很抱歉在这种场合一直给你添麻烦。
bother sb with sth给人添麻烦。
3．When she retired she did a lot of______work for the Red Cross.A．validB．portableC．prosperousD．voluntary正确答案：D解析：当她退休后她为红十字会做了许多自愿工作。
A有法律效力，有根据的；B合理的，合适的；C繁荣的，成功的。
4．The French pianist who had been praised very highly______to be a great disappointment.A．turned inB．turned outC．turned upD．turned down正确答案：B解析：过去一度被称赞的法国钢琴家最近很令人失望。
A向里拐，使自首：B turnout结果是，证明是；C出现，找到，出席；D拒绝。
2011年山东大学考博英语大纲
山东大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲时间:2010-02-26 15:04来源:未知作者:admin 点击: 33466次一、考试目的全面考查考生是否达到了从事高级研究所需要的英语语言综合运用能力的要求。
二、考试性质与范围属于标准参照性考试。
考试范围包括听、读、写、译四个方面的能力。
三、考试形式为了有效地考核考生综合运用英语进行交际的能力，既兼顾考试的科学性、客观性，又考虑到考试的可行性。
采用多种试题形式，以保证考试的效度和信度。
四、考试内容共有六个部分：听力理解、语法与词汇、阅读理解、语言运用、英译汉、写作。
Ⅰ. 听力理解 (Listening Comprehension)(15 points)1. 测试要求(a) 能听懂真实交际场合中的各种英语会话和讲话。
(b) 能听懂有关政治、经济、文化等方面的专题的英文报道。
(c) 能听懂有关文化、教育、科普方面的演讲。
2. 测试目的测试考生获取口头信息的能力。
Ⅱ. 语法与词汇(Part Ⅱ: Grammar and Vocabulary) (15 points)1. 测试要求(a) 掌握并能正确运用从事高级研究所需要的语法知识。
(b) 认知15,000词，并且能正确、熟练地运用其中的8,000个单词及其最基本的搭配。
2. 测试目的测试考生掌握词汇、短语及基本语法概念的熟练程度。
Ⅲ. 阅读理解(Part Ⅲ: Reading Comprehension) (30 points)1. 测试要求:(a) 能理解所读材料的主旨大意，分辨出其中的事实和细节。
(b) 能理解字面意义和隐含意义。
(c) 能根据所读材料进行判断和推理。
(d) 能分析所读材料的思想观点、语篇结构、语言特点和修辞手法。
2. 测试目的阅读理解部分测试考生通过阅读获取有关信息的能力，考核考生掌握相关阅读策略和技巧的程度。
既要求准确性，也要求一定的速度。
Ⅳ. 语言运用(Part Ⅳ: Use of Language) (10 points)1. 测试要求本部分提供一篇英语文章，其中有5个句子被删除。
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Part III: Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Whenever we could, Joan and I took refuge in the streets of Gibraltar. The Englishman's hom e is his castle because he has not much choice. There is nowhere to sit in the streets培训中心官网：
not even, after twilight, in the public gardens. The climate, very often, does not even permit him to walk outside. Naturally, he stays indoors and creates a cocoon of comfort. That was the way we li ved in Leeds. These southern people, on the other hand, look outwards. The Gibraltarian home is, typically, a small and crowded apartment up several flights of dark and dirty stairs. In it, one, two or even th ree old people share a few ill-lit rooms with the young family. Once he has eaten, changed his clothes, embraced his wife, kissed his children and his parents, there is nothing to keep the southern man at home. He hurries out, taking even his breakfast coffee at his local bar. He comes home late for his afternoon meal after an appetitive hour at his café . He sleeps for an hour, dresses, goes out again and stays out until late at night. His wife does not miss him, for she is out, too — at the market in the morning and in the afternoon sitting with other mothers, baby-minding in the s un. The usual Gibraltarian home has no sitting-room, living-room or lounge. The parlour of our working-class houses would be an intolerable waste of space. Easy-chairs, sofas and such-like fur niture are unknown. There are no bookshe(WeChat:13370142852)lves, because there are no books . Talking and drinking, as well as eating, are done on hard chairs round the dining-table, between a sideboard decorated with the best glasses and an inevitable display cabinet full of family treasures, photographs and so uvenirs. The elaborate chandelier over this table proclaims it as the hub of the household and of the family. "Hearth and home" makes very little sense in Gibraltar. One's home is one's town or village, and one's hearth is the sunshine. Our northern towns are dormitories with cubicles, by comparison. When we congregate — in the churches it used to be, now in the cinema, say, impersonally, or at public meetings, formally — we are scarcely ever man to man. Only in our pubs can you find the truly gregarious and comm unal spirit surviving, and in England even the pubs are divided along class lines. Along this Mediterranean coast, home is only a refuge and a retreat. The people live together in the open air — in the street, market-place. Down here, there is a far stronger feeling of community than we had ever known. In crowded and circumscribed Gibraltar, with its complicate d inter-marriages, its identity of interests, its surviving sense of siege, one can see and feel an integ rated society. To live in a tiny town with all the organization of a state, with Viceroy ( 总 督 ), Premier, Parliament, Press and Pentagon, all in miniature, all within arm's reach, is an intensive co urse in civics. In such an environment, nothing can be hidden, for better or for worse. One's succes ses are seen and recognized; one's failures are immediately exposed. Social consciousness is at its strongest, with the result that there is a constant and firm pressure towards good social behaviour, t owards courtesy and kindness. Gibraltar, with all its faults, is the friendliest and most tolerant of pl aces. Straight from the cynical anonymity of a big city, we luxuriated in its happy personalism. We look back on it, like all its exiled sons and daughters, with true affection. 31. Which of the following best explains the differences in ways of living between the English and the Gibraltarians? A. The family structure. B. Religious belief. C. The climate. D. Eating habit. 32. The italicized part in the third paragraph implies that ____________. A. English working-class homes are similar to Gibraltarian ones
山东大学 2011 考博英语试题
Part I: Listening Comprehension Part II: Grammar and Vocabulary 16. ____ a position with the company, I would have shown myself at the reception. A. Had I B. Have I C. Should I D. Had I had 17. Most of what Bill said was ____; only one or two minor points he made were not closely connected with the matter being discussed. A. reliable B. relative C. related D. relating 18. I like this jacket better than that one, but it costs twice ____. A. as much B. so much C. that much D. too much 19. Yong drivers under 25 have the highest number of accidents while those over 50 have ____. A. the less B. the least C. the fewer D. the fewest 20. Fred always ____ doing the washing-up by saying that he is busy working in the garden. A. gets out of B. gets over with C. gets rid of D. gets through with 21. If you think you can do my job better than I can, you are welcome to ____. A. take it down B. take it up C. take it over D. take it in 22. Without a doubt, ____ the key issue in the President's campaign. A. is taxation going to be B. is going taxation to be C. is going to be taxation D. taxation is going to be 23. Catherine won't mind if you ____ her workload — she needs the extra money. A. amount to B. add to C. put up D. go on 24. The exchange of goodwill mission greatly the two countries ____ a better understanding between A. carries out B. brings around C. breaks out D. contributes to 25. ____ the assignments are turned in before the end of this week. A. See it that B. Make it sure that C. Assure that D. See that 26. Light waves and heart waves are all electromagnetic ____ are radio waves. A. Some B. Such C. As D. So 27. Every object in the universe, ____ large or small, has a tendency to move towards every other object. A. how B. so C. be it D. whether being 28. Have a word with the manager ____ if he's willing to reduce the price. A. and to see B. and see C. and seeing D. so to see 29. I think we ____ buy this one. We're not going to find anything cheaper. A. may as well B. would like C. may well D. can possibly 30. In a few days you'll be ____ by one of our staff and asked to complete a quick questionnaire. A. touched B. contacted C. connected D. associated