2014考博英语真题分析
山东大学考博英语2014年真题
山东大学考博英语2014年真题(总分：95.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Grammar and Vocabulary (总题数：30，分数：15.00)1.Most good writers use every means at their ______ to make the readers way smooth and easy.（分数：0.50）A.willB.disposal √C.requestD.convenience解析：[解析] 固定搭配。
没有at ones will的搭配，而是at will“任意，随意”；at ones disposal“可自行支配”；at ones request“应某人请求”；at ones convenience“在某人方便时”。
根据句意，只有B项符合题意。
2.John was so ______ in his book that he did not hear the doorbell ring.（分数：0.50）A.engagedB.occupiedC.absorbed √D.concentrated解析：[解析] 近义词辨析。
absorbed“全神贯注的”，只用于表示精力的集中，多用作表语，有be absorbedin(全神贯注于)这样一个搭配；concentrated“决心要做的，全力以赴的，集中的，密集的，浓缩的”，多用作定语。
concentrated表示精力的集中之意时，侧重于表示决心。
根据句中的was so的结构，absorbed更符合句意。
故答案为C。
3.Too much ______ to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.（分数：0.50）A.exposureB.disclosure √C.contactD.connection解析：[解析] 固定搭配。
山东大学考博英语2014年真题
山东大学考博英语2014年真题(总分：95.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Grammar and Vocabulary (总题数：30，分数：15.00)1.Most good writers use every means at their ______ to make the reader"s way smooth and easy. （分数：0.50）A.willB.disposal √C.requestD.convenience解析：[解析] 固定搭配。
没有at one"s will的搭配，而是at will“任意，随意”；at one"s disposal“可自行支配”；at one"s request“应某人请求”；at one"s convenience“在某人方便时”。
根据句意，只有B项符合题意。
2.John was so ______ in his book that he did not hear the doorbell ring.（分数：0.50）A.engagedB.occupiedC.absorbed √D.concentrated解析：[解析] 近义词辨析。
absorbed“全神贯注的”，只用于表示精力的集中，多用作表语，有be absorbed in(全神贯注于)这样一个搭配；concentrated“决心要做的，全力以赴的，集中的，密集的，浓缩的”，多用作定语。
concentrated表示精力的集中之意时，侧重于表示决心。
根据句中的was so的结构，absorbed 更符合句意。
故答案为C。
3.Too much ______ to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.（分数：0.50）A.exposureB.disclosure √C.contactD.connection解析：[解析] 固定搭配。
2014年浙江大学英语考博真题和参考答案
2014年浙江大学考博真题和参考答案1. 听力听力 Part A 原文：原文： In In my my my opinion, opinion, opinion, technology technology technology has has has become become become too too too advanced. advanced. advanced. I I I am am am 17-years-old, 17-years-old, 17-years-old, and and and I I I can can can still still remember a time when I did not have a computer in my home, and if you did, it was uncommon. Not until the mid-1990s was it common for （middle class families ） to have computers. In our society society today, today, today, almost almost almost every every every single single single family family family has has has at at at least least least one one one computer computer computer if if if not not not more, more, more, and and and these these computers computers are are are incredibly incredibly incredibly advanced advanced advanced compared compared compared to to to what what what you'd you'd you'd have have have had had in in your your your home home home a a short short ten ten years ago. Over the years, I have seen technology bloom; all I have known my entire lifetime, is that that there there there is is going going to to to be be be something something something bigger, bigger, bigger, I I I should should should really really really say say say smaller, smaller, smaller, and and better （out on the market ） in no time. I can't believe how fast manufacturers are coming out with new technology. What will happen in the future, will technology become so advanced is changes the course of our humanity? humanity? Y ou Y ou can can can do do do everything everything everything you you you want want want from from from a a a computer, computer, computer, work, work, work, play,play,（talk to friends ）, research, and even order food! A person could live their entire life jammed up in a room with a computer, computer, and and and they they they would would would have have have access access access to to to everything everything everything they they they need! need! need! It It It is is is insane! insane! insane! The The The advances advances advances in in communication technology are blowing up all over the place as well. I, myself just bought a new camera phone, and this phone is amazing. The picture quality is superb, and not only that but I （have access to the ） internet on my PHONE! I can't believe how the cell phone market has so drastically increased. The first phone I ever had was five years ago, when I was 12 years old. That phone phone today today today would would would be be be considered considered considered huge, huge, huge, clunky, clunky, clunky, heavy, heavy, heavy, and and and "old". "old". "old". I I I personally personally personally couldn't couldn't couldn't even even imagine myself walking around with that phone （without being embarrassed ）. It just goes to show how much things have changed in five years, and people just keep on taking it all in. Every time time I I I have have have bought bought bought a a a new new new phone phone phone since since since that that that point, point, point, six six six months months months later, later, later, I I I have have have wanted wanted wanted a a a new new new one one because because my my my phone phone phone was was was not not not up up up to to to date. date. date. Can Can Can you you you believe believe believe it, it, it, after after after not not not even even even a a a year year year a a a phone phone phone can can completely go off the market because it is not advanced enough? The manufacturers are putting these things out faster than people can buy them. 2. 听力听力 Part B 原文原文括号内为答案括号内为答案It is an honor to speak with you today on the issue of （ public health disparities ）. I would first like to thank the organizations that made this event possible. This has truly been a collaborative effort among a diverse group of constituents. I think this sets a positive tone and precedent for a healthy and and spirited spirited spirited discussion. discussion. discussion. As As As many many many of of of you you you may may may know, know, know, reforming reforming reforming and and and improving improving improving our our our health health health care care system is an issue that is close to my heart. I believe that in the richest and most powerful country in the world, we ought to be able to provide （basic health care ）to all of our citizens. It is vitally important that we lessen the impact and burden of illness on all people in communities, regardless of race, gender, or religions. Our discussions today are critically important to rectify the injustices that many people face in our current health care system. Today’s sessions have a greater purpose than mere discussions and networking opportunities----today’s conference signifies a n increased an increased and （necessary call for action ） among our region’s top health professionals. Public health is directly connected to poverty, income, education, and community. We cant’ look at health care in a silo and assume it is only a luxury for the well off. Health care needs to be provided to all people of all color. We are morally responsible for （improving the disparities in health care ） because a healthy healthy society society society is is is the the the foundation foundation foundation on on on which which which we we we build build build our our our schools, schools, schools, our our our neighborhoods, neighborhoods, neighborhoods, and and and our our economy. economy. Health Health Health care care care is is not not a a privilege----it privilege----it is is is a a right. right. I I I know know know we we we have have have along along along road road road to to to travel travel travel in in achieving equality in health status. I know that everyone here knows this. And I am hopeful that perhaps more people than ever are （finally waking up to this reality ）. Part C1 原文原文 3个选择题个选择题There were very few places in the world that Jules Verne, the writer,, did not visit. He went round the world a hundred times or more. Once he did it in eighty days, unheard of in the nineteenth century. He voyaged sixty thousand miles under the sea, toured around the moon, exploded the center of the earth, and chatted with natives in Australia. Jules Verne, the man, was a stay-at-home. He was more likely to be tired from writing than from traveling. He did make a few visits to Europe and North Africa. And he made one six-week tour of New York State. But that was all. He spent less than one of his seventy-seven years really traveling. Yet he was the world’s most extraordinary tourist. H is books are crowded with hunting and fishing expeditions. Jules actually His books are crowded with hunting and fishing expeditions. Jules actually went hunting only once. Then he raised his gun and shot off the guard’s hat! He neve r held a test tube in his hand. But he was an inspiration to the scientist in the laboratory. Long before radio was invented, he had TV working in his books. His name for it was phono-telephoto. He had helicopters fifty years before the Wright brothers flew their first plane at Kitty Hawk. In fact, there were few wonders of the twentieth century that this man of the nineteenth century did not foresee. In his stories you can read about neon lights, moving sidewalks, air-conditioners, sky-scrapers, guided missiles, tanks, electrically operated submarines, and air-planes,and so on. 第一个问题第一个问题 问这个人是干什么的问这个人是干什么的 选the writer Part C2 Part C2 原文原文原文 第2篇 3个选择题个选择题Very old people do raise moral problems for almost everyone who comes in contactwith them. Their values values—this —this can’t be repeated too often—often—are are not necessarily ourvalues. Physical comfort, cleanness and order are not necessarily the most importantthings. The social services from time to time find themselves faced with a flat withdecaying food covered by small worms, and an old person lying alone in bed, takingno notice of the worms. But is it interfering with personal freedom to insist thatthey go to live with some of their relatives so that they might be taken better careof? Some social workers, the ones who clear up the worms, think we are in dangerof carrying this concept of personal freedom to the point where serious risks arebeing taken with the health and safety of the old. Indeed, the old can be easilyhurt or harmed. The body is like a car, it needs more mechanical maintenance as itgets older. You can carry this comparison right through to the provision of spareparts. But But never never forget that such operations operations are are painful experiences, experiences, however however goodthe results will be. And at what point should you stop to treat the old body? Isit morally right to try to push off death by seeking the development of drugs toexcite the forgetful old mind and to activate the old body, knowing that it isdesigned to die? You can’t ask doctors or scientists to decide, because so longas they can see the technical opportunities, they will feel bound to give them atry, on t try, on the principle that while there’s life, there’s hope.he principle that while there’s life, there’s hope.he principle that while there’s life, there’s hope.第三篇第三篇Animals do not possess a language in the true sense of the word. In the highervertebrates, as also in insects, particularly in the socially living species of bothgreat great groups, groups, groups, every every every individual individual individual has has has a a a certain certain certain number number number of of of inmate inmate inmate movements movements movements and and and sounds soundsfor expressing feelings. It has also innate ways of reacting to these signalswhenever it sees or hears hears them them them in in a fellow-member fellow-member of of the species. species. The The highly socialspecies of birds such as the jackdaw or the graylag goose, have a complicated codeof such signals which are uttered and understood by every bird without any previousexperience. The perfect co-ordination of social behaviour which is brought aboutby these actions and reactions conveys to the human observer the impression thatthe birds are talking and understanding a language of the own. Of course, this purelyinnate signal signal code code of of an an animal species species differs differs fundamentally fundamentally from from human human language, language,every word of which must be learned laboriously by the human child. Moreover, beinga genetically fixed character of the species a genetically fixed character of the species——just as much as any bodilycharacter character——this so-called language is, for every individual animal species,ubiquitous in its distribution. Obvious though this fact may seem, it was,nevertheless, with something akin to nevertheless, with something akin to naïve naïve naïve surprise that I heard the jackdaws in surprise that I heard the jackdaws innorthern Russia “talk talk”” exactly the same, familiar “dialect dialect”” as my birds at homein Altenberg. The superficial similarity between these animal utterances and humanlanguages diminishes further as it becomes gradually clear to the observer that theanimal, in all these sounds and movements expressing its emotions, has in no waythe conscious intention of influencing a fellow member of its species. This is provedby the fact that even geese or jackdaws reared and kept singly make all these signalsas soon as the corresponding mood overtakes them. Under these circumstances theautomatic and even mechanical character of these signals becomes strikingly apparentand reveals them as entirely different from human words.二.（15题，15分）单选题（顺序打乱了）分）单选题（顺序打乱了）The two friends sat in a corner and __B__ away to each other about the weather ．a ．talked b ．chatted c ．muttered d ．whispered He is going to __D__ the meeting on the subject of war and peace in a minute ．a ．speak b ．talk c ．remark d ．address Although not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government's ___A___ policies. a. economic b. economical b. economical c. economy d. economics d. economics There are not many teachers who are strong _C_of traditional methods in English teaching. a. sponsors b. contributors b. contributors c. advocates c. advocates d. performers A friendship may be ___B___ , casual, situational or deep and lasting. a. identical b. superficial b. superficial c. critical d. original d. original Nobody Nobody yet yet yet knows knows knows how how how long long long and and and how how how seriously seriously seriously the the the shakiness shakiness shakiness in in in the the the financial financial financial system system system will will will _C_ _C_ down the economy. a. put b. settle b. settle c. drag d. knock d. knock We are _D_ to the idea, but we doubt whether the time is ripe to put it into force. a. equal b. adequate b. adequate c. considerate d. sympathetic People People were were were surprised surprised surprised to to to find find find that that that Mr. Mr. Mr. Johnson Johnson Johnson had had had the the the ability ability ability to to to ___B__ ___B__ ___B__ everything everything everything he he he was was involved in. a. Prevail b. dominate c. preside c. preside d. instruct You can do it if you want to, but in my opinion it’s not worth the __D__ it in volves. a. force b. trial b. trial c. attempt d. effort The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for __D__ her attitude toward customers. a. straightforward b. partial b. partial c. favorable d. hostile You must pack plenty of food for the journey. __D__, you will need warm clothes, so pack them too. a. Equally b. Incidentally c. Inevitably c. Inevitably d. Likewise d. Likewise This __B_ was conducted to find out how many people prefer rice. a. examination b. survey b. survey c. inspection d. test As a defense against air-pollution damage, many plants and animals __B__ a substance to absorb harmful chemicals a. relieve b. release b. release c. dismiss c. dismiss d. discard He said that very clearly so that nobody was in any___B__ about what was meant. a. wonder b. doubt c. question d. consideration 三.完形填空（20题 20分）分）Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die. But people now live longer than they (1) . Yet, all living things still show the (2) of aging, which will eventually (3) death. Aging is not a disease, （4）as a person passes maturity, the cells of the body and the (5) they form do not function as well as they did in childhood and teenage years. The body provides less (6) against disease and is more (7) to have accident. A number of related causes may (8) aging. Some cells of the body have a （9） long life, but they are not (10) when they die. As a person ages, (11) of brain cells and muscle cells decreases. Other body cells die and are （12）by new cells. In an aging person the new cells may not be as workable or as capable (13) growth as those of a young young person. person. person. Another Another Another (14) (14) (14) in in in aging aging aging may may may be be be changes within changes within the the cells(15). cells(15). cells(15). Some Some Some of of the the protein protein chemicals in cells are known to change with age and become less elastic. This is (16) the skin of old people wrinkles and hangs loose. This is also the reason why old people (17) in height. There may be other more important chemical changes in the cells. Some complex cell chemicals, （18）DNA DNA and and and RNA, RNA, RNA, store store store and and and (19) (19) (19) information information information that that that the the the cells cells cells need.Aging need.Aging need.Aging may may may affect affect affect this this this (20) (20) (20) and and change the informationcarrying molecules so that they do not transmit the information as well. 1.C A A ．would B B ．be used to C ．used to D ． used 2.B A A ．function B ．effect C C ．affect D D ． sign 3.D A A ．lead in B ．give in C C ．run into D ． result in 4.but 5.D A A ．hands B B ．feet C C ．heart D ． organs 6.B A A ．energy B ．protection C ．vigor D ． power 7.A A A ．likely B B ．probable C ．possible D ． alike 8.B A A ．attend to B B ．contribute to C C ．add to D ． devote to 9.fairly 10.A A A ．replaced B ．reborn C ．recovered D ． surrendered 11.C A ．a number B B ．the amount C ．the number D ． a great deal 12.replaced 13.C A ．to B ．for C ．of D ． in 14.A A ．factor B B ．effect C C ．reason D ． element 15.C A ．for themselves B ．of themselves C ．themselves D ．on their own 16.why 17.B A ．increase B ．shrink C C ．lengthen D ． decrease 18.such as 19.D A ．pass away B B ．pass by C C ．pass off D D ． pass on 20.D A ．improvement B ．procession C ．approach D ． process 四阅读（4篇，20分）分）阅读第一篇阅读第一篇In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the the child child child must must must physiologically physiologically physiologically be be be capable capable capable of of of producing producing producing and and and experiencing experiencing experiencing particular particular particular emotions emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. psychologists have found that there are two two basic basic basic processes processes processes by by by which which which learning learning learning takes takes takes place. place. place. one one one kind kind kind of of of learning learning learning is is is called called called "classical "classical conditioning". this occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward reward or or or punishment, punishment, punishment, it it it is is is through through through classical classical classical conditioning conditioning conditioning that that that a a a child child child learns learns learns to to to associate associate associate his his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning." this occurs when an individual learns to to do do do things things things that that that produce produce produce rewards rewards rewards in in in his his his environment environment environment and and and learns learns learns not not not to to to do do do things things things that that that produce produce punishments. for example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. Every Every day, day, we we grow grow grow and and and have have have new new new experiences. experiences. experiences. we we we constantly constantly constantly learn learn learn by by by reading, reading, reading, watching watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. this learning affects our emotions. why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? if a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. on the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger. 1. the author's main purpose in writing the passage is to _B_. a) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion b) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning c) give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learning d) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced 2.if 2.if your your your jokes jokes jokes often often often find find find already already already echo echo echo in in in a a a person, person, person, you you you will will will learn learn learn though though though _B_ _B_ _B_ that that that telling telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence. a) classical conditioning b) operant conditioning c) neither of them d) some other sorts of conditioning 3. 3. if if if a a a child child child is is is bitten bitten bitten or or or startled startled startled several several several times times times by by by a a a dog, dog, dog, he he he may may may learn learn learn to to to associate associate associate furry furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. this is a typical example of learning through _A_. a) classical conditioning b) operant conditioning c) both of them d) neither of them 4. in the third paragraph, the author is _D_. a) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day b) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning c) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on d) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning 5. in the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss __C_. a) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelings b) the third kind of learning c) further examples of learning through operant conditioning d) none of the above 阅读第2篇，篇，Do we need laws that prevent us from running risks with our lives? If so, then perhaps laws are needed prohibiting the sale of cigarettes and alcoholic drinks. Both products have been known to kill kill people. people. people. The The The hazards hazards hazards of of of drinking drinking drinking too too too much much much alcohol alcohol alcohol are are are as as as bad bad or or worse worse worse than than than the the the hazards hazards hazards of of smiking too many cigarettes. All right then, let's pass a law closing the liquor stores and the bars in this country. Let's put an end once and for all to the ruinous disease from which as many as 10 million Americans currently suffer--alcoholism. But wait. We've already tried that. For 13 years, between 1920 and 1933, there were no liquor stores stores anywhere anywhere anywhere in in in the the the United United United States. States. States. They They They were were were shut shut shut down down down abilished abilished abilished by by by an an an amendment amendment amendment to to to the the Constitution and by a law of Congress. After January 20, 1920, there was supposed to be no more manyfacturing, selling, or transporting of "intoxicating liquors". Without any more liquor, people could not drink it. And if they did not drink it, how could they get drunk? There would be no more dangers to the public welfare from drunkenness and alcoholism. It was all bery logical. And yet prohibition of liquor, beer, and wine did not work. Why? Because, law or no law, millions of people still liked to drink alcohol. And they were willing to take risks to get it. They were not about to change their tastes and habits just because of a change in the law. And gans of liquor smugglers millions of gallons of the outlawed beverages across the Canadian and Mexican borders. Drinkers were licky to know of an illegal bar that served Mexican or or Canadian Canadian Canadian liquor. liquor. Crime Crime and and and drunkenness drunkenness drunkenness were were were both both both supposed supposed supposed to to to decline decline decline as as as a a a rusult rusult rusult of of prohibition. Instead, people drank nore alcohol than ever-often poisoned alcohol. 1. Which of the following was NOT characteristic reason for the proposal of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and the V olstead Act? A a) There would be no further danger to the public from alcoholism. b) There would be a rise in the cost of alcoholic beverages. c) Without liquor, people would not drink. d) People would not become drunk of create a public nuisance. 2. During Prohibition, illegal alcohol was_C___. a) sold openly b) no longer a temptation c) a major factor in the passage of the V olstead Act d) brought across the Mexican and Canadian borders 3. During Prohibition, people__B__. a) lived in fear of the law b) were willing to risk arrest for the pleasure of liquor c) recklessly endangered their comunities d) were respectful of the legal sanctions placed on them 4. When enacting the prohibition law, government officials assumend that__D__. a) every American would buy alcohol illegally b) all criminal activities would cease c) patrols of the Canadian border would halt the sale of alcohol d) the social threat from drunkerness would decline 5. It can be inferred from the passage that__A__. a) the Congress was wise to repeal Prohibition b) the Prohibition Era was characterized by a decrease in crime and drunkenness c) during Prohibition, most Americans stopped drinking d) laws should be passed to ban the sale of alcoholic beverages 第三篇第三篇As people continue to grow and age, our body systems continue to change. At a certain point in your life, your body system began to weaken. Your joint may become stiff. It may become more difficult for you to see and hear. The slow change of aging causes our bodies to lose some of their ability ability to bounce back from disease and injury. In order to live longer, we have always tried to to bounce back from disease and injury. In order to live longer, we have always tried to slow or stop this process that leads us toward the end of our lives. Many factors contribute to your health. A well-balanced diet plays an important role. The amount and type of exercises you get is another factor. Your living environment and the amount of stress you you are are are under under under is is yet yet another. another. another. But But But scientists scientists scientists studying studying studying senescence senescence senescence want want want to to to know: know: know: Why Why Why do do people grow old? They hope that by examining the aging process on a cellular level medical science may be able to extend the length of life. There is nothing to be afraid of as old age approaches. Many consider the later portions of life to be the best time for living. Physical activity may lessen, but often you gain a broader understanding of yourself and the world. What What we we we consider consider consider old old old age age age now now now may may may only only only be be be middle-aged middle-aged middle-aged someday someday someday soon. soon. soon. Who Who Who knows knows knows with with with so so many advances in medical science happening so quickly, life spans may one day be measured in centuries, rather than in years! 1. When people become aging, they will lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury, “bounce back” here means __A__.A. to improve in health after one ‟s disease and injury B . to run fast C. to recover from disease and injury D. to jump after recovering 2. In order to live longer, ___A___. 。
2014年哈工业大学考博英语真题,真题解析,复试真题,考研笔记
考博详解与指导哈尔滨工业大学考博英语试题Passage1Highly successful scientists depend on special talents,like in arts,music,and so on.Nature produces them only very slowly,parsimoniously,and at a constant rate,one has to do more with both natural gifts and formal,extensive academic training.Their number cannot be increased under command;they develop spontaneously whenever the scientific training of community is adequate to provide the basic training they need-----which is today the case in several nations over the world,including many of the developing countries.The second element is the“collectivity effect”.Scientific progress is greatly enhanced by a nonlinear effect.Progress is much faster when many and different types of scientists interact closely together.This is particularly active at the“interface”between disciplines;for instance,a chemistry idea applied to biology,a mathematical concept applied to physics,and so on.Passage2The phrase“A Law of Nature”is probably rarer in modem scientific writing than was the case some generations ago.This is partly due to a very natural objection to the use of the word law in two different senses.Human societies have laws.In primitive societies there is not distinction between law and custom. Some things are done;others are not.This is regarded as part of the nature ofthings,and generally as an unalterable fact.If customs change,the change is too slow to be observed,later on kings and prophets could proclaim new laws,but there was no way of withdrawing old ones.The Greek democracies made the great and revolutionary discovery that a community could consciously make new laws and repeal old ones.So for us a human law is something which is valid only over a certain number of people for a certain period of time.Passage3Private enterprise will become the driving force behind space launches,the futurists mercial space activities will probably grow beyond the government’s civilian space program in the coming decades,remarks Charles Eldred of the National Aeronautics and space Administration.Businesses will launch their own space shuttles to create weightless factories in es could include manufacturing pharmaceutical drugs,making ball bearings and growing crystals for computer chips.There is even talk of eventually sending tourists on shuttle flight---though the airfare would be exorbitant.Scientists say that government construction of a multibillion-dollar,permanent space station will aid in detecting natural disasters on earth in advance,conducting medical research and collecting solar energy to transmit back.Pentagon officials hope to be able to send off rays from a space station to hit missiles fired from earth.The space station may be used as well to stage long–distance flights to the moon, mars and planets beyond.Passage4Laws and regulations are never to be forgotten in the development of the information superhighway although market forces will help keep the new technology affordable,we need laws to protect consumers when competition fails and because several companies will operate the superhighways,each must be required to interconnect with the others.Likewise,the new computers that will give access to the superhighway should be built according to commonly accepted standards.Also even an open competitive market will leave out organizations with limited resources such as schools and libraries.To compensate for market oversights,we must enforce regulations to ensure thatmoney-----whether through government support or a tax on the companies that will control the superhighway---is made available to these institutions,and will be used and operated accordinglySection Two Translation from Chinese into English(20points)Passage1当前人类文明对全球环境的威胁给我们提供了一系列问题。
2014年哈尔滨工业大学考博英语真题,真题解析,复试真题,真题笔记
考博详解与指导哈尔滨工业大学考博英语试题Part IITranslate the following passages into Chinese:Passage OneThe technology now being used by the autoworkers on the assembly lines is nothing short of revolutionary.Today’s workers now use smart,microprocessor controlled tools that perform with a precision unheard of a decade ago.The tools operate to the exact inch-pound of torque required,and even have the ability to stop the line if their performance deteriorates.The intelligent tools and assembly systems being used by the U.S.auto industry reflect the challenges the industry has faced and conquered over the past100years.Passage TwoIn each generation for thousands of years a few individuals have had the perception,the curiosity,and the imagination to do more than just look at the physical processes taking place in the atmosphere.These individuals have asked “Why?”about such things as these:the blue of the sky;the splendor of the rainbow;the infinite variety and marvelous detail of snowflakes;the changes of temperature from season to season;the short life of a cloud as it forms,grows, decays,and disappears on a summer afternoon.Passage ThreeA European industrialist learned by chance that the United States was singing contracts with scientists in other countries,calling for research into such matters as the function of the frog’s eyes and the learning ability of the octopus. It seemed to him that such studies could not possibly have any practical value.He seriously believed that the United States was employing the foreign scientists to do meaningless work and occupy their time,while American scientists were busy in the really important areas of science.He was unaware of the fact that the United States was spending much more money at home than abroad fro similar studies.Passage FourThat many contemporary scientists make room for God in their understanding of the cosmos should hardly be surprising.For most of history,religion and science have been siblings—feeding off and sparring with each other–rather than outright adversaries in the common human quest for understanding.Only in the West,and only after the French Enlightenment in the18th century,did the votaries of science and religions drift into separate ideological camps.And only in the19th century,after Darwin,was supposed irreconcilability between“God”and“science”elevated to the status of cultural myth.History tell a different, more complicated story.Passage FiveFor decades,science-fiction writers have envisioned a world in which speech is the most commonly used interface between humans and machines.This is partlya result of our strong desire to make computers behave like human beings.But it is more than that.Speech is natural—we know how to speak before we know how to read and write.Speech is also efficient—most people can speak about five times faster than they can type and probably10times faster than they can write. And speech is flexible—we do not have to touch or see anything to carry on a conversation.Passage SixHis fear was that the business of engineering,defined as the synthesis of invention and innovation fro the extension of man’s capabilities,was being subverted by a lack of creative design courses in U.S.engineering schools.He expressed alarm that Ph.D.candidates often focused on science,not on likely uses for their work.This situation was,he felt,the fallout of a shift in the philosophy of academia.Though engineering schools still taught the fundamentals well,he said,they had failed their students—and society as whole —by emphasizing the“knowledge and skills of analysis to the virtual exclusion of all else.”Translate the following into English:Paragraph One有些计算机科学家正在研究蚂蚁。
2014年中国矿业大学考博英语真题试卷含答案和解析
2014年中国矿业大学考博英语真题试卷阅读理解About six years ago I was eating lunch in a restaurant in New York City when a woman and a young boy sat down at the next table, I couldn't help overhearing parts of their conversation. At one point the woman asked: \1.According to the author, feeling depressed is______.(D)A. a mental scale present in all humans, including childrenB. a sure sign of a psychological problem in a childC. an inevitable part of children’s mental developmentD. something hardly to be expected in a young child解析：本题细节定位于第二段第二句话“As far as I can remember, my friends and I didn’t find out we were‘depressed’until we were in high school”。
由此可知，作者和朋友们直到高中才开始感觉沮丧，言外之意就是很难想象会在小孩子身上出现沮丧心理，因此选择D。
2.Traditionally, a child is supposed to learn about the adult world______.(C)A. through contact with societyB. through exposure to social informationC. gradually and under guidanceD. naturally and by biological instinct解析：本题细节定位于第五段第三句话“Children have always been taught adult secrets，but slowly and in stages：traditionally…”。
北京师范大学2014年考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
北京师范大学2014年考博英语真题及详解Part I Reading Comprehension(45%)Directions:Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C,and D by marking thecorresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line throughthe center.1Taken together,income,occupation,and education are good measures of people’s social ing a layered model of stratification,most sociologists describe the class system in the United States as divided into several classes:upper, upper middle,middle,lower middle,and lower class.Each class is defined by characteristics such as income,occupational prestige,and educational attainment. The different groups are arrayed along a continuum with those with the most money,education,and prestige at the top and those with the least at the bottom.In the United States,the upper class owns the major share of corporate and personal wealth;it includes those who have held wealth for generations as well as those who have recently become rich.Only a very small proportion of people actually constitute the upper class,but they control vast amounts of wealth and power in the United States.They exercise enormous control throughout society. Most of their wealth is inherited.Despite social myths to the contrary,the best predictor of future wealth is thefamily into which you are born.Each year,the business magazine Forbes publishes a list of the“Forbes400”—the four hundred wealthiest families and individuals in the country.Of all the wealth represented on the Forbes400list,more than half is inherited.Those on the list who could be called“self-made”were not typically of modest origins;most inherited significant assets(Forbes,1997;Sklar and Collins, 1997).Those in the upper class with newly acquired wealth are known as the nouveau niche.Although they may have vast amounts of money,they are often not accepted into“old rich”circles.The upper middle class includes those with high incomes and high social prestige.They tend to be well-educated professionals or business executives.Their earnings can be quite high indeed—successful business executives can earn millions of dollars a year.It is difficult to estimate exactly how many people fall into this group because of the difficulty of drawing lines between the upper,upper middle,and middle class.Indeed,the upper middle class is often thought of as “middle class”because their lifestyle sets the standard to which many aspire,but this lifestyle is simply beyond the means of a majority of people in the United States.The middle class is hard to define;in part,being“middle class”is more than just economic position.By far the majority of Americans identify themselves as middle class even though they vary widely in lifestyle and in resources at their disposal.But the idea that the United States is an open-class system leads many to think that the majority have a middle-class lifestyle because,in general,peopletend not to want to recognize class distinctions in the United States.Thus,the middle class becomes the ubiquitous norm even though many who call themselves middle class have a tenuous hold on this class position.In the hierarchy of social class,the lower middle class includes workers in the skilled trades and low-income bureaucratic workers,many of whom may actually define themselves as middle class.Examples are blue-collar workers(those in skilled trades who do manual labor)and many service workers,such as secretaries, hairdressers,waitresses,police,and firefighters.Medium to low income,education, and occupational prestige define the lower middle class relative to the class groups above it.The term“lower”in this class designation refers to the relative position of the group in the stratification system,but it has a pejorative sound to many people,especially to people who are members of this class.The lower class is composed primarily of the displaced and poor.People in this class have little formal education and are often unemployed or working in minimum-wage jobs.Forty percent of the poor work;ten percent work year-round and full time—a proportion that has generally increased over time.Recently,the concept of the underclass has been added to the lower class.The underclass includes those who have been left behind by contemporary economic developments.Rejected from the economic system,those in the underclass may become dependent on public assistance or illegal activities.1.Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage?A.Although it is not generally accepted,your family provides the best prediction of your future wealth.B.You can achieve great future wealth in spite of the family in which you may have been born.C.It is not true that your family will restrict the acquisition of your future wealthand level of social status.D.Social myths are contrary to the facts about the future wealth and social status of your family.2.Why does the author mention the“Forbes400”in paragraph3?A.To explain the meaning of the listing that appears every year.B.To support the statement that most wealthy people inherit their money.C.To cast doubt on the claim that family income predicts individual wealth.D.To give examples of successful people who have modest family connections.3.According to paragraph5,why do most people identify themselves as middle class in the United States?A.They have about the same lifestyle as everyone else in the country.B.They don’t really know how to define their status because it is unclear.C.They prefer not to admit that there are class distinctions in the United States.D.They identify themselves with the majorities who have normal lifestyles.4.What can be inferred about poor people in the United States?A.They are not able to find entry-level jobs.B.They do not try to find employment.C.They are service workers and manual laborers.D.They work in jobs that require little education.5.According to paragraph7,why has the underclass emerged?A.The new term was necessary because the lower class enjoyed a higher lifestylethan it had previously.B.The increase in crime has supported a new class of people who live byengaging in illegal activities.C.Changes in the economy have caused an entire class of people to survive bywelfare or crime.D.Minimum-wage jobs no longer support a class of people at a standard level inthe economic system.【答案与解析】1.A语义判断题。
2014年北京师范大学博士入学英语试题与答案详解
北京师范大学 2014 年 3 月考博英语真题与答案详解第一部分：试题Part I ：Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are six passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSER SHEET.Passage 1Taken together, income, occupation, and education are good measures of people‟s social standing. Using a layered model of stratification, most sociologists describe the class system in the United States as divided into several classes: upper, upper middle, middle, lower middle, and lower class. Each class is defined by characteristics such as income, occupational prestige, and educational attainment. The different groups are arrayed along a continuum with those with the most money, education, and prestige at the top and those with the least at the bottom.In the United States, the upper class owns the major share of corporate and personal wealth; it includes those who have held wealth for generations as well as those who have recently become rich. Only a very small proportion of people actually constitute the upper class, but they control vast amounts of wealth and power in the United States. They exercise enormous control throughout society. Most of their wealth is inherited.Despite social myths to the contrary, the best predictor of future wealth is the family into which you are born. Each year, the business magazine Forbes publishes a list of the “Forbes 400”-the four hundred wealthiest families and individuals in the country. Of all the wealth represented on the Forbes 400 list, more than half is inherited. Those on the list who could be called “self-made” were not typically of modest origins; most inherited significant assets (Forbes, 1997; Sklar and Collins, 1997). Those in the upper class with newly acquired wealth are known as the nouveau niche. Although they may have vast amounts of money, they are often not acceptedinto “old rich” circles.The upper middle class includes those with high incomes and high social prestige. They tend to be well-educated professionals or business executives. Their earnings can be quite high indeed-successful business executives can earn millions of dollars a year. It is difficult to estimate exactly how many people fall into this group because of the difficulty of drawing lines between the upper, upper middle, and middle class. Indeed, the upper middle class is often thought of as “middle class” because their lifestyle sets the standard to which many aspire, but this lifestyle is simply beyond the means of a majority of people in the United States.The middle class is hard to define; in part, being “middle class” is more than just economic position. By far the majority of Americans identity themselves as middle class even though they vary widely in lifestyle and in resources at their though they vary widely in lifestyle and in resources at their disposal. But the idea that the United States is an open-class system leads many to think that the majority have a middle-class lifestyle because, in general, people tend not to want to recognize class distinctions in the United States. Thus, the middle class becomes the ubiquitous norm even though many who call themselves middle class have a tenuous hold on this class position.In the hierarchy of social class, the lower middle class includes workers in the skilled trades and low-income bureaucratic workers, many of whom may actually define themselves as middle class. Examples are blue-collar workers (those in skilled trades who do manual labor) and many service workers, such as secretaries, hairdressers, waitresses, police, and firefighters. Medium to low income, education, and occupational prestige define the lower middle class relative to the class groups above it. The term “lower” in this class designation refers to the relative position of the group in the stratification system, but it has a pejorative sound to many people, especially to people who are members of this class.The lower class is composed primarily of the displaced and poor. People in this class have little formal education and are often unemployed or working inminimum-wage jobs. Forty percent of the poor work; 1 0 percent work year-round and full time—a proportion that has generally increased over time. Recently, the concept of the underclass has been added to the lower class. The underclass includes those who have been left behind by contemporary economic developments. Rejected from the economic system, those in the underclass may become dependent on public assistance or illegal activities.1. Why does the author mention the "Forbes 400" in paragraph 3?A. To explain the meaning of the listing that appears every yearB. To cast doubt on the claim that family income predicts individual wealthC. To give examples of successful people who have modest family connectionsD. To support the statement that most wealthy people inherit their money2. The author states that business and professional people with educational advantages are most often members of the_____.A. lower middle classB. upper middle classC. nouveau richeD. upper class3. Why do most people identify themselves as middle class in the United States?A. They have about the same lifestyle as everyone else in the countryB. They don‟t really know how to define their status because it is unclearC. They prefer not to admit that there are class distinctions in the United StatesD. They identify themselves with the majority who have normal lifestyles4. What can be inferred about poor people in the United States?A. They are not able to find entry-level jobsB. They work in jobs that require little educationC. They are service workers and manual laborersD. They do not try to find employment5. According to paragraph 7, why has the underclass emerged?A. The new term was necessary because the lower class enjoyed a higher lifestyle than it had previously.B. The increase in crime has supported a new class of people who live by engaging in illegal activities.C. Changes in the economy have caused an entire class of people to survive by welfare or crime.D. Minimum-wage jobs no longer support a class of people at a standard level in the economic system.Passage 2“The word …protection‟ is no longer taboo”. This short sentence, uttered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy late last month, may have launched a new era in economic history. Why? For decades, Western leaders have believed that lowering trade barriers and tariffs was a natural good. Doing so, they reasoned, would lead to greater economic efficiency and productivity, which in turn would improve human welfare. Championing free trade thus became a moral, not just an economic, cause.These leaders, of course, weren‟t acting out of unself ishness. They knew their economics were the most competitive, so they‟d profit most from liberalization. And developing countries feared that their economics would be swamped by superior Western productivity. Today, however, the tables have turned-though few acknowledge it. The west continues to preach free trade, but practices it less and less. Asia, meanwhile, continues to plead for special protection but practices more and more free trade.That‟s why Sarkozy‟s word were so important: he finally inj ected some honesty into the trade debate. The truth is that large parts of the West are losing faith in free trade, though few leaders admit it. Some economists are more honest. Paul Krug man is one of the few willing to losers will be in the West. Economists in the developed world used to love quoting Joseph Schumpeter, who said that “creative destruction” was an essential part of capitalist growth. But they always assumed that destruction would happen over there. When Western workers began losing jobs, suddenly their leaders began to lose faith in their principles. Things have yet to reverse completely. But there‟s clearly a negative trend in Western theory and practice.A little hypocrisy is not in itself a serious problem. The real problem is that Western governments continue to insist that they retain control of the key globaleconomic and financial institutions while drifting away from global liberalization. Look at what‟s happening at the IMF (International Monetary Fund). The Europeans have demanded that they keep the post of managing director. But all too often, Western officials put their own interests above everyone else‟s when they dominate these global institutions.The time has therefore come for the Asians-who are clearly the new winners in today‟s global economy- to provide more intellectual leadership in supporting free trade, Sadly, they have yet to do so. Unless Asians speak out, however, there‟s a real danger that Adam Smith‟s principles, which have brought so much good to the world, could gradually die. And that would leave all of us worse off, in one way or another.6. It can be inferred that “protection” (Line1, Para.1) means ______.A. improving economic efficiencyB. ending the free-trade practiceC. lowering moral standardD. raising trade tariffs7. The Western leaders preach free trade because ______.A. it is beneficial to their economicsB. it is supported by developing countriesC. it makes them keep faith in their principlesD. it is advocated by Joseph Schumpeter and Adam Smith8. By “the tables have turned” (Line 3-4, Para.2) the author implies that ______.A. the Western leaders have turned self-centeredB. the Asian leaders have become advocates of free tradeC. the developed economics have turned less competitiveD. the developing economics have become more independent9. The Western economists used to like the idea of “creative destruction” because it ______.A. set a long-term rather than short-term goalB. was an essential part of capitalist developmentC. entailed a positive rather than negative mentalityD. was meant to be the destruction of developing economics10. The author uses “IMF” as an example to illustrate the point that ______.A. European leaders are reluctant to admit they are hypocriticalB. there is an inconsistency between Western theory and practiceC. global institutions are not being led by true globalization advocatesD. European countries‟ interests are being ignored by economic leadersPassage 3Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of one‟s money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growth, reproduction, maintenance, and storage. No choice is involved; this allocation comes as part of the genetic package from the parents. Maintenance for a given body design of an organism is relatively constant. Storage is important, but ultimately that energy will be used for maintenance, reproduction, or growth. Therefore the principal differences in energy allocation are likely to be between growth and reproduction.Almost all of an organism‟s energy can be diverted to reproduction, with very little allocated to building the body. Organ isms at this extreme are “opportunists.” At the other extreme are “competitors,” almost all of whose resources are invested in building a huge body, with a bare minimum allocated to reproduction.Dandelions are good examples of opportunists. Their seed heads raised just high enough above the ground to catch the wind, the plants are no bigger than they need be, their stems are hollow, and all the rigidity comes from their water content. Thus, a minimum investment has been made in the body that becomes a platform for seed dispersal. These very short-lived plants reproduce prolifically; that is to say they provide a constant rain of seed in the neighborhood of parent plants. A new plant will spring up wherever a seed falls on a suitable soil surface, but because they do notbuild big bodies, they cannot compete with other plants for space, water, or sunlight. These plants are termed opportunists because they rely on their seeds‟ falling into settings where competing plants have been removed by natural processes, such as along an eroding riverbank, on landslips, or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy.Opportunists must constantly invade new areas to compensate for being displaced by more competitive species. Human landscapes of lawns, fields, or flowerbeds provide settings with bare soil and a lack of competitors that are perfect habitats for colonization by opportunists. Hence, many of the strongly opportunistic plants are the common weeds of fields and gardens.Because each individual is short-lived, the population of an opportunist species is likely to be adversely affected by drought, bad winters, or floods. If their population is tracked through time, it will be seen to be particularly unstable—soaring and plummeting in irregular cycles.The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. These organisms tend to have big bodies, are long-lived, and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction. An oak tree is a good example of a competitor. A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more, outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil. The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins, a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms. The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. Although oaks produce thousands of acorns, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves, trunk, and roots. Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire. A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time, and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events. It should be noted, however, that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature, as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum, exhibiting a blendof some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.11. The word squander in the passage is closest in meaning to____.A. extendB. transformC. activateD. waste12. According to the passage, the classification of organisms as “opportunists” o r “competitors” is determined by_____.A. how the genetic information of an organism is store and maintainedB. the way in which the organism invests its energy resourcesC. whether the climate to which the organism lives is mild or extremeD. the variety of natural resources the organism consumes in its environment13. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 7 as contribution to the longevity of oak tree EXCEPT____.A. the capacity to create shadeB. leaves containing tanninC. the ability to withstand mild droughts and firesD. the large number of acorns the tree produces14. According to the passage, oak trees are considered competitors becauseA. they grow in areas free of opportunitiesB. they spend more energy on their leaves, trunks and roots than on their acornsC. their population tends to increase or decrease irregular cyclesD. unlike other organisms, they do not need much water or sunlight15. In paragraph 7, the author suggests that most species of organismsA. are primarily opportunistsB. are primarily competitorsC. begin as opportunists and evolved into competitorsD. have some characteristics of opportunists and some of competitorsPassage 4Many literary detectives have pored over a great puzzle concerning the writer Marcel Proust: what happened in 1909? How did Contre Saint-Beuve, an essay attacking the methods of the critic Saint Beuve, turn into the start of the novelRemembrance of Things Past? A recently published letter from Proust to the editor Vallette confirms that Fallois, the editor of the 1954 edition of Contre Saint-Beuve, made an essentially correct guess about the relationship of the essay to the novel. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve‟s blindness to the real nature of great writing, found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments, and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.Draft passages in Proust‟s 1909 notebooks indicate that the transition from essay to novel began in Contre Saint-Beuve, when Proust introduced several examples to show the powerful influence that involuntary memory exerts over the creative imagination. In effect, in trying to demonstrate that the imagination is more profound and less submissive to the intellect than Saint-Beuve assumed, Proust elicited vital memories of his own and, finding subtle connections between them, began to amass the material for Remembrance. By August, Proust was writing to Vallette, informing him of his intention to develop the material as a novel. Maurice Bardeche, in Marcel Proust, romancier, has shown the importance in the drafts of Remembrance of spontaneous and apparently random associations of Proust‟s su bconscious. As incidents and reflections occurred to Proust, he continually inserted new passages altering and expanding his narrative. But he found it difficult to control the drift of his inspiration. The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels, from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings, made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. The beginning of control came when he saw how to connect the beginning and the end of his novel.Intrigued by Proust‟s claim that he had “begun and finished” Remembrance at the same time, Henri Bonnet discovered that parts of Remembrance‟s last book were actually started in 1909. Already in that year, Proust had drafted descriptions of his novel‟s characters in their old age that would appear in the final book of Remembrance, where the permanence of art is set against the ravages of time. Theletter to Vallette, drafts of the essay and novel, and Bonnet‟s researches estab lish in broad outline the process by which Proust generated his novel out of the ruins of his essay. But those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb‟s newly published complete edition of Proust‟s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greate r detail are disappointed. For until Proust was confident that he was at last in sight of a viable structure for Remembrance, he told few correspondents that he was producing anything more ambitious than Contre Saint-Beuve.16. The passage is primarily concerned with ______.A. the role of involuntary memory in Proust‟s writing.B. evidence concerning the genesis of Proust‟s novel Remembrance of Things Past.C. conflicting scholarly opinions about the value of studying the drafts of Remembrance of Things Past.D. Proust‟s correspondence and what it reveals about Remembrance of Things Past.17. It can be inferred from the passage that all of the following are literary detectives who havetried, by means of either scholarship or criticism, to help solve t he “great puzzle” mentioned in lines 1-2 EXCEPT ______.A. BardecheB. BonnetC. FalloisD. Vallette18. According to the passage, in drafts of Contre Saint Beuve Proust set out to show thatSaint-Beuve made which of the following mistakes as a critic?I. Saint-Beuve made no effort to study the development of a novel through its drafts and revisions.II. Saint-Beuve assigned too great a role in the creative process to a writer‟s conscious intellect.III. Saint-Beuve concentrated too much on plots and not enough on imagery and other elements ofstyle.A. II onlyB. III onlyC. I and II onlyD. I, II, and III19. Which of the following best states the author‟s attitude toward the information that scholarshave gathered about Proust‟s writi ng in 1909?A. The author is disappointed that no new documents have come to light since Fallois‟s speculations.B. The author is dissatisfied because there are too many gaps and inconsistencies in the drafts.C. The author is confident that Fallois‟s 1954 guess has been proved largely correct, but regrets that still more detailed documentation concerning Proust‟s transition from the essay to the novel has not emerged.D. The author is satisfied that Fallois‟s judgment was largely correct, but feels tha t Proust‟s early work in designing and writing the novel was probably far more deliberate than Fallois‟s description of the process would suggest.20. The author of the passage implies that which of the following would be the LEAST usefulsource of informat ion about Proust‟s transition from working on Contre Saint-Beuve to having a viable structure for Remembrance of Things Past?A. Fallois‟s comments in the 1954 edition of Contre Saint-BeuveB. Proust‟s 1909 notebooks, including the drafts of Remembrance of Things PastC. Proust‟s 1909 correspondence, excluding the letter to ValletteD. Bardeche‟s Marcel Proust, romancierPassage 5Why do some desert plants grow tall and thin like organ pipes? Why do most trees in the tropics keep their leaves year round? Why in the Arctic tundra are there no trees at all? After many years without convincing general answers, we now know much about what sets the fashion in plant design.Using terminology more characteristic of a thermal engineer than of a botanist, we can think of plants as mechanisms that must balance their heat budgets. A plant by day is staked out under the Sun with no way of sheltering itself. All day long it absorbs heat. If it did not lose as much heat as it gained, then eventually it would die: Plants get rid of their heat by warming the air around them, by evaporating water, and by radiating heat to the atmosphere and the cold, black reaches of space temperature is tolerable for the processes of life.Plants in the Arctic tundra lie close to the ground in the thin layer of still air that clings there. A foot or two above the ground are the winds of Arctic cold. Tundra plants absorb heat from the Sun and tend to warm up; they probably balance most of their heat budgets by radiating heat to space, but also by warming the still air hat is trapped among them. As long as Arctic plants are close to the ground, they can balance their heat budgets. But if they should stretch up as a tree does, they would lift their working parts, their leaves, into the streaming Arctic winds. Then it is likely that the plants could not absorb enough heat from the Sun to avoid being cooled below a critical temperature. Your heat budget does not balance if you stand tall in the Arctic.Such thinking also helps explain other characteristics of plant design. A desert plant faces the opposite problem from that of an Arctic plant the danger of overheating. It is short of water and so cannot cool itself by evaporation without dehydrating. The familiar sticklike shape of desert plants represents one of the solutions to this problem: the shape exposes the smallest possible surface to incoming solar radiation and provides the largest possible surface from which the plant can radiate heat. In tropical rain forests, by way of contrast, the scorching Sun is not a problem for plants because there is sufficient water.This working model allows us to connect the general characteristics of the forms of plants indifferent habitats with factors such as temperature, availability of water, and presence or absence of seasonal differences. Our Earth is covered with a patchwork quilt of meteorological conditions, and the patterns of this patchwork are faithfully reflected by the plants.21. The passage primarily focuses on which of the following characteristics of plants?A. Their ability to grow equally well in all environmentsB. Their effects on the Earth's atmosphereC. Their ability to store water for dry periodsD. Their ability to balance heat intake and output22. According to the passage, which of the following is most responsible for preventing trees from growing tall in the Arctic?A. The hard, frozen groundB. The small amount of available sunshineC. The cold, destructive windsD. The large amount of snow that falls each year23. The author suggests that the "sticklike shape of desert plants" lines 3-5(paragraph4)can be attributed to the______.A. inability of the plants to radiate heat to the air around themB. presence of irregular seasonal differences in the desertC. large surface area that the plants must expose to the SunD. extreme heat and aridity of the habitatPassage 6To conduct some forms of sleep research, we have to find a way to track sleepiness over the day. Some people might believe that measuring sleepiness is a fairly trivial task. Couldn‟t you, for instance, simply count the number of times a person yawns during any given hour or so?In most people‟s minds, yawning--that slow, exaggerated mouth opening with the long, deep inhalation of air, followed by a briefer exhalation--is the most obvious sign of sleepiness. It is a common behavior shared by many animals, including our pet dogs and cats but also crocodiles, snakes, birds, and even some fish. It is certainly true that sleepy people tend to yawn more than wide-awake people. It is also true that people who say they are bored by what is happening at the moment will tend to yawn more frequently. However, whether yawning is a sign that you are getting ready for sleep or that you are successfully fighting off sleep is not known. Simply stretching your body, as you might do if you have been siring in the same position for a long period of time, will often trigger a yawn.Unfortunately, yawns don‟t just indicate sleepiness. In some animals, yawning is a sign of stress. When a dog trainer sees a dog yawning in a dog obedience class, it is usually a sign that the animal is under a good deal of pressure. Perhaps the handler is pushing too hard or moving too fast for the dog to feel in control of the situation. A moment or two of play and then turning to another activity is usually enough to banish yawning for quite a while.Yawning can also be a sign of stress in humans. Once, when observing airborne troops about to take their first parachute jump, I noticed that several of the soldiers were sitting in the plane and yawning. It was l0 A.M., just after a coffee break, and I doubted that they were tired；I knew for a fact that they were far too nervous to be bored. When I asked about this, the officer in charge laughed and said it was really quite a common behavior, especially on the first jump.There is also a social aspect to yawning. Psychologists have placed actors in crowded rooms and auditoriums and had them deliberately yawn. Within moments, there is usually an increase in yawning by everyone else in the room. Similarly, people who watch films or videos of others yawning are more likely to yawn. Even just reading about yawning tends to stimulate people to yawn.The truth of the matter is that we rea lly don‟t know what purpose yawning serves. Scientists originally thought that the purpose of yawning was to increase the amount of oxygen in the blood or to release some accumulated carbon dioxide. We now know that this is not true, since increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air seems not to make people more likely to yawn but to make them breathe faster to try to bring in more oxygen. On the other hand, breathing 100 percent pure oxygen does not seem to reduce the likelihood of yawning.Since yawning seems to be associated with a lot more than the need for sleep, we obviously have to find some other measure of sleepiness. Some researchers have simply tried to ask people how sleepy they feel at any time using some sort of self-rating scale. There are, however, problems with getting people to make these types of judgments. Sometimes people simply lie to the researchers when asked about how sleepy they are. This occurs because in many areas of society admitting that one is fatigued and sleepy is considered a mark of weakness or lack of ambition and drive. In other instances, people may admit they need four cups of coffee to make it through the morning, but it may never occur to them that this might be due to the fact that they are so sleepy that they need stimulation from caffeine to be able to do their required tasks. For these reasons, many researchers have developed an。
2014北京地大博士英语考试真题及答案
2014北京地大博士英语考试真题及答案2014年地大博士英语考试真题Part 1 In section A you will see 10 incomplete sentences. In section B you have 20 choices for finishing these sentences.Section A1.How do you account2.The graph in the upper part of the screen3.Why are quick-frozen vegetables almost4.As you can see, most of5.Playful people who enjoy talking,6. A dam is a wall7.As Wang Jianguo became better at spoken English,8.I was walking down this street one day9.If I had known he wasn’t feeling well,10.According to this timetable, we areSection BA.impossible to use in nuclear power stations?B.not diligent students, learn spoken languages most easily.C.the difference between these two products?D.he found that he got more out of his reading as well.E.students grew up in towns and cities.F.that builds a barrier to prevent water from flowing onward.G.scheduled to arrive in Chengdu in 35 minutes.H.shows the change in production levels from 1990 to 2012.I.I would take him to see a doctor.J.when I saw an expensive car run over a teenagerK.is unlikely to make very rapid progress in mastering written English.L.supposed to take the medicine twice a day.M.for the sharp fall in bird populations since 1995?N.I would have called off the meeting.O.the examples are taken from recent publications.P.constructed across a valley to enclose an area for storing water.Q.and run into an old friend I haven’t seen in years.R.can be worn to all sorts of social events, both formal and informal.S.he receives much higher grades in all subjects.T.as good as things straight from the garden?Part 2 Correct1.Toronto is some 475 km in the northwest of New York, while Vancouver, only200 km from Seattle, is even closer to a major American city.2.The panel of distinguished scientists gathered in Cambridge to discuss theevidences in support of Dr. Thistlethwaite’s revolutionary hypothesis.3.Ordinarily the surface of the planet is nearly at the boiling point of water onEarth, 100.2-101℃according to the data from the orbiting satellite.4.Excuse me, but don’t you think that it’s rather odd to give such an elaboratewelcome speech and then turn around and treat a delegate with a good question as if he were a nuisance?5.The scientists were very frustrating as they tried again and again to use themechanical arm to pick up the smooth, slippery object from the bottom of the sea and bring it into the vessel.6.Should I receive any messages while I am in the meeting, kindly hold themfor me till after the oil company representatives have left.7.There was one thing that shocked me about the Queen when he walked intothe room with Mrs. Obama, namely her height; the British monarch is only 163 cm tall, much shorter than I had imagined.8.I put my ear to the object and listened carefully as I first tapped it lightlywith a chopstick and then striked it with a hammer; I wanted to find out if it was hollow, preferably without breaking it.9.The border guards made us to get out of the car while they checked it fordrugs, weapons and other forbidden items.10.As the article points out, one of the things that limit the appeal of this year’snew TV shows most damagingly is that they lack of innovation.Part3Vocabularyacross the board: in every respectapparel: clothing, clothesan array: a rangeawe: deep respectchronic: that does not simply happen once and then go away; persistentto coast: to continue to move along without effort or troublea consolation: something that makes you feel better when you are sadto counteract X: to act against X, to neutralize Xa cult: a group of flowers who admire a leader or thing in an exaggerated way the default: the non-special situationa defect: an imperfectiona deluge: a flooda dud: a failure; something new that turns out to be quite disappointing empathy: sensitivity to the feelings of other individualsfabrics: types of clotha fetus: a still unborn childto forgo X: to give X up; not to go ahead with X; to do without Xa garment: a single piece of clothinga gender: sexgenitalia: sexual organsan insecticide: a chemical that kills insectslead: Pba lining: a covering on the inside or inner surface of somethinga logo: a company emblem or symbolto morph into X: to change shape, becoming Xneural: related to nervesneurology: the study of nerves systema peril: a dangerto plummet: to drop suddenlyprone to X:susceptible to Xprowess: highly developed ability or skilla proxy: a substitute, something that can be used to track something else ramifications: secondary effects; additional complicationsreams of X: vast quantities of Xto retain X: to keep Xto tally X: to add X up; to reckon or compute Xto thrive: to flourish, to do very welltransparent: able to be seen throughan upstart: a sudden challenger or competitor who appears unexpectedly vulnerable to X: open to harm from Xto wane: to decrease; to decline; to grow smallera welter: a disordered/chaotic abundanceText A1 Twelve months ago, Lululemon Athletica was one of the hottest brands in the world. Sales of its high-priced yoga gear were exploding; the company was expanding into new markets; experts were in awe of its “cult-like following.” As one observer put it, “They’re more than apparel. They’re a life style.” But then customers started complaining about pilling fabrics, bleeding dyes and, most memorably, yoga pants so thin that they effectively become transparent when you bent over. Lululemon’s founder made things worse by suggesting that some women were too fat to wear the company’s clothes. And that was the end of Lululemon’s charmed existence: the founder stepped down from his management role, and, a few weeks ago, the company said that it had seen sales “decelerate meaningfully.”2 It’s a truism of business school thinking that a company’s brand is its “most important asset,”more valuable than technology or patents or manufacturing prowess. But brands have never been more fragile. The reason is simple: consumers are supremely well informed and far more likely to investigate the real value of products than to rely on logos. Absolute Value, a new book by Itamar Simonson, a marketing professor at Stanford, and Emanuel Rosen, a former software executive, shows that, historically, the rise of brands was a responds to an information-poor environment. When consumers had to rely onadvertisements and their past experience with a company, brands served as proxies for quality; if a car was made by General Motors, or a ketchup by Heinz, people assumed that it was pretty good. It was hard to figure out if a new product from an unfamiliar company was reliable or not, so brand loyalty was a way of reducing risk. As recently as the 1980s, nearly four-fifths of American car buyers stayed loyal to a brand.3 Today consumers can read reams of research about whatever they want to buy. This started back with Consumer Reports, which published objective studies of products, and with JD power’s quality rankings, which revealed what ordinary customers thought of the cars they had bought. But what has really weakened the power of brands is the internet, which has given ordinary consumers easy access to expert reviews, user reviews and detailed product data, in an array of categories. A recent PricewaterhouseCoopers study found that 80 per cent of consumers look at online reviews before making major purchases, and a host of studies have logged the strong influence those reviews have on the decisions people make. The rise of social media has accelerated the trend to an astonishing degree: a dud product can become a laughingstock in a matter of hours. In the old days you might buy a Sony television set because you had owned one before, or because you trusted the brand. Today such considerations matter much less than reviews on Amazon and Engadget and CNET. as Simonson told me, “each product now has to prove itself on its own.”4 It has been argued that the welter of information will actually make brands more valuable. As the influential consultancy Inter brand puts it, “In a world where consumers are often overwhelmed with information, the role a brand plays in people’s lives has become all the more important.”But information overload is largely a myth. “Most consumers learn very quickly how to get a great deal of information effectively and efficiently,” Simonson says. “Most of us figure out how to find what we’re looking for without spending huge amounts of time on line.” And this has made customer loyalty pretty much a thing of the past. Only 25 per cent of American respondents in a recent Ernst & Young study said that brand loyalty affected how they shopped.5 For established brands this is a nightmare. You can never coast on past performance –the percentage of brand-loyal car buyers has plummeted in the past twenty years – and the price premium that a recognized brand can charge has shrunk. If you are making a better product, you can still needs to be similar too. That is the clearest indication that the economic value of brands –traditionally assessed by the premium a company could charge – is waning. This isn’t true across the board: brands retain value where the brand association is integral to the experience of a product(Coca-Cola, say), or where they confer status, as with luxury goods. But even here the information deluge is transformative; luxury travel, for instance, has been profoundly affected by websites like TripAdvisor.6 For consumers this is ideal: they are making better choices, and heightened competition has raised quality and held down prices. And they are not the onlybeneficiaries; upstarts now find it easier to compete with the big boys. If you build a better mousetrap, people will soon know about it. A decade ago, personal-computer companies like Asus and Acer had almost no brand identity outside Taiwan. Now they are major players. Roku, a maker of streaming entertainment devices, has thrived even though its products have to compete with similar ones made by Apple (which is usually cited as the world’s most valuable brand). And the Korean carmaker Hyundai has gone from being a joke to selling four million cars a year. For much of the 20th century, consumer markets were stable. Today they are tumultuous, and you are only as good as your last product. For brands like Lululemon there is only one consolation: making something really great and your past sins will be forgotten.1.According to text A, which was published recently, within the past yearLululemon AthleticA has emerged as a new religious groupB has successfully persuaded overweight women to avoid wearing yoga pants.C both of the aboveD neither of the above2.The best opposite of the verb to decelerate (used in paragraph 1) is toA burn upB speed upC grow upD rise up3.‘A company’s brand is its “most important asset”’(paragraph 2). Text AA offers abundant support for this viewB shows that the statement was even truer in the past than it is in the 21st century.C shows that this view has always been false.D suggests that this view is increasingly out of date.4.American consumers used to be loyal to brandsA because they either were too busy or lacked the education to seek reliableinformation on product quality.B because of the impact of advertising, which in effect programmed consumersto respond to the calculated appeal of certain brands.C that experience had taught them to trust in order to reduce the likelihood ofmaking costly mistakes.D that they had learned to recognize over the years by reading ConsumerReports or similar publications.5.In paragraph 3, social media are mentionedA as a major factor in the internet’s erosion of what remains of brand loyalty.B as an example of how consumers gain access to expert opinion on productquality.C to show that brand loyalty is growing as the internet helps people to avoidundesirable products associated with questionable brands.D as an example of what advertisers can do to strengthen the appeal of abrand.6.Based on the evidence presented in text AA one can safely predict that brands will soon cease to be a feature ofmarketing.B it is clear that experts all agree on how the new abundance of productinformation will affect consumer choices.C there appears to be continuing disagreement over the future value of brandsas a marketing tool.D it seems that professional market analysts share the view that brand loyaltywill reemerge following the ongoing tumult, which is the result of rapid technological change.7.To judge from what he writes, the author of text AA suggests that the rise of the internet, and above all of social media, doombrand-based commerce.B feels that consumers are being well served by the vast increase in access toproduct information on line.C believes that the trends he outlines will make it easier for big companies tocontinue to dominate consumer markets.D thinks that companies will be able to use the internet to design products thatreflect consumer preference more effectively.8.The author cites Hyundai as an example of a firm thatA once had a poor reputation but is now successful in its industry.B has solved its earlier image problem by selling millions automobiles.C offers evidence of the great stability of consumer markets in the 20th century.D shows how important humor is in marketing products to today’s consumers. Text B7 Even though cultures widely assume that boys are stronger and sturdier than girls, basic biological weaknesses are built into the male of our species. First of all, human males seem to be slowly disappearing. Mother Nature has always acknowledged and compensated for the fragility and loss of boys by arranging for more of them: 106 males births to 100 female newborns over the course of human history. But in recent decades, from the United States to Japan, from Canada to northern Europe, wherever researchers have looked, the rate of male newborns has declined. Examining US birth records for the years between 1970 and 1990, they found 1.7 fewer boys per 1000 than in decades and centuries past; Japan’s loss in the same decades was 3.7 boys.8 Boys are also more than two-thirds more likely than girls to be born prematurely – before the 37 week of pregnancy. And, despite advances in public health, boys in the 1990s faced a 30 percent higher chance of death by their first birthday than girls; in contrast, back in the 1750s, they were only 10 percent more likely than girls to die so early in their lives.9 Once they make it to childhood, boys face other challenges. They are more prone to a range of neurological disorders. Autism 自闭症is notoriously higher among boys than girls: now nearly five times more likely, as tallied by the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention. They are more susceptible than girls to damage from very low-level exposure to lead. Yet another problem: Boys suffer from asthma 哮喘at higher rates. There’s also a stronger link between air pollution and autism in boys.Why do boys face such a burden of physical challenges? The answer is that the male’s problems start in the womb: from his more complicated fetal development, to his genetic makeup, to how his hormones work. The nine-month transformation from a few cells to an infant is a time of great vulnerability. Many chronic illnesses are seeded in the womb. In our species, the female is the default gender, the basic simpler model: Humans start out in the womb with female features (that is why males have nipples). The complicated transformation in the womb from female to male exposed the male to a journey packed with special perils. When the first blast of testosterone 睾酮from the Y gene comes along at about the eighth week, the unisex brain has to morph into a male brain, killing off some cells in the communication centers and growing more cells in the sex and aggression centers, The simpler female reproductive system has to turn into the more complex male reproductive tract, developing tissues such as the testis and prostate 前列腺. Further, it makes a greater number of cell divisions to make a male; with each comes the greater risk of an error as well as the greater vulnerability to a hit from pollutants.10 On top of that challenge, the human male’s XY chromosome combination is simply more vulnerable. The two XXs in the female version of our species offer more protection: In disorders where one X chromosome has a genetic defect, the female’s healthy backup chromosome can take over. But with his single X chromosome, the male lacks a healthy copy of the gene to fall back on. The X chromosome, which never shrank, is also a larger chromosome “with far more genetic information than the Y chromosome,”finds Irva Hertz-Piciotoo, a University of California at Davis autism researcher, “so there may be some inherent loss of key proteins for brain development or repair mechanisms in boys.” This is a clue to the higher autism rate among boys, she asserts.11 Females also have a stronger immune system because they are packed with estrogen 雌激素, a hormone that counteract the antioxidant process. “Estrogen protects the brain,”explains Theodore Slotkin, professor of neurobiology at Duke University’s School of Medicine. “It repairs and replaces, even after neural injury.” Low estrogen even leaves boys more sensitive to head injuries. The male brain “is simply a more fragile apparatus, more sensitive to almost all braininsults,” says lead poisoning expert Herbert Needleman.12 It is the high levels of testosterone in the womb at critical times in gestation, according to British psychopathologist Simon Baron-Cohen, that are responsible for what he calls “the extreme male brain”– the kind exhibited by autistic boys –low in empathy, high in systematizing. And in fact US researchers in recent decades have found unusually low estrogen and high testosterone levels among boys with autism.If the balance of hormones is out of whack in males, what made that happen? Researchers are coming up with some clues. In the New York City neighborhoods near Columbia University’s Center for Children’s Environmental Health, families for years routinely sprayed their apartments with a popular insecticide, chlorpyrifos, until it was banned from household use in 2001. The researchers found that prenatal exposure to the chemical seemed to have more of an effect on reducing the IQs of boys than girls. Disruption of their male hormones may be the reason, “One possible explanation for the greater sensitivity of boys to chlorpyrifos is that the insecticide acts as an endocrine disruptor 内分泌干扰素to suppress sex-specific hormones,”said study leader Megan Horton of Columbia.13 Similarly, pregnant mother’s exposure to phthalates 领苯二甲酸酯–used in making some vinyl 乙烯基products and toys as well as some personal care products – has been linked to bigger changes in the behavior, such as aggression and attention problems, of their sons than their daughters. Phthalates also may feminize male genitalia.14 Boys also seem to be more vulnerable to bisphenol A, an estrogenic substance used to make polycarbonate plastics as well as the linings of food and beverage cans. Boys, but not girls, exposed to higher bisphenol A levels in the womb or during childhood had more hyperactivity, aggression and anxiety problems, according to a University of California at Berkeley study. In addition, pregnant women exposed to higher levels of the chemical gave birth to baby boys with lower thyroid hormones 甲状腺激素. No such effect was detected in the baby girls. No one knows what these lower levels may mean for the boys’ health because they remained within normal boundaries, but it could have important effects because thyroid hormones guide brain development.15 Some of these chemicals act like fake estrogens, other like fake testosterone, but both types seem to disrupt normal development. Animal tests show that a dose of these chemicals inflict the most damage when it hits a fetus. And, because of their biological vulnerabilities, it is boys who may experience the most effects. While not forgoing the push for fairness and equality, it seems wise to accept the scientific reality of male weaknesses. This likely won’t mean the end of men, but their vulnerability to environment contaminants and diseases could have serious ramifications for the future of the entire human race unless we find ways to protect them from harm.9.If text B is accurate, then the evidence for the assertion that human males aregradually disappearing isA incontrovertibleB so weak as to call the assertion into question.C largely from advanced industrial societies and needs to be supplemented with data from other types of societies.D strong enough to warrant future research into the post-masculine world that lies ahead.pared with girls, boys areA about equally able to survive to their first birthday.B still less likely to survive for a year after birth, but the gap is narrowing.C less likely to survive till their first birthday, and the gap is wider than inearlier centuries.D much likelier to survive to their first birthday, though the gap is not so wideas it was in the 1700s.11.Nipples in humans are found on theA headB chestC hipsD limbs12.In paragraph 10 the author asserts that chronic diseasesA begin before birth but only become apparent over time.B are less characteristic of women than of men.C originate, as a rule, before children are born.D are often the eventual result of prenatal conditions and stresses.13.Backup in paragraph 11 means something thatA can step in and take over the function of something that is not workingproperly.B destroys a malfunctioning part, thus benefiting the overall system ororganism.C prevents a system from continuing along a path that may end in breakdownor destruction.D can reverse and change its direction when it encounters a problem, thusenabling a process to continue.14.The levels of thyroid hormones in new born males, mentioned in paragraph16,A are not alarming in themselves, but significant because they are so differentfor males and females.B will definitely lead to more brain-damaged boys than girls.C seem certain to produce a marked gap in brain development that will favorgirls over boys.D lead to more hyperactivity, aggression and anxiety among male children thanamong females.15.Imagine that environment continues at current or higher levels in China. Ifthe information in text B in correct, then Chinese doctors should expect to observeA a decline in rates of autism, asthma and brain damage from lead poisoningamong Chinese children.B a roughly similar pattern of increasing incidence of autism, asthma andlead-linked brain damage among all mainland children.C fewer cases of asthma among boys growing up in mainland cities and townsbut more cases of autism and lead-linked brain damage among all Chinese children.D more autism, asthma and lead-linked brain damage among Chinese boysgrowing up in cities than among other groups of young people in the PRC. Part 4 Filling in the blanks1.A Have you seen my dictionary? I can’t find it _____________.B Is that it over there by the door?A It is! I _____________ have left it there yesterday afternoon as we wereleaving for the day.2.A Oh, Professor Donaldson, it’s such _____________ honor to meet you! I’veread all your books and as many of your articles as I could get my hands on.B You’re not Zhang Qing, are you?A _____________, but how do you know my name?B Professor Li told me to be sure to meet you when I visited the campus. Hesaid you were very interested in our research.A That’s true, and I’ve been _____________ forward to meeting you ever sinceI heard you were coming to Beijing.3.A How are your wedding plans going?B I’d _____________ not talk about them, if you don’t _____________.A Oh, I’m sorry, I didn’t mean to pry.4.After _____________ about it for several weeks, we decided to do our fieldwork in an area of southeastern Yunnan _____________ along the border with Vietnam. The _____________ with our choice was that the area was closed, so we had to ask for official _____________ to work at the site we had in mind. _____________, the officials we spoke with were very open to our arguments. After we _____________ our reasons for waiting to do fieldwork near the border,they quickly approved our request.We finished fieldwork in 2005. Last month I went _____________ to the area for the first time and discovered that things have changed greatly _____________ then. The area is now completely open and there is a brisk trade in manufactured goods in the towns on _____________ sides of the border.5.I went to see a movie last night. The film was a British comedy that had been _____________ to me by a number of my friends. It turned _____________ to be just as funny as they’d said it would be. I _____________ so hard that there were tears in my eyes, especially at the climax, toward the end. The film is without _____________ the funniest that I’ve ever seen. When you get a _____________, you should see it _____________.6.These days people get their news from many different _____________. Some people still read an old-style printed daily newspaper, while _____________ read newspapers on _____________. Many people no _____________ read a newspaper at all, instead relying _____________ the internet for short news articles, or visiting favorite websites that circulate pieces from other websites. Another group of people get most of their news from TV or radio broadcasts. Many Western intellectuals regard the decline of the great daily newspaper as a negative _____________ that will lead to a _____________ understanding of world affairs. They are alarmed by the growing numbers of people who largely _____________ the outside world, focusing on their own society or small personal sphere.7.Ann Withington got a _____________ with a major insurance firm a few months after she from university. _____________ she received little encouragement _____________ her new boss, she worked hard and soon became very good at her tasks and duties. Thanks to her sunny temperament and willingness to help her colleagues, she soon became quite _____________ as well. In her first five years with the company she was _____________ twice, and _____________ time her salary went up substantially.But then her career took a turn for the worse. Her first director, a man in _____________ fifties, was _____________ with a younger woman who seemed to regard Ann as a rival. She constantly _____________ her work but never offered any _____________ about how it could be improved. Weeks passed and Ann tried her _____________ to please the new director, but there was no change in the latter’s _____________ towards her.Eventually Ann’s mood darkened, and she began to look into other possibilities. When her request for a _____________ to the company’s Seattle office was blocked by her boss, she decided it was time for action. She began an ambitious job hunt that led to a tentative offer from one of her employer’s competitors. Just as she was getting _____________ to announce that she was quitting her job in a month, she was called into her boss’s office and abruptly _____________.。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编65(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编65(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．The newcomers found it impossible to______themselves to the climate sufficiently to make permanent homes in the new country. (厦门大学2014年试题) A．suitB．adaptC．regulateD．coordinate正确答案：B解析：句意为：刚来的人们发现适应新国家的气候是不可能的。
本题考查短语adapt to…“适应……”。
suit“诉讼”、regulate“调整”、coordinate“协调”均不符合句意。
2．It’s a program designed to______mainly to 16 to 25 year olds. (厦门大学2014年试题)A．includeB．appreciateC．appealD．conduct正确答案：C解析：句意为：这是一个为吸引16岁到25岁的人而设计的项目。
根据句意，应选C项appeal“吸引”。
include“包括”、appreciate“欣赏”、conduct“实施”均不符合句意。
3．The actress lives in a very fashionable______ of town. (厦门大学2014年试题)A．positionB．componentC．quarterD．zone正确答案：C解析：句意为：演员住在城镇一个上流社会的地区。
quarter意为“地区，区域”，符合句意。
zone虽也有“地区”的意思，但是着重讲面积，故排除。
A项和B项明显不符合句意。
4．The store displayed its most______ products in the front window. (厦门大学2014年试题)A．modelB．presentC．distinctiveD．favorite正确答案：C解析：句意为：这家商店将他们最有特色的产品放置在窗前。
2014年湖北省考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2014年湖北省考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Cloze 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. Chinese-English Translation 5. WritingReading ComprehensionI am writing this at home because last week my ergonomic(符合人体工程学的)chair at the office fell apart, unable any longer to bear my weight. I am writing it on a computer that is propped on top of two thick books, because otherwise my neck would be cricked as I peered at the screen. At 1. 93m and weighing. . . well, I’m not going to say what I weigh, but think second-row rugby union forward. . . I am not built for this world. We therefore welcome a new report from Professor Tim Hatton at the University of Essex, demonstrating that the average height of men in Europe has increased by 4 inches in the past century and in the UK by a whopping 5 inches. A similar increase is likely to have occurred among women:but, because the study is based in part on military records, evidence is thinner on the ground. The problem, as Hatton observes, is that the world hasn’t kept pace with our increased height. I long ago abandoned buses—levering myself into a narrow seat was impossible. Air travel is also challenging. I was in the back row of an easyjet plane recently, which has even less space than an ordinary seat, and would have ended up with a severe backache had it not been for some thoughtful passenger not turning up, allowing me to relocate to an aisle seat where the only danger is being hit by the trolley. Small cars are impossible—I have to drive with my head through the sunroof. West End theaters are hopelessly cramped. As before in cricket grounds: I would under no circumstances pay ￡80 for a plastic bucket seat at a Test match, where I would be wedged uneasily between two loud, red-trousered merchant bankers sipping warm champagne. As for those appalling pine beds with footboards, usually found in absurdly small hotel rooms where I invariably get stuck in the toilet because the door won’t open with me inside, they should be banned immediately. Our extra height generally means extra weight. US data show that baseball players are on average 3 inches taller and 2 stones heavier than they were a century ago—and these are the superfit guys. Other data suggest ordinary Americans have added 2. 54 cm and 12. 6 kg in the past 50 years alone. We are all giants now—or will be soon. As a representative of this new breed, I would say just one thing: beware garden furniture. It appears to be made for gnomes. I routinely remove pleasant-looking but wholly impractical cane chairs, and once, while interviewing the actress Jenny Seagrove, snapped the strings of a hammock-type chair in her garden. It is not easy to get your interviewee to take you seriously after your I am writing this at home because last week my ergonomic(符合人体工程学的)chair at the office fell apart, unable any longer to bear my weight. I am writing it on a computer that is propped on top of two thick books, because otherwise my neck would be cricked as I peered at the screen. At 1. 93m and weighing. . . well, I’m not going to say what I weigh, but think second-row rugbyunion forward. . . I am not built for this world. We therefore welcome a new report from Professor Tim Hatton at the University of Essex, demonstrating that the average height of men in Europe has increased by 4 inches in the past century and in the UK by a whopping 5 inches. A similar increase is likely to have occurred among women:but, because the study is based in part on military records, evidence is thinner on the ground. The problem, as Hatton observes, is that the world hasn’t kept pace with our increased height. I long ago abandoned buses—levering myself into a narrow seat was impossible. Air travel is also challenging. I was in the back row of an easyjet plane recently, which has even less space than an ordinary seat, and would have ended up with a severe backache had it not been for some thoughtful passenger not turning up, allowing me to relocate to an aisle seat where the only danger is being hit by the trolley. Small cars are impossible—I have to drive with my head through the sunroof. West End theaters are hopelessly cramped. As before in cricket grounds: I would under no circumstances pay ￡80 for a plastic bucket seat at a Test match, where I would be wedged uneasily between two loud, red-trousered merchant bankers sipping warm champagne. As for those appalling pine beds with footboards, usually found in absurdly small hotel rooms where I invariably get stuck in the toilet because the door won’t open with me inside, they should be banned immediately. Our extra height generally means extra weight. US data show that baseball players are on average 3 inches taller and 2 stones heavier than they were a century ago—and these are the superfit guys. Other data suggest ordinary Americans have added 2. 54 cm and 12. 6 kg in the past 50 years alone. We are all giants now—or will be soon. As a representative of this new breed, I would say just one thing: beware garden furniture. It appears to be made for gnomes. I routinely remove pleasant-looking but wholly impractical cane chairs, and once, while interviewing the actress Jenny Seagrove, snapped the strings of a hammock-type chair in her garden. It is not easy to get your interviewee to take you seriously after your vast bulk has been plunged suddenly on to their manicured lawn.1．The best title of this passage might be______.A．Poor Quality of ChairsB．Trouble with Being TallC．Embarrassment of Being RejectedD．Difficulties in Taking Planes and Buses正确答案：B解析：本文的最佳标题也许是：高个子带来的麻烦。
武汉大学2014年考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
武汉大学2014年考博英语真题及详解Part I Reading Comprehension(2×20=40分)Directions:In this part for the test,there will be5passages for you to read.Each passage is followed by4questions or unfinished statements.Eachquestion or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A,B,C and D.You are to decide on the best choice by blackening thecorresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneSince professors stand at the center of the student’s encounter with college learning,students ought to ask what marks a good professor,what indicates a bad one.The one who sets high standards and persists in demanding that students try to meet them provides the right experiences.The professor who gives praise cheaply or who pretends to a relationship that does not and cannot exist teaches the wrong lessons.True,the demanding and the critical teacher does not trade in the currency students possess,which is their power to praise or reject teachers.The demanding professor knows that students will stumble.But the ones who pick themselves up and try again have learned a lesson that will save them for a lifetime.I do not mean to suggest that for each one of us there is one perfect teacher who changes our lives.We must learn from many teachers as we grow up and grow old;and we must learn to recognize the good ones.The great teacher is the one who wants to become obsolete in the life of the student.The good teacher is theone who teaches lessons and moves on,celebrating the student’s growth.The Talmud relates the story of a disciple in an academy who won an argument over the position held by God in the academy on high.The question is asked,“What happened in heaven?”The answer:“God clapped hands in joy,saying,‘My children have vanquished me,my children have vanquished.’”That is a model for the teacher—to enjoy losing an argument to a student,to recognize his or her contribution,to let the student surpass the teacher.In the encounter with the teacher who takes you seriously,you learn to take yourself seriously.In the eyes of the one who sees what you can accomplish,you gain a vision of yourself as more than you thought you were.The ideal professor is the one who inspires to dream of what you can be.Everyone who succeeds in life can point to such a teacher,whether in the classroom or on the sports field.It is always the one who cared enough to criticize,and stayed around to praise.To define an ideal for their work,let me offer guidelines on how to treat professors the way we treat students.The conscientious professors spend time reading and thinking about students’papers,inscribing their comments and even discussing with students the strengths and weaknesses of their work.Since effective teaching requires capturing the students’imagination,the professor who is a“character”，is apt,whether liked or disliked,to make a profound impression and perhaps also to leave a mark on the students’minds.The drab professors,not gossiped about and not remembered except for what they taught,may find that even what they taught is forgotten.Students have their own definitions of good and bad.Let us consider how students evaluate their teachers,examining in turn the A,B,and C professors.We will begin at the bottom of one scale and work our way up.Let us at the same time consider what kind of student seeks which grade.1.From this passage we know that the author thinks a lot of professors who_____.A.offers students pleasant experiences in their studiesB.often meets students and exchanges ideas with themC.enjoys the growth of studentsD.encourages students to achieve their goals2.It can be inferred from Paragraph2that a good teacher_____.A.tries every means to shape the characters of studentsB.keeps pace with timesC.feels happy to see students outdo himD.helps students aim high3.The sentence“…the ones who pick themselves up and try again have learned a lesson that will save them for a lifetime...”in Paragraph1means that_____.A.The students who have got continuous help from professors will move along asmooth way in their lifeB.The students who are able to get up after a fall can be successful in their lifeC.The students whom the professors have provided right guidelines to will beunlikely to have mishaps in their lifeD.The students who can draw on his experience of failure will be benefited for alltheir life4.The word“drab”in Paragraph4is closest in meaning to“_____”.A.dullB.criticalC.effectiveD.impressive【答案与解析】1.D文章首句提出，大学生应当知道什么样的教授才算是一个“good professor”或“badone”，第三段第三句指出“The ideal professor is the one who inspires to dream of what you can be”，即理想中的好教授会鼓励学生大胆追求自己的梦想，可知作者比较认可的是D项中“鼓励学生实现自我目标”的教授。
2014年四川大学考博英语真题及问题详解
2014年四川大学考博英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1．本试题共5大题，共12页，请考生注意检查，考试时间为180分钟。
2．1-70题答案请填写在机读卡相应处，否则不给分。
3．翻译和作文请答在答题纸上，答在试题上不给分。
书写要求字迹清楚、工整。
I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant needto prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of productionor to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanistindustrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion [D] susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killingchemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion” for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for the courts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press” has been made to wands many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they’re not going to do it through renewable energy,”said McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven’t done it.”11. Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission’s role[B] Commission’s achievements[C] Commission’s complaints[D] Commission’s defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row” (Para.1)?[A] line [B] argument[C] boating [D] course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.[D] IOC’s review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering, activists are seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women’s rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fan activity on the site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it’s bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “seven white men: That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, which lists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking is flawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook’s board all have the same skills-they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketedto women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to return on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment on clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations like Facebook” throughthe Internet.[C] It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’s board of directors.[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’s establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____.[A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with [D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as your board members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her own specialtiesand can contribute different skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members.[B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not have femaleboard members.[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’s richest country, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, finding work that pays a living wage and offers some sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burden it entails, most high school graduates without college degrees said they believe they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.Getting it is challenging, though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and her husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She said she tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressful with such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor’s degrees. The margin of sampling error wasplus or minus 5 percentage points.21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help [D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for this generation compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not as successful as their parents.[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a one party police-sate presided over by an all-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures of the nasty world described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went by the name of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by different people today, with similar effects. In all areas of public administration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantially different in meaning, and convey different realities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he” must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is now being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seen most obviously around social issues, it is also being used systematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution” at all, but rather with emissions of the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. By the government’s own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage has already normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such terms are used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in the future.[B] One of the features in the novel is the misuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in the world.[D] It was written in the 20th century.27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defend conventionalunderstanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy” is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen in social issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated in the age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to a certain extent.29. The underlined word “credible” in Para. 3 means ______.[A] reliable [B] correct[C] beneficial [D] provable30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to _______.[A] make people sound fashionable[B] change the way people think and act[C] eliminate discrimination against minorities[D] None of the aboveII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make it worse, thestorm _____ outside.[A] raided [B]ragged [C] raged [D]reaped32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than my old computer.[A] proceed [B] precede [C] produce [D] process33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____ in all newspapers.[A] announced [B] denounced [C] renounced [D] trounced34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-million dollar organization.[A] evolved [B] revolved [C] involved [D] devolved35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possible service.[A] assure [B] ensure [C] insure [D] ensue36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergency food aid to help______ the famine in this region.[A] release [B] relate [C] reveal [D]relieve37. The course _____ two year s’ training into six intensive months.[A] impresses [B] compresses [C] depresses [D] represses38. Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.[A] splitting [B] spilling [C] spinning [D] spitting39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the established standard of that culture.[A] confine [B] conform [C] confront [D] confirm40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____ people continued to improve.[A] remote [B] municipal [C] rural [D] provincial41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spain combined.[A] dwell [B] settle [C] reside [D] inhabit42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ to the skin![A] dipped [B] soaked [C] immersed [D] submerged43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____ his nextmove in the game.[A] limit [B] cut [C] curb [D] keep44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____ his next move in the game.[A] think [B] ponder [C] reflect [D] dwell45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students by reading.[A] cultivate [B] instruct [C] teach [D] coach46. Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.[A] criticize [B] object [C] oppose [D] frown47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of all the furniture?[A] disapprove [B] discard [C] dispose [D] disregard48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracy and prosperityin their country.[A] hinder [B] foster [C] linger [D] quote49. Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.[A] dissented [B] crawled [C] whispered [D] redeemed50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance if necessary.[A] dazzle [B] sanction [C] accommodate [D] terminateIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)The term “quality of life” is difficult to define. It (51) a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) speaking, the quality of life, especially (53) seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree (54) which these various areas of life are available or provide (55) for the individual.As activity carried (56) as one thinks fit during on e’s spare time, leisure has the following (57): relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one’s job and one’s life style. (58), people who need to (59) much energy in their work will find relaxation most (60) in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may (61) more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g.(62) of skills and hobbies) in leisure.The specific use of leisure (63) from individual to individual. (64) the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a (65) leisure activity, a change of experience to provide (66) from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one’s environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by (67) other people’s life experiences as (68) in the programs.Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take (69) his interests and preferences and get (70) in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.51. [A] composes [B] consists [C] covers [D] constitutes52. [A] Basically [B] Frankly [C] Primarily [D] Generally53. [A] when [B] as [C] while [D] which54. [A] to [B] as [C] of [D] in55. [A] satisfaction [B] information [C] respect [D] admiration56. [A] out [B] through [C] away [D] off。
2014年黑龙江哈尔滨工业大学考博英语真题含答案
2014年黑龙江哈尔滨工业大学考博英语真题General English Admission Test For Non-English MajorPh.D. program(Harbin Institute of Technology)Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points) Passage 1Questions 1 ------ 5 are bashed on the following passage.The planet’s last intact expanses of forest are under siege. Eight thousand years ago, forests covered more than 23 million square miles, or about 40 percent of Earth’s land surface. Today, almost half of those forests have fallen to the ax, the chain saw, the matchstick, or the bulldozer.A map unveiled in March by the Washington-based World Resources Institute not only shows the locations of former forests, but also assesses the condition of today’s forests worldwide. Institute researchers developed the map with the help of the World Conservation Monitoring Center, the World Wildlife Fund, and 90 forest experts at a variety of universities, government organizations, and environmental groups.Only one-fifth of the remaining forests are still “frontier forests,”defined as relatively undisturbed natural forests large enough to support all of their native species. Frontier forests offer a number of benefits: They generate and maintainbiodiversity, protect watersheds, prevent flooding and soil erosion, and stabilize climate.Many large areas that have traditionally been classified as forest land don’t qualify as “frontier” because of human influences such as fire suppression and a patchwork of logging. “There’s surprisingly little intact forest left,” says research associate Dirk Bryant,the principal author of the report that accompanies the new map.In the report, Bryant, Daniel Nielsen, and Laura Tangley divide the world into four groups:76 countries that have lost all of their frontier forest; 11 nations that are “on the edge”; 28 countries with “not much time”; and onlyeight----including Canada, Russia, and Brazil-----that still have a “great opportunity” to keep most of their original forest. The United States is among the nations said to berunning out of time: In the lower 48 states, says Bryant, “great opportunity” to keep most of their original forest. The United States is among the nations said to be running out of time: In the lower48 states, says Bryant, “only 1 percent of the forest that was once there as frontier forest qualifies today.”Logging poses the biggest single threat to remaining frontier forests. “Our results suggest that 70 percent of frontier forests under threat are threatened by logging,” says Bryant. The practice of cutting timber also creates roads that cause erosion and open the forest to hunting, mining, firewood gathering, and land clearing for farms.What can protect frontier forests? The researchers recommend combining preservation with sustainable land use practices such as tourism and selective timber extraction. “I t’s possible to restore frontiers,” says Bryant, “but the cost and time required to do so would suggest that the smart approach is to husband the remaining frontier forest before it’s gone.”1.What is the main idea of the passage?A.The present situation of frontier forest on Earth.B.The history of ecology.C.The forest map in the past.D.Beautiful forests in different parts of the world.2.The word “unveiled” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _.A. evaluatedB. decoratedC. designedD. made public3.Frontier forests have which of the following benefits?A.They keep climate stable.B.They enhance timber industry.C.They provide people with unique scenery.D.They are of various types.4.The phrase “on the edge” in Paragraph 5 probably means .A surrounded by frontier forestB near frontier forestC about to lose their frontier forestD under pressure5.According to the passage, roads created by timber-cutting make it possible for people to.A travel to other places through the short –cut Bexploit more forest landC find directions easily Dprotect former forestsPassage 2Questions 6 ------ 10 are based on the following passage.To get a chocolate out of a box requires a considerable amount of unpacking: the box hasto be taken out of the paper bag in which it arrived the cellophane wrapper has to be torn off, the lip opened and removed; the lid opened and the paper removed; the chocolate itself then has to be unwrapped from its own piece of paper. But this insane amount of wrapping isnot confined to luxuries: it is now becoming increasingly difficult to buy anything that isnot done up in cellophane, polythene, or paper.The package itself is of no interest to the shopper, who usually throws it away immediately. Useless wrapping accounts for much of the refuse put our by the average London household each week. So why is it done? Some of it, like the cellophane on meat, is necessary, but most ofthe rest is simply competitive selling. This is absurd. Packaging is using up scarce energy and resources and messing up the environment.Little research is being carried out on the costs of alternative types ofpackaging. Just how possible is it, for instance, for local authorities to salvage paper, pulp it, and recycle it as egg-boxes? Would it be cheaper to plant another forest? Paper is the material most used for packaging ----------------------------- 20 million paper bagsare apparently used in Great Britain each day ----------- but very little is salvaged.A machine has been developed that pulps paper, and then processes it into packaging, e.g. egg-boxes and cartons. This could be easily adapted for local authority use. It would mean that people would have to separate their refuse into paper and non-paper, with a different dustbin for each. Paper is, in fact, probably the material that can be most easily recycled; and now, with massive increases in paper prices, the time has come at which collection by local authorities could be profitable.Recycling of this kind is already happening with milk bottles, which are returned tothe dairies, and it has been estimated that if all the milk bottles necessary were madeof plastic, then British dairies would be producing the equivalent of enough plastictubing to encircle the earth every five or six days!The trouble with plastic is that it does not rot. Some environmentalists argue that the only solution to the problem of ever growing mounds of plastic containers is to do away with plastic altogether in the shops, a suggestion unacceptable to many manufacturers who say there is no alternative to their handy plastic packs. It is evident that more research is needed into the recovery and reuse of various materials and into the cost of collecting and recycling containers as opposed to producing new ones. Unnecessary packaging, intendedto be used just once, and making things look better so more people will buy them, is clearly becoming increasingly absurd. But it is not so much a question of doing away with packaging as resources for what is, after all, a relatively unimportant function.6.The sentence “This insane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries” means that.A not enough wrapping is used for luxuriesB more wrapping is used for luxuries than for ordinary productsC it is not only for luxury products that too much wrapping is usedD thewrapping used for luxury products is unnecessary7.The local authorities are .A the Town CouncilB the policeC the paper manufacturersD the most influential citizens8 .If paper is to be recycled, .A more forests will have to be plantedB the use of paper bags will have to be restrictedC people will have to use different dustbins for their rubbishD thelocal authorities will have to reduce the price of paper9.British dairies are .A producing enough plastic tubing to go round the world in less than a weekB giving up the use of glass bottlesC increasing the production of plastic bottles Dreusing their old glass bottles10.The environmentalists think that .A more plastic packaging should be usedB plastic is the most convenient form of packagingC toomuch plastic is wastedD shops should stop using plastic containersPassage 3Questions11 ------- 18 are based on the following passage.The tragic impact of the modern city on the human being has killed his sense of aesthetics, the material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from aesthetics,the material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from his city andits cultural potentials to the products of science and technology: washing machines,central heating, automatic cookers, television sets, computers and fitted carpets, He is,at the moment, drunk with democracy, well-to-do, a car driver, and has never had it so good.He is reluctant to walk. Statistics reveal that the distance he is prepared to walk from his parking place to his shopping center is very short. As there are no adequate off-street parking facilities, the cities are littered with kerb-parked cars and parking meters rear themselves everywhere. Congestion has become the predominant factor in his environment, and statistics suggest that two cars perhousehold system may soon make matters worse.In the meantime, insult is added to injury by “land value”. The value of land results from its use: its income and its value increase. “Putting land to its highest and best use”becomes the principal economic standard in urban growth. This speculative approach and the pressure of increasing population lead to the “vertical” growth of cities with the result that people are forced to adjust themselves to congestion in order to maintain these relatively artificial land values. Paradoxically the remedy for removing congestion is to create no re of it.Partial decentralization, or rather, pseudo-decentralization, in the form of large development units away from the traditional town centers, only shifts the disease round the anatomy of the town, if it is not combined with remodeling of the town’s transportation system, it does not cure it. Here the engineering solutions are strongly affected by the necessity for complicated intersections, which in turn, are frustrated by the extravagant cost of land.It is within our power to build better cities and revive the civic pride of their citizens, but we shall have to stop operating on the fringe of the problem. We shall haveto radically to replan them to achieve a rational densities of population we have to provide in them what can be called minimum “psychological elbow room”. One of the ingredients of this will be proper transportation plans. These will have to be an integral part of the overall planning process which in itself is a scientific process where facts are essential. We must collect, in an organized manner, all and complete information about the city or the town, if we want toplan effectively.The principal unit in this process is “IM”(one man). We must not forget that cities are built by people, and that their form and shape should be subject to the will of the people. Scientific methods of data collection and analysis will indicate trends, but they will not direct action. Scientific methods are only an instrument. The “man-educated” man, the human, will have to set the target, and using the results obtained by science and his own engineering skill, take upon himself the final shaping of his environment. He will have to use his high moral sense of responsibility to the community and to future generations.11.The main concern of this passage is with .A city cultureBland value in citiesC city congestionD decentralization12.I t can be inferred from the first paragraph that people in old times .A paid more attention to material benefitsB had a stronger sense of beautyC were more desirous about the development of science and technologyD enjoyed more freedom and democracy13.T he highly-developed technology has made man .A increasingly industriousB free from inconvenienceC excessively dependent on external aidsD ableto save his physical strength14 The drastic increase of land value in the city .A is the good result of economic developmentB offers more opportunities to land dealersC isannoyingly artificial and meaninglessD fortunately leads to the “vertical” growth of cities15. The expansion of big cities to the distant suburban areas may .A solve the problem of city congestionB result in the remodeling of the town’s transportation systemC bringthe same congestion to the suburban areasD need less investment on land16the main purpose of the author is to . .A point out a problem and criticize itB advocate that all cities need to be re-planned and remodeledC pointout the significance of solving the problemD criticize a problem and try to find a solution to it17the author suggests that the remodeling of cities must .A put priority to the benefit of the future generationsB be focused on people rather than on economy.C beeconomically profitable to land ownersD resort to scientific methods18who will probably like to read articles of this kind/A businessmenB economistsC urban peopleD rural peoplePassage 4Questions 19 ------ 25 are based on the following passage.The two claws of the mature American lobster are decidedly different from each other. The crusher claw is short and stout: the cutter claw is long and slender.Such bilateral asymmetry, in which the right side of the body is, in all other respects, a mirror image of the left side, is not unlike handedness in humans. But where the majority of humans are right-handed, in lobsters the crusher claw appears with equal probability oneither the right or left side of the body.Bilateral asymmetry of the claws comes about gradually. In the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development, the paired claws are symmetrical and cutter-like. Asymmetry begins to appear in the juvenile sixth stage of development, and the paired claws further diverge toward well-defined cutter and crusher claws during succeeding stages. An intriguing aspectof this development was discovered by Victor Emmel. He found that if one of the paired claws is removed during the fourth of fifth stage, the intact claw invariably becomes a crusher, while the regenerated claw becomes a cutter. Removal of a claw during a laterjuvenile stage or during adulthood, when asymmetry is present, does not alter the asymmetry, the intact and the regenerated claws retain their original structures.These observations indicate that the conditions tat trigger differentiation must operate in a random manner when the paired claws are intact but in anonrandom manner when one of the claws is lost. One possible explanation is thatdifferential use of the claws determine their asymmetry. Perhaps the claw that is used more becomes the crusher. This would explain why, when one of the claws is missing during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw always becomes a crusher. With two intact claws,initial use of one claw might prompt the animal to use it more than the other throughout the juvenile fourth and fifth stages, causing it to become a crusher.To test this hypothesis, researchers raised lobsters in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development in a laboratory environment in which the lobsters could manipulate oyster chips. (Not coincidentally, at this stage of development lobsters typically change from a habitat where they drift passively to the ocean floor where they have the opportunity to be more active by burrowing in the substratum.) Under these conditions, the lobsters developed asymmetric slaws, half with crusher claws on the left, and half with crusher claws on the right. In contrast, when juvenile lobsters were reared in a smooth tank without the oyster chips, the majority developed two cutter claws. This unusual configuration of symmetrical cutter claws did not change when the lobsters were subsequently placed in a manipulatable environment or when they lost and regenerated one or both claws.19the passage is primarily concerned with .A drawing an analogy between asymmetry in lobsters and handedness in humansB developing a method for predicting whether crusher claws in lobsters will appear onthe left or right sideC explaining differences between lobsters’crusher claws and cutter clawsD discussing a possible explanation for the bilateral asymmetry in lobsters 20 each ofthe following statements about the development of a lobster’s crusher claw is supported by information in the passage except .A It can be stopped on one side and begin on the other after the juvenile sixth stage.B It occurs gradually over a number of stages.C It is initially apparent in the juvenile sixth stage.D It can occur even when a prospective crusher claw is removed in the juvenile sixth stage. 21which of the following experimental results, if observed, would most clearlycontradict the findings of Victor Emmel?A.A left cutter-like claw is removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.B.A left cutter-like claw is removed in the sixth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.C.A left cutter-like claws are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher clawdevelops on the lift side.D.Both cutter-like claws are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw developson the left side.22It can be inferred that of the two laboratory environments mentioned in the passage,the one with oyster ships was designed to .A prove that the presence of oyster chips was not necessary for the development of a crusher clawB prove that the relative length of time that the lobsters were exposed to the oyster-chip environment had little impact on the development of a crusher clawC eliminate the environment as a possible influence in the development of a crusher clawD simulate the conditions that lobsters encounter in their natural environment 23 It canbe inferred from the passage that one difference between lobsters in the earlier stagesof development and those in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages is that lobsters in the early stages are .A likely to be less activeB likely to be less symmetrical Cmore likely to lose a clawD more likely to regenerate a lost claw24which of the following conditions does the passage suggest is a possible cause for the failure of a lobster to develop a crusher claw?A the loss of a claw during the third or earlier stage of developmentB theloss of a claw during the fourth or fifth stage of development C the loss ofa claw during the sixth stage of developmentD Development in an environment short of material that can be manipulated25the author regards the idea that differentiation is triggered randomly when pairedclaws remain intact as .A irrefutable considering the authoritative nature of Emmel’s observationsB likelyin view of present evidenceC contradictory to conventional thinking on lobster-claw differentiationD purelyspeculative because it is based on scattered research and experimentationPassage 5Questions 26 ------ 33 are based on the following passage.It has always been difficult for the philosopher or scientist to fit time into his view of the universe. Prior to Einsteinian physics. However, even the Einsteinian formulation is not perhaps totally adequate to the job of fitting time into the proper relationship with the other dimensions, as they are called, of space. The primary problem arises in relationship to things which might be going faster than the speed of light ,or have other strange properties.Examination of the Lorenta-Fitzgerald formulas yields the interesting speculation that if something did actually exceed the speed of light it would have its mass expressed as an imaginary number and would seem to be going backward in time. The barrier to exceeding the speed of light is the apparent need to have an infinite quantity of mass moved at exactlythe speed of light. If this situation could be leaped over in a large quantum jump---------------------------------------------------------------------- which seemshighly unlikely for masses that are large in normal circumstances ------------- then theother side may be achievable.There have been, in fact, some observations of particle chambers which have led some scientists to speculate that a particle called the tachyon may exist with the trans-light properties we have just discussed.One difficulty of imagining and coping with these potential implications of our mathematical models points out the importance of studying alternative methods of notation for advanced physics. Professor Zuckerkandl, in his book “Sound and Symbol”, hypothesizes that it might be better to express the relationships found in quantum mechanics through the use of a notation derived from musical notations. To oversimplify greatly, he argues that music has always given time a special relationship to other factors or parameters or dimensions. Therefore, it might be a more useful language in which to express the relationships in physics where time again has a special role to play, and cannot be treated as just another dimension.The point of this, or any other alternative to the current methods of describing basic physical processes, is that time does not appear ----------- either by commonexperience or sophisticated scientific understanding ----------- to be the same sort of dimension or parameter as physical dimensions, and is deserving of completely special treatment, in a system of notation designed to accomplish that goal.One approach would be to consider time to be a field effect governed by the application of energy to mass -------------------- t hat is to say, by the interaction of differentforms of energy, if you wish to keep in mind the equivalence of mass and energy. The movement of any normal sort of mass is bound to produce a field effect that we call positive time. An imaginary mass would produce a negative time field.This is not at variance with Einstein’s theories, since the “faster’ a give mass moves the more the more energy was applied to it and the greater would be the field effect. The time effects predicted by Einstein and the greater would be the field effect. The time effects predicted by Einstein and confirmed by experience are, it seems, consonant with this concept.26the “sound” in the title of professor Zukerkand1’s book probably refers to .A the music of the spheres Bmusic in the abstractC musical notationD the seemingly musical sounds produced by tachyons 27 Thepassage supports the inference that .A. Einstein’s theory of relativity is wrongB the Lorenta-Fitzgerald formulas contradict Einstein’s theoriesC tachyons do not have the same sort of mass as any other particlesD it isimpossible to travel at precisely the speed of light28. The tone of the passage is .A critical but hopefulB hopeful but suspiciousC suspicious but speculative Dspeculative but hopeful29 the central idea of the passage can be best described as which of the following?A.Irregularities in theoretical physics notation permit intriguing hypotheses and indicate the need for refined notation of time dimension.B.New observations require the development of new theories and new methods of describing the theories.C.Einsteinian physics can be much improved on in its treatment of tachyons.D.Zuckerkandl’s theories of tachyon formulation are preferable to Einstein’s. 30 According to the author, it is too soon to .A adopt proposals such as Zuckerkand1’sB planfor time travelC study particle chambers for tachyon traces Dattempt to improve current notation31it can be inferred that the author sees Zuckerkand1 as believing thatmathematicsis a .A languageB musical notationC great hindrance to full understanding of physics Ddifficult field of study32in the first sentence, the author refers to “philosopher” as well as to“scientist”because .A he wants to show his respect for themB philosophers study all things in the worldC the study of the methods of any field is both a philosophical and scientific questionD the nature of time is a basic question in philosophy as well as physics33when the passage says the “particle called the tachyon may exist”, the reader may infer that .A the tachyon was named before it existedB tachyons are imaginary in existence as well as massC the tachyon was probably named when its existence was predicted by theory but its existence was not yet known.D many scientific ideas may not exist in fact.Passage 6Questions 34 ------- 40 are based on the following passage.The term “remote sensing’’refers to the techniques of measurement and interpretation of phenomena from a distance. Prior to the mid-1960s the interpretation of film images was the primary means for remote sensing of the earth’s geologic features. With the development of the optomechanical scanner, scientists began to construct digital multispectral images using data beyond the sensitivity range of visible light photography. These images are constructed bymechanically aligning pictorial representations of such phenomena as the reflection of light waves outside the visible spectrum, the refraction of radio waves, and the daily changes in temperature in areas on the Earth’s surface. Digital multispectral imaging has now become the basic tool in geologic remote sensing from satellites.The advantage of digital over photographic imaging is evident: the resulting numerical data are precisely known, and digital data are not subject to the vagaries of difficult-to-control chemical processing. With digital processing, it is possible to combine a large number of spectral images. The acquisition of the first mutispectral digital dada set from the multispectral scanner(MSS)aboard the satellite Landsat in 1972 consequently attractedthe attention of the entire geologic community. Landsat MSS data are now being applied to a variety of geologic problems that are difficult to solve by conventional methods alone. These include specific problems in mineral and energy resource exploration and thecharting of glaciers and shallow seas.A more fundamental application of remote sensing is to augment conventional methods for geologic mapping of large areas. Regional maps present compositional, structural, and chronological information for reconstructing geologic revolution. Such reconstructions have important practical applications because the conditions under which rock units and other structural features are formed influence the occurrence of ore and petroleum deposits and affect the thickness and integrity of the geologic media in which the deposits are found.Geological maps incorporate a large, varied body of specific field and laboratory measurements, but the maps must be interpretative because field measurements are always limited by rock exposure, accessibility, and labor resources. With remote-sensing techniques, it is possible to obtain much geologic information more efficiently than it can be obtained on the ground. These techniques also facilitate overall interpretation. Since detailed geologic mapping is generally conducted in small areas, the continuity of regional features that had intermittent and variable expressions is often not recognized, but in the comprehensive views of Landsat images these continuities are apparent.However, some critical information cannot be obtained through remote sensing, and several characteristics of the Landsat MSS impose limitations on the acquisition of diagnostic data. Some of these limitations can be overcome by designing satellite systems specially for geologic purposes; but, to be most effective, remote sensing data must still be combinedwith data from field surveys, laboratory tests, and the techniques of the earlier twentieth century.34which of the following can be measured by the optomechanical scanner but not byvisible light photography?A.The amount of visible light reflected from oceans.B.Daily temperature changes of areas on the Earth’s surface.C.The degree of radioactivity emitted by exposed rocks on the earth’s surface.D.Atmospheric conditions over large landmasses.。
北京航空航天大学考博英语真题2014年_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
北京航空航天大学考博英语真题2014年(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Ⅰ. Reading ComprehensionDirections:In this section, there are four texts. After each text, there are five questions marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Text OneA controversy erupted in the **munity in early 1998 over the use of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fingerprinting in criminalinvestigations. DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a pattern seen in their DNA, the molecule of which genes are made. DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood cells. DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, such as to determine paternity where it is not clear who the father of a particular child is. However, it isin the area of criminal investigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses.DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to prove guilt, not just establish innocence. When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict a suspect.The controversy in 1998 stemmed from a report published in December 1991 by population geneticists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., and Daniel L. Hartl called into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance alone. In particular, they argued that the current method cannot properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same ethnic group. Lewontin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNA patterns methods are adequate. In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University of Texas in Dallas and Kenneth K. Kidd of Yale University in New Haven, Conn., argued that enough data are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate. In January 1998, however, the Federal Bureau ofInvestigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples from various ethnic groupsin an attempt to resolve some of these questions. And, in April, aNational Academy of Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditation for DNA testing laboratories.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.Before DNA fingerprinting is used, suspects ______.A would have to leave their fingerprints for further investigationsB would have to submit evidence for their innocenceC could easily escape conviction of guiltD could be convicted of guilt as well该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:C[解析] 本题为推理题。
2014年复旦大学考博英语试题,真题解析,复试真题,真题笔记
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2014年全国医学考博英语试题
2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸与试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚,并按“考场指令”要求,将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2.试卷一(Paper One)答案与试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上,不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔,将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑;如要更正,先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠,同时答题卡须保持平整干净,以利评分。
5.听力考试只放一遍录音,每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 :Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D、Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET、Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint、Man: No wonder、You haven’t had a bite all day、Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A、She is sick、B、She was bitten by an ant、C、She is hungry、D、She spilled her paint、Here C is the right answer、Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1、1.A、About 12 pints B、About 3 pintsC、About 4 pintsD、About 7 pints2.A、Take a holiday from work、B、Worry less about work、C、Take some sleeping pills、D、Work harder to forget all her troubles、3.A、He has no complaints about the doctor、B、He won’t complain anything、C、He is in good condition、D、He couldn’t be worse、4.A、She is kidding、B、She will get a raise、C、The man will get a raise、D、The man will get a promotion、5.A、Her daughter likes ball games、B、Her daughter is an exciting child、C、She and her daughter are good friends、D、She and her daughter don’t always understand each other、6.A、She hurt her uncle、B、She hurt her ankle、C、She has a swollen toe、D、She needs a minor surgery、7.A、John likes gambling、B、John is very fond of his new boss、C、John has ups and downs in the new company、D、John has a promising future in the new company、8.A、She will get some advice from the front desk、B、She will undergo some lab tests、C、She will arrange an appointment、D、She will get the test results、9.A、She’s an odd character、B、She is very picky、C、She is easy-going、D、She likes fashions、10.A、At a street corner、B、In a local shop、C、In a ward、D、In a clinic、11.A、Sea food、B、Dairy products、C、Vegetables and fruits、D、Heavy foods、12.A、He is having a good time、B、He very much likes his old bicycle、C、He will buy a new bicycle right away、D、He would rather buy a new bicycle later、13.A、It is only a cough、B、It’s a minor illness、C、It started two weeks ago、D、It’s extremely serious、14.A、The woman is too optimistic about the stock market、B、The woman will even lose more money at the stock market、C、The stock market bubble will continue to grow、D、The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise、15.A、The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep、B、The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper、C、The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast、D、The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals、Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions、After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET、Dialogue16.A、Because he had difficulty swallowing it、B、Because it was upsetting his stomach、C、Because he was allergic to it、D、Because it was too expensive、17.A、He can’t play soccer any more、B、He has a serious foot problem、C、He needs an operation、D、He has cancer、18.A、A blood transfusion、B、An allergy test、C、A urine test、D、A biopsy、19.A、To see if he has cancer、B、To see if he hasdepression、C、To see if he requires surgery、D、To see if he has afood allergy problem、20.A、Relieved、B、Anxious、C、Angry、D、Depressed、Passage One21.A、The cause of COPD、B、Harmful effects of smoking、C、Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking、D、Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking、22.A、954、B、955、C、1909、D、1955、23.A、On May 18 in San Diego、B、On May 25 in San Diego、C、On May 18 in San Francisco、D、On May 25 in SanFrancisco、24.A、When smoking exposure is high、B、When smoking exposure is low、C、When the subjects received medication、D、When the subjects stopped smoking、25.A、Hormone differences in men and women、B、Genetic differences between men and women、C、Women’s active metabolic rate、D、Women’s smaller airways、Passage Two26.A、About 90,000、B、About 100,000、C、Several hundreds、D、About 5,000、27.A、Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center、B、Warning from the Kenyan health ministry、C、Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak、D、Proper and prompt Aid from NASA、28.A、Distributing mosquito nets、B、Persuading people not to slaughter animals、C、Urging people not to eat animals、D、Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area、29.A、The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean、B、The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses、C、The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa、D、The heavy but intermittent rains、30.A、Warning from NASA、B、How to treat Rift Valley fever、C、The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever、D、Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis、Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete、Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D 、are given beneath each of them、Youare to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence、Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET、31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism、A、regulateB、activateC、retainD、consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left mymind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep、A、catastropheB、boycottC、turmoilD、mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure,in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain、A、sympatheticB、ascribedC、preferableD、subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults、A、conveyedB、transmittedC、attributedD、relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year、A、fluctuatedB、languishedC、retardedD、vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though theconcept has been around since 1900s、A、trialsB、applicationsC、implicationsD、endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weakenthe immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer、A、haltB、postponeC、retardD、accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______people in his favor before the election、A、predisposedB、presumedC、presidedD、pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong________ to a vast multitude of people、A、flavorB、thrillC、appealD、implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even afraction of a minute too late、A、infinitelyB、temporarilyC、comfortablyD、favorablySection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined、There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark your answeron the ANSWER SHEET、41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable、A、irresistibleB、cherishedC、inseparableD、requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London、A、bestowedB、exhibitedC、imposedD、emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation、A、intensifiedB、apparentC、representativeD、insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance、A、yieldB、amplifyC、adaptD、cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union、A、eradicatedB、deterioratedC、vanquishedD、averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases、A、duplicateB、eliminateC、substituteD、compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station、A、disapprovedB、despisedC、demolishedD、decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity、A、loyaltyB、moralityC、qualityD、stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination、A、prudentB、ardentC、carelessD、brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning、A、furyB、chaosC、despairD、agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks、For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side、Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET、For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up、However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects、It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health、It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain、And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life、But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain、__54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect、According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer’s、Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains”__55__ they aged、These are a marker of Alzheimer’s、all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months、” The lucky things、__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness、Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way、Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect、But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result ina non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease、Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation、However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored、And it’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive、51、A、devicesB、risksC、phenomenaD、claims52、A、at leastB、at mostC、as ifD、as well53、A、blockingB、cookingC、exhaustingD、cooling54、A、ExceptB、EvenC、DespiteD、Besides55、A、untilB、whenC、asD、unless56、A、rangeB、continuumC、spectrumD、field57、A、ReasonablyB、ConsequentlyC、AmazinglyD、Undoubtedly58、A、identicalB、beneficialC、preferableD、susceptible59、A、effortB、methodC、huntD、account60、A、do affectB、did affectC、is affectingD、could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions、For each question there are four possible answers marked A,B, C, and D、Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choiceon the ANSWER SHEET、Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks、Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production、Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand、They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision、Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from、That needs to change、A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights、This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale、Take lab coats、Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay、One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan、WhenI visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day,seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals、Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry、To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can、We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter、Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm、What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones、What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices、It can be done、Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas、That model should be extended to laboratory goods、There are signs that things are moving、Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden、Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices、If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit、61、From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________、A、the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB、the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease、C、the cheapest labor in the developing countries、D、the human misery behind them、62、The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to thepassage, ________、A、is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history、B、could have been even exaggerated、C、is unfamiliar to the wealthy west、D、is prevailing across the world、63、The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools oftheir trade, they should ___________、A、have the same concern with the developing countries、B、be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC、pursue good bargains in the international market、D、spare a thought for how they were made、64、A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________、A、to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world、B、to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work、C、to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues、D、to improve the transparency of international contracts、65、By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________、A、the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB、the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth、C、laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced、D、because of science, there is hope for humanity、Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing、A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so、This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way、Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’eco-credentials, some of dubious quality、Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify、The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’green credentials reflect reality、It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact、Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy、At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims、Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example、There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled、Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue、In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert、Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products、Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward、Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index”planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader、Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work、Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data、Some will want to keep it that way、This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay、Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts、Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge、Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count、66、“The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________、A、where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB、an array of consumer products to chooseC、a fog of unreliable green informationD、little information on eco-credibility67、From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases ________、A、eco-credibility is abusedB、 a green economy is crucialC、an environmental impact is lessenedD、green credentials promote green economy68、From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________、A、eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB、neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC、it is vital to build a green economyD、better information is critical69、To address the issue, the author is crying for ________、A、transparent corporate managementB、establishing sustainability indexesC、tough academic-led surveillanceD、strict legal weapons70、Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A、The toughest challenge is the best opportunity、B、It is time for another green revolution、C、Information should be free for all、D、No quantity, no quality、Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating、A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills、The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades、Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit、The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements、The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools;a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district、The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district、Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors、Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule、Cosmides found that when the “supervisors”thought they were checking forinnocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district、In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer、This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said、“Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism、”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion、“If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island、“It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience、There’s no evident that it’s anything innate、”71、The findings of the study were in favor of ____________、A、the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB、the relation between intelligence and evolutionC、the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD、the human innate ability to cheat72、The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________、A、spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB、detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC、spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD、detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73、When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________、A、cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB、our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC、there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD、the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74、In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________、A、it was of great possibilityB、it could be misleadingC、it was unbelievableD、it’s acquired75、Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A、Cheating at SchoolB、Cheating as the Human NatureC、Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD、Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad、Manynatural scientists implicitly share this outlook、This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people、That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals、Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell、Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) –an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans、We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts、Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries” that we must stay within to live sustainably、It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set、But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand、The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet、It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts、This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers、Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers、While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science、For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions、There errors are not trifling、They are among the report’s headline conclusions、Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it、There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them、76、As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________、A、a misunderstandingB、a confrontationC、a collaborationD、a consensus77、Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ___________、A、we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB、our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC、a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptableD、it is urgent to modify our relationship with the environment78、The point, based on Rockstrom’s investigation, is simply that __________、A、they made the first classification of Earth systemsB、it is not to deny but to manage impacts on the planet。
最新山东大学考博英语真题2014-2010附答案
2014山大考博英语2014-04-07语法词汇题比较难，30个单选题，一个0.5分，基本上是考查词意的完型题20个，一个0.5分，01年考研真题阅读理解4篇，每个题 1.5分，30分，都是六级和考研原题（最近两年阅读没出专八题）7选5，共10分，关于奥巴马的英译汉五个，一个3分，长句子翻译比较难，费得时间比较长作文20分，关于children surfing the net2013山大考博英语Part I Grammar and Vocabulary1. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that __________ the speakers stopped for deferments.A. at largeB. at intervalsC. at easeD. at random2. When traveling, you are advised to take travelers’ checks, which providea secure__________ to carrying your money in cash.A. substituteB. selectionC. inferenceD. alternative3. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a character.A. graciousB. suspiciousC. uniqueD. particular4. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this__________produces artificial cold surrounding it.A. absorptionB. transitionC. consumptionD. interaction5. Language, culture, and personality may be considered__________of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.A. IndistinctlyB. separatelyC. irrelevantlyD. independently6. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December25th__________the birth of Jesus Christ.A. in accordance withB. in terms ofC. in favor ofD. in honor of7. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must__________the qualities and varieties of products we make t o the world market demand.A. improveB. enhanceC. guaranteeD. gear8. To give you a general idea of our products, we enclose the catalogues showing various products handled by us with detailed __________and means of packing.A. specimensB. inspectionsC. samplesD. specifications9. Many of the conditions that __________population pressures --- overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, hunger and illness --- lead to dissatisfaction.A. bring forwardB. give rise toC. feed up withD. result from10. Arriving anywhere with these possessions, he might just aseasily__________for a month or a year as for a single day.A. put upB. stay upC. speed upD. make up11. The fact that the earth’s surface heats__________provides a convenient way to divide it into temperature region.A. infrequentlyB. irregularlyC. unsteadilyD. uneverny12. If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mockingbird __________a set ofactions to protect its offspring.A. hastensB. releasesC. devisesD. initiates13. How large a proportion of the sales of stores in or near resort areas canbe__________to tourist spending?A. attributedB. appliedC. contributedD. attached14. Knowledge is a comfortable and necessary retreat and __________for us inan advanced age; and if we do not plant it while young, it will give us no shadewhen we grow old.A. ingredientB. relianceC. shelterD. inclination15. Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to__________wonderful bargains in the market.A. pick upB. bump intoC. pile upD. bring back16. Scientists are searching for the oldest tree __________because it can teach them a great deal about many issues related with climate change.A. livelyB. aliveC. livingD. live17. The destruction of the Twin Towers in New Y ork City __________shock and anger throughout the world.A. temptedB. provokedC. summonedD. enveloped18. A 1994 World Bank report concluded that __________girls in school wasprobably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing worldtoday.A. enrollingB. assigningC. involvingD. consenting19. The UN o fficial said aid programs will be __________until there is adequate protection for relief personnel.A. multipliedB. arrestedC. spannedD. suspended20. Despite almost universal__________of the vital importance of women’s literacy, education remains a dream for many women i n far too many countries of the world.A. confessionB. identificationC. acknowledgementD. compliment21. Since the island soil has been barren for so many years, the natives mustnow __________much of their food.A. deliverB. importC. produceD. develop22. Because Jenkins neither __________nor defends either management or thestriking workers, both aides admire his journalisticA. criticizes...acumenB. attacks,neutralityC. confronts,aptitudeD.dismis ses,flair23. Some anthropologists claim that a few aps have been taught a rudimentarysign languages, but skeptics argue that the apes are only __________their trainers.A. imitatingB. condoningC. instructingD. acknowledging24. It is ironic that the__________insights of the great thinkers are voicedso often that they have become mereA. oriinal, clichesB. banal, beliefsC. dubious, habitsD.philosophical-questions 25. The most frustrating periods of any diet are theinevitable__________, when weight loss if not stops.A. moods, acceleratesB. feasts, haltsC. holidays, contractsD. plateaus, slows26. Since the author’s unflattering references to her friends were so__________, she was surprised that her__________were recognized.A. laud atory, stylesB. obvious, anecdotesC. oblique, allusionsD.critical, eulogies27. If it is true that morality cannot exist without religion, then does notthe erosion of religion herald the __________of moraliy?A, regulation B. basis C. belief D. collapse28. Certain animal behaviors, such as mating rituals, seem to be __________,and therefore external factors such as climate changes, food supply, or the presence of other animals of the same species.A. learned, immune toB. innate, unaffected byC. intricate, belong toD.specific, confused with29. Shaken by two decades of virtual anarchy, the majority of people were ready to buy __________at any price.A. orderB. emancipationC. hopeD. liberty30. As a person who combines care with _________, Marisa completed her dutieswith__________as well as zeal.A. levity, resignationB. enthusiasm, meticulousnessC. vitality,willingness D. empathy, rigorPartⅡ CloseThe study of genetics has given rise to a profitable new industry calledbiotechnology. As the name __31__ , it combines biology and modern technology through such __32__ as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies, as they are called, __33__ in agriculture and are working enthusiastically to patent (取得专利) seeds that give a high yield (产量), that __34__ disease, drought and frost,and that reduce the need for dangerous chemicals. __35__ such goals could be achieved, it would be most beneficial. But some h ave raised __36__ about genetically engineered crops. "In nature, genetic diversity (多样性) is created within certain limits,"says the book Genetic Engineering, Food and Our Environment. "A rose can becrossed(杂交) with a different kind of rose, but a lose will __37__ cross with apotato ..." Genetic engineering, on the other hand, usually involves taking genesfrom one species and inserting them into another in an attempt to __38__ a desiredproperty or character. This could mean, __39__ , selecting a gene which leads tothe production of a chemical with antifreeze properties from an arctic fish, andjoining it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. It is now possible for plants to be engineered with genes __40__ from bacteria, viruses, insects,animals or even humans. __41__ , then, biotechnology allows humans to break thegenetic walls that __42__ species. Like the green revolution, (43)what some callthe gene revolution (44)contributes to the problem of genetic uniformity (千篇一律) –some say even more so (45)because geneticists can employ techniques such (46)as cloning and organ culture, processes that produce perfectly (47)identical copies,or clones. Concerns about the biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new(48) issues, such as the effects that they may have onus a nd the environment. ―We are flying blindly into a new (49) of agriculturalbiotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potensial(50) , ‖ said science writer Jeremy Rifkin.31. A. suggests B. recalls C. concerns D. advises32. A. concepts B. views C. techniques D. courses33. A. participate B. focus C. specialize D. involve34. A. treat B. avoid C. oppose D. resist35. A. If B. Unless C. Since D. As36. A. demands B. topics C. concerns D. lessons37. A. sometimes B. never C. frequently D. eventually38. A. convey B. transfer C. select D. collect39. A. for example B. for one thing C. on one hand D. in any case40. A. resulted B. evolved C. injected D. taken41. A. In contrast B. In that C. In case D. In essence42. A. separate B. form C. create D. vary43. A. what B. where C. as D. so44. A. combines B.contributes mands D. breaks45. A. that B.because C. if D. when46. A. like B. for example C. as D. is47. A. resembling B. alike C. similar D. identical48. A. issues B. height C. difficulties D. goals49. A. spot B. era C. deadline D. scheme50. A. navigations B. mystery C. outcomes D. destinationsPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionPassage 1The Carnegie Foundation report says that many col leges have tried to be ―all things to all people‖. In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students. Thecurrent crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learningto productive ends. The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work hasno context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students are offereda variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, drivenby careerism, ―the nation’s colleges and universities are more successful inproviding credentials (文凭) than in providing a quality education for theirstudents. ―The report concludes that the special challenge confronting theundergraduate college is one of shaping an integrated core of common learning. Such a core would introduce students to essential knowledge, to connections across thedisciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus. ― Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie studyfound that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact, theydo much to undermine it. As one professor observed: ―Teaching is important, we aretold, and yet faculty know th at research and publication matter most.‖ Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges and universities have failed tograduate half of their four-year degree candidates. Faculty members who dedicatedthemselves to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure (终身任期), promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculties say their interests lie more in teaching than in research. Additionally, a frequent complaint among y oung scholars is that ―There is pressure to publish, although there is virtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the content of thepublications.‖51. When a college tries to be ―all things to al people‖ (Lines 1-2, Para.1) it aims to ________.A) satisfy the needs of all kinds of students simultaneouslyB) focus on training students in various skillsC) encourage students to take as many courses as possibleD) make learning serve academic rather than productive ends52. By saying that ―in too many a cademic fields, the work has no context‖ (Lines 4-5, Pare. 1) the author means that the teaching in these areas ________.A) ignores the actual situationB) is not based on the right perspectiveC) only focuses on an integrated core of common learningD) gives priority to the cultivation of a global vision among students53. One of the reasons for the current crisis in American colleges anduniversities is that ________.A) a narrow vocationalism has come to dominate many collegesB) students don’t have enough f reedom in choosing what they want to learnC) skills are being taught as a means to an endD) students are only interested in obtaining credentials54. American colleges and universities failed to graduate half of theirfour-year degree candidates because ________.A) most of them lack high-quality facultiesB) the interests of most faculty members lie in researchC) there are not enough incentives for students to study hardD) they attach greater importance to research and publication than to teaching55. It can be inferred from the passage that high-quality college education calls for ________. A) putting academic work in the proper contextB) a commitment to students and effective teachingC) the practice of putting leaning to productive endsD) dedication to research in frontier areas of knowledge答案51. C 52. B 53. A 54. D 55. BPassage 2Endangered Species Endangered species are plants and animals that are inimmediate danger of extinction. Extinction is actually a normal process in the course of evolution. Since the formation of the earth, many m ore species have become extinct than those exist today. These species slowly disappeared because of changes ofclimate and their failure to adapt to such conditions as competition and predation (捕食). Since the 1600s, however, the process of extinction has greatly accelerated as a result of both human population growth and technological encroachment (侵犯) on natural ecology systems. Today the majority of the world’s envir onments are changing faster than the ability of most species to adapt to such changes throughnatural selection.Species become extinct or endangered for a number of reasons, but the primarycause is the destruction of natural habitats (栖息地). Drainage of wetlands (沼泽地), cutting and clearing of forests, growth of cities, and highway and damconstruction have seriously reduced available natural habitats. As the varioussurroundings become fragments, the remaining animal populations crowd into smaller areas, causing further destruction of natural surroundings. Species in these small islands‖ lose contact with other populations of their own kind, thus reducing their genetic variation and making them less adaptable to environment changes.Since the 1600s, commercial exploitation of animals for food and other products has caused many species to become extinct or endangered. Introduced diseases andparasites have also greatly reduced some species. Pollution is another importantcause of their extinction.Some private and governmental efforts have been organized to save decliningspecies. Laws were made i n some c ountries in the early 1900s to protect wild animals from commercial trade and killing. International endeavors are shown in theConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species. approved by 51 nations.Its purpose is to restrict exploitation of wild animals and plants by regulatingand restricting trade in certain species. How e ffective such laws will be in various countries, however, depends on enforcement (实施 ) and support by the people andthe courts. Because of a lack of law enforcement, the willingness of some segmentsof society to trade in endangered species, the activities of people who catch andkill animals illegally and dealers who supply the trade, the future of many species is in doubt in spite of legal protection.56 According to the passage, which of the following is the most important factor causing the rapid extinction of man species since the 17th century?A Human b eings are not aware of the importance of preserving endangered species.B Some e ndangered species have already reached the end of their life span in evolution.C The development of human society has greatly affected natural ecology systems.D The world’s climate has ch anged so greatly that most species cannot survive.57 In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the word islands refers toA the lands that are completely surrounded by water.B the wild animals’ breeding grounds protected by lawC the pieces of land separated by modern buildings and roads.D the small and isolated areas inhabited by certain species.58 This passage mentions all of the following reasons that cause the extinctionof man species exceptA natural selection of species.B various natural disasters.C commercial trade and killing.D destruction of natural surroundings.59 According to the passage, which of the following is most important in saving declining species?A Governments should make some laws to protect endangered species.B People should pay more attention to the protection of natural surroundings.C Relevant laws must be made and enforced with the support of the people.D Some organizations should warn people not to trade in endangered animals.60 How d oes the author feel about the prospect of protecting endangered species from being extinct?A Worried.B Optimistic.C Indifferent.D Confident.Passage 3Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as afactor in world peace. They did not foreseethat the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressivearmies. None of them foresaw that the more weare together-the more chances thereare of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that.Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against itcan always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds, catarrhs (粘膜炎) and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being movedthrough the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In thosewith high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy (中风). The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just theopposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize thecirculation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep.The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test ofendurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air,the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-classcarriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards,while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few mode e xcept speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat,but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic (滑稽的) press. This kind of thing: A man w as seen yesterday buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquiredinto.A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second-andthird-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railwaysmust have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the openthird-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rainfrom whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, fromwhose searching power there was no escape.61. All boys and girls in large families know thatA) a boy and a girl usually fight when they are togetherB) people tend to be together more than they used to beC) a lot of people being together makes fights likelyD) Railway leads the world to peace62. According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself shouldinclude all the following except .A) the railway enables people travel fastB) the railway brings comfort to peopleC) the railway makes the world peacefulD) the railway leads the world to war as well.63. According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but .A) tunnels are dangerous to public healthB) the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people's nervesC) the rapid speed through the air does damage to people's lungsD) to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die64. We may safely conclude that .A) the author belongs to the anti-railway groupB) the author belongs to the for-railway groupC) the author speaks highly of the railwayD) the author may never take train because of its potential dangers65. What is the tone of this passage?A)Practical B)Satirical C)Humorous D)Exaggerated答案61.C 62.D 63.D 64.A 65.C PassagePassage 4The Myth of College Many of you young persons out there are seriously thinkingabout going to college. (That is, of course, a lie. The only things you young persons think seriously about are loud music and sex. Trust me: these are closely relatedto college). College is basically a bunch of rooms where you sit for roughly twothousand hours and try to memorize things. The two thousand hours are spread outover four years; you spend the rest of the time sleeping and trying to get dates.Basically, you learn two kinds of things in college:Things you need to know later in life (two hours). These include how to makecollect telephone calls and get beer and crepe-paper stains out of your pajamas.Things you will not need to know in later life (1,998 hours). These are the things you learn in classes whose names end in -ology, -osophy, -istry, -ics, and so on.The idea is you memorize these things, then write them down in little exam books,then forget them. If you fail to forget them, you become a professor and have tostay in college for the rest of your life.It's very difficult to forget everything. For example, when I was in college,I had to memorize - don't ask me why - the names of the metaphysical poets otherthan John Donne. I have managed to forget one of them, but I still remember thatthe other two were named Vaughan and Crashaw.Sometimes, when I'm trying to remember something important, like whether my w ife told me to get tuna packed in oil or tuna packed in water, Vaughan and Crashaw just pop up in my mind, right there in the supermarket. It's a terrible waste of braincells. After you've been in college for a year or so, you're supposed to choose amajor, which is the subject you intend to memorize and forget the most things about. Here is a very important piece of advice: be sure to choose a major that does notinvolve Known Facts and Right Answers.This means t hat you must not major in mathematics, physics, biology or chemistry, because these subjects involve actual facts. If, for example, you major inmathematics, you're going to wander into class one day and the professor will say: "Define the cosine integer of the quadrant of the rhomboid binary axis, andextrapolate your result to five significant vertices." If you don't come up withexactly the answer the professor has in mind, you fail. The same i s true of chemistry: if you write in your exam book that carbon and hydrogen combine to form oak, yourprofessor will flunk you. He wants you to come up with the same answer he and allthe other chemists have agreed on. Scientists are extremely snotty about this.68. When should the college students choose a major?A. The moment they go to collegeB. After they have been in college for nearly two yearsC. After they have been in college for a year or soD. When they become a senior69. The word ―flunk‖ in the last paragraph meansA. floatB. failC. ridiculeD. dupe70. What is the beat title for the passage?A. The Myth of CollegeB. What Can You Learn in College?C. How to Enjoy Your College LifeD. The Importance of CollegePart Ⅳ Use of LanguageThe psychology of warranties保单心理学Protection racket保护之诈tend If extended guarantees are overpriced, why are they so popular? CUSTOMERSto agonise over the relative merits of different models of electronic goods suchas digital cameras or plasma televisions. But when they get to the till, many spend freely on something they barely think about at all: an extended warranty, which is often more profitable to the retailer than the device it covers.Shoppers typically pay 10-50% of the cost of a product to insure it beyond theterm covered by the manufacturer’s guarantee. 71 . Yet products rarely break within the period covered, and repairs tend to cost no more than the warranty itself. 72l.So why, asks a paper published in the December issue of the Journal of Consumer Research, do so many consumers still buy extended warranties? The authors—Tao Chen of the University of Maryland, Ajay Kalra of Rice University and Baohong Sun ofCarnegie Mellon University—examined purchase data from a big electronics retailerfor over 600 households from November 2003 to October 2004. 73 .If a customer is about to buy something fun (ie, a plasma television rather than a vacuum cleaner), he will be more inclined to splash out on extra insurance. Thisis because consumers value ―hedonic‖ items over utilitarian ones, regardless ofthe actual price tag. 74 . The study also found that poorer consumers are more likelyto buy ―potentially unnecessary and overpriced insurance‖, because they are more worried about the expense of replacing a product if it breaks.75 . But although most policies go unused, he admits that the emotionaltranquillity that comes with buying a new warranty is not in itself without value,even if ―rationally, it doesn’t make sense‖．A. This is especially true if the item is on sale, as finding an unexpectedbargain leaves buyers feeling flush and pleased.B. The terms of these deals vary (and there is often a great deal of fine print), but they usually promise to repair or replace a faulty device for between one andfour years.C. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant powerto alter the nature of his world.D. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant powerto alter the nature of his world.E. They concluded that the decision to buy a warranty had a great deal to dowith a shopper’s mood.F. The popularity of warranties should logically depend on the likelihood ofa product’s failure, says Mr Kalra.G. That makes warranties amazingly profitable: they generate over $16 billionannually for American retailers, according to Warranty Week, a trade journal答案B G E A FPart Ⅴ Translation1. Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food.”2. According to a growing body of exidence, the chemicals that make up manyplastics may migrate out of the material and into foods and fluids, ending up inyour body.3. Consider the survey evidence, which shows that while most Americans want to have both science and religion in their lives, they’ ll only go so far to preserve the former at the expense of the latter.4. The bodies who play major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fitthe growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.5. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult tocontinue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yieds.Part Ⅵ WritingAs the society develops, interpersonal relationships are getting more and more indifferent. Please make comment on the phenomena。
2014年全国医学考博英语试题
2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2.试卷一（Paper One)答案和试卷二（Paper Two）答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑;如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净.书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5.听力考试只放一遍录音,每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 :Listening comprehension（30％）Section ADirections：In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D。
Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET。
Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint。
Man：No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What's the matter with the woman？You will read:A。
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中国考博辅导首选学校
2014考博英语真题分析
大家都知道，考博考到最后是在考英语，考英语考到最后是在考阅读，
得阅读者得天下，由此可看出考博阅读在考博中占据的重要性。
历年考纲都明确规定了阅读理解A部分主要考查考生的八个方面，要
求考生掌握这几方面的要求，同时在试题的考查中体现出了考纲对阅读理
解A的考查，细节题体现出了考博考纲中要求掌握细节的一点，主旨题也体
现出了考纲中需要掌握文章大概框架的要求等等，前些年细节题占据了考题
的很大一部分，这些年考查细节方面题的数量稍有减少，相应的其他类型题
的数量稍有增加。
（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)这几年阅读理解文章难度，整体上趋于平稳。
今年的阅读题题型和11
年有相似之处，话题都是大家比较熟悉的话题，这样就不会出现10年时候出
现的文章大意都看不懂的现象，但是这样也会出现另外一个现象，大家熟悉
的话题就很容易加入自己的主观想法，就如05年第三篇讲梦的文章，大家都
知道日有所思，夜有所梦，很多考生在做第一题的时候很容易选择C答案：
梦反映出我们内心最深处的欲望与恐惧，另一方面，从06年到现在，答案的
干扰性越来越强，以前的答案设置中有两个是错误答案，很多时候剩下的一
个选项的无关干扰答案，与主题是没有关系的，这一个通常可以根据主题来
排除掉，而近几年的阅读题答案的干扰就是以文章里面出现的信息作为干扰
项，今年的考题也印证了这印证了这样一个趋势，不像10年的题，话题都
是专业的，很多学生文章都没看明白，但是从11年开始，很多考生似乎文章
都看懂了，但是答案就是做不对，有时文章不是很难，但是题目会出的稍微
拐的弯多一些。
有些答案设计过程中确实是有些难度的。
近几年考博阅读的
难度系数比较稳定，一般是在5道左右。
06到12年阅读题都是5道左右。
本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。