托福【综合】写作TPO31题目+解析
TPO 31-34 综合原文
托福TPO31综合写作题目 Reading Part:A fossil skeleton of a dinosaur called Sinosauropteryx, preserved in volcanic as h, was discovered in Liaoning, China, in 1996. Interestingly, the fossil included a pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones. Some paleontologists int erpret the lines as evidence that Sinosauropteryx had feathers. However, critics have opposed the idea that Sinosauropteryx was a feathered dinosaur, citing se veral reasons.First, the critics points out that the fine lines may not even represent functiona l structures of a living dinosaur, but rather structures that were formed after th e animal’s death. After the animal died and was burie d in volcanic ash, its ski n may have decomposed into fibers. The skin fibers then became preserved as lines in the fossil; the lines were misinterpreted as evidence of feathers.Second, even if the fine lines are remains of real structures of a Sinosauropter yx, scientists cannot tell with certainty what part of the dinosaur’s anatomy the structures were. Many dinosaurs had frills, ornamental fan-shaped structures gr owing out of some parts of their bodies. Some of the critics argue that the lin es surrounding the skeleton are much more likely to be fossilized remains of f rills than remains of feathers.A third objection is based on the fact that the usual functions of feathers are t o help animals fly or regulate their internal temperature. However, the structure s represented by the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil were mostly located alo ng the backbone and the tail of the animal. This would have made the structu res quite useless for flight and of very limited use in thermoregulation. This s uggests that the lines do not represent feathers.托福TPO31综合写作题目 Listening Part:The evidence that the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil represent feathers is v ery strong. The arguments of the critics are unconvincing.First, it is unlikely that the lines are a result of the decomposition of the dino saur ’s skin, because we don’t see any such decomposition in the fossils of ot her animals buried at the same site. In fact, the fossils of many other animals buried at the site show evidence that their functional skin structures have bee n beautifully preserved in volcanic ash. The well-preserved condition of the oth er fossils makes it likely that the Sinosauropteryx’s lines are also well-preserve d functional structures, possibly feathers, and that they are not fibers caused by decomposition.Second, the idea that the lines represent frills… well, there is an important che mical difference between feathers and frills. Feathers contain a great deal of a protein called Beta-keratin. Frills, on the other hand, do not contain beta-keratin. Our chemical analyses suggest that the Sinosauropteryx structures did contai n beta-keratin. So that indicates that the structures were feathers, not frills. Third, feathers can be used for other functions than flight and thermoregulation. Think of a bird, like peacock, for example. The peacock has long, colorful fe athers in its tail. And it displays its tail in order to attract a mate. That’s a di stinct function of feathers called the display function. Recently, we have been able to do analyses on the Sinosauropteryx structures that show us that the str uctures were colorful. They were orange and white. The fact that they were co lorful strongly supports the idea that they were feathers that this dinosaur use for display.托福TPO32综合写作题目Reading Part:Starting in the 1960s and continuing until the 1980s, sailors in Russian submarines patrolling the North Alantic and Arctic Ocean would occasionally hear strange sounds. These underwater noises reminded the submarine crews of frog croaks, so they cal led the sounds “quackers” (from the Russian word for frog sounds). The sources of the sound seemed to be moving with great speed and agility; however, the submarines’ sonar (a method of detecting objects underwater) was unable to detect any solid moving objects in the area. There are several theories about what might have caused the odd sounds.The first theory suggests that the strange noises were actually the calls of male and female ocra whales during a courtship ritual. Orca whales are known to inhabit the areas where the submarines were picking up the bizarre noises. Orcas have been studied extensively, and the sounds they make when trying to attract a male are similar to those that the submarines were detecting.A second idea is that the sounds were caused by giant squid. Giant squids are gaint marine invertebrates that live deep in the ocean and prey on large fish. They are difficult to detect by sonar because they have soft bodies with no skeleton. Not much is known about giant squid behavior, but their complex brains suggest they are intelligent animals. It is possible they have the ability to emit sound, and perhaps they approached the submarines out of curiosity.A third theory suggests the Russian submarines were picking up stray sounds from so me military technology, like another country’s submarines that were secretly patrolling the area. Perhaps the foreign submarines did not register on sonar because they were using a kind of technology specifically designed to make them undetectableby sonar. The strange froglike sounds may have been emitted by the foreign submarines unintentionally.托福TPO32综合写作题目Listening Part:Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about.Female professor: Quackers are certainly a very strange phenomenon. Experts still debate what the source of the sound was. No one can be sure exactly what caused them. But these experts cite certain problems with all of the theories that you just read about. Here are a few of the arguments that they made.First, the idea that the sounds were caused by Orca whales seems plausible at first but is ultimately highly unlikely. It’s that there are Orca populations in the general areas that the Russian submarines were patrolling. But Orca whales mostly live near the surface of the water. The submarines typically remain deep in the ocean and should not have been able to hear the whale sounds from near the surface. Also the Orca whales would have been detected by the Russian sonar if they were nearby.Giant squid may be a better candidate but one critical fact speaks against this squid theory as well. Russian submarines first detected quacker sound in the 1960s and reports of them continued for about two decades. But the sounds disappeared entirely by the 1980s. However, as far as we know, squid have always lived in the ocean where the submarines were patrolling and continue to live there today. If these were squid sound, there would be no reason to suddenly start hearing them in one decade and then suddenly stop hearing them twenty years later.Third, the idea that the quackers were caused by a secret submarine from another country does not hold up. The sources of the sound appear to move around and change direction very quickly. Submarines cannot move or change direction that quickly. Also all submarines make some engine noise. But no such noise accompanied the quackers. Even today, we don’t have the technology to build submarines that are that fast and have engines that are that silent.托福TPO32综合写作题目Question:Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge the specific theories presented in the reading passage.TPO 33 Writing - Integrated WritingReading PartCarved stone balls are a curious type of artifact found at a number of |locations in Scotland. They date from the late Neolithic period, around 4,000 years ago. They are round in shape; they were carved from several types of stone; most are about 70 mm in diameter; and many are ornamented to some degree. Archaeologists do not agree about their purpose and meaning, but there are several theories.One theory is that the carved stone balls were weapons used in hunting or fighting. Some of the stone balls have been found with holes in them, and many have grooves on the surface. It is possible that a cord was strung through the holes or laid in the grooves around the ball. Holding the stone balls at the end of the cord would have allowed a person to swing it around or throw it.A second theory is that the carved stone balls were used as part of a primitive system of weights and measures. The fact that they are so nearly uniform in size - at 70 mm in diameter-suggests that the balls were interchangeable and represented some standard unit of measure. They could have been used as standard weights to measure quantities of grain or other food, or anything that needed to be measured by weight on a balance or scale for the purpose of trade.A third theory is that the carved stone balls served a social purpose as opposed to a practical or utilitarian one. This view is supported by the fact that many stone balls have elaborate designs. The elaborate carving suggests that the stones may have marked the important social status of their owners.Listening PartNone of the three theories presented in the reading passage are very convincing.First, the stone balls as hunting weapons, common Neolithic weapons such as arrowheads and hand axes generally show signs of wear, so we should expect that if the stone balls had been used as weapons for hunting of fighting, they too would show signs of that use. Many of the stone balls would be cracked or have pieces broken off. However, the surfaces of the balls are generally well preserved, showing little or no wear or damage.Second, the carved stone balls maybe remarkably uniform in size, but their masses vary too considerably to have been used as uniform weights. This is because the stone balls were made of different types of stone including sandstone, green stone and quartzite. Each type of stone has a different density. Some types of stone are heavier than others just as a handful of feathers weighs less than a handful of rocks. Two balls of the same size are different weights depending on the type of stone they are made of. Therefore, the balls could not have been used as a primitive weighing system.Third, it's unlikely that the main purpose of the balls was as some kind of social marker. A couple of facts are inconsistent with this theory. For one thing, while some of the balls are carved with intricate patterns, many others have markings that are extremely simple, too simple to make the balls look like status symbols. Furthermore, we know that in Neolithic Britain, when someone died, particularly a high-ranking person, they were usually buried with their possessions. However, none of the carved stone balls have been actually found in tombs or graves. That makes it unlikely that the balls were personal possessions that marked a person's status within the community.Sample answerThe author in the reading passage explores three major functions of the carved stone balls. However, in the lecture, the professor respectively contradicts all his assertions by using three specific points as supports.First, even though the reading passage suggests that the stone balls were weapons because of the holes and grooves on their surface, the professor argues that the stone balls didn’t show signs of use, which means they are neither cracked nor broken and thus cannot be used as weapons.Second, despite the statement in the reading passage that the stone balls were used as primitive weighing system due to their uniform size, the professor contends that their masses vary too considerably from each other. Therefore, the balls could not function as weighing system.Third, the author asserts that the stone balls served a social purpose owing to their elaborate designs while the professor proves that this claim is indefensible by pointing out that the balls were carved with not only intricate patterns but also simple ones, besides, none of the balls were found in the ancient tombs or graves. Consequently, it’s impossible that the balls were social markers.大家好，下面对今天的写作课做出反馈。
托福写作 tpo 31 范文
TPO 31The reading passage and the listening unfold opposite perspectives on whether the fine lines on the newly-excavated Sinasuropteryx fossil skeleton preserved in volcanic ash are an interpretation that Sinosaur has feathers. The reading mentions that Sinosaur is not a feathered dinosaur. However, the speaker in the listening claims that the arguments used to support the reading are unconvincing.Firstly, the author states that the fine lines may be formed after Sinosaur died as decomposition of skin fibers, showcasing that Sinosaur does not have feathers. Nevertheless, the lecturer disagrees with it and maintains that there is no decomposition on other animals at the same place. In fact, the fine lines are well-preserved feathers of Sinosaur since other animals' fossils bear beautifully-preserved functional structures. Secondly, according to the article, which part of Sinosaur the fine lines belong to has not been ascertained yet and the fine lines may be frills of Sinosaur. By contrast, the lecture refutes the idea and argues that there are chemical difference between feathers and frills, the former of which contains a kind of protein the latter lacks. Besides, chemical analysis indicates that this kind of protein is present on the structure of Sinosaur. Hence, the fine lines are feathers.Thirdly, the lecturer dissents with the claim in the reading passage that the location of the fine lines deny the regular function of feathers. By citing the example of peacock whose tail feathers are used as display function, the professor argues that feathers on Sinosaur serve as display function as well, for research shows the fine lines are orange and white. Thus, Sinosaur is feathered dinosaur. (270 words//20 minutes)新的模板不是很熟练速度下来了再熟悉下老师，有个问题：就是文中出现需要频繁写出来的很长的主人公名字能缩写吗？。
【托福写作范文】托福TPO31独立写作题目及范文——满足感
【托福写作范文】托福TPO31独立写作题目及范文——满足感托福写作练习过程中，相信TPO材料中的作文题目都会是大家的首选练习材料。
但是，对于每个题目仅仅只是练习写还是不够的，有针对性的解析和指导性，才会让TPO材料更有其使用价值。
那么，下面我们就为大家带来TPO写作材料的系列解析内容。
托福独立写作题目及范文：满足感Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Because the world is changing so quickly, people now are less happy or less satisfied with their lives than people were in the past.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.分类: 独立写作话题: 建造问题托福TPO31独立写作题目翻译：你是否同意以下观点：因为世界变化得快现在的人们没有以前的人们开心或有满足感审题关键词：changing, today, happy, satisfied, in the past论证分析：正：People today have to worry about pollution which poison people nowadays in every angle.People today are facing fierce competition simply because there is more people.反：People today have more entertainment like night clubs and internetPeople today have better health conditions because of the variety ofmedication and antibiotics. Less disease means less worries.补：People should have more fun by finding a hobby.TPO31独立写作范文：In modern society, there is no denying that our paces speed up. A smallproportion of people who cannot keep up with this trend or resist the world for the fittest, may hold a viewpoint that a mutable society leads people to less satisfaction and mitigation of sense of happiness since such a world might cause the alienation between good fellows and contamination of our environment;however, in my view, it is not the case. As a matter of fact, in a world changing more rapidly, people tend to become satisfied much more easily.First illustration which can demonstrate my opinion can be the trail oftechnological development. In the past five decades, millions of new inventionshad appeared, entering our daily life, making it much more convenient. To name agood example, in 1896,Benz assembled the first three-wheel car in the world.Though it brought accidents and mortality to the world, we cannot deny the enjoyment of ferocious speed brought by cars, which made our jaunt convenient.We can simply drop by a old friend 100 miles, a distance taking at least half day before, away in one hour. Another good instance is the invention of smart phone. in 1972, Martin, the chief engineer in Moto devised the first portabletelephone. Then, this innovation revolutionized out life. Just simply imaginewhat our life looked like without cell phones: people could not keep contact with their friends and exigent messages might be blocked. Then in 2007, Steve Jobs brought iPhone with Facetime to the world. The most significant aspect of Facetime is that this app allows us to communicate with actual image, not just voices. Then, how can we state that modern society steals the sense offraternity among people?Second demonstration which can help me develop my view that a rapidlychanging society makes people more satisfied is the use of new energy resources.We may still remember the Great Smog, one of the gravest air pollution accidents in our history due to the heavily gathered inversion layer of sulfur dioxide originated with burning of coal in 1950s, London. People died of respiratory diseases after inhalation of poisonous air. How can they live happily in a worldbrimmed with pollutions? But nowadays, we have developed new energy resources totackle this problem such as hydropower and wind power. To name an example, in 2007, nuclear power plants generate 14% of the total electricity of the US, thus saving tons of coals and reducing the level of inhalable particles. Recently, governments and organizations have taken measures to support researches of renewable resources and to find substitutes for fossil fuels. Natural reserves and sanctuaries are established, places of interest and spots are refurbished, and factories and manufacturers with pestilent exhaust are shut down. Peopletherefore are provided with much more opportunities to relax by enjoying the beauty of nature.To draw a conclusion, in a world that is rapidly changing, we are offered a variety of brand-new experiences and highly evolved products, which make life much easier than before. We are in a world filled with convenience brought by high technologies that develop so fast. Then, how can we blame on the changing world while enjoying happiness and satisfactions originated from them?。
TPO31综合写作范文及分析
TPO31综合写作范文Reading Passage：A fossil skeleton of a dinosaur called Sinosauropteryx,preserved in volcanic ash,was discovered in Liaoning,China,in1996.Interestingly,the fossil included a pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones.Some paleontologists interpret the lines as evidence that Sinosauropteryx had feathers.However,critics have opposed the idea that Sinosauropteryx was a feathered dinosaur, citing several reasons.1996年一只名为Sinosauropteryx(中华龙鸟）的掩埋在火山灰内的恐龙的化石骨架于中国辽宁被发现。
很有趣的是，这个化石中的恐龙骨架周围有一层细纹图案。
一些古生物学家把这些细纹作为中华龙鸟带有翅膀的证据。
但是，批评者通过列举以下原因来反对中华龙鸟是带翼恐龙这样一个观点。
First,the critics points out that the fine lines may not even represent functional structures of a living dinosaur,but rather structures that were formed after the animal’s death.After the animal died and was buried in volcanic ash,its skin may have decomposed into fibers.The skin fibers then became preserved as lines in the fossil;the lines were misinterpreted as evidence of feathers.首先，批评者指出这些细纹甚至不一定表明了一个活着的恐龙的功能结构，而只是恐龙死后所形成的结构。
TPO-31阅读答案及小结题解析
宫琦制作TPO31Speciation(物种形成)in Geographically Isolated Populations Evolutionary biologists believe that speciation,the formation of a new species,often begins when some kind of physical barrier arises and divides a population of a single species into separate subpopulations.Physical separation between subpopulations(分组人口，族群) promotes the formation of new species because once the members of one subpopulation can no longer mate with members of another subpopulation,they cannot exchange variant(变异，异体)genes that arise in one of the subpopulations.In the absence of gene flow between the subpopulations,genetic differences between the groups begin to accumulate.Eventually the subpopulations become so genetically distinct that they cannot interbreed(异种交配，杂交)even if the physical barriers between them were removed.At this point the subpopulations have evolved into distinct species.This route to speciation is known as allopatry(异域性)(“allo-”means“different”,and“patria”means“homeland”).Allopatric speciation may be the main speciation route.This should not be surprising, since allopatry is pretty common.In general,the subpopulations of most species are separated from each other by some measurable distance.So even under normal situations the gene flow among the subpopulations is more of an intermittent(间歇的，断断续续的) trickle(滴，细流，流淌)than a steady stream.In addition,barriers can rapidly arise and shut off the trickle.For example,in the1800s a monstrous(巨大的，怪异的)earthquake changed the course of the Mississippi River,a large river flowing in the central part of the United States of America.The change separated populations of insects now living along opposite shores(海滨，支柱),completely cutting off gene flow between them.Geographic(地理的，地理学的)isolation can also proceed(开始，继续进行)slowly,over great spans of time.We find evidence of such extended events in the fossil record,which affords glimpse(一瞥，瞥见)into the breakup of formerly continuous environments.For example,during past ice ages,glaciers advanced down through North America and Europe and gradually cut off parts of populations from one another.When the glaciers retreated, the separated populations of plants and animals came into contact again.Some groups that had descended from the same parent population were no longer reproductively compatible(能兼容的，共处的)–they had evolved into separate species.In other groups, however,genetic divergences(分歧)had not proceeded so far,and the descendants could still interbreed–for them,reproductive isolation was not completed,and so speciation had not occurred.Allopatric speciation can also be brought by the imperceptibly(细微的，察觉不到的) slow but colossal(巨大的，异常的)movements of the tectonic plates that make up Earth’ssurface.About5million years ago such geologic movements created the land bridge between North America and South America that we call the Isthmus(地峡，管峡)of Panama[1].The formation of the isthmus had important consequences for global patterns of ocean water flow.While previously the gap between the continents had allowed a free flow of water,now the isthmus presented a barrier that divided the Atlantic Ocean from the Pacific Ocean.This division set the stage for allopatric speciation among populations of fishes and other marine species.In the1980s,John Graves studied two populations of closely related fishes,one population from the Atlantic side of isthmus,the other from the Pacific side.He compared four enzymes found in the muscles of each population.Graves found that all four Pacific enzymes function better at lower temperatures than the four Atlantic versions of the same enzymes.This is significant because Pacific seawater if typically2to3degrees cooler than seawater on the Atlantic side of isthmus.Analysis by gel electrophoresis(凝胶电泳)revealed slight(轻微的，少量的)differences in amino acid(氨基酸)sequence of the enzymes of two of the four pairs.This is significant because the amino acid sequence of an enzyme is determined by genes.Graves drew two conclusions from these observations.First,at least some of the observed differences between the enzymes of the Atlantic and Pacific fish populations were not random but were the result of evolutionary adaptation.Second,it appears that closely related populations of fishes on both sides of the isthmus are starting to genetically diverge from each other.Because Graves’study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations(突变，变化)that are neutral(中立的)or adaptive,divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process.Paragraph1:Evolutionary biologists believe that speciation,the formation of a new species,often begins when some kind of physical barrier arises and divides a population of a single species into separate subpopulations(亚种群).Physical separation between subpopulations promotes the formation of new species because once the members of one subpopulation can no longer mate with members of another subpopulation,they cannot exchange variant genes that arise in one of the subpopulations.In the absence of gene flow between the subpopulations,genetic differences between the groups begin to accumulate. Eventually the subpopulations become so genetically distinct that they cannot interbreed even if the physical barriers between them were removed.At this point the subpopulations have evolved into distinct species.This route to speciation is known as allopatry(“allo-”means“different”,and“patria”means“homeland”).1.The word“promotes”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.DescribesB.EncouragesC.DelaysD.Requires2.According to paragraph1,allopatric speciation involves which of the following?A.The division(分割，部门)of a population into subspeciesB.The reuniting(重聚)of separated populations after they have become distinctspeciesC.The movement of a population to a new homelandD.The absence of gene flow between subpopulationsParagraph2:Allopatric speciation may be the main speciation route.This should not be surprising,since allopatry is pretty common.In general,the subpopulations of most species are separated from each other by some measurable distance.So even under normal situations the gene flow among the subpopulations is more of an intermittent(断断续续的) trickle(细流)than a steady stream.In addition,barriers can rapidly arise and shut off the trickle.For example,in the1800s a monstrous earthquake changed the course of the Mississippi River,a large river flowing in the central part of the United States of America.The change separated populations of insects now living along opposite shores,completely cutting off gene flow between them.3.Why does the author provide the information that“subpopulations of most species are separated from each other by some measurable distance"?A.To indicate how scientists are able to determine whether subpopulations of a species are allopatricB.To define what it means for a group of animals or plants to be a subpopulationC.To suggest that allopatric speciation is not the only route to speciationD.To help explain why allopatric speciation is a common way for new species to come about4.The word“accumulate”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.Become more significantB.Occur randomlyC.Gradually increase in numberD.Cause changes5.In paragraph2,why does the author mention that some insect populations were separated from each other by a change in the course of Mississippi River caused by an earthquake?A.To make the point that some kind of physical barrier separates the subpopulations of most speciesB.To support the claim that the condition of allopatry can sometimes arise in a short timeC.To provide an example of a situation in which gene flow among the populations a species happens at a slow rateD.To explain why insect living along opposite shores of the Mississippi River are very different from each otherParagraph3:Geographic isolation can also proceed slowly,over great spans of time. We find evidence of such extended events in the fossil record,which affords glimpse into the breakup of formerly continuous environments.For example,during past ice ages, glaciers advanced down through North America and Europe and gradually cut off parts of populations from one another.When the glaciers retreated,the separated populations of plants and animals came into contact again.Some groups that had descended from the same parent population were no longer reproductively compatible–they had evolved into separate species.In other groups,however,genetic divergences had not proceeded so far, and the descendants could still interbreed–for them,reproductive isolation was not completed,and so speciation had not occurred.6.According to paragraph3,separation of subpopulations by glaciers resulted in speciation in those groups of plants and animals thatA.Were reproductively isolated even after the glaciers disappearedB.Had adjusted to the old conditions caused by the glaciersC.Were able to survive being separated from their parent populationD.Had experienced some genetic divergences from their parent populationParagraph4:Allopatric speciation can also be brought by the imperceptibly slow but colossal movements of the tectonic plates that make up Earth’s surface.About5million years ago such geologic movements created the land bridge between North America and South America that we call the Isthmus of Panama.The formation of the isthmus had important consequences for global patterns of ocean water flow.While previously the gap between the continents had allowed a free flow of water,now the isthmus presented a barrier that divided the Atlantic Ocean from the Pacific Ocean.This division set the stage for allopatric speciation among populations of fishes and other marine species.7.The word“colossal”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.ConsistentB.GradualC.EnormousD.Effective8.According to paragraph4,which of the following is true of the geologic movements that brought about the Isthmus of Panama?A.The movements brought populations of certain fishes and marine organisms into contact with one another for the first time.B.The movements transferred(转移，转让)populations of fishes and other marine animals between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.C.The movement created conditions that allowed water to flow more freely between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.D.The movement created conditions for the formation of new species of fishes and other marine animals.Paragraph5:In the1980s,John Graves studied two populations of closely related fishes, one population from the Atlantic side of isthmus,the other from the Pacific side.He compared four enzymes found in the muscles of each population.Graves found that all four Pacific enzymes function better at lower temperatures than the four Atlantic versions of the same enzymes.This is significant because Pacific seawater if typically2to3degrees cooler than seawater on the Atlantic side of isthmus.Analysis by gel electrophoresis revealed slight differences in amino acid sequence of the enzymes of two of the four pairs.This is significant because the amino acid sequence of an enzyme is determined by genes.9.The word“sequence”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.QualityB.OrderC.FunctionD.Number10.According to paragraph5,by comparing the enzymes from two related groups of fishes on opposite sides of the isthmus,Graves found evidence thatA.There were slight genetic divergences between the two groupsB.The Atlantic group of fishes were descended from the Pacific group of fishesC.The temperature of water on either side of the isthmus had changedD.Genetic changes in the Atlantic group of fishes were more rapid an frequent than in the Pacific group of fishesParagraph6:Graves drew two conclusions from these observations.First,at least some of the observed differences between the enzymes of the Atlantic and Pacific fish populations were not random but were the result of evolutionary adaptation.Second,it appears that closely related populations of fishes on both sides of the isthmus are starting to genetically diverge from each other.Because Graves’study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations(突变)that are neutral(中立的)or adaptive,divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process.11.It can be inferred from paragraph5and6that the reason Graved concluded that some of the differences between the Pacific and Atlantic enzymes were not random was thatA.Each of the Pacific enzymes works better in cooler watersB.The enzymes of the Atlantic fish populations had not changed since the formation of the Isthmus of PanamaC.Gel electrophoresis showed that the changes benefited both the Atlantic and the Pacific fish populationsD.The differences between the enzymes disappeared when the two fish populations were experimentally switched to other side of the isthmus12.Which of the sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Graves’s study provides evidence that isthmus fishes are in the process of becoming geographically isolated.B.Graves’s study of mutating isthmus fishes yields results that differ from results of other studies involving allopatric speciation.C.Graves’s study of isolated populations of isthmus fishes provides some evidence that allopatric speciation might be beginning.D.Graves’s study indicates that when isolated,populations of isthmus fishes register(登记，注册)neutral or adaptive mutations.Allopatric speciation can also be brought by the imperceptibly slow but colossal movements of the tectonic plates that make up Earth’s surface.■About5million years ago such geologic movements created the land bridge between North America and South America that we call the Isthmus of Panam a.■Wh ile previously the gap between the continents had allowed a free flow of water,now the isthmus presented a barrier that divided the Atlantic Ocean from the Pacific Ocean.■This division set the stage for allopatric speciation among populations of fishes and other marine species.■13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.The formation of the isthmus had important consequences for global patterns of ocean water flow.Where would the sentence best fit?14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points.Allopatric speciation takes place when physically separated populations of a single species gradually diverge genetically to the point of becoming unable to interbreed.Answer ChoicesA.Allopatric speciation is common because the gene flow between subpopulations is generally limited and the barriers that completely separate subpopulations can arise in a variety of ways.---文章第二段B.During past ice ages,some,but not all,subpopulations separated by glaciers evolved into distinct species.---文章第三段C.Speciation does not need to take place through allopatry because subpopulations will form distinct species whenever there are adaptive advantages to not interbreeding with other subpopulations.---没说，文章一直在强调allopatry是最主要的speciation routeD.Physical barriers from glaciers and the movement of tectonic plates form so slowly that the subpopulations on either side of the barriers usually do not form distinct species.---说反，对应文章第三段，可参考词汇题colossal的分析，文章中不仅提到了Slow也说到的大量，从而导致了distinct speciesE.Graves’s study of fish populations separated by the Isthmus of Panama may well provide a picture of the beginning stages of speciation.---与12题的对应的位置一样F.Graves’s study of physically separated fish populations show that there must be large differences between the environments of the isolated populations if allopatric speciation is to take place.---没说到这个点，原文中的词汇题sequence所再句矛盾，氨基酸序列与生活环境相对应，那一句提到了slight differenceEarly Childhood EducationPreschools–educational programs for children under the age of five–differ significantly from one country to another according to the views that different societies hold regarding the purpose of early childhood education.For instance,in a cross-country(越野的，横越全国的)comparison of preschools in China,Japan,and the United States,researchers found that parents in the three countries view the purpose of preschools very differently. Whereas parents in China tend to see preschools primarily as a way of giving children a good start academically,Japanese parents view them primarily as a way of giving children the opportunity to be members of a group.In the United States,in comparison,parents regard the primary purpose of preschools as making children more independent and self-reliant(自力更生的，自恃的),although obtaining a good academic start and having group experience are also important.While many programs designed for preschoolers focus primarily on social and emotional factors,some are geared(适合，开始)mainly toward promoting cognitive gains(收益，获得)and preparing preschoolers for the formal instruction they will experience when they start kindergarten(幼儿园).In the United States,the best-known program designed to promote future academic success is Head Start.Established in the1960s when the United States declared(宣布，断言)the War on Poverty(贫困，困难),the program has served over 13million children and their families.The program,which stresses parental involvement, was designed to serve the“whole child”,including children’s physical health,self-confidence, social responsibility,and social and emotional development.Whether Head Start is seen as successful or not depends on the lens through which one is looking.If,for instance,the program is expected to provide long-term increases in IQ (intelligence quotient)scores,it is a disappointment.Although graduates of Head Start programs tend to show immediate IQ gains,these increases do not last.On the other hand, it is clear that Head Start is meeting its goal of getting preschoolers ready for school. Preschoolers who participate in Head Start are better prepared for future schooling than those who do not.Furthermore,graduates of Head Start programs have better future school grade.Finally,some research suggests that ultimately Head Start graduates show higher academic performance at the end of high school,although the gains are modest.In addition,results from other types of preschool readiness programs indicate that those who participate and graduate are less likely to repeat grades,and they are more likely to complete school than readiness program,for every dollar spent on the program, taxpayers(纳税人)saved seven dollars by the time(等到..时候)the graduates reached the age of27.The most recent comprehensive(综合的，广泛的)evaluation of early intervention(介入，调停)programs suggests that,taken as a group,preschool programs can provide significant benefits,and that government funds invested early in life may ultimately lead to a reduction in future costs.For instance,compared with children who did not participate in early intervention(辅导，介入，调停)programs,participants in various programs showed gains in emotional or cognitive development,better educational outcomes,increased economic self-sufficiency(自给自足),reduced levels of criminal(犯罪的)activity,and improved health-related behaviors.Of course,not every program produced all these benefits,and not every child benefited to the same extent.Furthermore,some researchers argue that less-expensive programs are just as good as relatively expensive ones,such as Head Start. Still,the results of the evaluation were promising(有希望的，有前途的),suggesting that the potential benefits of early intervention can be substantial(大量的，实质的).Not everyone agrees that programs that seek to enhance academic skills during the preschool years are a good thing.In fact,according to developmental psychologist David Elkind,United States society tends to push children so rapidly that they begin to feel stress and pressure at a young age.Elkind argues that academic success is largely dependent upon factors out of parents’control,such as inherited(继承)abilities and a child’s rate ofmaturation.Consequently,children of a particular age cannot be expected to master educational material without taking into account their current level of cognitive development.In short,children require development appropriate educational practice, which is education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.Paragraph1:Preschools–educational programs for children under the age of five–differ significantly from one country to another according to the views that different societies hold regarding the purpose of early childhood education.For instance,in a cross-country comparison of preschools in China,Japan,and the United States,researchers found that parents in the three countries view the purpose of preschools very differently. Whereas parents in China tend to see preschools primarily as a way of giving children a good start academically,Japanese parents view them primarily as a way of giving children the opportunity to be members of a group.In the United States,in comparison,parents regard the primary purpose of preschools as making children more independent and self-reliant, although obtaining a good academic start and having group experience are also important.1.According to paragraph1,parents in Japan tend to think of preschool primarily as a place where children canGet a good academic startExpand their emotional developmentBecome more independentExperience being part of a group2.The word“whereas”in the passage is closest in meaning to表示对比转折AlthoughBecauseMoreoveralreadyParagraph2:While many programs designed for preschoolers focus primarily on social and emotional factors,some are geared mainly toward promoting cognitive gains and preparing preschoolers for the formal instruction they will experience when they start kindergarten.In the United States,the best-known program designed to promote future academic success is Head Start.Established in the1960s when the United States declared the War on Poverty,the program has served over13million children and their families.The program,which stresses parental involvement,was designed to serve the“whole child”, including children’s physical health,self-confidence,social responsibility,and social and emotional development.3.The word“focus”in the passage is closest in meaning toConsiderRespectConcentrateAdvise4.It can be inferred from paragraph2that the Head Start program was designed to serve children whoCome from families that do not have a lot of money Are not doing very well in kindergartenWere born in the1950sNeed programs that focus primarily on social and emotional factorsParagraph3:Whether Head Start is seen as successful or not depends on the lens through which one is looking.If,for instance,the program is expected to provide long-term increases in IQ(intelligence quotient)scores,it is a disappointment.Although graduates of Head Start programs tend to show immediate IQ gains,these increases do not last.On the other hand,it is clear that Head Start is meeting its goal of getting preschoolers ready for school.Preschoolers who participate in Head Start are better prepared for future schooling than those who do not.Furthermore,graduates of Head Start programs have better future school grade.Finally,some research suggests that ultimately Head Start graduates show higher academic performance at the end of high school,although the gains are modest.5.According to paragraph3,the Head Start program had NOT been successful at which of the following?Helping children adjust to schoolProviding long-term increase in IQ scoresImproving school performance throughout high schoolPreventing children from being placed in special-education classesParagraph4:In addition,results from other types of preschool readinessprograms indicate that those who participate and graduate are less likely to repeat grades,and they are more likely to complete(完整的，完成)school than readiness program, for every dollar spent on the program,taxpayers saved seven dollars by the time the graduates reached the age of27.6.In paragraph4,the author mentions the“results from other types of readiness programs”toProvide support for the idea that preschool readiness programs have been somewhat successfulQuestion the idea that Head Start is more effective than other preschool readiness programsIndicate school completion is usually the most reliable indicator of success in most readiness programsEmphasize that participating in readiness programs can be increased if costs are reduced7.According to paragraph4,a cost-benefit analysis of one preschool readiness program revealed thatOnly one dollar’s worth of benefit was gained for every seven dollars spent on the programThe benefits of the program lasted only until the participants reached age27Taxpayers saved seven dollars for every dollar spent on the programTo be successful,the program would need to receive about seven times as much money as it currently receivesParagraph5:The most recent comprehensive evaluation of early intervention programs suggests that,taken as a group,preschool programs can provide significant benefits,and that government funds invested early in life may ultimately lead to a reduction in future costs.For instance,compared with children who did not participate in early intervention programs,participants in various programs showed gains in emotional or cognitive development,better educational outcomes,increased economic self-sufficiency, reduced levels of criminal activity,and improved health-related behaviors.Of course,not every program produced all these benefits,and not every child benefited to the same extent. Furthermore,some researchers argue that less-expensive programs are just as good as relatively expensive ones,such as Head Start.Still,the results of the evaluation were promising,suggesting that the potential benefits of early intervention can be substantial.The word“comprehensive”in the passage is closest in meaning toEasily understoodThorough彻底的，十分的，周密的RespectableObjective客观的，目标的Paragraph5mentions that participants in early intervention programs have been shown to do all of the following better than nonparticipants EXCEPTTake care of their healthSupport themselves financiallyTake care of their own childrenHave increased emotional developmentAccording to paragraph5,which of the following is true about the benefits of early intervention programs?These programs produce good short-term benefits but few long-term benefits.Only the most expensive programs provide substantial benefits.The Head Start program provides a range of benefits that no other program can provide.Some children benefit more than others do from these programs.Paragraph6:Not everyone agrees that programs that seek to enhance academic skills during the preschool years are a good thing.In fact,according to developmental psychologist David Elkind,United States society tends to push children so rapidly that they begin to feel stress and pressure at a young age.Elkind argues that academic success is largely dependent upon factors out of parents’control,such as inherited abilities and a child’s rate of maturation.Consequently,children of a particular age cannot be expected to master educational material without taking into account their current level of cognitive development.In short,children require development appropriate educational practice, which is education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.The word“seek”in the passage is closest in meaning toClaimManageFailAttempt12.The passage mentions“developmental psychologist David Elkind”in order toGive an example of an expert who has designed an effective early childhood education programIntroduce an alternative view about the value of early childhood educationExplain why early childhood education programs are less effective in the United States than in other countriesRefute(驳斥，反驳)the claim that academic success is dependent on factors outside parents’control.Paragraph6:Not everyone agrees that programs that seek to enhance academic skills during the preschool years are a good thing.█In fact,according to developmental psychologist David Elkind,United States society tends to push children so rapidly that they。
TPO-31 Reading 2 解析
Q1正确答案：D解析：根据关键词parents in Japan定位到段落倒数第2句的后半句Japanese parents view them primarily as a way of giving children the opportunity to be members of group。
Q2正确答案：A解析：定位到第一段倒数第2句，Whereas parents in China tend to see和Japanese parents view them primarily as a way of …前后分别叙述了中国家长和日本家长送孩子上幼儿园教育目的，是对两个事实进行比较，有转折关系。
Whereas, “(用以比较或对比两个事实) 然而，但是，尽管”。
Q3正确答案：C解析：根据词汇所在上下文推断词意，focus所在句“While many programs focus primarily on…，some are geared mainly toward…”，大意是幼儿园的教育目的大致分两类，一类集中在social and emotional factors，另一类是集中在promoting cognitive gains。
focus on和concentrate on都有“专注于”的意思；另外这里和focus配合的介词是on, concentrate 也用on，通过动词搭配也可以帮助推断。
Q4正确答案：A解析：题干的意思是Head Start这个项目是为什么样的孩子而设计的。
段落的第2句到段尾句的内容都是对Head Start 这个program的介绍。
第3句后半部分说Head Start的开始是在美国宣布War on Poverty (向贫穷开战)的时候，所以可以推断这个项目是为低收入家庭服务的，A正确。
第3句前半部分的意思是Head Start 项目创立于60年代，服务了1300多万儿童，这些儿童不可能全都出生在50年代，排除C；根据段尾句的描述，可知Head Start目标是“whole child”，即为培养孩子全方面的素质，physical and emotional development只是培养目标的一部分，不是D选项中说的focus primarily on，排除D。
托福TPO31综合写作及材料原文 (细选2篇)
托福TPO31综合写作及材料原文(细选2篇)托福TPO31综合写作及材料原文1托福TPO31综合写作及材料原文2新托福TPO11综合写作材料及2A recent study reveals that people especially young people are reading far less literature – novels, plays, and poems –than they used to. This is troubling because the trend has unfortunate effects for the reading public, for culture in general, and for the future of literature itself.最近的研究显示人们，尤其是年轻人不再像以前那样爱读想小说、喜剧或者诗歌这类文学作品了。
这个现象是令人担忧的。
这是因为这对广大读者受众、对广义文化以及对于文学本身未来的发展都是非常不幸的。
While there has been a decline in book reading generally, the decline has been especially sharp for literature. This is unfortunate because nothing else provides the intellectual stimulation that literature does. Literature encourages us to exercise our imaginations, empathize with others, and expand our understanding of language. So, by reading less literature, the reading public is missing out on important benefits.在书籍阅读量下降的大气候下，文学类书籍阅读量下降更为明显。
托福综合写作和独立写作范文
TPO 31综合写作Both the reading and the listening materials discuss the idea that whether the Sinosauropteryx was a feathered dinosaur. While the reading passage assumes the dinosaur cannot be feathered, the lecturer strongly opposes the reading and believes the three reasons provided are unconvincing.First, as the reading suggests the fine lines are not functional structures but formed after the animal's death, the lecturer believes it is unreasonable to view those fine lines as the outcomes of the decomposition of skin. In fact, there are no fossils of other animals at the same site were found with the similar decomposition; instead, the fossils of other animals discovered there were beautifully preserved, which proves that the fine lines in the Sinosauropteryx are well preserved, functional structures, not fibers formed after death.Second, the reading insists that the fine lines could be frills. However, the lecturer reputes this claim by pointing out that the chemical compositions differ significantly between frills and feathers. That is to way, while feathers consist of much protein called Beta-keratin, frills do not contain such protein. Thus, the fact that the discovered fine lines are proved to contain Beta-keratin indicates that the structures are feathers, not frills.Third, although the reading suggests that the fine line structures are useless for flight or thermoregulation, which are common functions of feathers, the lecturer maintains this is not the case either. He moves on to point out there are other functions performed by feathers such as the display function. To better illustrate this idea, he refers to birds. For example, a peacock may use its tail feathers to attract other peacocks. In fact, the latest research reveal that the fine lines on Sinosauropteryx were colorful - showing the colors of orange and white - and thus they could be feathers for display.In conclusion, while the writer lists three objections to the statements that Sinosauropteryx was a feathered dinosaur, the lecturer casts doubts on all these ideas by providing his own evidence.独立写作It might be widely acknowledged that an individual's level of happiness and satisfaction is hard to measure - if not impossible - due to the pace of changing today. However, when comparing the living quality of the contemporary generation to that of the people in the past, I undoubtedly hold that people at present tend to be happier and more contented. After all, they are embracing the joy and convenience brought about by advanced technology, spiritual pursuit, and social welfare.To begin with, one's quality of life is significantly enhanced by the progression of modern technology. Take transportation for a typical example. Can people today imagine a commute without cars, trains, or aircraft? Unfortunately, such a lifestyle might be mandatory for those living a hundred years ago. Before the advent of steam power, horsepower and manpower are almost predominant in terms of transportation, which means a man had to put in tremendous time and efforts in his daily travel. However, the assorted means of transportation today have given rise to more possibilities in life, considering the huge amount of time and energy saved owing to the convenience of commuting. It is not uncommon to see a man diving in the sea of reading on a train - probably, the four-hour journey becomes a pleasure, rather than an unbearable torture. Therefore, the pleasure and satisfaction gained from modern technology are exquisite for people at present.Another case in point is the joy of spiritual pursuit, which makes the contemporary people free of the temporal, geographical, or even language restraints. Apart from thedevelopment of transportation, the age of Google makes possible an unstoppable, effective communication worldwide. Churches and city halls are no longer the only venues where people can find mental peace; instead, they are equipped with the Internet where even the smallest spiritual inquiry can draw in tens of thousands of responses. Consequently, an individual at present will find him/herself free of the conventional limitations of opinions, for his/her voice can be soundly heard by others who are probably speaking another language, living a totally different lifestyle, and located thousands of miles away. The obtained pleasure and happiness from one's spiritual pursuit are paramount for people nowadays, and such feelings can merely be perceived by those in the past.Last but not least, the enhancement of the social welfare system plays a vital role in improving citizen's feeling of happiness and satisfaction at present time. Just imagine a black Mexican woman's life in America seventy years ago. She was not protected by the law simply because of the color of her skin; she was banned voting simply because of her born gender; she could even be expelled for any working benefits simply because of her origin. Under such circumstance, no one might dare to label her as a happy, contented lady. However, colored women at present are legitimately guaranteed with more rights and social welfares, which include medical care, educational subsidy, and pension. The improved social welfare system leads to a sense of security among citizens, and thus they are more unlikely to get lost even when their immediate surroundings are changing promptly.To sum up, based on an evaluation of the progress in today’s society, it is not unnatural to draw a conclusion that people at present are actually happier and more satisfied than those in the past. Like what have been discussed at the beginning, it is not easy to measure the level of happiness since there is no concrete criterion; however, the improvement of external conditions serves to the well-being of people’s internal awareness.TPO 32Both the reading and the listening passages are discussing the possible causes of "quackers," strange sounds detected by Russian submarines. While the writer provides three assumptions of the sound origins, the speaker, on the contrary, disagrees with all three theories by pointing out certain problems respectively.First, the reading suggests that "quackers" are the calls of male and female ocra whales during a mating process. The lecture believes this theory seems plausible but is quite unlikely to be true. The speaker explains that ocra whales live in general areas of the ocean and mostly around the surface of water; thus, on the one hand, the submarines deep into the ocean could barely hear the sound from the surface, and on the other hand, the sonar system should have detected those whales are nearby by. Therefore, the strange sounds cannot stem from ocra whales.Second, although the reading maintains that the sound could come from giant squids, whose soft bodies with no skeleton make impossible for sonar detection, the speaker belives this is not the case either. In fact, it has been discovered that the "quackers" were firsted detected during the 1960s, and relevant reports continued for two decades until the 1980s when the sounds suddenly disappeared. Therefore, since the giant squids have always been living there, even for today, their constant existence cannot explain why the strange sounds appeared in the 1960s and disappeared two decades later. As a result, the theory of giant squids is proved unconvincing as well.In the end, the speaker believes the third theory provided by the writer - that the sounds were emitted by foreign submarines - cannot hold up. She points out that the sources of detected "quackers" were moving around and promptly changing directions. However, sounds coming from a submarine can hardly move around or change directions fastly. Also, there is no evidence that the engines noises, which are common sounds for a submarine, resembling the "quackers." Therefore, since no submarine technology is able to make it move as fast as the "quackers" and no engines can be totally silent for detection, the strange sounds cannot origin from a foreign submarine.What are the most important decisions that lead the future of society? Education, politics, and economy – just to name a few. To measure one’s influence on the decision-making process of a social event, it is critical to evaluate their roles in different social sections. Given the significance part the younger generation nowadays plays in a society, I believe their influence is enormous, if not indispensable.To begin with, owing to the reformation of our education system, the younger generation is now playing a more influential role than ever at school. For one thing, they are the dominant elements that the entire process of curriculum design, lesson plan, and extracurricular activities has been centered on. Schools and other institutions regard the learning experience of their students as a unanimous priority all the time, not to mention those caring teachers who feel obligatory to ask for periodical feedback from their students as class assessment. As a result, students at present find their opinions and experiences more likely to be heard and considered in and out of class, which consequently influences the future of education in a society.Another area that the youth generation is playing an influential role is politics. The unprecedented advancement of such high-tech platforms as the Internet, smartphones, and social media has equipped the young people with more initiatives to express their political opinions. Moreover, as the youth tend to be more flexible in learning new technologies, it is hardly deniable that they are the dominating groups either on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, or on a certain forum. As a result, though most under-18 youngsters are not legally able to vote, their voices are not neglected; instead, they are exerting a huge impact on those who are allowed to vote, as they may often share opinions on the same social network. Therefore, almost every political decision is determined under the influence of the younger generation by all means.Last but not least, young people’s views are highly valued in today’s economic decisions. It is widely acknowledged that any business decision is made due to various factors, two of which are market demands and consumption power. The youth, in this regard, constitute a major proportion of customers who not only show high demands but also enjoy strong consumption power. For example, the video game industry has become one of the most prosperous economic section worldwide, with tens of thousands of new games launching every year and millions of billions of profits accordingly. From Plants vs. Zombies to Minecraft, the most successful and lucrative video games are designed based on a thorough investigation on the needs, preferences, and requirements of their primary, targeted users – the young people. Thus, they become the predominant voice in directing the decision-making process of a business, and more profoundly, the future path of the economy in a society.To sum up, the young generation has a valuable and vital impact on the important decisions made for the future of a society. Such influences are revealed in such social sections as education, politics, and economy.TPO 33综合写作Both the reading and the listening passages discuss the purposes and meanings of the carved stone balls, a strange type of artifact during the Neolithic period. While the author in the reading provides three possible theories in regard to this issue, the speaker in the following lecture holds that none of the theories is convincing.The first theory provided by the author is that the carved stone balls could serve as weapons for the purpose of hunting or fighting. However, this is not the case, according to the speaker. She mentions that of the commonly-used Neolithic weapons such as arrows, there were always signs of wearing, and thus there should be such signs in the discovered stone balls if the theory of weapons holds up. However, although some of theballs do show cracks or broken pieces, the general of them have no damage at all, which indicates they cannot be used as weapons.Second, the reading suggests the stone balls could be a part of a weights-and-measures system due to the uniform size. However, the lecture reputes this theory by pointing out that the stone balls are actually varying in terms of mass and density. More specifically, they are made of various types of stones such as sandstone and green stone, which leads to noticeable differences in their density. Thus, although the balls are same in size, their weights can be dramatically different. The speaker then uses an example which compares the weight of feathers and that of stones. A handful of feathers may be in same size of a handful of stones, but their weights are tremendously different. Therefore, the second theory in the reading is not persuasive.In the end, the speaker holds that the third theory held by the author who believes in the social purpose of carved stone balls is unlikely to be true either. For one thing, even though some of the stone balls are carved with intricate patterns, many of them have merely simple designs, so that they cannot be representing the important social status of their owners. For another, during the Neolithic period, those high-ranking figures were usually buried with their processions; however, there is no discovery of carved stone balls in any tomes or graves during that period of time. Thus, the theory suggesting the social purpose of stone balls is untenable.独立写作In contemporary ages, learning might be one of the few experiences that we all share. The learning journey starts at a very early age that hardly no one can recall, and goes on until our last breath. Thus, it is of great importance to evaluate different means oflearning. As far as I am concerned, the students learn much more effectively when working together rather than when working alone on school projects.To begin with, working together with other students and colleagues can dramatically enhance productivity in a given school project. That is to say, cooperation means a mighty, collective power that far outweighs the effect of working alone. For example, a school projects may include such several phases as researching, planning, implementing, assessing, and refining. Apart from how time-consuming it could be to finish the work before deadline, it would be more desirable if a number of students could focus on the researching phase and let others cope with the planning or implementing processes. In the end, the fruit of work attributes to all members participating in the project and perfecting in their own role. On the contrary, if one decides to work independently, even a handy school project can end up to be a “missio n impossible.”Another benefit of working together lies in the improved quality of one’s learning process. That is to say, in spite of finishing a single project, a person gains much more by observing and communicating with his/her peers. It is highly possible that one finds him/herself establishing unbreakable friendships with a couple of classmates because they happen to work for months in a project. Or, it is also possible that one finds an agitating personality flaw in him/herself – for example, being too stubborn – when involving into an endless quarrel with another. In that case, working on the school projects allows students with a precious chance to not only widen their social network and but also reflect on their characteristics. Both benefits are imperatively essential for one’s future success and unfortunately difficult to obtain when working alone.Admittedly, those who stands for independent work have their merits. After all, it seems difficult – if not impossible at all – to avoid occasional controversies, disagreements, or even quarrels when an individual works within a group. It also means that students in a group have to deal with times when different viewpoints hamper the project process in an annoying way. However, it should be noted that such concerns can in effect be readily addressed if rules are set up beforehand and a trustworthy leadership is confirmedalongside. In that condition, students in a same group would find it much easier to deal with problems while in the meantime reaching the common ground faster.To sum up, when teachers assign school projects on which students must work together, they are not doing this without a purpose or a good intention. Students, on the other hand, should take advantages of such precious opportunities to not only rock their school work but also learn from the experience itself.TPO34综合写作Both the reading and the listening passage discuss the possible causes for the extinction of the Steller's sea cow, a marine animal living around Bering Island off the coast of Siberia. While the writer in the reading provides three theories about the primary causes of the extinction, the lecturer in the listening holds that all these theories are problematic to some extent.The first theory provided by the writer centers on the overhunting problem of the native Siberian people. However, the lecturer points out that sea cows were actually massive creatures - approximately 9 meters in length and over 10 tons in weight. Even a couple of sea cows could provide months of food for a Siberian village. Besides, the population of the native Siberians was not large at that time. Therefore, while the Siberians did hunt sea cows for food, they could not hunt a lot of them. In this regard, the first theory about overhunting is untenable.Second, the reading suggests the extinction could also be caused by ecosystems disturbances which led to a decline of kelp, the major food source for sea cows. This, however, is not the case either, according to the lecturer. In his view, if there were indeed severe ecosystems disturbances before 1768, the kelp could not be the only kind of animal whose population was significantly impacted. That is to say, other parts of the ecosystems should also show signs of influence due to the disturbances. For example, other marine creatures, such as whales, should also be badly impacted. However, fishships did not find evidence for a noticeable decline in the whale population around that area during that time. Consequently, there was no broader ecosystem problems and the kelp population was probably fine. In other words, the theory food shortage provided in the reading is unconvincing either.In the end, the lecturer firstly admits that the third theory in the reading - that the European fur traders could cause the extinction - seems possible at the first glance, but he then points out that this theory is unlikely to be true. In illustrating this idea, he mentions that by the time the Europeans arrived, the sea cow population had already been very small, and its largest population was, in fact, hundreds of years before the 1700s. Thus, something must have happened before those traders arrived; and that "something" should be the main cause for the extinction of sea cows rather than the European traders who were merely the last to arrive at the island.独立写作The age of Google has been exerting its inevitable impacts on every aspect of an individual life, with the field of education being no exception. It is quite understandable that some would worry about the potential drawbacks brought about by the Internet, especially for those standing for the conventional education beliefs. However, in my opinion, I disagree with the statement that the youth education becomes harder because students are spending too much time on cell phone, online games, and social networking websites. Instead, it is indeed the advent of such technologies that open up new avenues for the future of education.To begin with, such new technologies as cell phone, online games, and social media sites serve as new sources for knowledge, which in turn benefit the student’s learningprocess. That is to say, in-class curriculum is no longer the authoritative, sole voice in education, which means the role of teachers becomes less significant to some extent. Is this a good thing? Positively. With new sources to conduct research, communicate with others, and share opinions, children will find it much easier accessing to more versatile facets of education. Even for those who can hardly digest what they are impacted in class while feeling too embarrassed to ask for help from teachers, they are now embracing the comfort and the pleasure of anonymity online -their cell phones become their portable fountain of knowledge. So, next time when a child is accused to spend too much time on his/her cell phone, chances are he/she is just buried him/herself in learning, rather than wasting time.Besides, education is in effect getting easier today since most schools and institutions have been incorporating multimedia devices into their classrooms. Such attempts have given rise to very desirable outcomes. For example, a series of research on the field of learning sciences have justified the role that online games plays in educating children in regard to such skills as algebra, word spelling, and basic geometry. Those who consider the traditional lecture-based classrooms tedious are more likely to speak highly of the game-oriented learning experience. Another example lies in the use of social media, such as Facebook. In fact, virtual groups established via Facebook are able to provide impressively functional platforms for the asynchronical communication that connects every one in a class. Not only do private groups enable effective, in-time communication between teachers and children, they but also help engender a sense of security and belonging among the children, who consider themselves valued and appreciated by the elders since they are closely connected to each other on social media.Admittedly, it is still possible that education becomes a more difficult task today because there are always students spending so much time on phones, games, and Facebook that their scores are dramatically harmed. However, it should be noted here that such problem can be promptly addressed if children are not banned of using technologies, but taught with the proper, beneficial ways of using them. In this regard, incorporating media devices into classroom teaching is an effective approach by all means. Also,children should be encouraged by both parents and teachers to make advantage of the enormous learning sources online to explore their academic interests, whatever they are.To sum up, I believe education has become an easier task today since the technologies of cell phones, online games, and social networking websites have brought about several benefits to children’s learning process. For those worrying about the drawbacks of technology, they should know that education is never an easy task, as it always takes time and efforts from the very first day of school. However, technologies are designed to make life easier, not harder.。
tpo31综合写作文本
tpo31综合写作文本托福独立写作题目三大类介绍托福写作，托福独立写作，托福写作题目托福独立写作题目三大类介绍。
托福独立写作的题目总体来讲可以分为三大类，分别是绝对词，比较级和隐藏类。
仔细阅读下文内容，希望对您有帮助！托福独立写作题目三大类介绍。
对于任何一篇托福写作，我们只要掌握了论证技巧，其他的得分要点就在于我们怎么组织文章的结构了，也就是解题技巧。
下面我们分类为大家讲解这三大类题型的解题技巧。
一、托福独立写作题目类型：含有绝对词类1、含有绝对词类题目特点：绝对词顾名思义，题目中所给出的statement比较的绝对，极端。
所以比较级类型的题目都是有懈可击的，我们采取Disagree的态度就比较好写，也比较严谨。
绝对词中第一类是最高级，也就是说事物A是最好的。
这里面其实隐含了B,C,D等等。
比如说提高教育质量最好的方法是给教师加薪。
这里面A就是给教师加薪，而BCD则可能是指改善教育设施，引进教学方法，教师培训，家长等方面。
2、比较好的行文思路有以下几种：1让步段承认给教师加薪确实很不错；转折段说明改善教育设施也好；递进再说明给教师提供专业培训也一样的好（可写可不写）2让步段承认给教师加薪确实很不错；转折段说明给教师加薪可能存在的负面影响（也就是A的不好）；递进说明还有其他非常不错的方法。
3开头段直接说明给教师加薪确实不错，但也有其他好的方法；主题段落选择两到三种其他同样有效的措施。
以上三种方法得出的结论都是证明A（给教师加薪不是最好的）。
其中，第二种方法强烈推荐，但是可能写作起来难度稍大。
因为如果别人说某件事物最好，我们就很难挑出这件事物的瑕疵。
比如：Advertisingisthemostimportantcauseofunhealthyeatinghabit.我们在让步段可以说明广告业对不健康饮食的影响，但是转这段很少有人能想出广告对健康饮食的促进。
但是，某些公益广告确实是有助于人们摆脱不健康饮食。
TPO-31 Reading 1 解析
Q1正确答案：B解析：根据词汇所在上下文推断词意。
选项中符合Physical separation between subpopulations和the formation of new species之间逻辑关系的动词是encourage。
promote，“促进；推动”。
Q2正确答案：D解析：段落最后一句话出现了allopatry，allopatric speciation所包含的内容要定位到上文“In the absence of gene flow between the subpopulation.betevloved into distinct species”。
因为absence of gene flow , 导致genetic differences accumulate, 最终genetically distinct形成新物种，D正确。
注意不要被A误导，因为段落中只有subpopulation，没有subspecies。
Q3正确答案：D解析：通过该段的前2句话来理解作者写第3句话的用意。
前2句话概括了本段主旨：“Allopatric speciation是物种形成的主要方式，并且非常普遍”，第3句话帮助解释为什这种方式普遍，“大多数物种的子群都是被自然距离分开的”。
整段内容也是围绕着主旨来写的。
Q4正确答案：C解析：根据词汇所在上下文判断词义:“genetic differences begin to accumulate. Eventually the subpopulations become so genetically distinct”，A和C都可做备选。
Eventually（最后，终于）是帮助判断accumulate词义的关键词，这个词代表某事经过了缓慢的过程，gradually更合适。
从词义上看accumulate是“积累”，是一个由少及多的过程，而changes是中立的“变化”，趋势不明确，increase是增加，因此选C。
托福TPO31阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析
托福TPO31阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO31阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Savanna FormationLocated in tropical area at low altitudes,savannas are stable ecosystems,some wet and somedry consisting of vast grasslands with scattered treeor shrubs.They occur on a wide range of soil typesand in extremes of climate.There is no simple or single factor that determines if a given sitewill be a savanna,but some factors seem to play important roles in their formation.热带草原或热带稀树草原位于热带低海拔地区，干湿气候皆有。
稀疏分布着树木和灌木的广阔大草原，其为一个稳定的生态系统。
气候极端，涵盖了广泛的土壤种类。
对于热带草原的形成原因，虽无单一的解释，但似乎仍有一些因素对其形成起到了重大作用。
Savannas typically experience a rather prolonged dry season.One theory behind savannaformation is that wet forest species are unable to withstand the dry season,and thussavanna,rather than rain forest,is favored on the site.Savannas experience an annual rainfallof between 1000 and 2000 millimeters,most of it falling in a five-to-eight month wet season.Though plenty of rain may fall on a savanna during the year,for at least part of the year littledoes,creating the drought stress ultimately favoring grasses.Such conditions prevailthroughout much of northern South America and Cuba,but many Central American savannasas well as coastal areas of Brazil and the island of Trinidad do not fit this pattern.In theseareas,rainfall per month exceeds that in the above definition,so other factors mustcontribute to savanna formation.热带草原通常会经历十分漫长的旱季。
托福TPO31独立写作题目文本+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO31独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO31独立写作题目原文： Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Because the world is changing so quickly, people now are less happy or less satisfied with their lives than people were in the past. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 托福TPO31独立写作满分范文： In modern society, there is no denying that our paces speed up. A small proportion of people who cannot keep up with this trend or resist the world for the fittest, may hold a viewpoint that a mutable society leads people to less satisfaction and mitigation of sense of happiness since such a world might cause the alienation between good fellows and contamination of our environment; however, in my view, it is not the case. As a matter of fact, in a world changing more rapidly, people tend to become satisfied much more easily. First illustration which can demonstrate my opinion can be the trail of technological development. In the past five decades, millions of new inventions had appeared, entering our daily life, making it much more convenient. To name a good example, in 1896,Benz assembled the first three-wheel car in the world. Though it brought accidents and mortality to the world, we cannot deny the enjoyment of ferocious speed brought by cars, which made our jaunt convenient. We can simply drop by a old friend 100 miles, a distance taking at least half day before, away in one hour. Another good instance is the invention of smart phone. in 1972, Martin, the chief engineer in Moto devised the first portable telephone. Then, this innovation revolutionized out life. Just simply imagine what our life looked like without cell phones: people could not keep contact with their friends and exigent messages might be blocked. Then in 2007, Steve Jobs brought iPhone with Facetime to the world. The most significant aspect of Facetime is that this app allows us to communicate with actual image, not just voices. Then, how can we state that modern society steals the sense of fraternity among people? Second demonstration which can help me develop my view that a rapidly changing society makes people more satisfied is the use of new energy resources. We may still remember the Great Smog, one of the gravest air pollution accidents in our history due to the heavily gathered inversion layer of sulfur dioxide originated with burning of coal in 1950s, London. People died of respiratory diseases after inhalation of poisonous air. How can they live happily in a world brimmed with pollutions? Butnowadays, we have developed new energy resources to tackle this problem such as hydropower and wind power. To name an example, in 2007, nuclear power plants generate 14% of the total electricity of the US, thus saving tons of coals and reducing the level of inhalable particles. Recently, governments and organizations have taken measures to support researches of renewable resources and to find substitutes for fossil fuels. Natural reserves and sanctuaries are established, places of interest and spots are refurbished, and factories and manufacturers with pestilent exhaust are shut down. People therefore are provided with much more opportunities to relax by enjoying the beauty of nature. To draw a conclusion, in a world that is rapidly changing, we are offered a variety of brand-new experiences and highly evolved products, which make life much easier than before. We are in a world filled with convenience brought by high technologies that develop so fast. Then, how can we blame on the changing world while enjoying happiness and satisfactions originated from them? 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO31独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
TPO阅读1-34汇总【含原文翻译解析答案】
TPO阅读1-34汇总【含原文翻译解析答案】TPO1-34综合写作TPO 1 (1)1. 阅读部分 (1)2. 听力部分 (3)3. 范文赏析 (5)TPO 2 (7)1. 阅读部分 (7)2. 听力部分 (10)3. 范文赏析 (12)TPO 3 (14)1. 阅读部分 (14)2. 听力部分 (16)3. 范文赏析 (17)TPO4 (19)1. 阅读部分 (19)2. 听力部分 (20)3. 范文赏析 (22)TPO5 (24)1. 阅读部分 (24)2. 听力部分 (24)3. 范文赏析 (24)TPO6 (25)1. 阅读部分 (25)2. 听力部分 (25)3. 范文赏析 (25)TPO7 (26)1. 阅读部分 (26)2. 听力部分 (26)3. 范文赏析 (26) TPO8 (27)1. 阅读部分 (27)2. 听力部分 (27)3. 范文赏析 (27) TPO9 (28)1. 阅读部分 (28)2. 听力部分 (28)3. 范文赏析 (28) TPO10 (29)1. 阅读部分 (29)2. 听力部分 (29)3. 范文赏析 (29) TPO11 (30) 1. 阅读部分 (30) 3. 范文赏析 (30) TPO12 (31)1. 阅读部分 (31)2. 听力部分 (32)3. 范文赏析 (34) TPO13 (35)1. 阅读部分 (35)2. 听力部分 (36)3. 范文赏析 (38) TPO14 (39)1. 阅读部分 (39)2. 听力部分 (40)3. 范文赏析 (41) TPO15 (43) 1. 阅读部分 (43)3. 范文赏析 (45) TPO16 (47)1. 阅读部分 (47)2. 听力部分 (48)3. 范文赏析 (49) TPO17 (51)1. 阅读部分 (51)2. 听力部分 (52)3. 范文赏析 (54) TPO18 (55)1. 阅读部分 (55)2. 听力部分 (55)3. 范文赏析 (55) TPO19 (56)1. 阅读部分 (56)2. 听力部分 (56)3. 范文赏析 (56) TPO20 (57)1. 阅读部分 (57)2. 听力部分 (57)3. 范文赏析 (57) TPO21 (58)1. 阅读部分 (58)2. 听力部分 (58)3. 范文赏析 (58) TPO22 (59) 1. 阅读部分 (59) 3. 范文赏析 (59) TPO23 (60)2. 听力部分 (60)3. 范文赏析 (60) TPO24 (61)1. 阅读部分 (61)2. 听力部分 (61)3. 范文赏析 (61) TPO25 (62)1. 阅读部分 (62)2. 听力部分 (62)3. 范文赏析 (62) TPO26 (63)1. 阅读部分 (63)2. 听力部分 (63)3. 范文赏析 (63) TPO27 (64)1. 阅读部分 (64)2. 听力部分 (64)3. 范文赏析 (64) TPO28 (65)1. 阅读部分 (65)2. 听力部分 (65)3. 范文赏析 (65) TPO29 (66)1. 阅读部分 (66)2. 听力部分 (66)3. 范文赏析 (66) TPO30 (67)1. 阅读部分 (67)2. 听力部分 (67)3. 范文赏析 (67)TPO31 (68)1. 阅读部分 (68)2. 听力部分 (68)3. 范文赏析 (68)TPO32 (69)1. 阅读部分 (69)2. 听力部分 (70)3. 范文赏析 (70)TPO33 (71)1. 阅读部分 (71)3. 范文赏析 (71)TPO34 (72)1. 阅读部分 (72)2. 听力部分 (73)3. 范文赏析 (74)TPO 11. 阅读部分In the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.在美国，职员一般执行的一周五天，每天八小时工作制。
托福TPO31阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
breakup offormerly continuous environments.For example,during past ice ages,glaciers advanceddown through North America and Europe and gradually cut off parts of populations from oneanother.When the glacier retreated,the separated populations of plants and animals cameinto contact again.Some groups that had descended from the same parent population wereno longer reproductively compatible— they had evolved into separate species.In othergroups,however,genetic divergences had not proceeded so far,and the descendants could stillinterbreed—for them,reproductive isolation was not completeБайду номын сангаас,and so speciation had notoccurred.
Geographic isolation also can proceed slowly,over great spans of time.We find evidenceof such extended events in the fossil record,which affords glimpses into the
TPO 31 问题及答案
1.The word "promotes" in the passage is closestin meaning toA.describes.B.encourages.C.delays.D.requires.2.According to paragraph 1, allopatric speciation involves which of the following?A.The division of a population into subspecies.B.The reuniting of separated populations after they have become distinct species.C.The movement of a population to a new homeland.D.The absence of gene flow between subpopulations.3.Why does the author provide the information that "the subpopulations of mostspecies are separated from each other by some measurable distance"? A.To indicate how scientists are able to determine whether subpopulations of a species areallopatric.B.To define what it means for a group of animals or plants to be a subpopulation.C.To suggest that allopatric speciation is not the only route to subpopulation.D.To help explain why allopatric speciation is a common way for new species to come about.4.The word "accumulate" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.Become more significant.B.Occur randomly.C.Gradually increase in number.D.Cause changes.5.In paragraph 2,why does the author mention that some insect populations wereseparated from each other by a change in the course of Mississippi River cau sed by an earthquake?A.To make the point that some kind of physical barrier separates the subpopulations of most species.B.To support the claim that the condition of allopatry can sometimes arise ina short time.C.To provide an example of a situation in which gene flow among the subpop ulations of a species happens at a slow rate.D.To explain why insects living along opposite shores of the Mississippi River a re very differentfrom each other.6.According to paragraph 3，separation of subpopulations by glaciers resulted inspeciation in those groups of plants and animals thatA.were reproductively isolated even after the glaciers disappeared.B.had adjusted to the old conditions caused by the glaciers.C.were able to survive being separated from their parent population.D.had experienced some genetic divergences from their parent population.7.The word "colossal" in the passage is closet in meaning toA.consistent.B.gradual.C.enormous.D.effective.8.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the geologic mov ementsthat brought about the Isthmus of Panama?A.The movements brought populations of certain fishes and marine organism s into contactwith one another for the first time.B.The movements transferred populations of fishes and other marine animals between thePacific and Atlantic Oceans.C.The movements created conditions that allowed water to flow more freely b etween the Pacificand Atlantic Oceans.D.The movements created conditions for the formation of new species of fis hes and othermarine animals.9.The word "sequence" in the passage is closet in meaning toA.quality.B.order.C.function.D.number.10.According to paragraph 5, by comparing the enzymes from two related groups offishes on opposite sides of the isthmus, Graves found evidence thatA.there were slight genetic divergences between the two groups.B.the Atlantic group of fishes were descended from the Pacific group of fishes.C.the temperature of water on either side of the isthmus had changed.D.genetic changes in the Atlantic group of fishes were more rapid and frequ ent than in thePacific group of fishes.11.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 and 6 that the reason Graves conclu ded thatsome of the differences between the Pacific and Atlantic enzymes wer e not random was thatA.each of the Pacific enzymes works better in cooler waters.B.the Enzymes of the Atlantic fish populations had not changed since the for mation of theIsthmus of Panama.C.gel electrophoresis showed that the changes benefited both the Atlantic and the Pacific fishpopulations.D.the differences between the enzymes disappeared when the two fish popula tions wereexperimentally switched to other side of the isthmus.12.Which of the sentence below best expresses the essential information in t hehighlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning inimportant ways or leave out essential information.A.Graves's study provides evidence that isthmus fishes are in the process of becominggeographically isolated.B.Graves's study of mutating isthmus fishes yields results that differ from re sults of otherstudies involving allopatric speciation.C.Graves's study of isolated populations of isthmus fishes provides some ev idence thatallopatric speciation might be beginningD.Grave's study indicates that when isolated, populations of isthmus fished register neutral or adaptive mutations.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can beadded to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? The formati on of the isthmus had important consequences for global patterns of ocean water flow.Allopatric speciation can also be brought by the imperceptibly slow but colos sal movements ofthe tectonic plates that make up Earth's surface. ■【A】 About 5 million years ago suchgeologic movements created the land bri dge between North America and South America that wecall the Isthmus of Pa nama. The formation of the isthmus had important consequences for global patterns of ocean water flow. ■【B】 While previously the gap between the continentshad allowed a free flo w of water, now the isthmus presented a barrier that divided the AtlanticOc ean from the Pacific Ocean. ■【C】This division set the stage for allopatric speciation amongpopulations of fishes and other marine species. ■【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choic es thatexpress the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not bel ong in thesummary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passages or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Allopatric speciation takes place when physically separated populations of a sin gle speciesgradually diverge genetically to the point of becoming unable to interbreed A.Allopatric speciation is common because the gene flow between subpopulat ions is generallylimited and the barriers that completely separate subpopulations can arise i n a variety of ways.B.During past ice ages, some, but not all, subpopulations separated by glaci ers evolved into distinct species.C.Speciation does not need to take place through allopatry because subpopulations will formdistinct species whenever there are adaptive advantages or notD.Physical barriers from glaciers and the movement of tectonic plates form s o slowly that thesubpopulations on either side of the barriers usually do not form distinctspecies.E.Graves's study of fish populations separated by the Isthmus of Panama ma y well provide apicture of the beginning stages of speciation.F.Graves's study of physically separated fish populations show that there mu st be largedifferences between the environments of the isolated populations if allopatric speciation is to take place.1.promote本身是促进的意思。
托福TPO31综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO31×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄ+ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄ+Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO31×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡A fossil skeleton of a dinosaur called Sinosauropteryx, preserved in volcanic ash, was discovered in Liaoning, China, in 1996. Interestingly, the fossil included a pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones. Some paleontologists interpret the lines as evidence that Sinosauropteryx had feathers. However, critics have opposed the idea that Sinosauropteryx was a feathered dinosaur, citing several reasons. First, the critics points out that the fine lines may not even represent functional structures of a living dinosaur, but rather structures that were formed after the animal¡¯s death. After the animal died and was buried in volcanic ash, its skin may have decomposed into fibers. The skin fibers then became preserved as lines in the fossil; the lines were misinterpreted as evidence of feathers. Second, even if the fine lines are remains of real structures of a Sinosauropteryx, scientists cannot tell with certainty what part of the dinosaur¡¯s anatomy the structures were. Many dinosaurs had frills, ornamental fan-shaped structures growing out of some parts of their bodies. Some of the critics argue that the lines surrounding the skeleton are much more likely to be fossilized remains of frills than remains of feathers. A third objection is based on the fact that the usual functions of feathers are to help animals fly or regulate their internal temperature. However, the structures represented by the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil were mostly located along the backbone and the tail of the animal. This would have made the structures quite useless for flight and of very limited use in thermoregulation. This suggests that the lines do not represent feathers.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO31×ÛºÏд×÷ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡ProfessorThe evidence that the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil represent feathers is very strong. The arguments of the critics are unconvincing.First, it is unlikely that the lines are a result of the decomposition of the dinosaur's skin, because we don't see any such decomposition in the fossils of other animals buried at the same site. In fact, the fossils of many other animals buried at the site show evidence that their functional skin structures have been beautifully preserved in volcanic ash. The well-preserved condition of the other fossils makes it likely that the Sinosauropteryx's lines are also well-preserved functional structures, possibly feathers, and that they are not fibers caused by decomposition.Second, the idea that the lines represent frills¡-well, there is an important chemical difference between feathers and frills. Feathers contain a great deal of protein called Beta-keratin. Frills, on the other hand, do not contain beta-keratin. Our chemical analyses suggest that the Sinosauropteryx structures did contain beta-keratin. So that indicates that the structures were feathers, not frills.Third, feathers can be used for other functions than flight and thermoregulation. Think of a bird, like peacock, for example. The peacock has long, colorful feathers in its tail. And it displays its tail in orderto attract a mate. That's a distinct function of feathers called the display function. Recently, we have been able to do analyses on the Sinosauropteryx structures that show us that the structures were colorful. They were orange and white. The fact they were colorful strongly supports the idea that they were feathers that this dinosaur use for display.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO31×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ1£º¡¡¡¡The reading passage refutes the idea that the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil indicated a feathered dinosaur by demonstrating several counterarguments. The lecturer, however, is strongly convinced that lines could represent feathers through addressing the questions advanced by the reading. To start with, according to the reading, those lines may derive from decomposition of a died dinosaur¡¯ skin instead of being part of a living one. The lecturer does not believe this point for the reason that other animals¡¯ fossils that are buried at the same site have not shown such kind of decomposition; instead, their functional skin structures have been perfectly preserved in the volcanic ash. Therefore, these lines are likely to be well-preserved feathers instead of fibers. Moving on, the reading proposes that the lines may be the frills rather than remains of feathers. The listening argues this is not true. She further explains that there is an apparent chemical difference between feathers and frills. Feathers contain protein called beta-keratin while frills do not. And the chemical analysis suggested that Sinosauropteryx¡¯s structures contain protein beta-keratin. Last but not least importantly, the reading puts emphasis on such a fact that lines around the backbone and the tail of the Sinosauropteryx cannot play the role of helping it fly or regulating its body temperature but common feathers have these functions. The lecturer, by contrasts mentions other functions of the feathers by using peacock as an example. The peacock has colorful feathers in its tail to attract the mate. Recent analysis has found that Sinosauropteryx¡¯s structures are also colorful, which can also be used for display.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO31×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ2£º¡¡¡¡In the reading passage, critics have opposed the idea that Sinosauropteryx was a feathered dinosaur. However, the speaker refutes this criticism and states that the evidence that the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil represent feathers is very strong First, although the critics claim that the lines might be formed after animal¡¯s death, which were a result of deposition of dinosaur¡¯s skin, the speaker contends that there are no such decomposition in the fossils of other animals buried at the same site. The Sinosauropteryx¡¯s lines are very likely to be well-preserved since fossils of many other animals buried at the site show that the functional skin structures have been beautifully preserved. Second, some critics hold the idea that surrounding the skeleton are much more likely to be fossilized remains of frills. However, the speaker casts strong doubt over this idea. He states that chemical analyses suggest that the structures were feathers since the structure did contain。
TPO-31 Reading 3 解析
Q1正确答案：C解析：可以根据词根推断词意，prolonged词根为long，“长度”。
p rolonged（形容词），“持久的，长期的”；prolong（动词）, “延长”。
选项C的length是长度的意思，lengthy变为形容词，和prolonged是近义词。
Q2正确答案：B解析：根据词汇定位到Such conditions prevail throughout much of northern South America and Cuba, but many Central American savannas as well as coastal areas of Brazil and the island of Trinidad do not fit this pattern。
这句话前半句和后半句是转折关系，也就是说Central America等地和前面介绍的地方pattern不一样，提到它们是为了指出例外情况。
Q3正确答案：D解析：根据关键词differ定位段落第1句，“稀树草原和雨林的土壤是相似的，但是稀树草原的土壤更极端一点”。
extreme soil的特点定位到段尾extreme soil conditions, either too wet or too dry for forests, are satisfactory for savannas。
D选项是对这个特点准确的同义改写。
Q4正确答案：B解析：notably，副词，“尤其；特别；极大程度上；非常”。
形容词形式notable，“值得注意的；显著的；重要的”。
Q5正确答案：A解析：这道题问的是关于Savanna的土壤成分哪个选项错误。
根据notably low concentrations of such minerals as phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and potassium，确定A选项错误。
TPO31-R2解析
TPO 31‐R ‐2a way of giving children the opportunity to be members of a group . In the United States, in comparison, parents regard the primary purpose of preschools as making children more independent and400-000-6150D. need programs that focus primarily onsocial and emotional factorsParagraph 2 is marked with an arrow >.D. Preventing children from being placed inspecial ‐education classesParagraph 3 is marked with an arrow >. C. indicate school completion is usually themost reliable indicator of success in most readiness programsD. emphasize that participation in readinessprograms can be increased if costs are parental involvement, was designed to serve the "whole child", including children's physical health,self ‐confidence, social responsibility, and social and emotional development. Head Start programs tend to show immediate IQ gains, these increases do lot last . On the other hand, it is clear that Head Start is meeting its goal of getting preschoolers ready for school.Preschoolers who participate in Head Start are better prepared for future schooling than those who do not. Furthermore, graduates of Head Start programs have better future school grade. Finally, some research suggests that ultimately Head Start graduates show higher academic performance at the end of high school, although the gains are modest.400-000-6150reducedParagraph 4 is marked with an arrow >.C. taxpayers saved seven dollars for everydollar spent on the programD. to be successful, the program would need400-000-6150of benefits that no other program can provide.D. Some children benefit more than othersStates than in other countriesD. refute the claim that academic success isdependent on factors outside parents' controlis education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.================================= ■Consequently, children of a particular age cannot be expected to mastereducational material without taking into account their current level of cognitive400-000-6150Preschool programs provide opportunities for young children to develop socially, emotionally, and cognitively.A. B. C. D. E. development. ■In short, children require development appropriate educational practice, which is education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.children and may not be effective if F.400-000-6150TPO小站社区-热门版块推荐【托福资料库】托福备考资料荟萃，托福考试精品资料大汇总！【托福机经专区】TPO小站机经免费发布下载，各大机构最新最全机经汇总！【TPO专区】TPO模考软件最新版，TPO全套资料下载！【写作冲锋队】发布作文练习，每日有专业托福写作老师免费批改和评分！【口语冲锋队】在线上传发布口语录音练习，专业口语老师免费评分点评！【托福公开课】托福公开课，定期举行。
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今天，小编为托福考生们准备了托福综合写作TPO31,希望各位考生们在TPO写作真题里能够得到锻炼，祝广大托福考生能够取得理想成绩。
托福TPO31综合写作 Reading Part:
A fossil skeleton of a dinosaur called Sinosauropteryx, preserved in
volcanic ash, was discovered in Liaoning, China, in 1996. Interestingly, the
fossil included a pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones. Some
paleontologists interpret the lines as evidence that Sinosauropteryx had
feathers. However, critics have opposed the idea that Sinosauropteryx was a
feathered dinosaur, citing several reasons.
First, the critics points out that the fine lines may not even represent
functional structures of a living dinosaur, but rather structures that were
formed after the animal’s death. After the animal died and was buried in
volcanic ash, its skin may have decomposed into fibers. The skin fibers then
became preserved as lines in the fossil; the lines were misinterpreted as
evidence of feathers.
Second, even if the fine lines are remains of real structures of a
Sinosauropteryx, scientists cannot tell with certainty what part of the
dinosaur’s anatomy the structures were. Many dinosaurs had frills, ornamental
fan-shaped structures growing out of some parts of their bodies. Some of the
critics argue that the lines surrounding the skeleton are much more likely
to be fossilized remains of frills than remains of feathers.
A third objection is based on the fact that the usual functions of feathers
are to help animals fly or regulate their internal temperature. However, the
structures represented by the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil were mostly
located along the backbone and the tail of the animal. This would have made the structures quite useless for flight and of very limited use in thermoregulation. This suggests that the lines do not represent feathers.
托福TPO31综合写作 Listening Part:
The evidence that the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil represent
feathers is very strong. The arguments of the critics are unconvincing.
First, it is unlikely that the lines are a result of the decomposition of
the dinosaur ’s skin, because we don’t see any such decomposition in the fossils of other animals buried at the same site. In fact, the fossils of many other animals buried at the site show evidence that their functional skin structures have been beautifully preserved in volcanic ash. The well-preserved condition of the other fossils makes it likely that the Sinosauropteryx’s lines are also well-preserved functional structures, possibly feathers, and that they are not fibers caused by decomposition.
Second, the idea that the lines represent frills… well, there is an
important chemical difference between feathers and frills. Feathers contain a great deal of a protein called Beta-keratin. Frills, on the other hand, do not contain beta-keratin. Our chemical analyses suggest that the Sinosauropteryx structures did contain beta-keratin. So that indicates that the structures were feathers, not frills.
Third, feathers can be used for other functions than flight and thermoregulation. Think of a bird, like peacock, for example. The peacock has long, colorful feathers in its tail. And it displays its tail in order to attract a mate. That’s a distinct function of feathers called the display。