上海师范2018-2019年考博英语真题博士试题

上海师范大学2019年招收攻读博士学位研究生考试试题考试科目：1001英语考生注意：所有答案必需写在答题纸上，否则无效！本试题随同答题纸交回！Part I Vocabulary and StructureDirections:For each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.1.The patient has been____________of the safety of the operation.A.guaranteedB.assuredC.entrustedD.confirmed2.Some teenagers harbour a generalized resentment against society,which_________them therights and privileges of adults,although physically they are mature.A.deprivesB.restrictsC.rejectsD.denies3.When travelling,you are advised to take travellers’checks,which provide a secure____________to carrying your money in cash.A.substituteB.selectionC.preferenceD.alternative4.The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her___________attitude towardcustomers.A.impartialdC.hostileD.opposing5.Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December25th___________the birth ofJesus Christ.A.in accordance withB.in terms ofB.in favor of D.in honor of6.No one imagined that the apparently_________businessman was really a criminal.A.respectiveB.respectableC.respectfulD.receptacle7.In some parts of the world the indigenous population has been completely_______.A.wiped upB.wiped outC.wiped awayD.wiped off8.___________the invention of the steam engine,most forms of transport were horse-drawn.A.Akin toB.Prior toC.In addition toD.With reference to9.Because his workplace was so busy and noisy,he longed most of all for__________.A.lonelinessB.associationC.solitudeD.irrelevancy10.Because Mark needed to pass the exam,he made studying a_____________over watching hisfavorite television show.A.priorityB.conformityC.perplexityD.concept11.The record of the past is always incomplete,and the historians who write about it__________reflect the preoccupations of their own time.A.bound toB.inevitablyC.indispensablyD.justifiably12.Man is a________animal,and much more so in his mind than in his body:he may like to go alonefor a walk,but he hates to stand alone in his__________.A.conceited...vanityB.solitary...thoughtsC.gregarious...opinionsD.special...uniqueness13.He says he would write an English course book if he could find a(n)________to deal with the lessinteresting parts.A.accompliceB.collaboratorC.spouseD.kin14.International travelers may have difficulties understanding the adjustment problems that_________them.A.amazeB.besetC.humiliateD.resurrect15.The distinctive qualities of African music were not appreciated or even_________.A.deploredB.perceivedC.reveredD.ignored16.The spokesperson knew he had made a___________error when he prematurely announced thatall of the victims had survived the accident.A.glaringB.grievousC.dazedD.furtive17.His_________for wanting to stay on as manager is to see England as the top team in the world.A.measurementB.motivationC.requirementD.presentation18.Many of the villagers rely on fishing as their__________source of income.A.primaryB.radicalC.externalD.noticeable19.She couldn’t imagine herself in any form of___________with her employer,much as she likedhim.A.prejudiceB.FantasyC.intimacyD.conflict20.The fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally_________to improvements indiet.A.accountedB.referredC.creditedD.attributed21.Do you believe that he had killed a man with his__________hands?A.bareB.nakedC.hollowD.sheer22.It___________me as strange that the man didn’t introduce himself before he spoke.A.occurredB.dawnedC.impressedD.struck23.He definitely meant to be rude—it was quite_________.A.spontaneousB.deliberateC.consciousD.expressive24.The lawyer told the judge that his__________did not have a criminal record.A.clientB.customerC.employerD.administrator25.Attitudes learned at home__________onto the playground.A.carry outB.carry onC.carry forwardD.carry over26.I’m worried about washing that shirt in case it__________.A.shrinksB.confinesC.diminishesD.outweighs27.After you’ve signed the contract,it will be impossible to_________.A.back outB.back upC.break offD.break down28.Korean newspapers only have four pages,so stories have to be very much___________.A.to the coreB.to the effectC.to the pointD.to be exact29.She’s bought an exercise bike to keep_________.A.in effectB.in shapeC.in sessionD.in health30.The judge_________most of the police evidence,saying it was clearly fabricated.A.disposedB.declinedC.dismissedD.discardedPart II Reading ComprehensionDirections:There are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements,each with four suggested answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that you think is the best answer.Text AWhen we use a word in speech and writing,its most obvious purpose is to point to some thing or relation or property.This is the word’s“meaning.”We see a small four-footed animal on the road and call it a“dog,”indicating that it is a member of the class of four-footed animals we call dogs.The word“dog”as we have used it there has a plain,straight-forward,“objective”meaning.We have in no way gone beyond the requirements of exact scientific description.Let us suppose also that one grandparent of the dog was a collie,another was an Irish terrier,another a fox terrier,and the fourth a bulldog.We can express these facts equally scientifically and objectively by saying that he is a dog of mixed breed.Still we have in no way gone beyond the requirements of exact scientific description.Suppose,however,that we had called that same animal a“mongrel.”The matter is more complicated. We have used a word which objectively means the same as“dog of mixed breed,”but which also arouses in our hearers an emotional attitude of disapproval toward that particular dog.A word,therefore,can not only indicate an object,but can also suggest an emotional attitude toward it.Such suggestion of an emotional attitude does go beyond exact and scientific discussion because our approvals and disapprovals are individual—they belong to ourselves and not to the objects we approve or disapprove of.An animal which to the mind of its master is a faithful and noble dog of mixed ancestry may be a“mongrel”to his neighbor whose chickens are chased by it.Once we are on the lookout for this difference between“objective”and“emotional”meanings,we shall notice that words which carry more or less strong suggestions of emotional attitudes are very common and are ordinarily used in the discussion of such controversial questions as those of politics,morals,and religion. This is one reason why such controversies cannot yet be settled.There is a well-known saying that the word“firm”can be declined as follows:I am firm,thou are obstinate,he is pigheaded.That is a simple illustration of what is meant.“Firm,”“obstinate,”and “pigheaded”all have the same objective meaning—that is,following one’s own course of action and refusing to be influenced by other people’s opinion.They have,however,different emotional meanings:“firm”has an emotional meaning of strong approval,“obstinate”of mild disapproval,“pigheaded”of strong disapproval.In much the same way when,during the World War,thoughts were dominated by emotions,the newspapers contrasted the spirit of our heroic boys with ruthlessness of the Huns（[贬义]德国兵）,and the heroism of our troops with the enemy’s savagery.Now,with the more objective attitude that has been brought by the lapse of time,we can look back and see that spirit and ruthlessness are objectively the same thing,only the one word has an emotional meaning of approval,the other of disapproval.We can see,too, that a soldier going forward under shellfire to probable death is doing the same thing whether he is a German or one of our countrymen,and that to distinguish between them by applying the word savagery to the action of the one and heroism to that of the other is to distort reality by using words to make an emotional distinction between two actions which are objectively identical.31.The author’s point in the first three paragraphs is that___________.A.there is no real difference between calling a dog a mongrel or calling it a dog of mixed breedB.“a dog of mixed breed”is an emotional termC.“mongrel”is an objective termD.words may suggest emotional attitudes as well as objective meanings32.The author maintains that_________.A.in discussing scientific subjects,emotional words are often used to make meanings clearerB.in discussing controversial questions,objective terms are generally used to help clarify meaningsC.in discussing scientific subjects,objective terms are generally used,in order to avoid controversyD.in discussing controversial questions,emotional terms are used very often33.The author believes that people have disagreements on many subjects partially because_______.A.people have not learned how to get along with each other without conflict and argumentB.words used in discussing those subjects carry emotional overtones which tend to antagonize peopleC.words with objective meanings mean different things to different persons,and must be used carefullyD.politics,morals,and religion cause controversies that cannot yet be settled34.Regarding war,the author believes that in World War I,_________.A.our men showed spirit and heroism,while the Germans displayed ruthlessness and savageryB.although our men acted heroically,there were occasions when they were almost as ruthless as theGermansC.there was no difference at all between the actions of our soldiers and of the German onesD.at the time of the war,most people thought that both sides had fought equally bravely,but with thepassage of time they began to realize how savage the Germans had really beenText BIf Johnny can’t write,one of the reasons may be a conditioning based on speed rather than respect for the creative process.Speed is neither a valid test of nor a proper preparation for competence in writing.It makes for murkiness,glibness,disorganization.It takes the beauty out of the language.It rules out respect for the reflective thought that should precede expression.It runs counter to theword-by-word and line-by-line reworking that enables a piece to be finely knit.This is not to minimize the value of genuine facility.With years of practice,a man may be able to put down words swiftly and expertly.But it is the same kind of swiftness that enables a cellist,after having invested years of efforts,to negotiate an intricate passage from Haydn.Speed writing is for stenographers and court reporters,not for anyone who wants to use language with precision and distinction.Thomas Mann was not ashamed to admit that he would often take a full day to write500words, and another day to edit them,out of respect for the most difficult art in the world.Flaubert would ponder a paragraph for hours.Did it say what he wanted it to say—not approximately but exactly?Did the words turn into one another with proper rhythm and grace?Were they artistically and securely fitted together?Were they briskly alive,or were they full of fuzz and ragged edges?Were they likely to make things happen inside the mind of the reader,igniting the imagination and touching off all sorts of new anticipations?These questions are relevant not only for the established novelist but for anyone who attaches value to words as a medium of expression and communication.E.B.White,whose respect for the environment of good writing is exceeded by no word-artist of our time,would rather have his fingers cut off than to be guilty of handling words lightly.No sculptor chipping away at a granite block in order to produce a delicate curve or feature has labored more painstakingly than White in fashioning a short paragraph.Obviously,we can’t expect our schools to make every Johnny into a White or a Flaubert or a Mann,but it is not unreasonable to expect more of them to provide the conditions that promote clear,careful,competent expression.Certainly the cumulative effort of the school experience should not have to be undone in later years.35.According to the passage,competence in writing is________.A.an art that takes practiceB.a skill that requires dexterityC.a technique that is easy to learnD.a result of the spontaneous flow of words36.The main purpose of the passage is to________.A.present an original ideaB.describe a new processC.argue against an established practicement on a skill and its techniques37.Our schools,according to the passage,________.A.are providing proper conditions for good writingB.should not stress writing speed on a testC.should give essay tests rather than multiple-choice testsD.teach good writing primarily through reading38.In describing White as a“word-artist,”the author means that White_________.A.illustrated his storiesB.was colorful in his descriptionsC.was a great writerD.had artistic background39.It can be inferred from the passage that the author values good literature primarily for its abilityto________.A.relieve the boredom of everyday lifemunicate ideas and experiencesC.accurately describe events as they occurD.provide individuals with skills for successText CThe American university is a direct descendant from the ancient universities in Europe.These are the oldest institutions,aside from the church itself,in Western civilization.They have survived many periods of trouble,of revolution,and of persecution.But the tradition of learning and of scholarly inquiry has lived on.Yet there are shortsighted people today who are saying that the modern university has outlived its usefulness;that it must be overthrown and replaced by something else whose nature is unspecified.Remember,however,that there have been many occasions during the last700years when people said that universities were irrelevant or that it was wrong for them to pursue long-term goals in the face of immediate and pressing problems.Fortunately,there have been stouthearted souls who insisted that the search for knowledge would never be outdated by current events and we can all be eternally thankful that the forces of ignorance were so often defeated.They must be defeated again.Knowledge and the search for knowledge have persisted through the centuries to the enormous benefit of human beings.The world may be troubled and distressed today but think how much better off the people in this country are now than they were50years ago or100years ago and how much better off they are than the millions of people in countries which have not benefited from the progress of knowledge.We in the Western world have encouraged scientific discovery and its application intensively for200years to our vast material benefit.Today we are at a turning point.We can now use our stores of wealth and of knowledge as tools to solve the new problems which now beset our modern society.What are those of us who have chosen careers in science and engineering able to do about meeting our current problems?First,we can help destroy the false impression that science and engineering have caused the current world troubles.Quite the contrary,science and engineering have made vast contributions to better living for more people.Second,we can identify the many areas in which science and technology,more considerably used, can be of greater service in the future than in the past to improve the quality of life.While we can make many speeches,and pass many laws,the quality of our environment will be improved only through better knowledge and better application of that knowledge.Third,we can recognize that much of the dissatisfaction which we suffer today results from our very successes of former years.We have been so eminently successful in attaining material goals thatwe are deeply dissatisfied that we cannot attain other goals more rapidly.We have achieved a better life for most people but we are unhappy that we have not spread it to all people.We have illuminated many sources of environmental deterioration but we are unhappy that we have not conquered all of them.It is our rising expectations rather than our failures which now cause our distress.Granted that many of our current problems must be cured more by social,political,and economic instruments than by science and technology,yet science and technology must still be the tools to make further advances in such things as clean air,clean water,better transportation,better housing,better medical care,more adequate welfare programs,purer foods,conservation of resources,and many other areas.The discovery and use of knowledge have always been relevant to a humane future.They are equally relevant today.40.The author is primarily concerned with the_________.A.answers to current problemsB.defense of the search for scientific knowledgeC.problems of our nation’s universitiesD.moral obligations of technology41.According to the author,a belief exists that much of our national dissatisfaction is due to the______.A.emphasis of science on material goalsB.irrelevancy of many of our modern universitiesC.failures of scientists to solve modern day problems as quickly as they solved problems of the pastD.improper use of past discoveries in science and technology42.It is the feeling of the author that the place of science in solving the problem of pollution will be________.A.on the same level as social and political influencesB.the only thing needed to solve the problem successfullyC.the frontrunner in developing new methods of approaching the problemD.overshadowed by other areas of knowledge43.It is suggested that science has been most successful in_________.A.developing material benefitsB.solving problems of worldwide concernC.preparing America for a humane futureD.controlling technology as a means of preventing serious problems44.It is stated that science contributed to all of the following EXCEPT_________.A.a better lifeB.peaceC.healthD.a better environmentText DSuppose you go into a fruiterer’s shop,wanting an apple—you take up one,and,on biting it,you find it is sour;you look at it,and see that it is hard and green.You take up another one,and that too is hard,green,and sour.The shopman offers you a third;but,before biting it,you examine it,and find that it is hard and green,and you immediately say that you will not have it,as it must be sour,like those that you have already tried.Nothing can be more simple than that,you think;but if you will take the trouble to analyse and trace out into its logical elements what has been done by the mind,you will be greatly surprised.In the first place you have performed the operation of induction.You found that,in two experiences,hardness and greenness in apples went together with sourness.It was so in the first case,and it was confirmed by the second.True,it is a very small basis,but still it is enough to make an induction from;you generalize the facts,and you expect to find sourness in apples where you get hardness and greenness. You found upon that a general law,that all hard and green apples are sour;and that,as far as it goes,is a perfect induction.Well,having got your natural law in this way,when you are offered another apple which you find is hard and green,you say,“All hard and green apples are sour;this apple is hard and green,therefore this apple is sour.”That train of reasoning is what logicians call a syllogism,and has all its various parts and terms—its major premiss,its minor premiss,and its conclusion.And,by the help of further reasoning,which,if drawn out,would have to be exhibited in two or three other syllogisms,you arrive at your final determination,“I will not have that apple.”So that,you see,you have,in the first place,established a law by induction,and upon that you have founded a deduction, and reasoned out the special particular case.Well now,supposing,having got your conclusion of the law,that at some time afterwards,you are discussing the qualities of apples with a friend;you will say to him,“It is a very curious thing,but I find that all hard and green apples are sour!”Your friend says to you,“But how do you know that?”You at once reply,“Oh,because I have tried them over and over again,and have always found to be so.”Well,if we were talking about science instead of common sense,we should call that an experimental verification.And,if still opposed,you go further and say,“I have heard from the people in Somersetshire and Devonshire,where a large number of apples are grown,that they have observed the same thing.It is also found to be the case in Normandy,and in North America.In short,I find it to be the universal experience of mankind wherever attention has been directed to the subject.”Whereupon,your friend,unless he is a very unreasonable man,agrees with you, and is convinced that you are quite right in the conclusion you have drawn.He believes,although perhaps he does not know he believes it,that the more extensive verifications have been made,and results of the same kind arrived at—that the more varied the conditions under which the same results are attained,the more certain is the ultimate conclusion,and he disputes the question no further.He sees that the experiment has been tried under all sorts of conditions,as to time,place,and people,with the same result;and he says with you,therefore,that the law you have laid down must be a good one, and he must believe it.45.The underlined word in paragraph2,“verification,”is most likely to mean________.A.provingB.specificationC.adjustmentD.justification46.The author indicates that statements can be believed if__________.A.they concern natural eventsB.the statements are verified by many peopleC.they are written in a scholarly or scientific journalD.the premises upon which they are built is a major one47.“All men are mortal;Socrates was a man;Socrates was mortal.”The foregoing representsreasoning that is________.A.verifiableB.inductiveC.syllogisticD.experimental48.Apples are used_________.A.in order to convince the reader that fruit has no intellectB.as an analogyC.for sarcasmD.to compare various types of persons49.According to the author_________.A.Normandy and North America have many similaritiesB.universal experiences are common occurrencesC.a syllogism always has three partsD.the main premises is more profound than the minor premises50.The author has the approach of_________.A.a scientistB.an artistC.a novelistD.a businessmanPart III ClozeDirections:Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks.It is often observed that the aged spend much time thinking and talking about their past lives, 51about the future.These reminiscences are not simply random or trivial memories,52 is their purpose merely to make conversation.The old person’s recollections of the past help to53 an identity that is becoming increasingly fragile:54any role that brings respect or any goal that might provide55to the future,the individual mentions their past as a reminder to listeners,that here was a life56living.57,the memories form part of a continuing life58,in which the old person59the events and experiences of the years gone by and 60on the overall meaning of his or her own almost completed life.As the life cycle61to its close,the aged must also learn to accept the reality of their own impending death.62this task is made difficult by the fact that death is almost a 63subject in the United States.The mere discussion of death is often regarded as 64.As adults many of us find the topic frightening and are65to think about it—and certainly not to talk about it66the presence of someone who is dying.Death has achieved this taboo67only in the modern industrial societies.There seems to be an important reason for our reluctance to68the idea of death.It is the very fact that death remains69our c o n t r o l;i t i s a l m o s t t h e o n l y o f t h e n a t u r a l p r o c e s s e s70i s s o.A.better thanB.rather thanC.less thanD.other than51.A.soB.evenC.norD.hardly52.A.preserveB.conserveC.resumeD.assume53.A.performingB.playingC.undertakingcking54.A.orientationB.implicationC.successionD.presentation55.A.worthyB.worthC.worthlessD.worthwhile56.57A.In a wordB.In briefC.In additionD.In particular.A.prospectB.impetusC.impressionD.review58.A.integratesB.incorporatesC.includesD.interacts59.A.reckonsB.countsC.reflectsD.conceives60.61A.keepsB.drawsC.inclinesD.tends.A.ThereforeB.AndC.YetD.Otherwise62.63A.tabooB.disputeC.contemptD.neglect.A.notoriousB.indecentC.obscureD.desperate64.Part IV TranslationDirections:In this section ,there is a passage in English.Translate the passage into Chinese and writeyour translation on the ANSWER SHEET.Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign:What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don’t dismiss that possibility entirely.About half of U.S.jobs are at high risk of being automated,according to a University of Oxford study,with the middle class disproportionately squeezed.Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don’t appeal to robots.But many middle-class occupations --trucking,financial advice,software engineering--have aroused their interest,or soon will.The rich own the robots,so they will be fine.This isn’t to be alarmist.Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past.The Industrial Revolution didn’t go so well for Luddites(反对技术进步者）whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms ,but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed.Likewise,automation should eventually boost productivity,stimulate demand by driving down prices,and free workers from hard,boring work.But in the medium term,middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.Technology will improve society in ways big or small over the next few years,yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts.But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.Part V WritingJaywalking,a commonplace phenomenon in our country,is nicknamed “Chinese-style road65.A.ready B.willing C.liable D.reluctant 66.A.at B.onC.withD.in 67.A.status B.circumstance C.environment D.priority 68.A.encounter B.confront C.tolerate D.expose 69.A.under B.above C.beyond D.within 70.A.whichB.whatC.asD.thatcrossing”by netizens.Beijing began imposing fines on non-motor vehicles and pedestrians that defy red lights.Write a composition of about150words on the following topic:Should We Curb Jaywalking by Imposing Fines?You are to write in three parts.In the first part,state clearly what your view is.In the second part,support your view with appropriate reasons.In the last part,bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.Marks will be awarded for content,organization,language and appropriateness.Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.。