雅思阅读教材完整版

阅读 20 课时课程框架
1- 2英语基本概念+从句判断
3- 4配对题----heading题
5- 6配对题----which paragraph题+sentence ending 题
7-8 配对题 ----detail matching 题+classify 题
9-10 判断题 1
11-12 判断题 2
13-14 摘要题 +填空题
15-16 选择题
17-18 简答题
19-20 平行阅读法
英语基本概念
(一 ) 十大词性：
八大句子成分：
(二 )句子核心：句子主干
举例：长得乖巧的常被邻居夸奖但今天却被妈妈骂了的小明不开心地看似有点想不开的步履蹒跚地走过了这条五年前由他爸爸主持修建的桥。

主干：
句子能称为句子，一定是有动词的。

造句练习：
1.他造了一座桥。

2.他和我在一起。

1.
2.
五大基本句型 3.
4.
5.
区分下列句式：
(1)Xiaoming finds food bitter.
(2)Xiaoming finds food bitterly.
(3)Xiaoming finds his little sister some bitter food.
造句并说明句型
1.汽车使交通变得方便。

2.我给你找了个房子。

3.人们认为猴子很奇怪。

(三 )长难句：1.加入复杂修饰成分：形容词，介词短语等
2.加入复杂结构：插入语等
3.合并多个句子：并列句& 主从句
(四 ) 从句概念：八大句子成分中，除谓语动词和补语外，当一个句子充当某成分
时，该从句就叫做某某从句。

如一个句子做主语，则该从句叫主语从句。

1. ________ 从句 +动词
2. 实义动词 +________ 从句主干性从句
(五 ) 六大从句判断标准 3. 系动词 +________ 从句
4. 具体名词 +________ 从句
5. 抽象名词 +________ 从句修饰性从句
6.______从句，去掉不影响句子完整度
(六 ) 六大从句共同特点： 1.有连词（可省略）且置于从句句首
2.连词在句中做成分，有意思（that 除外）
3.从句用陈述语序（让步状语从句例外）
验证：他住在哪里？
我不知道他住在哪里。

总结：从句的位置是连词开始，到下一个动词或连词前结束
(七 ) 在长难句中找从句的方法：
1.找动词 ---- 判断依据：有谓语动词的句子是一个分句，不是主句就是从句
2.找连词 ---- 判断依据：从句有连词（可省略）且置于从句句首
3.找从句 ---- 判断依据：连词开始，第二个动词前或下个连词前结束
例 1：
In Africa I met a boy who was crying as if his heart would break and who said, when I spoke to him, that he was hungrybecause he had had no food for two days.
去掉修饰性成分和修饰性从句外的主干为：
例 2：
Many experts suggest that the child raised in an environment where there are many stimuliwhich develop his capacity for appropriate responseswill experience greater intellectual development.
去掉修饰性成分和修饰性从句外的主干为：
(八 ) 真题断句练习：
1.An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted inthe establishment
of the Federal Aviation Administration to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite congested.(C8T1P1)
主干：
2.Unprecedented construction of tens of thousands of monumental engineering projects designed to
control floods, protect clean water supplies, and provide water for irrigation and hydro-power
brought great benefits to hundreds of millions of people. (C7T1P2)
主干 :
3.At the height of the Roman, nine major systems, with an innovative layout of pipes and well-
built sewers, supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as is provided in many parts of the industrial world today.(C7T1P2)
主干：
非谓语动词
一、概念
以动词 do 为例，写出所有该词的变形:
非谓语形式：1、不定式： to do---- 表示目的和将来
2、现在分词 : doing ---- 表示主动和进行
3、过去分词：done ----表示被动和完成
插入语
插入语一般对一句话作一些附加的说明。

通常与句中其它部分没有语法上的联系，将它删掉之
后，句子结构仍然完整。

插入语在句中有时是对一句话的一些附加解释、说明或总结；有时表
达说话者的态度和看法；有时起强调的作用；有时是为了引起对方的注意；还可以起转移话题
或说明事由的作用；也可以承上启下，使句子衔接得更紧密一些。

掌握这一语言现象不仅有利
于对英语句子等的理解，还有利于提高写作等的水平。

插入语的类型较多，常见的如下几种：
一、副词（短语）作插入语。

能用作插入语的副词（短语）有：
indeed，surely，still ，otherwise ，certainly ，however，generally ，personally ，honestly，fortunately ，luckily ， though， besides， exactly， perhaps， maybe， probably ，frankly ， or rather 等。

如： When he got to there， he found ， however， that the weather was too bad.
可是到了那儿之后他发现，那儿的天气太坏了。

Otherwise ，he would still be at home. 不然的话，他还会在家的。

三、介词短语作插入语。

能用作插入语的介词短语有：
in fact ，in one?s opinion ，in general ，in a word ，in other words ，in a few words ，of course，by the way ，as a result ， for example ， on the contrary ， on the other hand ， to one?s surprise ， in short ，
as a matter of fact，in conclusion ， in brief 等。

如： You can?t wait anymore-in other words ， you should start at once. 你不能再等了——换言之，你得立即出发。

On the contrary， we should strengthen our corporation with them.相反我们应加强和他们的合作。

四、 V-ing （短语）作插入语。

能用作插入语的V-ing （短语）常见的有：
generally speaking， strictly speaking ， judging from by ， talking of ， considering 等。

如： Generally speaking ， the weather there is neither too cold in winter nor too hot in summer.一般来说，那儿的气候冬天不太冷，夏天不太热。

五、阅读中出现大量插入语会增加理解障碍。

熟练掌握插入语，有利于分析句子结构，理解文
章大意。

写作要求语言连贯、地道，恰当使用插入语，也可以给文章增色不少。

配对题 ----List of Heading
一．题型介绍：
List of Heading 即段落大意题或者标题对应题，位置都是在所给文章的第一个题型考察，并且题的位置是放在文章之前。

这个题型是选出所给段落的大意，相当于中学语文的中心大意题，所以需要考生从宏观上理解段落大意，最好的方法是通过找一些主旨句子读懂文章段落的大意，如果没有主旨句子，需要考生自己总结段落大意，之后再浏览所给选项，选出大意最相近的选项。

List of Heading 在阅读题型中考察幅度占30%，且可能一次考试中考两次甚至
三次。

二．题型分布：
剑桥真题难度指数剑桥真题难度指数
4.3.2 (p70-72) 中 6.3.2(p67-69 ) 中
4.4.3 (p96-98 ) 初 6.4.1(p85-87 ) 高
5.3.2(p66-68 ) 中
6.4.3(p93-95 ) 中
5.4.1(p85-87 ) 高7.1.2(p22-24 ) 高
6.1.3(p26-28 ) 中
7.2.3(p48-50 ) 中
6.2.1(p40-42 ) 中
7.3.2(p69-71 ) 高
三．思路与技巧
1.注意事项
段落大意题是理解性的题型，需注意：
1）跟其他题型混合时，该题型一般会位于第一个题型，且常常位于文章之前，注意不要遗漏。

且文章的段落数与题目考查数量可能不对应，要注意考查的是哪几段。

2）虽然位于第一个题型，但切忌首先来做。

因为本题是阅读所有题型中唯一考查段落大意的题，当我们完成相应段落的细节题后，很可能该段的段落大意不需要
8
骤和技巧都是基于细节题后没有判断出段落大意的其他方法）
3）切忌先读题，后读文章。

因为先读题，考生往往会带着题干中的关键词去读
文章，这样一旦这个关键词在段落中出现，可能会影响考生利用关键词做题，而
不去读段落大意，造成错误。

例如：
List of Headings
i MIRTP as a future model
ii Identifying the main transport problems
iii preference for motorized vehicles
iv Government authorities ’ instructions
v Initial improvements in mobility and transport modes
vi Request for improved transport in Makete
vii Transport improvements in the northern part of the district
viii Improvements in the rail network
ix Effects of initial MIRTP measures
x Co-operation of district officials
xi Role of wheelbarrows and donkeys
Section E （概括不是细节）
It would have been easy to criticize the MIRTP for using in the early phases a 'top-down' approach, in which decisions were made by experts and officials before being handed down to communities, but it was necessary to start the process from the level of the governmental authorities of the district. It would have been difficult to respond to the requests of villagers and other rural inhabitants without the support and
understanding of district authorities.(C7T2P3)
总结：小标题与目标段落关键词相似度越高，正确的概率越低
（排除本段反复出现的词作为段落标题的现象）
2.做题步骤：
1）看已给出的答案及文章标题，排除干扰选项，以防错选。

例如： C7T2P3
List of Headings
i MIRTP as a future model
ii Identifying the main transport problems
iii preference for motorized vehicles
iv Government authorities ? instructions
v Initial improvements in mobility and transport modes
vi Request for improved transport in Makete
vii Transport improvements in the northern part of the district
viii Improvements in the rail network
ix Effects of initial MIRTP measures
x Co-operation of district officials
xi Role of wheelbarrows and donkeys
Example Answer
27 Section A vi
28 Section B
29 Section C
Example Answer
30 Section D ix
31 Section E
32 Section F
2）读文章中有题设置的第一段的首二尾句，并断句，寻找主干。

如该段为总分总，总分，或分总结构时，阅读首二尾句可快速确定主题。

段落结构的判断依据为：
论点句
观点句（ think, view, opinion, suggest, say, analyze, propose ）
评论句(critical; fundamental; of significance 或比较 more than; rather than )
结果句(consequently, as a result, causing, lead to ) 论据
举例 (for example, such as, for instance, the case in point is that ) 事实句 (it?s proved, it?s true, fact, research shows, study )
例如： Air Traffic Control in the USA
List of Headings
i Disobeying FAA regulations
ii Aviation disaster prompts action
iii Two coincidental developments
iv Setting altitude zones
V An oversimplified view
vi Controlling pilots' licences
vii Defining airspace categories
viii Setting rules to weather conditions
ix Taking off safely
X First steps towards ATC
F The FAA then recognised two types of operating environments. In good meteorological conditions, flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR), which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of safety. Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane's instrument panel to fly safely. On a clear day, a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan, and the FAA regulations were devised in a way which accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the same airspace. However, a pilot can only choose to fly IFR if they possess an instrument rating which is above and beyond the basic pilot's license that must also be held.(C8T1P2)
正确答案：
3）辅助看段落中的结构
A ．转折关系（ although; however; but; nevertheless等）
B．对比关系（ by contrast; in comparison; on the other hand等）
C．因果关系（as a result, so, thus, therefore, in this case, consequently, as a consequence 等）
例如：Advantage of public transport
List of Headings
i Avoiding an overcrowded centre
ii A successful exercise in people power
iii The benefits of working together in cities
iv Higher incomes need not mean more cars
v Economic arguments fail to persuade
vi The impact of telecommunications on population distribution
vii Increases in travelling time
viii Responding to arguments against public transport
E It was once assumed that improvements in telecommunications would lead to more
dispersal in the population as people were no longer forced into cities. However, the ISTP team's research demonstrates that the population and job density of cities rose or remained constant in the 1980s after decades of decline. The explanation for this
seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields together. 'The new world will largely depend on human creativity, and creativity flourishes where
people come together face-to-face.(C6T2P1)'
正确答案：
4）不是所有的段落都可以找出明显的主旨句，在一些说明文章中没有明显的主
旨句，需要考生读完整个段落，自行总结主旨，再做选择。

整体阅读也无需所有
句子都读，如举例子的句子是不需要读的。

例如： The Little Ice Age
List of Headings
i Predicting climatic changes
ii The relevance of the Little Ice Age today
iii How cities contribute to climate change
iv Human impact on the climate
v How past climatic conditions can be determined
vi A growing need for weather records
vii A study covering a thousand years
viii People have always responded to climate change
ix Enough food at last
F Global temperatures began to rise slowly after 1850, with the beginning of the Modern Warm Period. There was a vast migration from Europe by land-hungry
farmers and others, to which the famine caused by the Irish potato blight contributed, to North America, Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa. Millions of hectares of forest and woodland fell before the newcomers' axes between 1850 and 1890, as intensive European farming methods expanded across the world. The unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming. Temperatures climbed more rapidly in the twentieth century as the use of fossil fuels proliferated and greenhouse gas levels continued to soar. The rise has been even steeper since the early 1980s. The Little Ice Age has given way to a new climatic regime, marked by prolonged and steady warming. At the same time, extreme weather events like Category 5 hurricanes are becoming more frequent.(C8T2P2)
正确答案：
5）如以上步骤还不能解决该题，可尝试看下段首句，可能会有承上启下句来暗
示上段主题。

（建议同学掌握在阅读中碰到的承上启下句，灵活应用到写作中）
例如： Making Every Drop Count
List of Headings
i Scientists' call for a revision of policy
ii An explanation for reduced water use
iii How a global challenge was met
iv Irrigation systems fall into disuse
V Environmental effects
vi The financial cost of recent technological improvements
vii The relevance to health
viii Addressing the concern over increasing populations
ix A surprising downward trend in demand for water
X The need to raise standards
xi A description of ancient water supplies
CYet there is a dark side to this picture: despite our progress, half of the world?s population still suffers, with water services inferior to those available to the ancient Greeks and Romans. As the United Nations report on access to water reiterated in November 2001, more than one billion people lack access to clean drinking water; some two and a half billion do not have adequate sanitation services. Preventable water-related diseased kill an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 children every day, and the latest evidence suggests that we are falling behind in efforts to solve these problems.
DThe consequences of our water policies extend beyond jeopardizing human health. Tens of millions people have been forced to move from their homes----often with little warning or compensation----to make way for the reservoirs behind dams. More than 20% of all freshwater fish species are now threatened or endangered because dams and water
irrigation practices degrade soil quality and reduce agricultural productivity. Groundwater aquifers are being pumped down faster than they are naturally replenished in parts of India, China, the USA and elsewhere. And disputes over shared water resources have led to violence and continue to raise local, national and even international tensions.(C7T1P2)
正确答案：
6）假如以上步骤均未解决该题，那就暂时搁置，做完所有题目后，在剩余选
项中用排除法选择最佳答案为上上策。

四．例题讲解
技巧实战(C6T1P3)
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-G from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet,
List of Headings
i The reaction of the limit community to climate change
ii Understanding of climate change remains limited
iii Alternative sources of essential supplies
iv Respect for limit opinion grows
v A healthier choice of food
vi A difficult landscape
vii Negative effects on well-being
viii Alarm caused by unprecedented events in the Arctic
ix The benefits of an easier existence
Example Answer
Paragraph A Viii
27Paragraph B
28Paragraph C
29Paragraph D
30Paragraph E
31Paragraph F
32Paragraph G
Climate Change and the Inuit
The threat posed by climate change in the Arctic and the problems faced by Canada's Inuit people
A Unusual incidents are being reported across the Arctic. Inuit families going off on snowmobiles to prepare their summer hunting camps have found themselves cut off from home by a sea of mud, following early thaws. There are reports of igloos losing their insulating properties as the snow drips and refreezes, of lakes draining into the sea as permafrost melts, and sea ice breaking up earlier than usual, carrying seals beyond the reach of hunters, Climate change may still be a rather abstract idea to most of us, but in the Arctic it is already having dramatic effects - if summertime ice continues to shrink at its present rate, the Arctic Ocean could soon become virtually ice-free in summer. The knock-on effects are likely to include more warming, cloudier skies, increased precipitation and higher sea levels. Scientists are increasingly keen to find out what's going on because they consider the Arctic the 'canary in the mine' for global warming - a warning of what's in store for the rest of the world.
B For the Inuit the problem is urgent. They live in precarious balance with one of the toughest environments on earth. Climate change, whatever its causes, is a direct threat to their way of life. Nobody knows the Arctic as well as the locals, which is why they are
not content simply to stand back and let outside experts tell them what's happening. In Canada, where the inuit people are jealously guarding their hard-won autonomy in the country's newest territory, Nunavut, they believe their best hope of survival in this changing environment lies in combining their ancestral knowledge with the best of modern science. This is a challenge in itself.
C The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that's covered with snow for most of the year. Venture into this terrain and you get some idea of the hardships facing anyone who calls this home, Farming is out of the question and nature offers meager pickings. Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. The environment tested them to the limits: sometimes the colonists were successful, sometimes they failed and vanished. But around a thousand years ago, one group emerged that was uniquely well adapted to cope with the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in from Alaska, bringing kayaks, sleds, dogs, pottery and iron tools. They are the ancestors of today's Inuit people.
D Life for the descendants of the Thule people is still harsh. Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometers of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole. It's currently home to 2,500 people, all but a handful of them indigenous Inuit. Over the past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and settled in the territory's 28 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and clothing.
Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one of the most costly air networks in the world, or brought by supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost a family around ￡7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat. Economic opportunities are scarce, and for many people state benefits are their only income.
E While the Inuit may not actually starve if hunting and trapping are curtailed by climate change, there has certainly been an impact on people's health. Obesity, heart disease and diabetes are beginning to appear in a people for whom these have never before been problems. There has been a crisis of identity as the traditional skills of hunting, trapping
and preparing skins have begun to disappear. In Nunavut's 'igloo and email' society, where adults who were born in igloos have children who may never have been out on
the land, there's a high incidence of depression.
F With so much at stake, the Inuit are determined to play a key role in teasing out the mysteries of climate change in the Arctic. Having survived there for centuries, they believe their wealth of traditional knowledge is vital to the task. And Western scientists
are starting to draw on this wisdom, increasingly referred to as 'Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit', or IQ. 'In the early days scientists ignored us when they came up here to study anything. They just figured these people don't know very much so we won't ask them,' says John Amagoalik, an Inuit leader and politician. 'But in recent years IQ has had much more credibility and weight.' In fact it is now a requirement for anyone hoping to get permission to do research that they consult the communities, who are helping to set the research agenda to reflect their most important concerns. They can turn down applications from scientists they believe will work against their interests, or research projects that will impinge too much on their daily lives and traditional activities.
G Some scientists doubt the value of traditional knowledge because the occupation of the Arctic doesn't go back far enough. Others, however, point out that the first weather stations in the far north date back just 50 years. There are still huge gaps in our environmental knowledge, and despite the scientific onslaught, many predictions are no more than best guesses. IQ could help to bridge the gap and resolve the tremendous uncertainty about how much of what we're seeing is natural capriciousness and how much is the consequence of human activity.
配对题 ----Which paragraph & Sentence ending
Which paragraph 题
一．题型介绍：
Which paragraph contains the following information 题，即段落匹配题，“以下题目的信息是在文章的哪个段落出现”。

属于典型的细节题，是在一篇文章的后面给出4-5 道题，然后把这些题目和文中的段落来匹配。

做题时需要考生从微观上来确定关键词了解这个题目的细节信息，再回文章中来找和这个细节信息相对的段落。

此题在阅读题型中考察幅度占20%。

注意区分 heading 配对题
heading which paragraph
位置文章前第一个题型文章后第一个题型
考查点段落大意文章细节
考查能力段落大意总结能力同义替换词汇
做题顺序细节题后做跟细节题同时做
二．题型分布：
剑桥真题难度指数剑桥真题难度指数
4.2.3 (p52) 中 6.3.1(p65 ) 高
4.3.3 (p76) 初7.1.1(p20 ) 中
5.1.2(p22 ) 中7.2.2(p46 ) 高
5.3.1(p64 ) 高8.1.1(p20 ) 中
5.3.3(p73 ) 中9.2.1(p43 ) 高
6.1.1(p19 ) 中9.3.2(p69) 高
6.1.2(p24 ) 中9.4.4(p93 ) 高
三．思路与技巧
3.思路详解
除了标题对应题以外，其他所有的题型都是需要先读题后读文章，考生需要从题干中划出 2 个以上的关键词，在文章中找到关键词的位置，即定位。

1）常用的关键词类别
A. 数字，大写字母，学术类词汇，连字符词(more than 3000 species, FAA, telepathy,
sister-in-law)
B. 表示时间，地点的短语，介词短语(in 1996, in Paris, under meditation)
C.连词部分 (and, as well as, both..and..)
D.比较级和最高级(more than, the most )
E.重要的名词（test, survey, finance, economy）
F.重要的动词（respond to, agree on, concur on, alter）
2）常见的定位方法
A．原文原字如：常见于数字，时间，大写字，学术类FAA, telepathy, sister-in-law 题干中的这样的词文章中不会替换。

B．同义词如：advantage= good point= bonus= award=benefit
C．反义词如：no advantages= drawback，否定的表达还会出现一些否定副词，例
如hardly，seldom, never, rarely等
D．同类词常表现为概念的大小，如题干中diet，文章中是food 或具体的食物vegetables
E．反向词（常见于动词） (pay-charge,come-go)
如：动作对象互换位置； A charges B = B pays A
主动和被动的替换： The survey is responded by the students
= The students respond the survey.
4.技巧步骤：
1）先读题干，确定题目要求中有没有NB，如果有的话那么其中某一项一定可以选两次（ NB You may use any letter more than once）.
2）读每个题干的大意，划出每个题干的两到三个关键词
3）短暂并完整记忆每个题干的关键词和大意
4）带着所有关键词去文章中找和题干匹配的段落，如果不能全部记住所有题目
的关键词，就从逐段去读文章，再和题干的关键词和大意对应，一一答题
切忌先通篇读文章，后根据文章的大意和题目一一对应，这样文章会反复阅读多
遍，浪费时间，因为段落匹配题是细节性的题型，答案一般都在一到两句话中出
现。

注意题干中和文章定位句中存在的替换关系，所以牢牢掌握细节题思路的五种替
换关系对于此题至关重要。

.
四．例题讲解(C7T1P1)
Let ’ s go to bats
A Bats have a problem: how to find their way around in the dark.They hunt at night,
and cannot use light to help them find prey and avoid obstacles. You might say that this
is a problem of their own making, one that they could avoid simply by changing their habits and hunting by day. But the daytime economy is already heavily exploited by other creatures such as birds. Given that there is a living to be made at night, and given that alternative daytime trades are thoroughly occupied, natural selection has favored bats that make a go of the night-hunting trade. It is probable that the nocturnal trades go way back in the ancestry of all mammals. In the time when the dinosaurs dominated the daytime economy, our mammalian ancestors probably only managed to survive at all because they found ways of scraping a living at night. Only after the mysterious mass extinction of the dinosaurs about 65 million years ago were our ancestors able to emerge into the daylight in any substantial numbers.
B Bats have an engineering problem: how to find their way and find their prey in the absence of light. Bats are not the only creatures to face this difficulty today. Obviously
the night-flying insects that they prey on must find their way about somehow. Deep-sea fish and whales have little or no light by day or by night. Fish and dolphins that live in extremely muddy water cannot see because, although there is light, it is obstructed and
scattered by the dirt in the water Plenty of other modern animals make their living in conditions where seeing is difficult or impossible.
C Given the questions of how to manoeuvre in the dark, what solutions might an engineer consider? The first one that might occur to him is to manufacture light, to use a lantern or a searchlight. Fireflies and some fish (usually with the help of bacteria) have the power to manufacture their own light, but the process seems to consume a large amount of energy. Fireflies use their light for attracting mates.This doesn't require a prohibitive amount of energy: a male's tiny pinprick of light can be seen by a female from some distance on a dark night, since her eyes are exposed directly to the light source itself. However; using light to find one's own way around requires vastly more energy, since the eyes have to detect the tiny fraction of the light that bounces off each part of the scene.The light source must therefore be immensely brighter if it is to be used as a headlight to illuminate the path, than if it is to be used as a signal to others. In any event,
whether or not the reason is the energy expense, it seems to be the case that, with the possible exception of some weird deep-sea fish, no animal apart from man uses manufactured light to find its way about.
D What else might the engineer think of? Well, blind humans sometimes seem to have an uncanny sense of obstacles in their path. It has been given the name 'facial vision', because blind people have reported that it feels a bit like the sense of touch, on the face. One report tells of a totally blind boy who could ride his tricycle at good speed round the block near his home, using facial vision. Experiments showed that, in fact, facial vision is nothing to do with touch or the front of the face, although the sensation may be referred
to the front of the face, like the referred pain in a phantom limb.The sensation of facial vision, it turns out, really goes in through the ears. Blind people, without even being
aware of the fact, are actually using echoes of their own footsteps and of other sounds, to sense the presence of obstacles. Before this was discovered, engineers had already built instruments to exploit the principle, for example to measure the depth of the sea under a ship. After this technique had been invented, it was only a matter of time before weapons designers adapted it for the detection of submarines. Both sides in the Second World War
(American), as well as Radar (American) or RDF (British), which uses radio echoes rather than sound echoes.
E The Sonar and Radar pioneers didn't know it then, but all the world now knows that bats, or rather natural selection working on bats, had perfected the system tens of millions of years earlier, and their radar' achieves feats of detection and navigation that would strike an engineer dumb with admiration. It is technically incorrect to talk about bat 'radar', since they do not use radio waves. It is sonar. But the underlying mathematical theories of radar and sonar are very similar and much of our scientific understanding of the details of what bats are doing has come from applying radar theory to them.The American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term 'echolocation' to cover both sonar and radar whether used by animals or by human instruments.
Questions 1-5
Reading Passage 1 has five paragraphs,A-E. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1 examples of wildlife other than bats which do not rely on vision to navigate by
2 how early mammals avoided dying out
3 why bats hunt in the dark
4 how a particular discovery has helped our understanding of bats
5 early military uses of echolocation
Sentence ending题
一．题型介绍：
Complete each sentence with the correct ending题，即句子完成题，就是以下题目
的信息是不完整的，需要从所给出的选项当中选出合适的成分来完成句子，此
题型一般是正序的，属于典型的细节题，题目下面会有两倍甚至两倍以上的选
项。

此种题在阅读题型中考察幅度占5%。

二．题型分布：
剑桥真题难度指数剑桥真题难度指数
5.2.2(p47 ) 难8.1.3(p28) 难
6.2.2(p47 ) 难8.4.2(p96) 难
7.2.3(p52) 难9.2.3(p52 ) 难
7.4.2(p95 ) 难
三．思路与技巧
1.思路详解：
由于属于正序细节题，做题时可一个一个或两个两个正序完成。

因为是完成句子题，
所有上下句之间会有一定的逻辑关系，可通过观察选项特征确定文章逻辑。

如选项都是 because开头，可确定题目和选项之间是因果关系，除了以上讲到的关键
词类别和定位方法外，同样在原文中寻找带有因果关系痕迹的表达就可以帮助迅速
定位。

词： BECAUSE ，SINCE ，AS ，FOR， THEREFORE ，SO，THUS ，WHY ；
动词： RESULT IN ， RESULT FROM ，FOLLOW FROM ， BASE ON，
BE DUE TO ；
名词： BASIS ，RESULT ，CONSEQUENCE ， REASON ；
介词： BECAUSE OF ， THANKS TO ；
副词： AS A RESULT ， CONSEQUENTLY
2.具体步骤
A.观察题目选项数量，并确定题目和选项之间是否有明显的逻辑关系；
B.划取第 1-2 题的关键词；
C.根据顺序性，从原文开头扫读，注意重度同义替换及逻辑关系；
D.找到定位句后根据上下文确定结果
E.不能确定答案时，可利用上下句的人称是否一致等排除，实在不行最后用排除
法再做。

四、课堂练习 (C6T2P2)
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question* 14-26, which are based on
Reading Passage 2 below.
GREYING POPULATION STAYS IN THE PINK
Elderly people are growing healthier, happier and more independent, say American scientists. The results of a 14-year study to be announced later this month reveal that
the diseases associated with old age are afflicting fewer and fewer people and when they do strike, it is much later in life.
In the last 14 years, the National Long-term Health Care Survey has gathered data on the health and lifestyles of more than 20,000 men and women over 65. Researchers,now analyzing the results of data gathered in 1994, say arthritis, high blood pressure and circulation problems - the major medical complaints in this age group - are troubling a smaller proportion every year. And the data confirms that the rate at which these diseases are declining continues to accelerate. Other diseases of old age - dementia, stroke, arteriosclerosis and emphysema - are also troubling fewer and fewer people.
'It really raises the question of what should be considered normal ageing,' says Kenneth Manton, a demographer from Duke University in North Carolina. He says the problems doctors accepted as normal in a 65-year-old in 1982 are often not appearing until。