怀特海《教育的目的》讲课教案
2023-04-27《教育的目的》怀特海著
2023-04-27《教育的目的》怀特海著图片发自简书App图片发自简书App《教育的目的》，英，怀特海著;庄莲平王立中译，文汇出版社，2023年10月版爱因斯坦转述怀海特的那句教育名言：“什么是教育？当你从学校出来以后，把所有学到的内容都忘记了，剩下的内容就是教育。
”罗素《西方哲学史》怀特海与罗素合著的《数学原理》标志着人类逻辑思维的巨大进步，是永久性的伟大学术著作之一我们的目标是，要塑造既有广泛的文化修养又在一些特殊方面有专业知识的人才，他们的专业知识可以给他们进步、腾飞的基础；而他们所具有的广泛的文化，使他们有哲学般深邃，又如艺术般那般高雅。
就教育而言，填鸭式灌输的知识、呆滞的思想不仅没有什么意义，往往极其有害。
在我们的教育体制中，如果要避免思想上的僵化，就要特别注意两条戒律：（一）不要同时教授太多科目；（二）如果要教，就一定要教得透彻。
不能让知识僵化，而要让它生动活泼起来，这是所有教育的核心问题。
教育的问题是，如何让学生借助于树木来认识树林。
最好的教育是用最简单的工具获得最大限度的知识。
【内容简介】《教育的目的》的主要侧重点在于智力的教育，在所有的章节中，都将始终贯穿着这样一个主题，并从多个视角进行说明，简单地说，就是，学生是有血有肉的人，教育的目的是为了激发和引导他们的自我发展之路。
这是一本奇书，值得所有人认真研读的奇书！艾尔弗雷德·诺思·怀特海（1861-1947），英国数学家、逻辑学家、哲学家和教育理论家：过程哲学创始人，他创立了20世纪最庞大的形而上学体系。
怀特海与罗素合著的《数学原理》，标志着人类逻辑思维的巨大进步，被称为永久的伟大学术著作之一；罗素起初是他的学生，后来他们成为同事和朋友。
出身于教育世家，他的祖父是当地一位有名望的教育家，曾任当地一所私立学校的校长。
他的父亲先后从事教育、宗教工作，十分关心教育事业。
受家庭的影响，他对教育很感兴趣。
他早年就读并留校于英国剑桥大学，中年任教职于英国伦敦大学，晚年受聘于美国哈佛大学。
怀特海《教育的目的》五分钟演讲(3)自由与纪律的节奏
怀特海《教育的目的》五分钟演讲（3）自由与纪律的节奏提交人：红枫似火我非常希望你们铭记于心的是，虽然智力教育的一个主要目的是传授知识，但智力教育还有一个因素，比较模糊却更加伟大，因而也具有更重要的意义：古人称之为“智慧”。
你不掌握一些基本知识就不可能聪明，但你可以很容易获得知识却仍然没有智慧。
智慧是掌握知识的方式。
它涉及知识的处理，确定有关问题时知识的选择，以及运用知识使我们的直觉经验更有价值。
智慧高于知识。
通往智慧的唯一的道路是在知识面前享有自由，但通往知识的唯一途径是在获取有条理的事实时保持纪律。
自由与纪律的节奏即教育的节奏，是指调节自由与纪律以适应儿童个性的自然发展。
儿童的大脑是一个不断发育的有机体。
一方面，它并不是一个要被人无情的塞满各种陌生思想的匣子；另一方面，用有序的方式掌握的知识，对正在发育的大脑来说是天然的食品。
因此一种完美的教育，其目的应该是使纪律成为自由选择的自发的结果，而自由则应该因为纪律而得到丰富的机会。
教育的开始阶段和结束阶段的主要特征是自由，但是有一个纪律占主导地位的中间阶段，整个智力发展是由多个自由（浪漫）――纪律（精确）――自由（综合运用）的三重循环阶段交替构成。
在各个阶段的发展中，每天，每星期，每个学期都有若干较小的漩涡，他们本身又包含着三重循环。
浪漫阶段。
浪漫阶段必须永远侧重于自由，让儿童独自去领会，独自去行动。
智力发展离不开兴趣。
兴趣是专注和颖悟的先决条件。
你可以用教鞭来极力引起兴趣，或者通过愉快的活动激发兴趣，但没有兴趣就不会有进步。
快乐是刺激生命有机体合适的自我发展的自然方式。
我们应该寻找那种符合自然发展规律的模式，而它本身又是令人愉快的。
居于次要地位的严格纪律必须以保证其中一种长远的利益为目的；尽管合适的目标不能过低，如果要保持必要的兴趣的话。
在教育中过分强调纪律是有害的，那种生动活跃的思维习惯只能在恰当的自由氛围中产生。
对正在成长的儿童来说，浪漫阶段的自然发展尝未结束时就对精确性进行训导，必然会妨碍他对概念的吸收。
第四章教育的目的
罗素：“我们首先应该了解我们想 培养的人的类型，然后才能知道进 行什么样的教育为好。”
第一节 教育目的内涵与功能
一、教育目的的内涵
（一）教育目的的概念
教育目的是指社会对教育所要造就 的社会个体的质量规格的总的设想或 者规定。
内涵一：它是一种设想或者规定，具 有理想色彩； 内涵二：它标示着一定社会对教育培 养人的要求; 内涵三：它标示着教育活动的方向和 目标，是教育活动的出发点和归宿。
㈠ 确定教育目的的客观依据
1. 生产力的影响
社会生产力的发展水平是制约教 育目的的最终决定因素。教育目 的的提出必然要受到一定社会历 史条件的制约。而且一定的生产 力总是要根据自己的发展水平， 对劳动者的培养提出自己的要求。
2.生产关系的影响 生产关系以及由此产生的政治和思 想关系对教育目的的规定起着决定 性的影响，教育目的必定由一定条 件下的物质生活需要或物质经济利 益所决定。
A.自然主义教育目的观 卢梭提出教育的目 标“不是别的，它就 是自然的目标” ，即 培养“自然人”—— 完全是为他自己而生 活的，有独立的价值， 其人格特点是：自爱、 自主、自立、自制。
卢梭
B.新人文主义教育目的观
教育目的取向旨在弘扬更加 纯正的古希腊文化，发扬古 希腊文化的自由精神，其核 心理念集中体现为后来长期 流行的口号：“一切潜在能 力的和谐发展。”
17世纪，英国教育家洛克提出培养绅士的教育目 的。理想的绅士是获得‚德行、智慧、礼仪和学 问‛的人 。
洛克作为当时英国贵族资产阶级的代言人 提出的‚绅士‛教育目的反映了英国贵族 资产阶级培养其理想的贵族人才的需要。 因为他所说的绅士的‚德行‛是英国资产 阶级贵族的‚德行‛，‚智慧‛是为英国 资产阶级贵族服务的智慧，‚礼仪和学问‛ 也是英国贵族式的。
【怀特海】教育的目的
Alfred North Whitehead, The Aims of Education and Other Essays (Macmillan, 1929).CHAPTER IThe Aims of EducationCulture is activity of thought, and receptiveness to beauty and humane feeling. Scraps of information have nothing to do with it. A merely well-informed man is the most useless bore on God's earth. What we should aim at producing is men who possess both culture and expert knowledge in some special direction. Their expert knowledge will give them the ground to start from, and their culture will lead them as deep as philosophy and as high as art. We have to remember that the valuable intellectual development is self development, and that it mostly takes place between the ages of sixteen and thirty. As to training, the most important part is given by mothers before the age of twelve. A saying due to Archbishop Temple illustrates my meaning. Surprise was expressed at the success in after-life of a man, who as a boy at Rugby had been somewhat undistinguished. He answered, "It is not what they are at eighteen, it is what they become afterwards that matters."In training a child to activity of thought, above all things we must beware of what I will call "inert ideas" -- that is to say, ideas that are merely received into the mind without being utilised, or tested, or thrown into fresh combinations.In the history of education, the most striking phenomenon is that schools of learning, which at one epoch are alive with a ferment of genius, in a succeeding generation exhibit merely pedantry and routine. The reason is, that they are overladen with inert ideas. Education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful -- Corruptio optimi, pessima. Except at rare intervals of intellectual ferment, education in the past has been radically infected with inert ideas. That is the reason why uneducated clever women, who have seen much of the world, are in middle life so much the most cultured part of the community. They have been saved from this horrible burden of inert ideas. Every intellectual revolution which has ever stirred humanity into greatness has been a passionate protest against inert ideas. Then, alas, with pathetic ignorance of human psychology, it has proceeded by some educational scheme to bind humanity afresh with inert ideas of its own fashioning.Let us now ask how in our system of education we are to guard against this mental dryrot. We enunciate two educational commandments, "Do not teach too many subjects," and again, "What you teach, teach thoroughly."The result of teaching small parts of a large number of subjects is the passive reception of disconnected ideas, not illumined with any spark of vitality. Let the main ideas which are introduced into a child's education be few and important, and let them be thrown into every combination possible. The child should make them his own, and should understand their application here and now in the circumstances of his actual life. From the very beginning of his education, the child should experience the joy of discovery. The discoverywhich he has to make, is that general ideas give an understanding of that stream of events which pours through his life, which is his life. By understanding I mean more than a mere logical analysis, though that is included. I mean "understanding' in the sense in which it is used in the French proverb, "To understand all, is to forgive all." Pedants sneer at an education which is useful. But if education is not useful, what is it? Is it a talent, to be hidden away in a napkin? Of course, education should be useful, whatever your aim in life. It was useful to Saint Augustine and it was useful to Napoleon. It is useful, because understanding is useful.I pass lightly over that understanding which should be given by the literary side of education. Nor do I wish to be supposed to pronounce on the relative merits of a classical or a modern curriculum. I would only remark that the understanding which we want is an understanding of an insistent present. The only use of a knowledge of the past is to equip us for the present. No more deadly harm can be done to young minds than by depreciation of the present. The present contains all that there is. It is holy ground; for it is the past, and it is the future. At the same time it must be observed that an age is no less past if it existed two hundred years ago than if it existed two thousand years ago. Do not be deceived by the pedantry of dates. The ages of Shakespeare and of Moliere are no less past than are the ages of Sophocles and of Virgil. The communion of saints is a great and inspiring assemblage, but it has only one possible hall of meeting, and that is, the present, and the mere lapse of time through which any particular group of saints must travel to reach that meeting-place, makes very little difference.Passing now to the scientific and logical side of education, we remember that here also ideas which are not utilised are positively harmful. By utilising an idea, I mean relating it to that stream, compounded of sense perceptions, feelings, hopes, desires, and of mental activities adjusting thought to thought, which forms our life. I can imagine a set of beings which might fortify their souls by passively reviewing disconnected ideas. Humanity is not built that way except perhaps some editors of newspapers.In scientific training, the first thing to do with an idea is to prove it. But allow me for one moment to extend the meaning of "prove"; I mean -- to prove its worth. Now an idea is not worth much unless the propositions in which it is embodied are true. Accordingly an essential part of the proof of an idea is the proof, either by experiment or by logic, of the truth of the propositions. But it is not essential that this proof of the truth should constitute the first introduction to the idea. After all, its assertion by the authority of respectable teachers is sufficient evidence to begin with. In our first contact with a set of propositions, we commence by appreciating their importance. That is what we all do in after-life. We do not attempt, in the strict sense, to prove or to disprove anything, unless its importance makes it worthy of that honour. These two processes of proof, in the narrow sense, and of appreciation, do not require a rigid separation in time. Both can be proceeded with nearly concurrently. But in so far as either process must have the priority, it should be that of appreciation by use.Furthermore, we should not endeavour to use propositions in isolation. Emphatically I do not mean, a neat little set of experiments to illustrate Proposition I and then the proof ofProposition I, a neat little set of experiments to illustrate Proposition II and then the proof of Proposition II, and so on to the end of the book. Nothing could be more boring. Interrelated truths are utilised en bloc, and the various propositions are employed in any order, and with any reiteration. Choose some important applications of your theoretical subject; and study them concurrently with the systematic theoretical exposition. Keep the theoretical exposition short and simple, but let it be strict and rigid so far as it goes. It should not be too long for it to be easily known with thoroughness and accuracy. The consequences of a plethora of half-digested theoretical knowledge are deplorable. Also the theory should not be muddled up with the practice. The child should have no doubt when it is proving and when it is utilising. My point is that what is proved should be utilised, and that what is utilised should -- so far, as is practicable -- be proved. I am far from asserting that proof and utilisation are the same thing.At this point of my discourse, I can most directly carry forward my argument in the outward form of a digression. We are only just realising that the art and science of education require a genius and a study of their own; and that this genius and this science are more than a bare knowledge of some branch of science or of literature. This truth was partially perceived in the past generation; and headmasters, somewhat crudely, were apt to supersede learning in their colleagues by requiring left-hand bowling and a taste for football. But culture is more than cricket, and more than football, and more than extent of knowledge.Education is the acquisition of the art of the utilisation of knowledge. This is an art very difficult to impart. Whenever a textbook is written of real educational worth, you may be quite certain that some reviewer will say that it will be difficult to teach from it. Of course it will be difficult to teach from it. If it were easy, the book ought to be burned; for it cannot be educational. In education, as elsewhere, the broad primrose path leads to a nasty place. This evil path is represented by a book or a set of lectures which will practically enable the student to learn by heart all the questions likely to be asked at the next external examination. And I may say in passing that no educational system is possible unless every question directly asked of a pupil at any examination is either framed or modified by the actual teacher of that pupil in that subject. The external assessor may report on the curriculum or on the performance of the pupils, but never should be allowed to ask the pupil a question which has not been strictly supervised by the actual teacher, or at least inspired by a long conference with him. There are a few exceptions to this rule, but they are exceptions, and could easily be allowed for under the general rule.We now return to my previous point, that theoretical ideas should always find important applications within the pupil's curriculum. This is not an easy doctrine to apply, but a very hard one. It contains within itself the problem of keeping knowledge alive, of preventing it from becoming inert, which is the central problem of all education.The best procedure will depend on several factors, none of which can be neglected, namely, the genius of the teacher, the intellectual type of the pupils, their prospects in life, the opportunities offered by the immediate surroundings of the school and allied factors of this sort. It is for this reason that the uniform external examination is so deadly. We do notdenounce it because we are cranks, and like denouncing established things. We are not so childish. Also, of course, such examinations have their use in testing slackness. Our reason of dislike is very definite and very practical. It kills the best part of culture. When you analyse in the light of experience the central task of education, you find that its successful accomplishment depends on a delicate adjustment of many variable factors. The reason is that we are dealing with human minds, and not with dead matter. The evocation of curiosity, of judgment, of the power of mastering a complicated tangle of circumstances, the use of theory in giving foresight in special cases all these powers are not to be imparted by a set rule embodied in one schedule of examination subjects.I appeal to you, as practical teachers. With good discipline, it is always possible to pump into the minds of a class a certain quantity of inert knowledge. You take a text-book and make them learn it. So far, so good. The child then knows how to solve a quadratic equation. But what is the point of teaching a child to solve a quadratic equation? There is a traditional answer to this question. It runs thus: The mind is an instrument, you first sharpen it, and then use it; the acquisition of the power of solving a quadratic equation is part of the process of sharpening the mind. Now there is just enough truth in this answer to have made it live through the ages. But for all its half-truth, it embodies a radical error which bids fair to stifle the genius of the modern world. I do not know who was first responsible for this analogy of the mind to a dead instrument. For aught I know, it may have been one of the seven wise men of Greece, or a committee of the whole lot of them. Whoever was the originator, there can be no doubt of the authority which it has acquired by the continuous approval bestowed upon it by eminent persons. But whatever its weight of authority, whatever the high approval which it can quote, I have no hesitation in denouncing it as one of the most fatal, erroneous, and dangerous conceptions ever introduced into the theory of education. The mind is never passive; it is a perpetual activity, delicate, receptive, responsive to stimulus. You cannot postpone its life until you have sharpened it. Whatever interest attaches to your subject-matter must be evoked here and now; whatever powers you are strengthening in the pupil, must be exercised here and now; whatever possibilities of mental life your teaching should impart, must be exhibited here and now. That is the golden rule of education, and a very difficult rule to follow.The difficulty is just this: the apprehension of general ideas, intellectual habits of mind, and pleasurable interest in mental achievement can be evoked by no form of words, however accurately adjusted. All practical teachers know that education is a patient process of the mastery of details, minute by minute, hour by hour, day by day. There is no royal road to learning through an airy path of brilliant generalisations. There is a proverb about the difficulty of seeing the wood because of the trees. That difficulty is exactly the point which I am enforcing. The problem of education is to make the pupil see the wood by means of the trees.The solution which I am urging, is to eradicate the fatal disconnection of subjects which kills the vitality of our modern curriculum. There is only one subject-matter for education, and that is Life in all its manifestations. Instead of this single unity, we offer children -- Algebra, from which nothing follows; Geometry, from which nothing follows; Science, from which nothing follows; History, from which nothing follows; a Couple of Languages,never mastered; and lastly, most dreary of all, Literature, represented by plays of Shakespeare, with philological notes and short analyses of plot and character to be in substance committed to memory. Can such a list be said to represent Life, as it is known in the midst of the living of it? The best that can be said of it is, that it is a rapid table of contents which a deity might run over in his mind while he was thinking of creating a world, and has not yet determined how to put it together.Let us now return to quadratic equations. We still have on hand the unanswered question. Why should children be taught their solution? Unless quadratic equations fit into a connected curriculum, of course there is no reason to teach anything about them. Furthermore, extensive as should be the place of mathematics in a complete culture, I am a little doubtful whether for many types of boys algebraic solutions of quadratic equations do not lie on the specialist side of mathematics. I may here remind you that as yet I have not said anything of the psychology or the content of the specialism, which is so necessary a part of an ideal education. But all that is an evasion of our real question, and I merely state it in order to avoid being misunderstood in my answer.Quadratic equations are part of algebra, and algebra is the intellectual instrument which has been created for rendering clear the quantitative aspects of the world. There is no getting out of it. Through and through the world is infected with quantity. To talk sense, is to talk in quantities. It is no use saying that the nation is large, -- How large? It is no use saying that radium is scarce, -- How scarce? You cannot evade quantity. You may fly to poetry and to music, and quantity and number will face you in your rhythms and your octaves. Elegant intellects which despise the theory of quantity, are but half developed. They are more to be pitied than blamed, The scraps of gibberish, which in their school-days were taught to them in the name of algebra, deserve some contempt. This question of the degeneration of algebra into gibberish, both in word and in fact, affords a pathetic instance of the uselessness of reforming educational schedules without a clear conception of the attributes which you wish to evoke in the living minds of the children. A few years ago there was an outcry that school algebra, was in need of reform, but there was a general agreement that graphs would put everything right. So all sorts of things were extruded, and graphs were introduced. So far as I can see, with no sort of idea behind them, but just graphs. Now every examination paper has one or two questions on graphs. Personally I am an enthusiastic adherent of graphs. But I wonder whether as yet we have gained very much. You cannot put life into any schedule of general education unless you succeed in exhibiting its relation to some essential characteristic of all intelligent or emotional perception. lt is a hard saying, but it is true; and I do not see how to make it any easier. In making these little formal alterations you are beaten by the very nature of things. You are pitted against too skilful an adversary, who will see to it that the pea is always under the other thimble.Reformation must begin at the other end. First, you must make up your mind as to those quantitative aspects of the world which are simple enough to be introduced into general education; then a schedule of algebra should be framed which will about find its exemplification in these applications. We need not fear for our pet graphs, they will be there in plenty when we once begin to treat algebra as a serious means of studying theworld. Some of the simplest applications will be found in the quantities which occur in the simplest study of society. The curves of history are more vivid and more informing than the dry catalogues of names and dates which comprise the greater part of that arid school study. What purpose is effected by a catalogue of undistinguished kings and queens? Tom, Dick, or Harry, they are all dead. General resurrections are failures, and are better postponed. The quantitative flux of the forces of modern society is capable of very simple exhihition. Meanwhile, the idea of the variable, of the function, of rate of change, of equations and their solution, of elimination, are being studied as an abstract science for their own sake. Not, of course, in the pompous phrases with which I am alluding to them here, but with that iteration of simple special cases proper to teaching.If this course be followed. the route from Chaucer to the Black Death, from the Black Death to modern Labour troubles, will connect the tales of the mediaeval pilgrims with the abstract science of algebra, both yielding diverse aspects of that single theme, Life. I know what most of you are thinking at this point. It is that the exact course which I have sketched out is not the particular one which you would have chosen, or even see how to work. I quite agree. I am not claiming that I could do it myself. But your objection is the precise reason why a common external examination system is fatal to education. The process of exhibiting the applications of knowledge must, for its success, essentially depend on the character of the pupils and the genius of the teacher. Of course I have left out the easiest applications with which most of us are more at home. I mean the quantitative sides of sciences, such as mechanics and physics.Again, in the same connection we plot the statistics of social phenomena against the time. We then eliminate the time between suitable pairs. We can speculate how far we have exhibited a real causal connection, or how far a mere temporal coincidence. We notice that we might have plotted against the time one set of statistics for one country and another set for another country, and thus, with suitable choice of subjects, have obtained graphs which certainly exhibited mere coincidence. Also other graphs exhibit obvious causal connections. We wonder how to discriminate. And so are drawn on as far as we will.But in considering this description, I must beg you to remember what I have been insisting on above. In the first place, one train of thought will not suit all groups of children. For example, I should expect that artisan children will want something more concrete and, in a sense, swifter than I have set down here. Perhaps I am wrong, but that is what I should guess. In the second place, I am not contemplating one beautiful lecture stimulating, once and for all, an admiring class. That is not the way in which education proceeds. No; all the time the pupils are hard at work solving examples drawing graphs, and making experiments, until they have a thorough hold on the whole subject. I am describing the interspersed explanations, the directions which should be given to their thoughts. The pupils have got to be made to feel that they are studying something, and are not merely executing intellectual minuets.Finally, if you are teaching pupils for some general examination, the problem of sound teaching is greatly complicated. Have you ever noticed the zig-zag moulding round a Norman arch? The ancient work is beautiful, the modern work is hideous. The reason is,that the modern work is done to exact measure, the ancient work is varied according to the idiosyncrasy of the workman. Here it is crowded, and there it is expanded. Now the essence of getting pupils through examinations is to give equal weight to all parts of the schedule. But mankind is naturally specialist. One man sees a whole subject, where another can find only a few detached examples. I know that it seems contradictory to allow for specialism in a curriculum especially designed for a broad culture. Without contradictions the world would be simpler, and perhaps duller. But I am certain that in education wherever you exclude specialism you destroy life.We now come to the other great branch of a general mathematical education, namely Geometry. The same principles apply. The theoretical part should be clear-cut, rigid, short, and important. Every proposition not absolutely necessary to exhibit the main connection of ideas should be cut out, but the great fundamental ideas should be all there. No omission of concepts, such as those of Similarity and Proportion. We must remember that, owing to the aid rendered by the visual presence of a figure, Geometry is a field of unequalled excellence for the exercise of the deductive faculties of reasoning. Then, of course, there follows Geometrical Drawing, with its training for the hand and eye.But, like Algebra, Geometry and Geometrical Drawing must be extended beyond the mere circle of geometrical ideas. In an industrial neighbourhood, machinery and workshop practice form the appropriate extension. For example, in the London Polytechnics this has been achieved with conspicuous success. For many secondary schools I suggest that surveying and maps are the natural applications. In particular, plane-table surveying should lead pupils to a vivid apprehension of the immediate application of geometric truths. Simple drawing apparatus, a surveyor's chain, and a surveyor's compass, should enable the pupils to rise from the survey and mensuration of a field to the construction of the map of a small district. The best education is to be found in gaining the utmost information from the simplest apparatus. The provision of elaborate instruments is greatly to be deprecated. To have constructed the map of a small district, to have considered its roads, its contours, its geology, its climate, its relation to other districts, the effects on the status of its inhabitants, will teach more history and geography than any knowledge of Perkin Warbeck or of Behren's Straits. I mean not a nebulous lecture on the subject, but a serious investigation in which the real facts are definitely ascertained by the aid of accurate theoretical knowledge. A typical mathematical problem should be: Survey such and such a field, draw a plan of it to such and such a scale, and find the area. It would be quite a good procedure to impart the necessary geometrical propositions without their proofs. Then, concurrently in the same term, the proofs of the propositions would be learnt while the survey was being made.Fortunately, the specialist side of education presents an easier problem than does the provision of a general culture. For this there are many reasons. One is that many of the principles of procedure to be observed are the same in both cases, and it is unnecessary to recapitulate. Another reason is that specialist training takes place -- or should take place -- at a more advanced stage of the pupil's course, and thus there is easier material to work upon. But undoubtedly the chief reason is that the specialist study is normally a study of peculiar interest to the student. He is studying it because, for some reason, he wants toknow it. This makes all the difference. The general culture is designed to foster an activity of mind; the specialist course utilises this activity. But it does not do to lay too much stress on these neat antitheses. As we have already seen, in the general course foci of special interest will arise; and similarly in the special study, the external connections of the subject drag thought outwards.Again, there is not one course of study which merely gives general cultures and another which gives special knowledge. The subjects pursued for the sake of a general education are special subjects specially studied; and, on the other hand, one of the ways of encouraging general mental activity is to foster a special devotion. You may not divide the seamless coat of learning. What education has to impart is an intimate sense for the power of ideas, for the beauty of ideas, and for the structure of ideas, together with a particular body of knowledge which has peculiar reference to the life of the being possessing it.The appreciation of the structure of ideas is that side of a cultured mind which can only grow under the influence of a special study. I mean that eye for the whole chess-board, for the bearing of one set of ideas on another. Nothing but a special study can give any appreciation for the exact formulation of general ideas, for their relations when formulated, for their service in the comprehension of life. A mind so disciplined should be both more abstract and more concrete. It has been trained in the comprehension of abstract thought and in the analysis of facts.Finally, there should grow the most austere of all mental qualities; I mean the sense for style. It is an aesthetic sense, based on admiration for the direct attainment of a foreseen end, simply and without waste. Style in art, style in literature, style in science, style in logic, style in practical execution have fundamentally the same aesthetic qualities, namely, attainment and restraint. The love of a subject in itself and for itself, where it is not the sleepy pleasure of pacing a mental quarter-deck, is the love of style as manifested in that study.Here we are brought back to the position from which we started, the utility of education. Style, in its finest sense, is the last acquirement of the educated mind; it is also the most useful. It pervades the whole being. The administrator with a sense for style hates waste; the engineer with a sense for style economises his material; the artisan with a sense for style prefers good work. Style is the ultimate morality of mind.But above style, and above knowledge, there is something, a vague shape like fate above the Greek gods. That something is Power. Style is the fashioning of power, the restraining of power. But, after all, the power of attainment of the desired end is fundamental. The first thing is to get there. Do not bother about your style, but solve your problem, justify the ways of God to man, administer your province, or do whatever else is set before you. Where, then, does style help? In this, with style the end is attained without side issues, without raising undesirable inflammations. With style you attain your end and nothing but your end. With style the effect of your activity is calculable, and foresight is the last gift of gods to men. With style your power is increased, for your mind is not distracted with。
读怀特海《教育的目的》
怀特海（1861—1947年）是英国数学家、哲学家和教育家。
他和罗素合著的《数学原理》标志着人类逻辑思维的空前进步，被称为永久性的伟大学术著作之一；他创立了庞大的形而上学体系，《过程与实在》、《观念的历险》等是其哲学代表作。
《教育的目的》则是他有关教育的演讲论文集，比较全面地反映了他的教育思想和教育观念。
全书一共六个章节，包括《教育的目的》、《教育的节奏》、《自由与纪律的节奏》、《技术教育及其与科学和文学的关系》、《古典文化在教育中的地位》、《大学及其作用》，涵盖了高等教育和中等教育。
他主张教育应该充满生气与活力，反对向学生灌输知识，而应该引导他们自我发展；他强调古典文学艺术在学生智力发展和人格培养中的重要性，倡导使受教育者在科学和人文方面全面发展；他还重视审美在道德教育中的意义，认为受教育者“如果不能经常目睹伟大崇高，道德教育便无从谈起”。
应该说，他的教育思想和我们现在所提倡的素质教育有许多不谋而合的地方。
英国哲学家怀特海在《教育的目的》一书中说：“理想的消失是人类努力失败的可悲证明。
在古代学校里，哲学家们渴望传授的是智慧，而在现代学校，我们降低了目标，教授的是学科。
从神圣的智慧（这是古人向往的目标），沦落到学校教材知识（这是现代人追求的目标），标志了多少世纪以来教育上的一种失败。
”“只要我们把智力教育仅仅设想为获得机械的智能或仅仅在于系统陈述实用的真理，就不可能有进步。
”观照当下的学校教育，正呈现出这样一种机械的、为人们所诟病的面目：正常的知识传承，往往变成机械的操练，坦诚的心灵交流往往变成枯燥乏味的训诫；以分数作为衡量学生好坏的标准，使学生在灌输中逐渐丧失了作为“人”的丰富性；以意识形态作为德育工作和历史教育的主要内容，使教育难以脱离政治的巢臼而面临学生人文理想与创造智慧的枯竭；以服务经济为主导的教育发展理念，又使教育在社会转型时期的大潮中沦为商品经济的附庸，失去了教育自身的尊严与规律，而教育却在盛世的喧嚣中沾沾自喜，抱着教育产业化的噱头寻找着权力的寻租——教育，正使我们的心灵不断趋向失衡而不知所措。
从根源上思考教育读怀特海《教育的目的》
从根源上思考教育读怀特海《教育的目的》图片发自简书App《教育的目的》英怀特海著，庄莲平，王立中译，文汇出版社，2023年10月版“什么是教育？当你从学校出来以后，把所有学到的内容都忘记了，剩下的内容就是教育。
”了解怀特海是从爱因斯坦转述的他的那句教育名言开始的。
后来，我又读到了罗素《西方哲学史》，了解到怀特海与罗素合著的《数学原理》标志着人类逻辑思维的巨大进步，是永久性的伟大学术著作之一教师常常被人们称之为“人类灵魂的工程师”，但是当我们面对“什么是真正的教育？”“教育的最终目的是什么？”等教育的终极问题的时候，我们是否能够比较清晰而又理性地回答呢？在我们的职业生活中，我们能否创造使孩子受到良好教育的生活呢？暑假的时候，终于有幸读到了《教育的目的》这一本奇书。
读完之后，许多的感怀。
教育的目标究竟是什么？是为了知识的传授，还是健康人格的培养？全面发展的劳动者究竟是怎样的？“我们必须记住，不能加以利用的知识是相当有害的。
”对于知识教育，怀特海这样警告教育者。
这样的观点和荷兰著名学者房龙如出一辙。
房龙曾经说过：“凡学问一到穿上专家的拖鞋，躲进它的‘精舍’，而把它的鞋子上的泥土的肥料抖去的时候，它就宣布自己预备死了。
与人隔绝的知识生活是引到毁灭去的。
”（引自房龙《宽容》三联书店1985年9月版之后记《关于房龙与他的著作》p404）我当时读了以后，很震惊，马上想到了当下我们的特别重视知识的学校教育。
我们在教孩子很多的知识，目的究竟是什么？孩子的理解力是否提高了，还是仅仅是知识的机械记忆，这知识与孩子生活究竟有无关系？罗素也曾经说，“的确，假如是单纯的阅读，即使是读得再多，一个人对任何东西的理解力也是不会自行提高的。
除了获得见闻以外，还需要对搜集到的各种问题进行认真的反思。
”（参见《西方的智慧》作者，罗素，译者:，崔权醴，文化艺术出版社2005年1月出版。
《结束语》337页。
）确实，唯有不断深入思考我们的教育生活，不断反思我们的教育实践，我们才能够不断自我革新。
《教育的本质》讲书稿
《教育的本质》作者：怀特海——讲书稿10min/3400字《教育的本质》是一本教育理论书籍，作者怀特海是英国著名的数学家、哲学家和教育家。
历史上很多哲学家都发表过关于教育的观点，比如洛克、卢梭、杜威。
哲学家之所以会提出教育理论，是因为狭义上的教育也就是学校教育，实际上是对人的培养体系。
而这就涉及“一个社会的教育系统应该需要培养什么样的人”，“我们的学校应该为当下的时代和社会培养什么样的人”这样的根本性问题。
“教育应该培养什么样的人”，这不仅仅是教育问题，还是一个哲学问题，因为哲学的本质就是人对自身，对世界的解释和思考。
对这个问题的不同回答形成了历史上不同的教育理论。
比如洛克的“绅士教育”，卢梭的“发现儿童”，杜威认为教育即“生活”、“生长”与“经验改造”。
而怀特海认为，教育应该以促进人的自我发展为终极目标。
因为学生是一个个有血有肉的人，教育应该尊重人的成长与认知发展规律，培养学生的智慧和将知识运用到生活中的实践能力。
他反对教育的僵化，反对生硬灌输知识和任何遏制想象力的教学模式。
这是本书的第一个核心观点。
怀特海认为，教育的目的是促进人的自我发展。
本书的第二个核心观点是关于“教育应该培养什么样的人”这个问题，怀特海的答案很具体，他的原话是：“文化素养”指的是人的思想活动，是对美和人类情感的融会贯通。
“我们的目标，应该是让人们既拥有文化素养，也拥有某方面的专业知识，如此一来，他们便能以专业知识作为自我发展的基础，在文化素养的引领下，达到哲学的深度与艺术的高度。
”用通俗一点的话来说，怀特海认为，一个理想的受过教育的人，应该同时具备知识和智慧，以及审美能力。
教育应该为社会培养这样的通识与专业兼备的人才。
而对“教育应该培养什么样的人”这个问题的回答，又很自然地引出了本书的第三个观点，也就是教育的内容。
怀特海认为，最好的教育是融合普通教育与专业教育在内的教育，普通教育通过传授知识来培养学生的思维，而专业教育目的是教会学生在具体生活中运用他的知识。
教育的目的(全译本)
教育的目的(全译本)
《教育的目的（全译本）》是2018年上海人民出版社出版的图书，作者是英国数学家、逻辑学家、哲学家和教育理论家怀特海（Alfred North Whitehead）。
怀特海在书中深刻阐述了他的教育思想，包括教育的目的、节奏、自由与训导的节奏性主张、技术教育及其与科学和文学的关系以及古典在教育中的地位等。
怀特海认为教育的目的是为了培养具有自由精神和全面发展的个体，使他们在未来生活中能够实现自我价值和社会价值。
他强调教育的节奏性，认为教育应该根据学生的身心发展规律和年龄特点，按照不同的阶段进行有针对性的教学。
同时，他也认为自由与训导是相辅相成的，教育应该在尊重学生个性和自由的基础上，对学生进行必要的引导和规范。
此外，怀特海还对技术教育、科学教育和文学教育进行了深入的探讨，认为这些领域在教育体系中应该得到平衡发展。
他特别强调了古典在教育中的地位，认为古典教育能够培养学生的文化素养和审美能力，同时也能够为他们的学术研究和写作提供基础。
总的来说，《教育的目的（全译本）》是一部具有深远影响的教育著作，它深刻地揭示了教育的本质和目的，为现代教育的发展提供了重要的启示和指导。
怀特海《教育的目的》
Thank you
The stage of romance---satisfying curiosity and cultivating interest The stage of precision---the stage of growing into the apprehension of principles by acquisition of a precise knowledge of details.(P37,para2) The stage of generalization---the stage of shedding details in favor of the active application of principles, the details retreating into subconscious habits.(P37,para2)
The rhythmic claims of freedom and discipline
Rhythm of mental growth Romance-----precision------generalization growth:
Interest----no interest no progress Barren knowledge----unimportant Over discipline +freedom =active thought Importance of knowledge is wisdom
generalization in language precision in science
0—14years old
After15
The rhythmic claims of freedom and discipline
第5章 教育目的教案
1.德育，即培养人思想道德的教育，是向学生传授一定社会思想准则、行为规范、并使其养成相应思想品德的教育活动，是思想教育、政治教育、道德教育、法制教育、健康心理品质教育等方面的总称。
它的基本任务包括：培养学生良好的道德品质，使学生成为具有良好社会公德、文明行为习惯的遵纪守法的好公民；培养学生正确的政治方向，使学生形成正确的政治信念，具有为国家富强和人民富裕而努力奋斗的献身精神；培养学生正确的世界观、人生观，使他们形成科学辩证的思想方法，正确认识世界和人生，在社会生活中追求新知，解放思想，实事求是，勇于创造；培养学生良好、健康的心理品质，使学生能正确认识自己，讲究心理卫生，提高心理素质，形成完善人格；培养和发展学生良好的思想品德能力等等。
二、社会本位价值取向
社会本位论是在19世纪下半叶产生的，代表人物有孔德、涂尔干、赫尔巴特等。
社会本位的教育目的论的基本主张是以社会的稳定和发展为教育的最高宗旨，教育目的应当完全依据社会的要求来决定。社会本位目的论者认为衡量教育好坏的最高标准只能是看教育能否为社会稳定和发展服务，能否促进社会的存在和发展。离开社会的教育目的是不可思议的，也是没有意义的。
3．应用：（）教育目的的功能在实际工作中的应用；（2）分析教育目的以及相关的教育方针、学校培养目标、教学目标之间的逻辑关系；（3）运用教育目的的理论分析当前教育中的问题。
重点难点
1．马克思主义关于人的全面发展学说；2．全面发展教育各组成部分的关系。
教学方法
讲授法、讨论法
教学内容
备注
【案例链接】
一位二战中纳粹集中营的幸存者，后来当上了美国一所学校的校长。在每一位新老师来到学校时，他都会交给那位老师一封信。信的内容完全一样，里面写的是：“亲爱的老师，我是集中营的生还者，我亲眼看到人类所不应该见到的情景：毒气室由学有专长的工程师建造；儿童由学识渊博的工程师毒死；妇女和幼儿被受过大学教育的人们枪杀。看到这一切，我怀疑：教育究竟为了什么？我的请求是：请你们帮助学生成为有人性的人。你们的努力绝不应当被用于制造学识渊博的怪物、多才多艺的变态狂、受过高等教育的屠夫。只有在使我们的孩子具有人性的情况下，读写算的能力才有其价值。”（《意林》2006.5作者：佚名）
怀特海《教育的目的》5分钟演讲(1)教育的目的
怀特海《教育的目的》5分钟演讲（1）教育的目的（本篇是网师讲师魏智渊老师2023年讲课时用的一篇范文）教育的目的，是造就既有文化又掌握专门知识的人才。
专业知识为他们奠定起步的基础，而文化则像哲学和艺术一样将他们引向深奥高远之境。
为了达到这一目的，就要防止僵化呆板的教育体制束缚学校并造就出具有呆滞思想的儿童。
在这里，有两条戒律非常重要：其一，不可教太多科目；其二，所教科目务必透彻。
这可以称为“少而透”原则。
“少”，是指在儿童教育中引进的主要思想概念要少而精，这些思想概念能形成各种可能的组合，儿童应该使这些思想概念变成自己的概念，应该理解如何将它们应用于现实生活中。
换句话说，各种理论概念在学生的课程中应该永远具有重要的应用性。
这一点，适用于一切课程，无论是古典课程还是现代课程，是文学课程还是科学或逻辑课程。
以上是就普通文化而言的。
要点是：少而精、整合、运用于生活。
“透”，是指在每一个专业领域务必透彻。
统一的校外考试，要求学生对各个科目予以同样的重视，这是不对的。
人类天生是一个适应并局限于一定生存模式的专门化的物种，所以，要在专为一种广博的文化而设计的课程中为专门化留出余地，而且，专门化的训练应该出现在学生课程的更高级的阶段（精确阶段），此时学生会对一些特殊的问题产生兴趣，并且这种兴趣因人而异。
专业学习要遵守的许多程序的原则与普通文化是一样的，不再赘述。
那么，普通文化与专业领域的学习之间是什么关系？学生通过这两种彼此交织在一起的学习，最终应当形成自己的独特风格。
风格是一种个性化的智慧，这种智慧体现为一种艺术，一种解决问题的艺术。
它是学生最后学到的东西，也是最有用的东西。
风格的背后，是一种生命力，一种生活的激情与活力。
那么，英国教育目前存在的问题在哪里呢？我今天重新提出考虑教育目的究竟是什么，是想提醒大家，学校作为一个独立的单位，应有经过批准的课程，而这些课程是由本校教师根据学校自身的需要而设计制定的。
专家解读《教育的目的》
专家解读《教育的目的》：培养有深度的智慧和品质阿尔弗雷德·诺斯·怀特海所著的《教育的目的》一书，为我们揭示了教育的真正意义和目标。
怀特海认为，教育的对象是有血有肉的学生，因此教育要符合人生长的规律，呵护成长的热情和动力，引导其自我发展，养成智慧，从而更好地生活。
在怀特海看来，教育的目标是塑造既有广泛的文化修养又在某个特殊方面有专业知识的人才。
他们的专业知识可以给他们进步、腾飞的基础，而他们所具有的广泛的文化，使他们有哲学般深邃、又有艺术般高雅的品质。
怀特海的教育理念强调了对学生个体差异的尊重和关注，他主张教育应该根据每个学生的特点和需求进行个性化培养。
他认为教育的目标不是简单地传授知识，而是引导学生自我发展，培养他们的独立思考能力和创造力。
怀特海强调教育的文化基础，认为只有具备广泛的文化修养，才能真正理解和欣赏世界，形成自己的价值观和人生观。
同时，他还强调学生应该具备的专业知识和技能，认为这是实现个人发展和为社会做出贡献的基础。
怀特海的教育理念对于当今的教育改革和发展仍然具有重要的启示意义。
首先，它提醒我们教育应该以学生为中心，尊重学生的个性和需求，关注学生的全面发展。
其次，它强调教育的文化基础和人文关怀，要求教育不仅要传授知识，更要培养学生的文化素养和人文精神。
最后，它启示我们要注重教育的实用性和应用性，将教育与社会需求相结合，使学生能够学以致用，为社会做出贡献。
在当今社会，随着科技的发展和知识的爆炸，人们对于教育的期望也越来越高。
我们需要更多的教育理念和实践探索来应对这些挑战。
怀特海的教育理念为我们提供了一个重要的参考和启示，它提醒我们要注重教育的本质和目标，注重学生的全面发展，注重教育的实用性和应用性。
只有这样，我们才能真正实现教育的目的和价值。
综上所述，《教育的目的》不仅是一个经典的教育学理论著作，更是一本指引我们正确对待教育和人生的指南。
通过深入理解怀特海的教育理念，我们可以更好地理解教育的本质和目标，更好地培养出有深度的智慧和品质的人才，为社会的进步和发展做出更大的贡献。
《教育的目的》读书笔记分享课件
目录目录
•
力识控锻求此教动让就识用教 。对能造知教育活知能习知育
特力对欲育的泼识运得识是 殊、复、要核起不用并的教 事运杂提激心来僵知不艺人 物用环升发问Байду номын сангаас化识会术们 预理境判学题这而，让。如 见论的断生。就是如学但何 能知掌力的为是生何生知运
、
• 教育应是这些周期的持续不断的重复。 在学生的阶段性求知欲望中，如果教师能 够适时地对他们的成功进行鼓励，学生就 会为其阶段性的某种成功而感到欣喜，然 后开始新的学习。儿童的第一个发展循环 周期是完全成功的，还另一个发展循环周 期则难得成功。失败的原因是由于以一种 非自然的状态出现，没有节奏，没有中间 阶段的成功带来的鼓励，没有专注集中。
• 教育的目的是否就因此发生改变呢?怀特 海认为教育不仅仅是来促进发育，他更赞 扬理智的卓越。把教育看做生长，就是希 望通过教育使每个人的天性和与生俱来的 能力得到健康地发展，而不是把知识等外 在的东西灌输进一个容器。苏格拉底早就 提出，求知是每个人灵魂里固有的能力， 并用瞎子作比来嘲笑当时宣称能把灵魂里 原本没有的知识灌输进去的所谓智者们。 这就是反对用狭隘的功利尺度去衡量教育。 然而，人们总是要给生长设定一个外部的 目的，例如将来适应社会，谋求职业，出 人头地等等，压着孩子朝这类目的努力， 否则仿佛生长、教育就失去了根本的意义。
• 教育是一个一分钟一分钟、一小时 一小时、一天一天地耐心地掌握细 节的过程。不存在一条由灿烂的概 括铺成的空中过道通往学问的捷径。 教育的目的到底为何，需要我们在 每次的教学过程中去思考;激活学 生对一切的感悟和创造，需要我们 尽最大的努力去培养和引导。这样， 教学才不会陷入程序化、机械化的 僵局，才能始终充满着鲜活的生命 力
教育的目的
《教育的目的》《教育的目的》是怀特海在1929年完成的，虽然书中的内容不可避免地烙下了时代和地域的印迹，但很多观点影响深远，闪耀着智慧的光芒”。
书有些难读，因为一旦读起来，你的思想将没法有片刻停滞：你常常会被书中一些观点震撼，继而重新审视自己的教育观念，思考自己在教育教学中的种种做法是否得当。
思考一：我们为谁教——“建设者接班人”与“自我发展”。
前段时间，朋友圈里一则关于各国教育法中培养目标的微信广泛流传，从中我们能看出，不同的国家之间有不小的差异。
中国教育法指出“教育必须为社会主义现代化建设服务，必须与生产劳动相结合，培养德、智、体等方面全面发展的社会主义事业的建设者和接班人。
”无疑，这样的教育目的是立足于祖国和社会，符合当时制定教育法的社会现实，显得崇高而伟大。
《教育的目的》这本书的封面上，赫然写着“学生是有血有肉的人，教育的目的是为了激发和引导他们的自我发展之路”。
在书的第一章“教育的目的”中，怀特海进行了具体的论述，他说“自我发展才是最有价值的智力发展”，在教育过程中，教师要善于“激发学生的求知欲，提升其判断力，锻造其对复杂环境的掌控能力，使学生能够运用理论知识对特殊事例做出预见”。
诚然，怀特海关注的不是社会和国家，他关注的只是作为个体的学生自身，因为“发展的本能来自于自身：发现是由我们自己完成的，训练是自我训练，收获是我们自身首创精神的成果”。
其实，这两者并不矛盾，怀特海指出了学生应具备什么样的素质和能力，才能更好地走上社会，成为一个合格的人才，说得再宏观一点，即成为对国家有用的人。
然而，因为关注的角度不同，怀特海的阐述似乎更激起了教育者的思考，且让教育者更触手可及一些。
思考二：我们教什么、怎么教——“知识”与“智慧”。
第三章“自由和训练的节奏”中有这样一段叙述：“虽然智力教育的一个主要目的是传授知识，但是智力教育还有另一个要素，模糊却伟大，而且更重要——古人称之为‘智慧’。
没有一些基础的知识，你不可能变得聪明；你轻而易举地获取了知识，但未必习得智慧”。
教育的目的怀特海内容简介
教育的目的怀特海内容简介1、教育的目的怀特海认为教育的目的是：一是教育的目的是培养有文化并掌握专门知识的人才/二是教育的目的是培养人的创造性思考能力。
这里的文化可以理解为一种素质或是一种个人修养或是一种高尚的境界，具备文化的同时教育要培养人具备专业知识，这里的专业知识可以理解为一种综合的和整体的知识体系，是人们在拥有文化之前的基础；在说创造性思考，与创造性思考相对立的是理解性的思考也就是文中所说的“呆滞的思想”。
关于“呆滞的思想”，他又再一次论述到学校不应该进行这样的教育，并提出为了防止精神和思想僵化的方法：“不可教太多的科目”、“所教科目务须透彻”原文摘选：文化是思想活动，是对美和高尚情感的接受。
支离破碎的信息或知识与文化毫不相干......我们要造就的是既有文化又掌握专门知识的人才。
//培养一个儿童如何思维，最重要的是必须注意我所说的那种“呆滞的思想”——这种思想仅为大脑所接受却不加以利用，或不进行检验，或没有与其他新颖的思想有机地融为一体。
（P1-P4）2、教育价值/作用怀特海认为教育的作用或者价值是理解生活/理解现在的生活。
我们具备了文化和专业知识就能够理解生活。
文化和知识是前提，体现了教育目的与教育价值的内在联系。
其次，理解现在的生活，是现在而不是过去，因为现在包含过去、孕育着未来。
原文摘选：教育当然应该有用，不管你的生活目的是什么。
教育对奥古斯丁有用，对拿破仑有用。
教育有用，因为理解生活是有用的。
//过去的知识惟其有价值，就在于它武装我们的头脑，使我们面对现在。
（P4-P5）3、论学术/思想概念怀特海认为，在科学训练中，要证明概念，或者说要证明学术或思想观念(价值)，要给出论据和论点，证明其真实性。
概念的使用要以证明为基础，概念的证明也要以使用为基础。
此外，它强调意识形态概念的作用是它们的应用，这就要求它们与各种活动相联系和相结合。
可以理解为，整合结构化的知识体系构成了人生的一切，也是理解人生的关键。
《教育的目的》PPT课件
关于教育目的的几种论说
宗教教育目的论 ：夸美纽斯（捷克，《大教学论》的作者） 1.“今生只是永生的准备” ；
主张回归宗教教育，主张以培养青年对于上帝的虔诚信 仰作为教育的最高目标。从宗教的立场出发所阐发的教育 目的具有明确的终极价值性，具有较高的精神含量，它对 我们思考人与教育的精神实质有一定的启示作用。 2.“肉体和精神是二元的，灵魂是不朽的”； 3.人类是借助于精神可以达到永恒的世界； 4.教育的终极目的是为信仰神和上帝； 5.教育应该使人具有知识、德行和虔性和忠诚。
• 教育目的作为一种理念，可以启发人的思考，规范和约束人 的行为，通过人们的理解和实践来进行。
• 联系：教育方针是教育目的的政治性表达；国家教育目的是 通过国家教育方针来体现的。
• 我国的教育方针 《中华人民共和国教育法》第一章第五条规定："教育必须为社 会主义现代化建设服务，必须与生产劳动相结合，培养德、 智、体等方面全面发展的社会主义事业的建设者和接班人"。
• 社会本位论
• 基本主张：
• （1）人的一切发展有赖于社会；
• （2）教育只有一个总的目的，即教育目的在于“使儿童的身体、智力和道德 都得到某种激励和发展，以适应整个社会在总体上对儿童的要求，并适应儿 童将来所处的特定环境的要求”；
• （3）教育的结果由教育的社会效益来衡量。
• 着眼于现实的教育目的 • 杜威认为：教育应该培养现实社会生活所需要的
– 主张教育是培养人的活动，教育目的要考虑人的身心发展的各个要素。 给予个体自由地充分发展，并予以高度重视；
– 不能抽象的脱离社会和历史来谈人的发展，而是把个体的发展放在一定 的历史范围之内,放在各种社会关系中考察,把两者辩证地统一起来。
• 个人发展和社会需要统一论（马克思辩证唯物主 义是其理论基础）
教育的唯一主题即生活——怀特海《教育的目的》解读
确 阶段 ” “ 、 综合 运用 阶段 ” 三个 阶段 的递 进 ， 可 也 以理解 为幼 儿 期 、 春期 和 大学 期 的递 进 ， 青 这就将
前 进 的方式 以一种 复合 立体 的方 式来 表 达 。
在怀 特海 看来 ， 习 的 三个 阶段 既 存 在 于 某 学
一
、
怀特海 生平及其教学生涯
甚 至对 他 几 十年 之 后 的 研 究 还 有 着 十 分 重 要 的
意义。
１８ ８ ５年 ， 怀特海 获 得剑 桥 大 学 三一 学 院 学 士 学 位并 留校任 教 兼研 究 员 ， 到 １ １ 夏 ， 特 直 ９ ０年 怀 海 举 家迁 往伦 敦 ， 才离 开剑 桥 ， 他 开始 了伦 敦大学
军 事 、 治 问题 上 有 了 更 加 深 刻 的 见 解 。 １２ 政 ９４
年 ， 特海以 ６ 怀 ３岁之 龄 远 涉 重 洋 ， 为哈 佛享 有 成
盛誉 的教 授 。１４ ９ ７年 ， 代哲 人 与教 育 家 怀 特 海 一 怀 特海 （ Ｎ． ｉ ｈ ａ ） Ａ． Ｗｈｔ ｅ ｄ 出生 于英 格 兰 一 个 ｅ 与世 长辞 。
教 育世 家 ， 其先 辈及 兄长 都从 事 于教 育 、 教 和地 宗 方 政务 类工 作 。这样 的家庭 环境 和 当地 的风 土人 情 ， 他对 历史 和教 育产 生 了浓厚 的兴趣 。 使 怀 特海 接受 了 “ 合 那 个 时 代 的 正 常 标 准 ” 符 的 教 育 ｌ 每 天 刻 苦 修 习 人 文 和 古 典 学 科 。 １ 印， Ｉ７ ８５年 ， 进 入英 国北 部 多赛 特 郡 舍 伯 恩地 方 的 他
怀特海 教育的目的
取HepG2细胞消化制备细胞悬液接种至60mm培养皿中培养，对照组:按每皿2000个细胞接种于60mm培养皿中培养，VPA 0.5mmol/L组:按每皿2000个细胞接种于60mm培养皿中过夜，更换含VPA 0.5mmol/l 继续培养24h后换为新鲜培养液。
IR组和IR+VPA 0.5mmol/L组:按每皿2000、10000、20000个细胞接种于60mm培养皿中过夜，IR+VPA 0.5mmol/L组更换为含VPA 0.5mmol/L继续培养24h随后２组细胞分别给予３个剂量IR照射:２Gy(每皿2000个细胞)、４Gy(每皿10000个细胞)和６Gy(每皿20000个细胞)。
上述４个处理组均同时设３个平行对照，培养10ｄ当培养皿中出现肉眼可见克隆时用20％乙醇溶解稀释结晶紫至0.1％，用该结晶紫溶液固定并染色细胞克隆30min 后用去离子水冲洗３次置空气中干燥，倒置显微镜下计数≥50个细胞的克隆数，结果取平均值，并计算克隆形成率：克隆形成率(％)＝每皿克隆数/ 每皿接种细胞数×100％。
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3 The cyclic processes---Education should consist in a continual repetition of such cycles.(P19,Paragraph3)
1 The task of infancy----I merely restate it in the form, that the postponement of difficulty is no safe clue for the maze of education practice.(P16,Paragraph3)
The Aims of Education
Education is the acquisition of the art of the utilization of knowledge.(P4,Paragraph3)
What we should aim at producing is men who process both culture and expert knowledge in some special direction. Their expert knowledge will give them the ground to start from, and their culture will lead them as deep as philosophy and as high as art .(P1.L4)
Cultivation of mental power
theoretical interest & mental power
The mastery of language & concentration on science
romance in language precision in language generalization in language Romance in science precision in science
4 The romance of adolescence 1.after the first cycle of infancy 2.opens with the greatest stage of romance 3.character is graven
5 University education----generalization
1. the function of university is to enable people to shed details in favor of principles
2.the business of university is to convert the knowledge into power
The Rhythm of Education
The principle is merely this---that different subjects and modes of study should be undertaken by pupils at fitting times when they have reached the proper stage of mental development. (P15,L13)
Education is the guidance of the individual towards a comprehension of the art of life.(P39,L7)
•The central problem of all education: To keep knowledge alive, and prevent it from becoming inert.(P5,L14)
The Aims of Education
The Aims of Education The rhythm of Education The rhythmic Claim of Freedom and Discipline
Question
Nowadays, numerous parents let their children study English at quite an early age. They send children to various kinds of training schools such as the New Oriental, or they let them prepare for exams such as Trinity Examination, do you think it is necessary and conforms to the rhythm of education?
The aims of education i enlighten wisdom.
The purpose of education is to stimulate and guide students’ self-development, and the teacher should be alive with living thoughts.
0—14years old
15 years old
After15
The rhythmic claims of freedom and discipline
Though knowledge is one chief aim of intellectual education…You cannot be wise without some basic of knowledge, but you may easily acquire knowledge and remain bare of wisdom…(P30,L6)