2019年考研英语二—语法讲义
2019年研究生考试英语二精讲
2019年研究生考试英语二精讲The 2019 postgraduate entrance examination for English language (English II) is an important and challenging test for students seeking to pursue further education inEnglish-speaking countries or in English-taught programs. In order to perform well on this exam, candidates should have a strong command of English grammar, vocabulary, reading comprehension, writing skills, and critical thinking. In this article, we will provide a detailed analysis and review of the key points and strategies for success in the 2019 English II exam.First and foremost, candidates should focus on improving their English language proficiency. This includes mastering grammar rules, expanding vocabulary, and enhancing listening and speaking skills. It is essential to practice regularly with authentic English materials, such as newspapers, magazines, academic articles, and online resources. Additionally, candidates should take advantage of language-learning tools, such as dictionaries, grammar books, language apps, and online courses, to enhance their language skills.Secondly, candidates should pay special attention to the test format and requirements of the English II exam. The exam typically consists of multiple-choice questions, readingcomprehension passages, and a writing section. Candidates should familiarize themselves with the types of questions asked and the time limits for each section. They should also practice under exam conditions to simulate the test environment and improve time management skills.In the reading comprehension section, candidates should focus on understanding and analyzing the main ideas, supporting details, and author's tone and purpose. They should also work on identifying key vocabulary words and phrases, as well as making inferences and predictions based on the text. To improve reading comprehension skills, candidates should read a variety of English texts, such as news articles, essays, short stories, and academic papers, and practice summarizing and paraphrasing the main ideas.In the writing section, candidates will be required to write a coherent and well-organized essay on a given topic. To succeed in this section, candidates should brainstorm ideas, outline their essay, and carefully structure their introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. They should also focus on developing a clear thesis statement, providing relevant examples and evidence, and using appropriate transitions to connect ideas. Candidates should practice writing essays on different topics andseek feedback from teachers, tutors, or peers to improve their writing skills.In conclusion, the 2019 postgraduate entrance examination for English language (English II) is a challenging but rewarding opportunity for candidates to showcase their English language proficiency and critical thinking skills. By focusing on improving language skills, familiarizing themselves with the test format and requirements, and practicing extensively, candidates can enhance their chances of success on the exam. Good luck to all the candidates preparing for the 2019 English II exam!。
2019山东省考研英语语法全面举例讲解
【导语】我深深地理解，耗费了多少时间，战胜了多少困难，你才取得眼前的成绩。
请你相信，在你追求、拼搏和苦⼲的过程中，我将永远⾯带微笑地站在你的⾝旁。
以下是⽆忧考为⼤家整理的《2019⼭东省考研英语语法全⾯举例讲解》供您查阅。
【强调句构成及处理】 ●强调句的构成： It is +被强调部分+that( who ) +句⼦其他成分 【解析】现在时间为is;过去时间为was;被强调部分为动词外的任何成分;强调对象为⼈则⽤who或者that;强调对象为物则只能⽤that;句⼦的其他成分为正常语序。
●强调句的处理⽅法： 去掉强调格式后，将被强调部分还原到句⼦中。
例1：It was she , a Baltimore printer , who published the first offcial copies of the Declaration , the first included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies . 【解析】 去掉强调格式后，还原句⼦为：She , a Baltimore printer , published the first official copies of the Declaration , the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies 被强调对象为主与。
【译⽂】 她，巴尔的摩的印刷商，出版了第⼀本官⽅的《独⽴宣⾔》在这个版本⾥包含有每个签署者的名字，这样⼀来就表明了全部⼗三个殖民地的⽀持。
例2：Thus , in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes , that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it . 【解析】 去掉强调格式以后，句⼦还原为：Thus , in the American economic system ，the system , the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desirs of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes , together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it .被强调对象为主语。
【考研英语】2019年英语二新题型电子讲义
英语二新题型冲刺课程多项对应题型解题步骤1.找出5道题目中的关键词----大写字母（专有名词）：数字，句子主干信息2.回到原文，找出题目中关键词的位置------题目顺序与文章顺序基本一致3.阅读关键词所在句子和其之后的句子------到选项中找到对应的信息（1）原句完全重现（保6）（2）核心信息同词复现（保6）（3）核心信息同义替换（争8）（4）全句同义替换（争10）4.对于无法确定答案位置的选项，回到文章中找出选项所在位置，判断是否在某个题目关键词之后的部分小标题题型解题步骤1.判断段落主题位置（1）段落首末句（2）如果段落首末句为举例，则一般为段落次句2.找出各个选项中的实词（1）排除选项中重复出现的实词（全文主题词）（2）实词：名词动词形容词3.到各段落主题句中寻找是否出现了选项中的实词—完成保6（1）完全同词复现（保6）（2）同词不同形式复现（动词不同时态，名词单复数）（保6）（3）同根词复现（保6）4.选项中是否出现了段落主题句中词汇的同义词---完成争85.选项中是否出现了段落主题句的同义改写---完成争10解题方法的重要性1.同词复现2.同义替换3.句子改写模拟题讲解——方法论的掌握小标题题：[A] What to do as a student?[B] Various definitions of plagiarism[C] Ideas should always be sourced[D] Accident can be forgiven[E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft[F] The consequences of plagiarismScholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person's ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one's ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is “the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication as one’s own of the idea,or the expression of ideas of another.”41.The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment many range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writes are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.42.Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholar’s ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.43.Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.44.Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do notknow how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation note taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography – are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although “there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them,” the writer cannot plead i gnorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and languages of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume the responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.信息匹配题：The world economy has run into a brick wall. Despite countless warnings in recent years about the need to address a looming hunger crisis in poor countries and a looming energy crisis worldwide, world leaders failed to think ahead. The result is a global food crisis. Wheat, corn and rice prices have more than doubled in the past two years, and oil prices have more than tripled since the startof 2004. These food-price increases combined with soaring energy costs will slow if not stop economic growth in many parts of the world and will even undermine political stability, as evidenced by the protest riots that have erupted in places like Haiti, Bangladesh and Burkina Faso. Practical solutions to these growing woes do exist, but we’ll have to start thinking ahead and acting globally.The crisis has its roots in four interlinked trends. The first is the chronically low productivityof farmers in the poorest countries, caused by their inability to pay for seeds, fertilizers and irrigation. The second is the misguided policy in the U.S. and Europe of subsidizing the diversion of food crops to produce biofuels like corn-based ethanol. The third is climate change; take the recent droughts in Australia and Europe, which cut the global production of grain in 2005 and 2006. The fourth is the growing global demand for food and feed grains brought on by swelling populations and incomes. In short, rising demand has hit a limited supply, with the poor taking the hardest blow.So, what should be done? Here are three steps to ease the current crisis and avert the potential for a global disaster. The first is to scale-up the dramatic success of Malawi, a famine-prone country in southern Africa, which three years ago established a special fund to help its farmers get fertilizer and high-yield seeds. Malawi’s harvest double d after just one year. An international fund based on Malawi model would cost a mere $10 per person annually in the rich world, or $10 billion in all. Such a fund could fight hunger as effectively as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria iscontrolling those diseases.Second, the U.S. and Europe should abandon their policies of subsidizing the conversion of food into biofuels. The U.S. government gives farmers a taxpayer-financed subsidy of 51 cents per gal of ethanol to divert corn from the food and feed-grain supply. There may be a case for biofuels produced on lands that do not produce food-tree crops (like palm oil), grasses and wood products—but there’s no case for doling out subsidies to put the world’s dinner into the gas tank. Third, we urgently need to weatherproof the world’s crops as soon and as effectively as possible. For a poor farmer, sometimes something as simple as a farm pond—which collects rain water to be used for emergency irrigation in a dry spell—can make the difference between a bountiful crop and a famine. The world has already committed to establishing a Climate Adaptation Fund to help poor regions climate-proof vital economic activities such as food production and health care but has not yet acted up the promise.。
02语法讲义定从_状从_特殊句式
考 研 语 法（英 语 二）微博/公众号：田静 Shadow第二部分 长难句第二章：复合句＝主句＋从句第一节 名词性从句第二节 定语从句第三节 状语从句定语从句一. 定语从句的概述先行词=关系词This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head.↑ ↑This was the biographical tradition. Niccolo Machiavelli turned the biographical traditionon its head.二. 定语从句的写法先行词 关系词事/物 which/that人 who / whom / thatwhose人／物（表示人或物的所有关系，“某人的／某物的”）时间 when地点 where原因 why1.先行词是事／物，关系词选择which／thatThe key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single‐use plastics.(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)The BIO recently held a convention which included session to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents.(2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)2. 先行词是人，关系词选择who／whom／that… normal‐weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight.(2014, Use of English)... you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk memorable.(2018, Reading Comprehension, Part B)3. 先行词是人／物，表示人或物的所有关系，关系词选择whoseUsers could select which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems.(2011, Use of English)On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world.(英语一, 2013, Translation)4. 先行词是时间，关系词选择whenIt is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high‐quality arts criticism could be found in most big‐city newspapers.(英语一, 2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)5. 先行词是地点，关系词选择whereHe is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical.(2018, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)6. 先行词是原因，关系词选择why… Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.(2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)关于定语从句关系词的注意事项：• 定语从句的关系词每一个都作成分，包括that。
2019考研英语(二)考试大纲
中国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)考试大纲(非英语专业)(2019年版)I. 考试性质英语(二)考试主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目。
其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。
II .考查内容考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：(一)语言知识1. 语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识，其中包括：(1)名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法;(2)动词时态、语态的构成及其用法;(3)形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法;(4)常用连接词的词义及其用法;(5)非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)的构成及其用法;(6)虚拟语气的构成及其用法;(7)各类从句(定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等)及强调句型的结构及其用法;(8)倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法。
2. 词汇考生应能较熟练地掌握5 500个左右常用英语词汇以及相关常用词组(详见附录相关部分)。
考生应能根据具体语境、句子结构或上下文理解一些非常用词的词义。
(二)语言技能1. 阅读考生应能读懂不同题材和体裁的文字材料。
题材包括经济、管理、社会、文化、科普等，体裁包括说明文、议论文和记叙文等。
根据阅读材料，考生应能：(1)理解主旨要义;(2)理解文中的具体信息;(3)理解语篇的结构和上下文的逻辑关系;(4)根据上下文推断重要生词或词组的含义;(5)进行一定的判断和推理;(6)理解作者的意图、观点或态度。
2. 写作考生应能根据所给的提纲、情景或要求完成相应的短文写作。
短文应中心思想明确、切中题意、结构清晰、条理清楚、用词恰当、无明显语言错误。
III. 考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构(一)考试形式考试形式为笔试。
考试时间为180分钟。
满分为100分。
2019年考研英语(二)精读精讲 text3
The Power of Perseverance: Lessons from aMountain ClimberIn the annals of human achievement, the story of those who persevere against all odds stands out as a beacon of inspiration. One such individual is the mountain climber, whose journey up the treacherous slopes of life's mountains teaches us valuable lessons about the power of perseverance. The mountain climber's journey is not one without challenges. The path is often treacherous, with steepcliffs, slippery rocks, and unpredictable weather. Yet, the climber perseveres, driven by a determination to reach the summit. They do not allow the difficulties to overcometheir resolve. Instead, they use each obstacle as astepping stone to their goal.The climber's perseverance is not just a physical feat. It is a mental one as well. The climb requires focus, discipline, and the ability to stay calm in the face of adversity. The climber must maintain a positive mindset, ignoring the doubts and fears that may creep in. They must believe in their ability to overcome any obstacle and reach the summit.This perseverance pays off in the end. When the climber finally reaches the summit, the sense of accomplishment and 成就感 is immense. They have overcome the challenges, faced their fears, and achieved their goal. The view from the summit is breathtaking, a reward for their hard work and perseverance.The mountain climber's story teaches us that perseverance is the key to overcoming any obstacle. Whether it is a literal mountain or a figurative one in life, perseverance is what allows us to keep going when the path becomes difficult. It is what helps us stay focused and disciplined, ignoring the doubts and fears that may hold us back. And it is what brings us to the summit, where we can enjoy the rewards of our hard work and accomplishments.As we navigate our own paths in life, let us remember the lessons of the mountain climber. Let us persevere in the face of challenges, stay focused on our goals, and believe in our abilities. Let us not be afraid to take on new challenges and face our fears. Because, with perseverance, we can overcome any obstacle and reach the summits of our dreams.**坚持的力量：登山者的启示**在人类成就的编年史中，那些不畏艰难、坚持不懈的人的故事犹如一盏明灯，激励着人们不断前行。
语法讲义--长难句分析完整版
I don’t think people are capable of that anymore. (2016, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)
断开长难句 – 考场攻略 攻略 1：先找从句，但先看主句
攻略 2：不要纠结从句
… when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it. (2015, Translation)
On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution. (2018, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
断开长难句： 标点/连接词 – 练习 Twenty‐seven students were told which pens were electrified; another twenty‐seven were told only that some were electrified. (2018, Use of English)
(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after பைடு நூலகம்e has turned it on. (英语一, 2012, Reading Comprehension, Part B)
2019年考研英语二真题答案及解析
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题解析Section I Use of English1、【答案】[CJ However ［解析】此处考察逻捐关系。
首段提出文浮中心定期称保自己是一种解任何显著的的体重波动的好方法。
空格所在句指出,_,如果太频繁，这种习惯有时会造成损杏．前义wonderful way (好方法）与后义hurt (损杏）形成转折关系，故埴入however (然而）．另外，however也是考研究形捂空中的森狈词。
其他选项．therefore (因此），otherwise (否则）和besides (此外）此处不符合语境，故正确答案为[CJ However, 2、【答案】[DJ helps...-【解析】此处无察反义复现．空格所在句指出：this habit can sometimes hu )J _more than it_ (这种习惯的坏处/� 要比一多），应该是help (有帮助，有好处），与前文hurt (损岩）形命反义复现．其他选项：Cares (关＂ 心），warns (警告），reduces (· 少，致使）均不能与hur t 形成呼应，故正确答案为[D J helps. 3、［答案】[A]solely h 【解析】此处考察同义复现＋词义辨析．空格所在句括出·幻俄，每天称自己的重舟让我把注芯力从保持健股和好动转移到—专注干体重种.11汃solel y (仅仅）语义通顺。
另外本句focus i ng solely o o tbe scale中的沁lely（仅仅）与本段后义thinking only o: _ t he number on the sca l e 的o n ly 形｝戊了同义复现。
故正确答案为(A]sole l y。
4、［答案】(A]lowering ［解析】此处叱察词义辨析中反义复现。
空格所在句指出：我狩经以卅加肌肉含碌而卅亚，但后米只为虑一体重的数踩，我改变了我的训练方案。
2019考研英语(二)考试大纲
2019考研英语(二)考试大纲中国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)考试大纲(非英语专业)(2019年版)I. 考试性质英语(二)考试主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目。
其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。
II .考查内容考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：(一)语言知识1. 语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识，其中包括：(1)名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法;(2)动词时态、语态的构成及其用法;(3)形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法;(4)常用连接词的词义及其用法;(5)非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)的构成及其用法;(6)虚拟语气的构成及其用法;(7)各类从句(定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等)及强调句型的结构及其用法;(8)倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法。
2. 词汇(6)理解作者的意图、观点或态度。
2. 写作考生应能根据所给的提纲、情景或要求完成相应的短文写作。
短文应中心思想明确、切中题意、结构清晰、条理清楚、用词恰当、无明显语言错误。
III. 考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构(一)考试形式考试形式为笔试。
考试时间为180分钟。
满分为100分。
试卷包括试题册和1张答题卡。
考生应将英语知识运用和阅读理解部分的答案按要求涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，将英译汉和写作部分的答案书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。
(二)考试内容试题分四部分，共48题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解、英译汉和写作。
第一部分英语知识运用主要考查考生对英语知识的综合运用能力。
共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。
在一篇约350词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。
2019年全国硕士研究生考研英语二真题及答案详细解析
2019年全国硕士研究生考研英语二真题及答案详细解析SectionⅠ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A],[B], [C] or [D] on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations. 1 , when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it 2 .As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing 3 on the scale. That was bad to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of 4 the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to 5 my goals.I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate 6 of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in weight 7 altering your training program. The most 8 changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.For these 9 , I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule 10 . Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to 11 my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and 12 any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to 13 my training program.I use my bimonthly weigh-in 14 to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but I’m constantly15 and dropping weight, this is a 16 that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.The 17 to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I’m experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a 18 morning weigh-in. I’ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, 19 I’m training according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale.Rather than 20 over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel, how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.1. [A] Besides [B] Therefore [C] Otherwise [D] However2. [A] helps [B] cares [C] warns [D] reduces3. [A] initially [B] solely [C] occasionally [D] formally4. [A] recording [B] lowering [C] explaining [D] accepting5. [A] modify [B] set [C] review [D] reach6. [A] definition [B] depiction [C] distribution [D] prediction7. [A] due to [B] regardless of [C] aside from [D] along with8. [A] orderly [B] rigid [C] precise [D] immediate9. [A] claims [B] judgments [C] reasons [D] methods10. [A] instead [B] though [C] again [D] indeed11. [A] report [B] share [C] share [D] share12. [A] depend on [B] approve of [C] hold onto [D] account for13. [A] prepare [B] adjust [C] confirm [D] prepare14. [A] results [B] features [C] rules [D] tests15. [A] bored [B] anxious [C] hungry [D] sick16. [A] principle [B] secret [C] belief [D] sign17. [A] request [B] necessity [C] decision [D] wish18. [A] disappointing [B] surprising [C] restricting [D] consuming19. [A] if because [B] unless [C] until [D] consuming20. [A] obsessing [B] dominating [C] puzzling [D] triumphingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],[B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child's growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends -- and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable -- it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren't binary --feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing Some Kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to shared them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.“ That’s good news,” Malti says. “We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret,”21.Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help_______.[A] regulate a child’s basic emotions[B] improve a child’s intellectual ability[C] foster a child’s moral development[D] intensify a child’s positive feelings22.According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be________.[A] deceptive [B] burdensome[C] addictive [D] inexcusable23.Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that________.[A] emotions are context-independent [B] emotions are socially constructive[C] emotional stability can benefit health [D] an emotion can play opposing roles24.Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing_______.[A] may help correct emotional deficiencies [B] can result form either sympathy or guilt[C] can bring about emotional satisfaction [D] may be the outcome of impulsive acts25.The word “transgressions”(Line 4, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to_______.[A] teachings [B] discussions[C] restrictions [D] wrongdoingsText 2Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap-but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable “carbon sinks” long into the future may require reducing their capacity to sequester carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.The state’s proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest, including by controlled burning. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest’s capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects. The landscape is rendered less easily burnable. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.California’s plans treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 -financed from the proceeds of the state’s emissions-permit auctions. That’s only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels. New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally they’ve focused on wildlife,watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. Califormia’s plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.26.By saying “one of the harder challenges,” the author implies that________.[A] global climate change may get out of control[B] people may misunderstand global warming[C] extreme weather conditions may arise[D] forests may become a potential threat27.To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks,” we may need to_______.[A] preserve the diversity of species in them[B] accelerate the growth of young trees[C] strike a balance among different plants[D] lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity28.California’s Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to________ .[A] cultivate more drought-resistant trees[B] reduce the density of some of its forests[C] find more effective ways to kill insects[D] restore its forests quickly after wildfires29.Wh at is essential to California’s plan according to Paragraph 5?[A] To handle the areas in serious danger first.[B] To carry it out before the year of 2020.[C] To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.[D] To obtain enough financial support.30.The author’s attitude to California’s plan can best be described as________.[A] ambiguous [B] tolerant [C] supportive [D] cautiousText 3American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years now.Given a multi- year decline in illegal immigration, and a similarly sustained pickup in the U.S. job market, the complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.Efforts to crate a more straightforward agricultural-workers visa that would enable foreign workers to stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry have so far failed in Congress.If this doesn’t change.American munities and consumers will be the losers.Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the U.S., the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today’s farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled, rather than migrating, and more likely to be married than single. They are also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now, more than half are. And crop picking is hard on older bodies. One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it has been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm.Mechanization is not the answer either—not yet at least. Production of com,cotton, rice, soybeans and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms,where robots do a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they are automated.As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the agricultural workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 annually.Even so,employers frequently complain they aren’t allotted all the workers they need.The process is cumbersome,expensive,and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led H-2A worker to arrive on the job an average of 22 days late. And the shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and nearly 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western growers have responded by moving operations to Mexico. From 1998-2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imported fruit had increased to 25.8 percent.In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.31. What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.[B] Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.[C] Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.[D] Decline of job opportunities in U.S. agriculture.32.One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is________.[A] the rising number of illegal immigrants [B] the high mobility of crop workers[C] the lack of experienced laborers [D] the aging of immigrant farm workers33.What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?[A] To attract younger laborers to farm work.[B] To get native U.S. workers back to farming.[C] To use more robots to grow high-value crops.[D] To strengthen financial support for farmers.34.Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its________.[A] slow granting procedures [B] limit on duration of stay[C] tightened requirements [D] control of annual admissions35.Which of the following could be the best title for this text?[A] U.S. Agriculture in Decline? [B] Import Food or Labor?[C] America Saved by Mexico? [D] Manpower vs. Automation?Text 4Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It’s easy to beat plastic. They’re part of a bunch of celebrities staring in a new video for World Environment Day—encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastic crisis.The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-us plastics. But the overarching message is directed at individuals.My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved. On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have “done our bit” without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions —a kind of “moral licensing” that all ays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we’re ignoring the balance of power that implies that as “consumers” we must shop sustainably, rather than as “citizens” hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority - or even most people’s. We sho uldn’t expect it to be. In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things, Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will “eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.” There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.DeSombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment. It’s just that individual actions ar e too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.None of this is about writing off the individual. It’s just about putting things into perspective. We don’t have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action (and rein in polluting businesses), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.36. Some celebrities star in a new video to.[A] demand new laws on the use of plastics [B] urge consumers to cut the use of plastics[C] invite public opinion on the plastics crisis [D] disc lose the causes of the plastics crisis37. The author is concerned that “moral licensing” may[A] mislead us into doing worthless things[B] prevent us from making further efforts[C] weaken our sense of accomplishment[D] suppress our desire for success38. By pointing out our identity as “citizens,”,the author indicates that[A] our focus should be shifted shifted to community welfare[B] our relationship with local industries is improving[C] We have been actively exercising our civil rights[D] We should press our government to lead the combat39. DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be.[A] a win-win arrangement [B] a self-driven mechanism[C] a cost-effective approach [D] a top down process40. The author concludes that individual efforts[A] can be too aggressive [B] can be too inconsistent[C] are far from sufficient [D] are far from rationalPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subtitles from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph(41-45).There are two extra subtitles which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Five ways to make conversation with anyoneI n choosing a new home, Camille McClain’s kids have a single demand: a backyard.McClain’s little ones aren’t the only kids who have an option when it comes to housing, and in many cases youngsters’ views weigh heavily on parents’ real estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2000 US adults.While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions, reality agents and psychologists have mixed views about the financial, personal and long-term effects kids’ opinions may have.The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, and Ryan Hooper, a clinical psychologist in Chicago.“Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it removes them from their current school or support system,” he said.Greg Jaroszewski, a real estate brokers with Gag liardo Realty Associates, said he’s not convinced that kids should be involved in selecting a home --- but their options should be considered to regards to proximity to friends and social activities, if possible.Younger children should feel like they’re choosing their home --- without actually getting a choice in the matter, said Adam Bailey, a real estate attorney based in New York.Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like they’re being included in the decision-making process, Bailey said.Many of the aspects of home buying aren’t a consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif. And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.“Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise, but I wouldn’t base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions.” Hampson said.The other issue is that many children - especially older ones - may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows, said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside , Calif .“They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us,” he said. “HGTV has seriously changed how people view real estate. It’s not shelter , it’s a lifestyle. With that mindset change come some serious money consequences.”Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally, Norris said.Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change over time, said Julie Gurner, a real estate analyst with .“Their opinions can change tomorrow,” Gurner said. “Harsh as it may be to say, that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child’s opinions, b ut rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best - and give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their own.”This advice is more relevant now than ever before, even as more parents want to embrace the ideas of their children, despite the current housing crunch.Section Ⅲ Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points) It is easy to underestimate English writer James Heriot. He had such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard people say, “I could write a book, I just haven’t the time” Easily said. Not so easily done. James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, “having a go at the writing game”. While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practicing, re-writing and reading. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literacy field was no exception.Section ⅣWritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit professor Smith, write him an email to Suppose Professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of city traffic. Wrote him an email to1) suggest a specific with your reasons, and2) tell him about your arrangements.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHETE.Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead(10 points)Part B48. Directions：Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart,and2) give your commentsYou should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)2019 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题解析Section I Use of English1【答案】D However【解析】此处考察逻辑关系。
2019考研英语二真题包括解析完整版
2019 考研英语 ( 二)真题答案分析 ( 完好版 ) Section Ⅰ Use of English1. [答案]【D】However[ 分析 ]此处是逻辑关系考点。
空格前面说到按期称重可以辅助我们着重自己体重的明显变化，这是正面描绘，可是空格后边说的是负面描绘，我们可以从词汇 hurt 上边感觉到语气的转变，因此，我们这里选择D,However(可是 ). 所给的答案中 [A]Besides( 除此以外 ) ，[B] Therefore( 因此 ) ， [D]Otherwise( 不然 ) ，意思都不切合题意。
2. [答案]【A】helps[ 分析 ] 此处是考察词义复现。
空格所在的句子的意思是说：这类习惯的缺点有时要比 ... 多，很明显想表达的意思是弊大于利，因此空格处应当写表示利的同义词，这里所给的答案中， A helps( 有辅助 ) 复合题意，其余[B]cares( 关怀 ) ，[C] warns( 警示 ),[D] reduces( 减少 ) 带入句中都不切合题意。
3. [答案]【B】solely[ 分析 ]此处是词汇考察。
空格所在的句子的意思是：每日称重会让我转译注意力到体重的数值上，而不是广泛的身体健康上。
此处和后面的 4 题的数值也很般配，因此答案是 B solely表示只是。
而其余答案[A] initially(最先地)[B]solely(只是地)[C]occasionally(有时地) [D] formally(正式地)都不合题意。
4. [答案 ]【B】lowering[分析 ]此处是词义辨析题。
空格所在的句子的意思和上文 3 空格的意思想对应，我固然体重增添是由于肌肉的加强，可是我所想的是体重秤上的数字增大了，因此会着重如何把数字降下来，因此这里应当选择是 B (lowering) 降低的意思。
其余选项 [A]recording( 记录 )[C]explaining( 解说 ) [D]accepting( 接受 ) 都不可以表达此意。
《2019英语》第二部分第三章考研讲义
《2019英语》第二部分语法第三章形容词及定语从句➢课前自测There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.➢知识精讲一、形容词形容词的语法功能：定语、表语、补语、状语。
She is beautiful.（形容词做表语）We find the NETEM difficult.（形容词做宾语补足语）The girl stood there, full of fear.（形容词短语做状语）He is a handsome boy.（形容词做定语）二、定语从句1、定语从句的构成基本构成：先行词（被修饰的名词）+关系词（引导词）He who laughs last laughs best.2、相关引导词定语从句的引导词可分为关系代词和关系副词两种。
a．关系代词：that、which、who、whom、whose、as。
The reason that she gives is unbelievable.This is the house which we bought last month.The one who was talking to you a minute ago is a professor.Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates into which they plug each day’s events.b．关系副词：when、where、why、whereby。
2019考研英语长难句讲义
22.Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamanneraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.
2.Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.
3.ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.
6.Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupif birds failed to controlthem.
7.Butwehaveatleastdrawnnearerthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicright, regardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.
2019年考研英语二真题答案及解析
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题答案详解Section I Use of English1、【答案】[D]However【解析】此处考察逻辑关系。
首段提出文章中心：定期称量自己是一种解任何显著的的体重波动的好方法。
空格所在句指出：____，如果太频繁，这种习惯有时会造成损害。
前文wonderful way(好方法)与后文hurt(损害)形成转折关系，故填入however(然而)。
另外，however 也是考研完形填空中的高频词。
其他选项：therefore(因此)，otherwise(否则)和besides(此外)此处不符合语境，故正确答案为[D]However。
2、【答案】[A]helps【解析】此处考察反义复现。
空格所在句指出：this habit can sometimes hurt more than it ____(这种习惯的坏处要比____多)，应该是help(有帮助，有好处)，与前文hurt(损害)形成反义复现。
其他选项：Cares(关心)，warns(警告)，reduces(减少，致使)均不能与hurt形成呼应，故正确答案为[A]helps。
3、【答案】[B]solely【解析】此处考察同义复现+词义辨析。
空格所在句指出：至于我，每天称自己的重量让我把注意力从保持健康和好动转移到____专注于体重秤。
填入solely(仅仅)语义通顺。
另外本句focusing solely on the scale中的solely(仅仅)与本段后文thinking only of____the number on the scale的only形成了同义复现。
故正确答案为[B]solely。
4、【答案】[B]lowering【解析】此处考察词义辨析+反义复现。
空格所在句指出：我曾经以增加肌肉含量而增重，但后来只考虑____体重的数量，我改变了我的训练方案。
填入lowering(减少)语义通顺。
2019考研英语(二)考试大纲
中国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)考试大纲(非英语专业)(2019年版)I. 考试性质英语(二)考试主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目。
其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。
II .考查容考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：(一)语言知识1. 语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识，其中包括：(1)名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法;(2)动词时态、语态的构成及其用法;(3)形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法;(4)常用连接词的词义及其用法;(5)非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)的构成及其用法;(6)虚拟语气的构成及其用法;(7)各类从句(定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等)及强调句型的结构及其用法;(8)倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法。
2. 词汇考生应能较熟练地掌握5 500个左右常用英语词汇以及相关常用词组(详见附录相关部分)。
考生应能根据具体语境、句子结构或上下文理解一些非常用词的词义。
(二)语言技能1. 阅读考生应能读懂不同题材和体裁的文字材料。
题材包括经济、管理、社会、文化、科普等，体裁包括说明文、议论文和记叙文等。
根据阅读材料，考生应能：(1)理解主旨要义;(2)理解文中的具体信息;(3)理解语篇的结构和上下文的逻辑关系;(4)根据上下文推断重要生词或词组的含义;(5)进行一定的判断和推理;(6)理解作者的意图、观点或态度。
2. 写作考生应能根据所给的提纲、情景或要求完成相应的短文写作。
短文应中心思想明确、切中题意、结构清晰、条理清楚、用词恰当、无明显语言错误。
III. 考试形式、考试容与试卷结构(一)考试形式考试形式为笔试。
考试时间为180分钟。
满分为100分。
英语二语法讲义
英语二语法讲义专题：情态动词（一）情态动词的定义情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度。
（二）情态动词的特点1）有一定词义；2）不受主语人称和数的变化影响；3）与主要动词的原形（或称不带to的不定式）一起构成谓语（除ought to作固定词组看待）。
（四）情态动词的基本用法1. can (could)1）表示能力，could主要指过去时间。
Two eyes can see more than one. 两只眼比一只眼看得清。
Could the girl read before she went to school? 这女孩上学前能识字吗？2）表示可能（理论上或是逻辑判断上）。
The temperature can fall to –60℃, that is 60℃ below freezing.气温可降至—60℃，也就是零下60℃。
He can’t(couldn’t) have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足够的钱买新车。
You mustn’t smoke while you’re walking around in the wood. You could start a fire. 在林子里走时勿吸烟，那样可能会引起火灾。
3）表示允许。
Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗？He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading—room.他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室。
4）表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。
主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。
Where can (could) they have gone to? 他们会去哪儿了呢？He can’t(couldn’t) be over sixty. 他不可能超过六十岁。
How can you be so careless? 你怎么这么粗心？5）比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。
2019考研英语(二)考试大纲(精品文档).doc
精品文档，下载后可编辑中国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)考试大纲(非英语专业)(2019年版)I. 考试性质英语(二)考试主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目。
其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。
II .考查内容考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：(一)语言知识1. 语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识，其中包括：(1)名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法;(2)动词时态、语态的构成及其用法;(3)形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法;(4)常用连接词的词义及其用法;(5)非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)的构成及其用法;(6)虚拟语气的构成及其用法;(7)各类从句(定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等)及强调句型的结构及其用法;(8)倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法。
2. 词汇考生应能较熟练地掌握5 500个左右常用英语词汇以及相关常用词组(详见附录相关部分)。
考生应能根据具体语境、句子结构或上下文理解一些非常用词的词义。
(二)语言技能1. 阅读考生应能读懂不同题材和体裁的文字材料。
题材包括经济、管理、社会、文化、科普等，体裁包括说明文、议论文和记叙文等。
根据阅读材料，考生应能：(1)理解主旨要义;(2)理解文中的具体信息;(3)理解语篇的结构和上下文的逻辑关系;(4)根据上下文推断重要生词或词组的含义;(5)进行一定的判断和推理;(6)理解作者的意图、观点或态度。
2. 写作考生应能根据所给的提纲、情景或要求完成相应的短文写作。
短文应中心思想明确、切中题意、结构清晰、条理清楚、用词恰当、无明显语言错误。
III. 考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构(一)考试形式考试形式为笔试。
考试时间为180分钟。
演示课件2019年考研英语二真题.doc
2019年英语（二）考研真题及答案解析。
Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations. 1 ,when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it 2 .As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing 3 on the scale. That was bad to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of 4 the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conficted with how I needed to train to 5 my goals.I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate 6 of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight 7 altering your training program. The most 8 changes will be observed in skill level,strength and inches lostFor these 9 , I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule 10 . Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for meto_ 11 _ my weight each week. Weighing every other week.精品.allows me to observe and 12 any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to 13 my training program.I use my bimonthly weigh-in 14 to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but I'm constantly 15 and dropping weight, this is a 16 that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.The 17 to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I'm experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a 18 morming weigh-in. I've also experienced greater success in achieving my specific ftness goals, 19 I'm training according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale.Rather than 20 over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.1. [A] Besides [B] Therefore [C]Otherwise [D] However2. [A] helps [B]cares [C]warns [D] reduces3. [A] initially [B] solely [C] occasionally [D] formally4. [A] recording [B] lowering [C] explaining [D] accepting5. [A] modify [B] set [C]review [D] reach6. [A] definition [B] depiction [C] distribution [D] prediction7. [A] due to [B]regardless of [C] aside from [D] along with8. [A] orderly [B] rigid [C] precise [D] immediate9. [A] claims [B]judgments [C] reasons [D] methods.精品.10. [A] instead [B]though [C]again [D]indeed11. [A] report [B] share [C] share [D] share12. [A] depend on [B]approve of [C]hold onto [D]account for13. [A] prepare [B]share [C]share [D] share14. [A] results [B]features [C]rules [D]tests15. [A] bored [B]anxious [C]hungry [D] sick16. [A] principle [B]secret [C]belief [D]sign17. [A] request [B]necessity [C]decision [D]wish18. [A] disappointing [B]surprising [C]restricting [D]consuming19. [A] if because [B]unless [C]until [D]consuming20. [A] obsessing [B]dominating [C]puzzling [D]triumphingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather,.精品.they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends -- and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable-- it's the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary -- feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.And quilt , by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti , a psychology professor at the University of T oronto ,suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some Kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier.精品.impulses. And vice versa : High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones share more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.“That’s good news,” Malti says, “We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.”21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help _______.A. regulate a child’s basic emotionsB. improve a child’s intellectual abilityC. foster a child’s moral developmentD. intensify a child’s positive feelings22. According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be _______.A. deceptiveB. burdensomeC. addictive.精品.D. inexcusable23. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that _______.A. emotions are context-independentB. emotions are socially constructiveC. emotional stability can benefit healthD. an emotion can play opposing roles24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing _______.A. may help correct emotional deficienciesB. can result from either sympathy or guiltC. can bring about emotional satisfactionD. may be the outcome of impulsive acts25. The word “transgressions” (Line 4, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to _______.A. teachingsB. discussionsC. restrictionsD. wrongdoingsText 2Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder callenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good.精品.share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so.The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap - but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable "carbon sinks" long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now. Califormia is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest's capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects. The landscape is rendered less easily burnable. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since2010,drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 - financed from the proceeds of the state' s emissions- permit auctions. That's only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a.精品.million acres in all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels. New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally they've focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. Califormia's plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.26. By saying “one of the harder challenges ,”the author impliesthat_________.A. global climate change may get out of controlB. people may misunderstand global warmingC. extreme weather conditions may ariseD. forests may become a potential threat27. To mai ntain forests as valuable “carbon sinks," we may needto__________.A. preserve the diversity of species in themB. accelerate the growth of young trees.精品.C. strike a balance among different plantsD. lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity28. California's Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to_______.A. cultivate more drought-resistant treesB. reduce the density of some of its forestsC. find more effective ways to kill insectsD. restore its forests quickly after wildfires29.What is essential to California's plan according to Paragraph 5?A. To handle the areas in serious danger first.B. To carry it out before the year of 2020.C. To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.D. To obtain enough financial support.30. The author's attitude to California's plan can best be describedas________.A. ambiguousB. tolerantC. supportiveD. cautiousText 3American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years now. Given a multi-year decline in illegal immigration, and a similarly.精品.sustained pickup in the U.S. job market, the complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.Efforts to create a more straightforward agricultural-workers visa that would enable foreign workers to stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry have so far failed in Congress. If this doesn’t change, American businesses, communities and consumers will be the losers.Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the U.S., the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today’s farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled, rather than migrating, and more likely to be married than single. They are also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now, more than half are. And crop picking is hard on older bodies.One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it has been all along: Native U.S. worker s won’t be returning to the farm.Mechanization is not the answer either — not yet at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans and wheat have been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots currently do only a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they are automated.As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest.精品.workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the agricultural workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 annually. Even so, employers frequently complain that they aren’t allotted all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led H-2A workers to arrive on the job an average of 22 days late. And the shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.In a 2012 survey ，71 percent of tree-fruit growers and nearly 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western growers have responded by moving operations to Mexico. From 1998-2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imported fruit had increased to 25.8 percent.In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.31.What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?A.Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.B.Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.C.Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers..精品.D. Decline of job opportunities in U.S. agriculture.32. One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is_______.A.the rising number of illegal immigrantsB.the high mobility of crop workersC.the lack of experienced laborersD.the aging of immigrant farm workers33. What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?A. To attract younger laborers to farm work.B. To get native U.S. workers back to farming.C. To use more robots to grow high-value crops.D. To strengthen financial support for farmers.34. Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its ___.A. slow granting proceduresB. limit on duration of stayC. tightened requirementsD. control of annual admissions35.Which of the following could be the best title for this text?A. U.S. Agriculture in Decline?B. Import Food or Labor?C. America Saved by Mexico?.精品.D. Manpower vs. Automation?Text 4Amold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It's easy to beat plastic. They're part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day — encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastics crisis.The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics. But the overarching message is directed at individuals.My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved. On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have "done our bit" without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions — a kind of "moral licensing" that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we're ignoring the balance of power that implies that as "consumers" we must shop sustainably, rather than as "citizens" hold our governments and industries to account to.精品.push for real systemic change.It's important to acknowledge that the environment isn't everyone's priority – or even most people's. We shouldn't expect it to be. In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things, Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will "eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022." There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.DeSombre isn't saying people should stop caring about the environment. It's just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.None of this is about writing off the individual. It's just about putting things into perspective. We don't have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action (and rein in polluting businesses), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.36. Some celebrities star in a new video toA. demand new laws on the use of plastics.精品.B. urge consumers to cut the use of plasticsC. invite public opinion on the plastics crisisD. disclose the causes of the plastics crisis37. The author is concerned that “moral licensing” mayA. mislead us into doing worthless thingsB. prevent us from making further effortsC. weaken our sense of accomplishmentD. suppress our desire for success38. By pointing out our identity as “citizens,”,the author indicates that A: our focus should be shifted to community welfareB: our relationship with local industries is improvingC: We have been actively exercising our civil rightsD: We should press our government to lead the combat39. DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be A: a win-win arrangementB: a self-driven mechanismC: a cost-effective approachD: a top down process40. The author concludes that individual effortsA: can be too aggressiveB: can be too inconsistent.精品.C: are far from sufficientD: are far from rationalPart BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Five ways to make conversation with anyoneIn choosing a new home, Camille McClain’s kids have a single demand: a backyard.McClain’s little ones aren’t the only kids who have an opinion when it comes to housing, and in many cases youngsters’ views weigh heavily on parents’ real estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2,000 U.S. adults.While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions, realty agents and psychologists have mixed views about the financial, personal and long-term effects kids’ opinions may have.The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, said Ryan Hooper, a clinical psychologist in Chicago..精品.“Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it removes them from their current school or support system,” he said.Greg Jaroszewski, a real estate brokers with Gagliardo Realty Associates, said he’s not conv inced that kids should be involved in selecting a home --- but their opinions should be considered in regards to proximity to friends and social activities, if possible.Younger children should feel like they’re choosing their home --- without actually getting a choice in the matter, said Adam Bailey, a real estate attorney based in New York.Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like they’re being included in the decision-making process, Bailey said.Many of the aspects of homebuying aren’t a consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif. And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.“Speaking with your c hildren before you make a real estate decision is wise, but I wouldn’t base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions.” Hampson said.The other issue is that many children - especially older ones - may base.精品.their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows, said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside ,Calif .“They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us,” he said. “HGTV has seriously changed how people view real estate. It’s not shelter , it’s a lifestyle. With that mindset change come some serious money consequences.”Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally, Norris said.Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change over time, said Julie Gurner, a real estate analyst with .“Their opinions can change tomorrow,” Gurner said. “Harsh as it may be to say, that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child’s opinions, but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best - and give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their own.”This advice is more relevant now than ever before, even as more parents want to embrace the ideas of their children, despite the current housing crunch.A. remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to children..精品.Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)It is easy to underestimate English writer James Heriot. He had such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard people say "I could write a book. I just haven't the time." Easily said. Not so easily done. James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it,“having a go at the writing game”. While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practising. re-writing and reading. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everything he achieved in life was earned the.精品.hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.Section IV WritingPart A47、Directions：Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit professor Smith, write him an email toSuppose Professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of city traffic. Write him an email to1) suggest a specific topic with your reasons, and2) tell him about your arrangements.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHETE.Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming" instead (10points)Part B48、Directions：Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing , you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your commentsYou should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points).精品..精品.。
2019考研英语语法全面举例讲解【三篇】
【导语】愿你插上⼀对有⼒的翅膀。
坚韧地飞吧，不要为风⾬所折服；诚挚地飞吧，不要为⾹甜的蜜汁所陶醉。
朝着明确的⽬标，飞向美好的未来。
以下是为⼤家整理的《2019考研英语语法全⾯举例讲解【三篇】》供您查阅。
【篇⼀：动词不定式作主语】 在不定式短语作主语的句⼦中，往往⽤ it 作形式主语，⽽不把不定式短语放在句⼦的后⾯。
如： To die like that is a terrible thing.=It is a terrible thing to die like that. 象那样死去是⼀件可怕的事。
( it 作形式主语，把真正的主语to die like that放在后⾯) To know oneself is difficult.=It’s difficult to know oneself. 有⾃知之明不容易。
To tell a lie is not always easy.= It’s not always easy to tell a lie. 撒谎并⾮总是容易。
Never to offend anyone is my principle. 永远不得罪任何⼈就是我的原则。
It’s against nature to remain single. 保持单⾝是违反⾃然的。
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
For a dog to die like that is a terrible thing. = It is a terrible thing for a dog to die like that. ⼀条狗象那样死去是⼀件可怕的事。
(for a dog是不定式的主语) For one to know everything is impossible.= It’s impossible for one to know everything. ⼀个⼈什么都知道是不可能的。
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定语从句（上）一、定语从句的概念什么是定语从句？例: A rich person is not the one who has the most, but is the one who needs the least.用来修饰前面的名词或者代词的具有完整的主谓结构的句子就叫着定语从句。
有两个必备的基本元素。
一个是先行词；一个是关系词。
1.名词或代词做先行词。
例：He laughs best who laughs last.2.短语做先行词。
Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.3.用句子做先行词。
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.I am a student which you all know.当先行词与关系词被割裂时是如何表现的。
如：Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off.找先行词的方法。
反证法。
把它带进去。
哪一个是通顺的，哪一个就是先行词。
1.翻译定语从句。
2.结合先行词的结构特点和位置特征在关系词之前寻找与定语从句的意思的有逻辑关系相符合的词。
定语从句（下）二、定语从句里面的关系代词的用法。
1.常用的关系代词：which, that, who, whom。
Whom现在用的很少。
前面有介词只能用which，不能用that。
2. 关系代词在考试中的特殊情况。
What:1)它是子母同体。
相当于一个关系代词以及一个先行词。
What前面不应该在出现先行词。
如果前面已经偶一个关系词，就不能用what来引导。
例如：You can have everything what you like. what=all that,所以这儿不能用what.All---is a continuous supplying of the basic necessities of lifeA.what is the needB.the things needC.for our needsD.that is need2)what单独使用，后面不加名词。
例如：She is not what she used to be.3)what 后面加名词例如：What money I have has been given to you.1997年考题：______he knows about it is out of date and in accurateA.What littleB.So muchC.How muchD.So littleas1.like2.作为3.when4.引导定语从句。
即可引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。
引导限制性定语从句一般式固定用法。
如as…as, such…asas引导非限制性定语从句例如：I was a boy which you know. which可以用as替换。
As is so often pointed out knowledge is a two edge weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.as引导限制性定语从句考试中往往考固定搭配。
例如：Such a student as works hard were be sure to succeed.than 作为关系代词可以引导定语从句More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; consequently, children are likely to have less supervision at home ____ was common in the traditional family structure .A.thanB.thatC.whichD.as特点：1)than作为关系代词引导词在从句中一般必须做主语或者作宾语。
2)than 前面的主句必须要有比较级3)比较级所修饰的名词就是than指代的对象三、关系副词When引导的定语从句。
1)先行词必须是表示时间的名词。
Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.2)如何区分when引导的定语从句和状语从句。
用句子表示状语就是状语从句。
例如：When I go to school, I will work hard.从两方面区分：When 引导的定语从句前一定有表示时间的名词；When 引导的状语语从句前没有有表示时间的名词。
从翻译的角度看如果是引导的定语从句可以不翻译。
如果是状语从句就必须翻译成当……时候。
When=on whichWherewhere=in whichwhere引导的从句先行词必须是表示地点的名词。
例如：I was born in Beijing where the Olympic games will be held.先行词表示地点,不一定用where来引导。
例如：I have never been to Beijing ,but it’s the place __.A.where I’dlike to visitB.in which I’d like to visitC.I most want to visitD.thar I want to visit it most名词从句讲五个问题：一、名词从句的本质。
1.概念：就是把一个完整的句子当一个名词来使用。
那么从句就具备了名词所具备的所有性质。
主语、宾语、表语、同位语。
2.引导名词从句常用的连词。
有三类：1）that; 2)whether,if; 3)when,where ,how等连接副词或what,who,whose等连接代词。
That引导的名词性从句不能做任何句子成分。
what一定在从句中充当主语或者宾语。
Which 和whose 后面必须接名词。
例如：Concerns were raised __witness might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.A.whatB.whenC.whichD.that3)多重的名词从句现象。
例如：I realized that what I said was not exactly what meant to say.考题：Prof. Lee’s book will show you ________ can be used in other contexts.[A] that you have observed[B] that how you have observed[C] how that you have observed[D] how what you have observed二、名词从句中的主语从句主语从句有如下几种表示方式：1.用which, that放在句首引导主语从句。
例如：That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.3.用it is +ved+that…例如：It is believed that you are good boy.3.用whether引导主语从句。
例如：Whether the eyes are the windows of the soul is debatable.三、宾语从句需要掌握的几点：及物动词后面的宾语从句。
2005年例句：Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us?四、表语从句就是一句话做另一个句子的表语。
就是把从句放在系动词的后面。
1997年例句：A report consistently brought back by visits to the US is how friendly, cautious and hopeful most Americans were to them.五、同位语从句就是用来补充说明同位语的名词成分的句子。
结构是：名词+that+从句。
同位语从句与宾语从句和定语从句的区别：引导宾语从句和定语从句的的that, which 可以省略，而引导同位语从句的that不能省略。
定语从句中的that必须在从句中扮演主语或者宾语。
同位语从句的that不扮演任何成分。
例如：There is a popular saying that family instability causes social instability. that不做句子成分。
状语从句（上）第三讲状语从句（上）一、状语从句的本质。
就是用一个句子来作另外一个句子的状语。
状语从句的分类：时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、结果状语、目的状语、条件状语、让步状语、比较状语、方式状语。
2005年例句Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, ____ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.A. whenB. sinceC. forD. whereas难点：1.When常考的句型：Hardly…when; when it comes that; when it comes to ;1991年例句：____to speak when the audience interrupted him.A. Hardly had he begunB. No sooner hardly had he begunC. Not until he beginD. Scarcely had he begin1998年例句：Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ________ it comes to classroom tests.A. beforeB. as C since D. when2.地点状语从句Where 引导地点状语一般总是放在主句的后面。