2020届高考英语语法专题复习讲义语法专题:定语从句学生版

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【定语从句】

【高考考纲解读】

定语从句的用法较为复杂,高考除了单独考查定语从句知识外,还常常结合句式结构、时态等来综合考查。纵观近几年各地高考试题,不难发现其考点主要包括:

1. 考查关系代词和关系副词的区分。如: that, which和where, when的区分; that, which和why的区分等。

2. 考查whose的使用。whose可以指代人或物, 在定语从句中作定语, 后跟名词。指物时, whose+名词=名词+of which =of which+名词。如:

The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.

3. 考查as/which引导的非限制性定语从句。尤其要重视which,as引导的非限制性定语从句和it,what 引导的主语从句的区分。

4. 考查定语从句中的主谓一致现象。如:

I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.

5. 考查“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时用which,不能用that。关系代词作定语时也可用whose。如:

The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students.

6. 考查一些特殊的先行词。如: 当situation, point, case, activity, scene及period, festival, occasion等出现时, 要注意具体情况具体分析; 作主语、宾语和表语时, 用关系代词that/which; 作状语时, 用关系副词where/when或“介词+which”, 表示在某种特定的情形下。

7. 考查定语从句、强调句、时间状语从句等的区别。

【命题趋势】

定语从句是历年高考的重点,主要考查常见关系代词和关系副词的用法,比如which/that/as/ when/where 的用法及区别性的选择等,及与其他从句如名词性从句的区别等。在高考的中主要体现在语法填空,短文改错,完型填空等中,且完形填空80%每年会出一道题。

【名师指导】

考生在定语从句的学习过程中存在着以下几个问题:

1.考生不能辨别定语从句的结构;

2.关系代词与关系副词的选择混乱,不清楚关系代词与关系副词的使用情况;

3. 习惯性以翻译的方式来理解定语从句、同位语从句,而使自己陷入困境之中;

4. 由于对句型结构分析不到位,经常出现代词与关系代词错用的情况。

定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句

1.who,whom和whose引导的定语从句

(1)who或whom均可指代人,但who在从句中作主语或宾语,whom在从句中作宾语;两者在引导限制性定语从句时可用that替换。作主语时,who/that不可省略;作宾语时,whom/who/that可以省略。

◆I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.

我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中结识的同校同学成了好朋友。

◆I have many friends to whom I’m going to send post cards.我有很多打算寄贺卡给他们的朋友。

◆The person I want to talk about with you is Tu Youyou, the one who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015.

我想与你讨论的人是屠呦呦,2015年获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的人。

(2)whose表所属关系,一般指人,也可指物,在从句中作定语。指物时相当于of which; 指人时相当于of whom。

◆The school shop, whose customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.

这家校内商店的主要顾客是学生,放假时商店关门。

关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

◆Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.

汤姆是想出解决方法的唯一工程师。

2.that,which引导的定语从句

(1)which指物,在从句中可以作主语、宾语,也可作定语,作宾语时可以省略。that指人或物均可,在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语,作宾语时可以省略。

◆She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before.

她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。

(2)限制性定语从句中,关系代词只用that不用which的情况:

①先行词为不定代词anything, nothing, something, everything, all, some, none, little, few, the one等时。

◆I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else’s fault.

我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。

②先行词是形容词最高级或序数词,或先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。

◆The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.

他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。

③先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same, any, every, each, few, little, no, some,all等修饰时。

◆The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert. 这顿饭只有甜点是我真正爱吃的。

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