英语现在完成时(完整)

现在完成时The Present Perfect Tense

一.Form:

1.肯定句:

S (主语)+have/has+PP(过去分词)

2. 否定句:

S (主语)+have/has+not +PP(过去分词)

3.疑问句

Have/has+ S (主语)+PP(过去分词)?

Yes, S+have/has.

No,S+have/hasn’t.

助动词have和has可前面的主语缩略为’ve, ‘s.如they’ve, we’ve, he’s, it’s;

has not=hasn’t have not=haven’t

二、过去分词的构成

1.+ed work, plant,call

2.e+d live, change, like, love, agree, save, hate, move, arrive,,skate, hope, use

3.以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的双写＋ed. 如：plan, stop, drop, fit(适合), prefer(更喜欢), travel

４。以辅音字母＋y，结尾，变y为i＋ed

try, study, carry, hurry, cry, worry, copy

三，用法：

1．表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与以下词连用，already, yet, just, now, 例如：

I have just cleaned my clothes. 我刚洗过衣服。

（“洗衣服”是发生在过去的动作，对现在造成的结果是“衣服干净了”）

already(“已经”，用在肯定句)

I have already finished my homework.

yet （“已经”,用在疑问句;“还”用在否定句）

Has he finished his homework yet?

She hasn’t finished her homework yet.

just(“刚刚”，用在肯定句)

We have just finished our homework.

now(现在) I have had my breakfast now.

2. 表示说话前发生过一次或多次，而现在已成为经历或经验的动作或状态，常与以下词连用。

ever(“曾经”，用在疑问句中) Have you ever been to Hong Kong?

never(“从未” 表示否定) I’ve never been there.

before(以前) He has seen her before.

once(“曾经”“一次，用在肯定句),twice, three times…

She has been there once.

3.表示动作从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和表示一段的时间状语

连用。如for引导的时间段，since引导的过去时间点和含有过去时的从句，动词用持续性动词。

have/has+过分(延续性动词)+ for+一段时间,

+since+一段时间+ago

+since+时间点

We have learned English for five years.

We have learned English since five years ago.

I have been here since 5 o’clock.

现在完成时+ since+ 一般过去时

即：have/has+过分(延续性v)since从句(一般过去时)

I have been here since I was young.

He has lived here since he came here.

•短暂性动词与延续性动词

◆短暂性动词也叫瞬间动词或终止性动词。这种动词是指它们动作的开始也就意味着动作的结

束，所以不能跟表示一段的时间状语连用，象这样的词有：buy, sell, begin, start, leave, come, go, borrow, lend, return, die, join等。

◆延续性动词也叫持续性动词，能和一段时间连用。

1.短暂性动词和延续性动词都可用于现在完成时中

have/has+过分(短暂性v) (肯定句, 疑问句中，不能加一段时间)

have/has not+过分(短暂性v) (否定句,能加一段时间)

即：have/has not +过分(短暂性动词) +for+一段时间,

+since+时间点

+ since+一段时间,+go

have / has +过分(延续性动词)(可加一段时间)

例如：

She has died.(短暂性v,肯定句,不能加一段时间)

She has been dead (for 5 years.)(延续性动词)

2.短暂性动词不能用于由for+一段时间, since+时间点(或since…ago)引导的现在完成时的肯定句，疑问句中,此句型必须用延续性动词,即

have/ has+ 过分(延续性动词) + for+一段时间,

(短暂性动词必须+since+一段时间+ago

转换成延续性动词) +since+时间点

have/has+过分(延续性v) + since从句(一般过去时)

3．短暂性动词与时间段的关系

短暂性动词在肯定句、疑问句中不能与时间段连用，这些动词是：become, begin, buy, borrow, arrive, come, die, fall, finish, get to know, go, join, leave, marry等。为了表述这种意思，可用以下几种表示法：