世贸组织规则复习提纲
世界贸易组织法复习提纲
世界贸易组织法复习提纲一：世界贸易组织的特点和内容二:关税与贸易总协定与世界贸易组织有何区别？（不用写那么多，简单写出即可）答：1。
确立、适用的法律依据不同。
世界贸易组织多边法律基础是《世界贸易组织协定》,这是一个永久的协定.而《关税与贸易总协定》的依据是1947年签署的《关税与贸易总协定临时适用议定书》（PPA)，该议定书已被1994年关税与贸易总协定废除。
2.约束力度不同。
世界贸易组织在实质意义上不允许成员对WTO规则作出保留或偏离WTO 规则，各成员的国内立法应与WTO规则保持一致；而在《关税与贸易总协定临时适用议定书》则明确允许在不违反现有国内立法的范围内最大程度地适用《关税与贸易总协定》的第二部分（被称为祖父条款或祖父权利），国内法的规定可以成为不履行有关义务的借口.3.法律框架的结构不同。
世界贸易组织多边法律制度是一个完整的统一制度,对所有的成员都有约束力，各成员承担的义务是相同的；在关税与贸易总协定下，各协议间是相互独立的、分散的，不同缔约方受不同协议的约束，不同的协议有不同的参加方,不同参加方间的权利义务有可能是不同的。
4.调整范围不同。
世界贸易组织既调整货物贸易、又调整服务贸易，还调整与贸易有关的知识产权,它所调整的货物贸易还包括了纺织品贸易和农产品贸易。
而以前的关税与贸易总协定只调整货物贸易，但又不包括纺织品贸易,对农产品贸易的调整也缺乏强有力的约束。
5争端解决制度不同。
世界贸易组织争端解决制度是统一的，各成员根据不同协议产生的争端都适用同一争端解决制度;而在关税与贸易总协定框架下，不同的协议有不同的争端解决制度，表现出分散性。
两个制度下，申请设立专家组、通过和实施争端解决报告的程序，都不相同。
简述世界贸易组织的产生。
答:1986年乌拉圭回合启动时,谈判议题没有涉及建立世界贸易组织的问题.但是在涉及服务贸易和与贸易相关的知识产权等非货物贸易问题时，很难在GATT的框架内实施.因此，欧共体在1990年首先提出建立一个多边贸易组织的倡议。
世贸组织规则复习简版.doc
世贸组织规则和法律复习范围一、简答题：1.What is WTO?WTO：(a) on November 11, 2001, the ministry of foreign trade and economic cooperation minister shi guangshcng, on behalf of the Chin esc govern me nt officially signed on China's acccssio n protocol, and submit to the WTO secretariat, signed by President jiang zemin of Chinas accession to the WTO of ratification. On December II, 2001, China officially became the world trade organization (wto) 143th member. (b) on the basis of the WTO multilateral trading system features: (1) the meaning of the multilateral trading system: \H when processing trade relations with each other for all countries must comply with a collection of a series of international rules.、” - the more complete historical mission and legal status arc higher than the GATT; Perfect structure, function, clear; To be responsible for the management of the implementation of trade agreements coverage: For members of the binding is strong; Stronger members widely, the feasibility of the system goal and way to achieve the comprehensive; Make wto members pay attention to the interests, rights and obligations as a whole - could be more lasting 1 dispute settlement system quite strong ability is stronger than the original 2 multilateral trading system, supervision ability is higher than the original 3 multilateral trading system, the influence is greater than the original multilateral trading system2.What are intellectual property rights? And what areas of IPR are covered by TRIPS Agreement?(I)lntellectual property: conferred by the law of civil subject to the proprietary rights of its creative in tellectual achieveme nt s. Intern ational protection of intellectual property rights, is the obj ective dema nd of the kno wledge and tech nical comm unication has become in creasingly in ter nation al i zed ・(2) the legal features of in tellectual property, in tangible property rights; The dualism of the property rights a nd perso nal rights; Confirmed by the law directly. Exclusiveness. Ftegional; Timeliness(3) the trade-related intellectual property rights (TRiP^ agreement aim: reduce the distortion of international trade and block; To promote more fully in the inter national scope of intellectual property rights, more effective protect io n; To ensure the implementatio n of intellectual property rights a nd procedure right legal trade barriers .In tellectual property rights are customarily divided into two main areas: (i) Copyright and rights related to copyright (ii) In dustrial property. I ntellectual property rights in elude three parts: Copyrights, patents, industrial designs・3.What are the principles of GATT?The ultimate aim of GAFT is the establishment of a free multilateral trading system and liberalisation of internatiorial trade through removal of discrimination in international trade and reduction in trade barriers. For the achieveme nt of this obj ective, GATT has adopted the following fun dame ntal prin ci pies. These principles forbid unfair trade practice and set a code of con duct for the participants.(i)Trade should be on non-discriminatory basis.(ii)Quantitative restrictions on trade are prohibited・(iii)Qttlement of trade disputes should be achieved through consultations within the framework of GZKFT(iv)Tariff reductions are to be accomplished in a series of multilateral negotiations, or GATT rounds.4.What arc safeguard mcasurcs?(保障扌占施)Safeguard measures: meaning: as an importer of security measures, must be the product import quantity has increased dramatically, to the domestic same products or directly competitive products lead to serious damage orthreat, cut the measures don*t ask, don't product source・ Conditions: import growth (absolute growth and relative growth), by failing to see the factor and the tariff concession or other trade liberalization wrong cause serious damage or threat. Implementation: additional duties, quantitative restrictions, non-discriminatory (source); Compensation and authorized retaliation . Features: 1, compared with the provisions of the anti-dumping and anti-subsidy safeguards the faimess of the implcmcntation environment. Safeguard measures is a WTO member in the only means to protect domestic industries under the condition of fair trade, but against the unfair anti-dumping, countervailing and other trade protection measures taken・2, safeguard measures generally is discriminatory, it caused to (he domestic same industry injury of all imported products, and not for a specific exporte匚Anli-dumping measures and countervailing, for the specific members of subsidies or dumping of the concrete enterprise (specific product). 3, safeguards the industiy injury standard - "severe damage11 anti-dumping and countervaiIing method is higher than the industry injury standard - H material injury”. This H serious damage" to make the importer of industiy in the temporary, and extremely difficult or on the verge of bankruptcy・5.What is anti-dumping?If a company exports a product at a price lower than the price it normally charges on its own home market, it is said to be “dumping" the product. The WTO Agreement does not r egulate the actions of companies engaged in "dumping”. I(s focus is on how governments can or cannot react to dumping — it disciplines anti-dumping actions, and it is often called the ^Anti-dumping Agreement", anti-dumping is a measure to rectify the situation arising out of the dumping of goods and its trade distortive effect.Typically anti-dumping action means charging extra import duty on the particular product from the particular exporting country in order to bring its price closer to the "normal value^or to remove the injury to domestic industry in the importing country.The final anti-dumping remedies is anti-dumping duty of dumping products・ The amount of anti-dumping duties can be equal to dumping margins, can also lower lhan dumping margins. Another kind of remedy is price undertakings・ If exporters voluntarily made a satisfactory commitment, modify or stop to dumping price export prices, the investigation procedures can be suspended or terminated, relevant departments do not take temporary measures or to impose anti-dumping duties.Conditions of WTO "anti-dumping agreement regulation, anti-dumping duties of dumping products must comply with the three basic conditions:First, make sure there is the fact of dumping;Second, make sure caused material injuiy to a domestic industry or the threat of material injury, or cause substantial obstacles to establish relevant domestic industries;Third, determine the causal relationship between dumping and injury.Dumping exists; Damage exists; There is a causal relationship between dumping and damage・ In the case of these three conditions all have, can appear the international anti・dumping・二、名词解释1 ・ Pre-shipment inspectionThe practice of employing private companiesto check shipment details such as price, quantity and quality of goods ordered overseas. The Agreement on PSI recognizes that principles of the GATT Agreement apply to such activities. The purpose is to safeguard national financial interests (prevention of capital flight and commercial fraud as well as customs duty evasion, for instance) and to compensate for in adequacies in administrative infrastructures. Pre-shipment inspection, also called preshipment inspection or PSI, is a part of supply chai n manageme nt and an import a nt and reliable quality con trol method for checki ng goods* quality while clients buy from the suppliers・2.MFNmost-favoured-nation treatment (MFN), also called normal trade relations, guarantee of trading opportunity equal to that accorded to the most-favoured nation; it is essentially a method of establishing equality of trading opportunity among states by making originally bilateral agreements multilateral. As a principle of public international law, it establishes the sovereign equality of states with respect to trading policy. As an instrument of economic policy, it provides a treaty basis for competitive international transactions・Under the WTO agreements, countries cannot normally discriminate between their trading partners. Grant someone a special favour (such as a lower customs duty rate for one of their products) and you have to do the same for all other WTO members.This principle is known as most-favoured-nation (MFN) treatment (sec box). It is so important that it is the first article of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which governs trade in goods. MFN is also a priority in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) (Article 2) and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) (Article 4), although in each agreement the principle is handled slightly differently. Together, those three agreements cover all three main areas of trade handled by the WTO.3.National treatmentmost-favoured-nation treatment (MFN), also called normal trade relations, guarantee of trading opportunity equal to that accorded to the most-favoured nation; it is essentially a method of establishing equality of trading opportunity among states by making originally bilateral agreements multilateral. As a principle of public international law, it establishes the sovereign equality of states with respect to trading policy. As an instrument of economic policy, it provides a treaty basis for competitive international transactions・Under the WTO agreements, countries cannot normally discriminate between their trading partners. Grant someone a special favour (such as a lower customs duty rate for one of their products) and you have to do the same for all other WTO members.This principle is known as most-favoured-nation (MFN) treatment (sec box). It is so important that it is the first article of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which governs trade in goods. MFN is also a priority in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) (Article 2) and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) (Article 4), although in each agreement the principle is handled slightly differently. Together, those three agreements cover all three main areas of trade handled by the WTO.4.Prohibited subsidiesational treatment is a principle in international law vital to many treaty regimes・Il essentially means treating foreigners and locals equally. Under national treatment, if a state grants a particular right, benefit or privilege to its own citizens, it must also grant those advantages to the citizens of other states while they arc in that country. In the context of international agreements, a state must provide equal treatment to those citizens of other states that are participating in the agreement. Imported and locally-produced goods should be treated equally — at least after the foreign goods have entered the market.Imported and locally・pix)duced goods should be treated equally — at least after the foreign goods have entered the market. The same should apply to foreign and domestic services, and to foreign and local trademarks, copyrights and patents. This principle of "national treatment5' (giving others the same treatment as one's own nationals) is also found in all the three main WTO agreements (Article 3 of GATT, Article 17 of GATS and Article 3 of TRIPS), although once again the principle is handled slightly differently in each of these.5.Custom valuationFor importers, (he process of estimating the value of a product at customs presents problems that can be just as serious as the actual duty rate charged. The WTO agreement on customs valuation aims for a fair, uniform and neutral system for the valuation of goods for customs purposes — a system that conforms to commercial realities, and which outlaws the use of arbitrary or fictitious customs values. The Committee on Customs Valuation of the Council for Trade in Goods (CGT) carries out work in the WTO on customs valuation. Customs valuation is a customs procedure applied to determine the customs value of imported goods・ If the rate of duty is ad valorem, the customs value is essential (o determine the duty to be paid on an imported good・Customs Valuation is the process where customs authorities assign a monetary value to a good or service for the purposes of import or export. Generally, authorities engage in this process as a means of protecting tariff concessions, collecting revenue for the governing authority, implementing trade policy, and protecting public health and safety.6.DumpingDumping is an in formal name for the practice of selling a product in a foreign country for less than either (a) the price in the domestic country, or (b) the cost of making the product. It is illegal in some countries to dump certain products into them, because they want to protect their own industries from such competition. Exporting goods at prices lower than the home-market prices. In price-to-price dumping, the exporter uses higher home-prices to supplement the reduced revenue from lower export prices・ In price-cost dumping, the exporter is subsidized by the local government with duty drawbacks, cash incentives, etc. Dumping is legal under GATT (now WTO) rules unless its injurious effect on the importing country^ producers can be established. If injury is established, GATT rules allow imposition of anti-dumping duty equal to the difference between the exporter's home-market price and the imporlefs FOB price.Dumping, in economic terms, is when a country lowers the sales price of one of its exports for the express purpose of gaining unfair market share in that industry in another country. The exporter usually lowers the price below what it would sell for at home, and sometimes even below its actual cost to produce・7、CopyrightCopyright is a legal concept, enacted by most governments, that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights to its use and distribution, usually for a limited time, with the intention of enabling the creator of intellectual wealth (eg the photographer of a photograph or the author of a book) to receive compensation for their work and be able to fin. Copyright has two ways: automatically and registration8、Trade Policy ReviewSurveillance of national trade policies is a fundamentally important activity running throughout the work of the WTO・At the centre of this work is the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM). All WTO members are reviewed, the frequency of each country^ review varying according to its share of world trade.三、选择题1.Countervailing duties are intended to neutralize any unfair advantage that foreign exporters might gain because of foreign ( B )A.tariffs・B・ subsidies. C・ quotas・ D. Local-Content legislation.2.Throughout the post-World War II era, the importance of tariffs as a trade barrier has ( B )A.increased・B. decreased・ C・ remained the same. D. fluctuated wildly.3・ Which organization determines procedures for the settlement of intemational trade dispute (B )A.World BankB.World Trade OrganizationC.International Monetary OrganizationD・ International Bank for Reconstruction and Development4.An appeal of a WTO dispute settlement panel report may be made to the Appellate Body by: (C )A.any WTO member state.B.any party to the dispute, including parties not directly involved.C.only parties directly involved in the dispute.D.only the party charged with violating a WTO obligation.5.WTO member states are allowed to take measures contrary to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994) if the measures arc: ( D )A.designed to conserve exhaustible materials.B.meant to protect national treasures of artistic, historic, or archaeological value.C・ necessary to protect human, animal, or plant life, or health.D.All of the above.6.The dominant trading nation in the world market since World War II was ( B )A. the United Kingdom・B. the United States. C・ Japan. D. Germany・7.The GATT was ( A )A. an international treaty. B・ an international U・N agency.C・ an international IMF agency. D. a U.S・ government agency.8.WTO member states are allowed to take measures contrary to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994) if the measures are: ( D )A. designed to conserve exhaustible materials.B・ meant to protect national treasures of artistic, historic, or archaeological value・C・ necessary to protect human, animal, or plant life, or health.D. All of the above.四、判断题1.The original GATT did apply to agricultural trade, but it contained loopholes- (T)2.The Agriculture Agreement does allow governments to support their rural economies, butpreferably through policies that cause less distortion to trade・(T)3.GATT 1947, the original agreement is not the heart of GATT 1994. (F)4.The Dispute Settlement Body is actually the WTO General Council convened under its ownChairman and following its own rules of procedure・(T)。
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WTO期末复习提纲1、WTO确立与发展的基础⑴有节制的自由贸易理论⑵市场经济体制⑶经济全球化⑷可持续发展⑸国际贸易利益协调2、WTO与GATT的关系（1）联系①WTO是对GATT的继承和发展。
②1994年“关贸总协定”（GATT1994），是WTO协议的重要组成部分，继续规定着国际货物贸易的关键原则。
（2）区别①WTO是一个永久性国际组织。
②GATT拥有“缔约方”，WTO拥有“成员方”。
③WTO的管辖范围更广泛：货物、服务、知识产权④WTO的效力更高。
GATT第2部分即“祖父条款”的效力低于国内立法WTO高于国内立法⑤统一的多边的WTO制度约束力更强。
统一性：WTO协定和附件1、附件2、附件3对所有成员都有约束力，成员方必须以“一揽子”方式接受，不能做出保留（单一承诺，不分散）。
⑥WTO的争端解决机制更快，更具有自动性。
3、WTO宗旨⑴提高各成员生活水平、确保充分就业、大幅度稳定地增加实际收入和有效需求；⑵扩大货物、服务的生产和贸易；⑶坚持走可持续发展之路，各成员应促进对世界资源的最优利用，保护和维持环境，并以符合不同经济发展水平下各成员需要和相符的方式，加强采取各种相应的措施；⑷努力确保发展中国家尤其是最不发达国家在国际贸易增长中获得与其经济发展水平相应的份额和利益；⑸建立起更加完善的多边贸易体制。
4、WTO的法律地位按照《建立世界贸易组织协定》第8条对世界贸易组织的法律地位做出了明确规定。
⑴WTO的法人资格。
WTO具有法人资格，其成员方均应当赋予世界贸易组织在行使职能时必要的法定能力。
法人资格是WTO依据国际法采取行动、享有国际法规定的特权和豁免权的基础。
⑵WTO本身的特权与豁免权。
WTO成员方均应赋予WTO行使其职能所必需的特权和豁免。
⑶WTO官员和各成员方的代表的特权与豁免权。
WTO成员方应同样赋予WTO官员和各成员方的代表行使其职能所必需的特权和豁免。
⑷WTO特权与豁免的标准。
每个成员方给予世界贸易组织官员、成员方代表的特权与豁免权，等同于联合国大会于1947年11月21日通过的特殊机构的特权与豁免公约所规定的特权与豁免权。
世贸组织规则复习提纲
世贸组织规则复习提纲世贸组织规则WTO理论基础：市场经济体制一、GATT（一）GATT经过了几轮谈判（8轮）乌拉圭回合为第八轮（二）GATT宗旨：通过彼此削减关税以及其他贸易壁垒，消除国际贸易上的歧视待遇，以充分利用世界资源，扩大商品生产和交换，保证充分就业，增加实际收入和有效需求，提高生活水平。
（三）1994年4月15日，“乌拉圭回合”参加方在摩洛哥马拉喀什通过了《建立世界贸易组织马拉喀什协定》，简称《建立世界贸易组织协定》，世界贸易组织成立。
二、WTO（一）2001年11月11日，对外贸易经济合作部部长石广生代表中国政府在中国加入议定书上正式签字，并向世贸组织秘书处递交了由国家主席江泽民签署的中国加入世贸组织批准书。
2001年12月11日，中国正式成为世贸组织第143个成员。
（二）以WTO为基础的多边贸易体制特点：(1)多边贸易体制的含义：“为各国相互处理贸易关系时必须遵守的一系列国际规则的集合。
”——更为完整历史使命和法律地位都高于GATT；结构健全、职能明确；负责实施管理的贸易协定覆盖面大；对成员的约束力强；成员广泛——更强的可行性体制目标与实现目标途径全面深刻；使世贸组织成员各方利益兼顾、权利义务整体平衡——更能持久1、体制基础比较牢固2、争端解决能力强于原多边贸易体制3、监督能力高于原多边贸易体制4、影响力大于原多边贸易体制（三）WTO宗旨：（1）提高生活水平，保证充分就业；（2）扩大货物、服务的生产与贸易；（3）坚持走可持续发展道路；（4）保证发展中国家贸易和经济的发展；（5）建立更加完善的多边贸易体制。
（四）WTO基本职能与法律地位：基本职能(一)实施和管理协议(二)提供多边贸易谈判场所(三)解决成员方之间的贸易争端(四)审议各成员的贸易政策(五)与有关机构的合作(六)提供技术支持和培训法律地位(一)1947年关贸总协定不是“国际法人”(二)世贸组织具有国际法人资格条件（五）WTO原则1、非歧视原则（最惠国待遇和国民待遇）：世贸组织一成员方对另一成员不采用任何其他所同样不适用的优惠和限制措施。
WTO贸易规则 考试重点 复习整理
1.知识产权涉及的主要方面●TRIPs协议把已有的知识产权国际公约分为3类：1)基本完全肯定，要求全体成员必须遵守并执行的国际公约。
2)主要包括四个：《巴黎公约》、《伯尔尼公约》、《罗马公约》和《关于集成电路知识产权公约》。
3)要求全体成员按照对等原则执行的国际公约，主要是《巴黎公约》的子公约。
4)不要求全体成员遵守并执行的国际公约，即是TRIPs协议中没有提到的，不属于以上两类的其他国际公约。
●传统的知识产权：1)版权是指作者对其创作的文字、艺术和科学作品依法享有的专有权利，包括署名、发表、出版、获得报酬等权利。
（邻接权指的是邻接权是指与作品传播有关的权利）2)商标是一个企业的商品或服务，与其他企业的商品或服务区分开来的标记或标记组合。
（PS：商标的首次注册及各次续展注册的保护期，均不得少于7年。
商标的续展注册次数没有限制。
如以没有使用商标为由撤销商标注册，其条件必须是该商标连续3年未使用。
）3)专利：一切技术领域中的任何发明，不论是产品发明还是方法发明，只要其具有新颖性、创造性并适合于工业应用，均可获得专利。
专利保护期应不少于20年。
（PS:专利权和商标权属于工业版权，版权属于著作权。
）●新兴的知识产权：1)地理标识：地理标识用于标示出某商品来源于某成员领土内，或来源于该成员领土内的某地区某地点，显示该商品的特定质量、信誉或其他特征主要与该地理来源相关联。
2)工业品外观设计是指对产品的形状、图案、色彩或者结合所作出的富有美感并适于工业上应用的新设计。
3)集成电路布图设计4)未披露信息的保护（例如：可口可乐和云南白药）2.（？）发展中国家差别待遇条款在哪个协议中不适用？目前找到的共有《装运前检验协议》《海关估价协议》《技术性贸易壁垒协议》《原产地规则协议》《进口许可程序协议》这些是在书本上和ppt上没有提及发展中国家优惠原则的。
3.（？）实施哪一种贸易措施需要对出口国进行补偿？临时性保障措施：临时保障措施应采取增加关税的形式。
WTO世贸组织复习资料
1.WTO是什么①世界经济的三大组织支柱之一②国际贸易中多边谈判和争端解决的场所③国际贸易的竞争规则2.GATT产生1947年联合国审议并通过《哈瓦那宪章》，美国国会未批准，国际贸易组织夭折，1947年齐国联合签署关税与贸易总协定《临时适用议定书》，延续47年3.1994年4月15日，在摩洛哥马拉喀什通过了《建立世界贸易组织的协定》4.WTO与GATT的关系（1）联系：①WTO集成GATT合理内核，包括宗旨、职能、基本原则②《1947年GATT》转化为《1994年GATT》，成为WTO负责实施管理多边货物贸易的协定（2）区别：①机构性质：GATT是临时适用的多边贸易协定，WTO是具有国际法人资格的国际组织②管辖范围：GATT只处理货物贸易，WTO还涉及服务贸易和知识产权③争端解决：GATT遵循协商一致原则，WTO采用反向协商一致（只要不是所有的参加方都反对，则视为通过），有明确时间表5.国际法人资格（1）国际组织具有法人资格的表现：①能独立行使国际权力和承担国际义务②具体表现为具有缔约、取得和处置财产以及进行法律诉讼的能力，并享有特权和豁免权（2）国际组织具备法人资格的必要前提：①比协调各国行为的中心更高级的组织②建立本身的机构③具有特定的义务④独立于其成员，能表达其本身的意志6.第四届部长级会议多哈会议7.WTO建立后的作用和挑战（1）积极作用：①成为当今世界多边贸易体制的组织和法律基础②有利于世界市场竞争的规范化③有利于资源在世界范围内合理配置④促进政府改革（在WTO负责实施管理的贸易协定与协议中，对市场经济发展不足的成员进一步改革予以鼓励，对申请加入WTO的经济转型国家按市场经济条件提出承诺的义务，促进他们进一步完善市场经济）（2）挑战：①贸易大国在WTO的强势地位②地区经济一体化对WTO的双重影响8.经济全球化对WTO的双重作用经济全球化给世界各国，尤其是发展中国家,带来了加快经济发展的历史机遇，同时使世界各国和地区之间的经济联系和相互依存日益密切。
世界贸易组织复习纲要
世界贸易组织复习纲要第一章一、GATT的产生背景——二战的教训 P2GATT，1947年签订和成立。
正值二战以后，除了美国以外，几乎所有资本主义国家尽成废墟，恢复本国经济和世界经济成为当务之急。
当时，国际经济关系上有三个问题需要解决：1、重建国际贸易秩序2、建立国家之间的汇率及其支持平衡的制度3、促进国际资金合作，解决经济恢复所需要的资金来源。
二、GA TT的八轮谈判P3（一）分为四个阶段：1、1950’S，经济复苏的黄金十年——1947-1960 1-5轮谈判2、1960’s，美国衰退，日本欧洲崛起，部分国家出现局部性的经济危机。
危机和上涨并存——1964-1967 第六轮肯尼迪回合3、1970’S，布雷顿森林体制失败。
1973-1975年世界性的经济危机导致滞涨。
第三次科技革命开始，新兴产开始发展，但距离崛起尚待时日。
同时夕阳产业迅速衰弱——1973-1979 第七轮东京回合4、1980’s，经济回升——1986-1994 第八轮乌拉圭回合（二）1－5轮谈判（1947-1960）第一轮日内瓦发起谈判（1947/4-10）第二轮安纳西谈判（1949/1-7）第三轮托尔基谈判（1950/9-1951/4）（台湾非法以“中国”名义退出）第四轮日内瓦谈判（1956/1-5）（前四轮谈判主要着眼于关税减让，主要发达国家的加权平均关税水平降至15%）第五轮狄龙回合谈判（1960/9-1962/7）（关税减让以外，就欧共体加入GATT展开了第24条第6款谈判）第六轮肯尼迪回合谈判（1964/5-1967/6）（关税减让以外，达成作为第6条实施细则的《反倾销协议》，新增了第四部分“贸易与发展”，第一次正式、明确地提出“非互惠原则”，开创了让波兰作为“中央计划经济国家”参加GATT 多边贸易谈判的先例）第七轮东京回合谈判（1973/9-1979/11）（关税减让以外，达成进口许可证程序、海关估价、补贴与反补贴、政府采购、贸易技术壁垒、反倾销、民用航空器、牛肉和奶制品九个协议，消除祖父条款但允许成员自主加入，并通过四个重要决定）第八轮谈判——乌拉圭回合（1986－1994）成果（1）货物贸易方面主要分为了两个部分：一是关税减让谈判；二是规则谈判。
世界贸易组织法期末综合复习知识点
世界贸易组织法期末综合复习知识点世界贸易组织（World Trade Organization, WTO）是目前全球最重要的多边贸易机构，其成立于1995年，目标是促进全球贸易的自由化，并提供一个框架来解决国际贸易纠纷。
下面是一些关于世界贸易组织法的复习知识点：1.世界贸易组织的原则和目标：-最惠国待遇：WTO成员应平等地对待所有贸易伙伴，不得对其中一成员国给予更优惠的待遇。
-国民待遇：WTO成员国应将外国商品和服务与本国商品和服务一视同仁，不得对外国商品和服务给予不合理的歧视性待遇。
-贸易自由化：WTO致力于减少关税和非关税壁垒，促进贸易自由化。
-优惠措施：WTO允许发展中国家采取一定的临时和有限度的保护措施，以促进其经济和产业的发展。
2.世界贸易组织的准入原则：-关税减让：WTO要求各成员国降低关税，并通过谈判达成具体的贸易准入协议。
-非关税壁垒：WTO要求各成员国降低非关税壁垒，如配额限制、出口补贴等。
-服务贸易准入：WTO要求各成员国开放其服务市场，允许外国企业进入，并避免对外国企业给予不公平的待遇。
3.世界贸易组织的纠纷解决机制：-协商和调解：WTO鼓励成员国通过对话和协商解决贸易争端。
如果无法达成协议，可以提请纠纷解决机构处理。
-纠纷解决机构：该机构是负责处理贸易纠纷的核心机构，由成员国组成，使用一套规则和程序来解决争端。
一般包括争端解决面板和上诉机构。
-强制执行：如果成员国不遵守纠纷解决机构的裁决，受到制裁和惩罚，如对方国可以提高关税或暂停对方的贸易特权。
4.世界贸易组织与其他国际组织的关系：-联合国：WTO与联合国有合作协议，相互协调和支持，以促进可持续发展和贸易自由化。
-国际货币基金组织（IMF）：WTO与IMF存在密切关系，以协调贸易和金融政策。
-世界知识产权组织（WIPO）：WTO与WIPO合作，以保护知识产权并促进创新。
5.世界贸易组织的争议和挑战：-贸易保护主义：一些成员国可能采取贸易保护主义的政策，限制贸易自由化的进展，挑战WTO的原则和目标。
世贸组织规则复习简版
世贸组织规则和法律复习范围一、简答题：1.What is WTO?WTO：(a) on November 11, 2001, the ministry of foreign trade and economic cooperation minister shi guangsheng, on behalf of the Chinese government officially signed on China's accession protocol, and submit to the WTO secretariat, signed by President jiang zemin of China's accession to the WTO of ratification. On December 11, 2001, China officially became the world trade organization (wto) 143th member. (b) on the basis of the WTO multilateral trading system features: (1) the meaning of the multilateral trading system: \"when processing trade relations with each other for all countries must comply with a collection of a series of international rules.\" - the more complete historical mission and legal status are higher than the GATT; Perfect structure, function, clear; To be responsible for the management of the implementation of trade agreements coverage; For members of the binding is strong; Stronger members widely, the feasibility of the system goal and way to achieve the comprehensive; Make wto members pay attention to the interests, rights and obligations as a whole - could be more lasting 1 dispute settlement system quite strong ability is stronger than the original 2 multilateral trading system, supervision ability is higher than the original 3 multilateral trading system, the influence is greater than the original multilateral trading system2.What are intellectual property rights? And what areas of IPR are covered by TRIPSAgreement?(1)Intellectual property: conferred by the law of civil subject to the proprietary rights of its creative intellectual achievements. International protection of intellectual property rights, is the objective demand of the knowledge and technical communication has become increasingly internationalized. (2) the legal features of intellectual property, intangible property rights; The dualism of the property rights and personal rights; Confirmed by the law directly. Exclusiveness. Regional; Timeliness(3) the trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPS) agreement aim: reduce the distortion of international trade and block; T o promote more fully in the international scope of intellectual property rights, more effective protection; T o ensure the implementation of intellectual property rights and procedure right legal trade barriers. Intellectual property rights are customarily divided into two main areas: (i) Copyright and rights related to copyright (ii) Industrial property. Intellectual property rights include three parts: Copyrights, patents, industrial designs.3.What are the principles of GATT?The ultimate aim of GATT is the establishment of a free multilateral trading system and liberalisation of international trade through removal of discrimination in international trade and reduction in trade barriers. For the achievement of this objective, GATT has adopted the following fundamental principles. These principles forbid unfair trade practice and set a code of conduct for the participants.(i) Trade should be on non-discriminatory basis.(ii) Quantitative restrictions on trade are prohibited.(iii) Settlement of trade disputes should be achieved through consultations within the framework of GATT. (iv) T ariff reductions are to be accomplished in a series of multilateral negotiations, or GATT rounds.4.What are safeguard measures?(保障措施)Safeguard measures: meaning: as an importer of security measures, must be the product import quantity has increased dramatically, to the domestic same products or directly competitive products lead to serious damage or threat, cut the measures don't ask, don't product source. Conditions: import growth (absolute growth and relative growth), by failing to see the factor and the tariff concession or other trade liberalization wrong cause serious damage or threat. Implementation: additional duties, quantitative restrictions, non-discriminatory (source); Compensation and authorized retaliation . Features: 1, compared with the provisions of the anti-dumping and anti-subsidy safeguards the fairness of the implementation environment. Safeguard measures is a WTO member in the only means to protect domestic industries under the condition of fair trade, but against the unfair anti-dumping, countervailing and other trade protection measures taken. 2, safeguard measures generally is discriminatory, it caused to the domestic same industry injury of all imported products, and not for a specific exporter. Anti-dumping measures and countervailing, for the specific members of subsidies or dumping of the concrete enterprise (specific product). 3, safeguards the industry injury standard - "severe damage" anti-dumping and countervailing method is higher than the industry injury standard - "material injury". This "serious damage" to make the importer of industry in the temporary, and extremely difficult or on the verge of bankruptcy.5.What is anti-dumping?If a company exports a product at a price lower than the price it normally charges on its own home market, it is said to be “dumping” the product. The WTO Agreement does not regu late the actions of companies engaged in "dumping". Its focus is on how governments can or cannot react to dumping — it disciplines anti-dumping actions, and it is often called the “Anti-dumping Agreement”. anti-dumping is a measure to rectify the situation arising out of the dumping of goods and its trade distortive effect.Typically anti-dumping action means charging extra import duty on the particular product from the particular exporting country in order to bring its price closer to the “normal value”or to remove the injury to domestic industry in the importing country.The final anti-dumping remedies is anti-dumping duty of dumping products. The amount of anti-dumping duties can be equal to dumping margins, can also lower than dumping margins. Another kind of remedy is price undertakings. If exporters voluntarily made a satisfactory commitment, modify or stop to dumping price export prices, the investigation procedures can be suspended or terminated, relevant departments do not take temporary measures or to impose anti-dumping duties.Conditions of WTO "anti-dumping agreement" regulation, anti-dumping duties of dumping products must comply with the three basic conditions:First, make sure there is the fact of dumping;Second, make sure caused material injury to a domestic industry or the threat of material injury, or cause substantial obstacles to establish relevant domestic industries;Third, determine the causal relationship between dumping and injury.Dumping exists; Damage exists; There is a causal relationship between dumping and damage. In the case of these three conditions all have, can appear the international anti-dumping.二、名词解释1.Pre-shipment inspectionThe practice of employing private companies to check shipment details such as price, quantity and quality of goods ordered overseas. The Agreement on PSI recognizes that principles of the GATT Agreement apply to such activities. The purpose is to safeguard national financial interests (prevention of capital flight and commercial fraud as well as customs duty evasion, for instance) and to compensate for inadequacies inadministrative infrastructures.Pre-shipment inspection, also called preshipment inspection or PSI, is a part of supply chain management and an important and reliable quality control method for checking goods' quality while clients buy from the suppliers.2.MFNmost-favoured-nation treatment (MFN), also called normal trade relations, guarantee of trading opportunity equal to that accorded to the most-favoured nation; it is essentially a method of establishing equality of trading opportunity among states by making originally bilateral agreements multilateral. As a principle of public international law, it establishes the sovereign equality of states with respect to trading policy. As an instrument of economic policy, it provides a treaty basis for competitive international transactions.Under the WTO agreements, countries cannot normally discriminate between their trading partners. Grant someone a special favour (such as a lower customs duty rate for one of their products) and you have to do the same for all other WTO members.This principle is known as most-favoured-nation (MFN) treatment (see box). It is so important that it is the first article of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which governs trade in goods. MFN is also a priority in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) (Article 2) and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) (Article 4), although in each agreement the principle is handled slightly differently. Together, those three agreements cover all three main areas of trade handled by the WTO.3.National treatmentmost-favoured-nation treatment (MFN), also called normal trade relations, guarantee of trading opportunity equal to that accorded to the most-favoured nation; it is essentially a method of establishing equality of trading opportunity among states by making originally bilateral agreements multilateral. As a principle of public international law, it establishes the sovereign equality of states with respect to trading policy. As an instrument of economic policy, it provides a treaty basis for competitive international transactions.Under the WTO agreements, countries cannot normally discriminate between their trading partners. Grant someone a special favour (such as a lower customs duty rate for one of their products) and you have to do the same for all other WTO members.This principle is known as most-favoured-nation (MFN) treatment (see box). It is so important that it is the first article of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which governs trade in goods. MFN is also a priority in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) (Article 2) and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) (Article 4), although in each agreement the principle is handled slightly differently. Together, those three agreements cover all three main areas of trade handled by the WTO.4.Prohibited subsidiesational treatment is a principle in international law vital to many treaty regimes. It essentially means treating foreigners and locals equally. Under national treatment, if a state grants a particular right, benefit or privilege to its own citizens, it must also grant those advantages to the citizens of other states while they are in that country. In the context of international agreements, a state must provide equal treatment to those citizens of other states that are participating in the agreement. Imported and locally-produced goods should be treated equally — at least after the foreign goods have entered the market.Imported and locally-produced goods should be treated equally — at least after the foreign goods have entered the market. The same should apply to foreign and domestic services, and to foreign and local trademarks, copyrights and patents. This principle of “national treatment” (giving others the same treatment as one’s own nationals) is alsofound in all the three main WTO agreements (Article 3 of GA TT, Article 17 of GA TS and Article 3 of TRIPS), although once again the principle is handled slightly differently in each of these.5.Custom valuationFor importers, the process of estimating the value of a product at customs presents problems that can be just as serious as the actual duty rate charged. The WTO agreement on customs valuation aims for a fair, uniform and neutral system for the valuation of goods for customs purposes — a system that conforms to commercial realities, and which outlaws the use of arbitrary or fictitious customs values. The Committee on Customs Valuation of the Council for Trade in Goods (CGT) carries out work in the WTO on customs valuation. Customs valuation is a customs procedure applied to determine the customs value of imported goods. If the rate of duty is ad valorem, the customs value is essential to determine the duty to be paid on an imported good.Customs Valuation is the process where customs authorities assign a monetary value to a good or service for the purposes of import or export. Generally, authorities engage in this process as a means of protecting tariff concessions, collecting revenue for the governing authority, implementing trade policy, and protecting public health and safety.6.DumpingDumping is an informal name for the practice of selling a product in a foreign country for less than either (a) the price in the domestic country, or (b) the cost of making the product. It is illegal in some countries to dump certain products into them, because they want to protect their own industries from such competition. Exporting goods at prices lower than the home-market prices. In price-to-price dumping, the exporter uses higher home-prices to supplement the reduced revenue from lower export prices. In price-cost dumping, the exporter is subsidized by the local government with duty drawbacks, cash incentives, etc. Dumping is legal under GATT (now WTO) rules unless its injurious effect on the importing country's producers can be established. If injury is established, GATT rules allow imposition of anti-dumping duty equal to the difference between the exporter's home-market price and the importer's FOB price.Dumping, in economic terms, is when a country lowers the sales price of one of its exports for the express purpose of gaining unfair market share in that industry in another country. The exporter usually lowers the price below what it would sell for at home, and sometimes even below its actual cost to produce.7、CopyrightCopyright is a legal concept, enacted by most governments, that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights to its use and distribution, usually for a limited time, with the intention of enabling the creator of intellectual wealth (eg the photographer of a photograph or the author of a book) to receive compensation for their work and be able to fin. Copyright has two ways: automatically and registration8、Trade Policy ReviewSurveillance of national trade policies is a fundamentally important activity running throughout the work of the WTO. At the centre of this work is the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM). All WTO members are reviewed, the frequency of each country’s review varying according to its share of world trade.三、选择题1. Countervailing duties are intended to neutralize any unfair advantage that foreign exporters might gain because of foreign ( B )A. tariffs.B. subsidies.C. quotas.D. Local-Content legislation.2.Throughout the post-World War II era, the importance of tariffs as a trade barrier has （ B ）A. increased.B. decreased.C. remained the same.D. fluctuated wildly.3. Which organization determines procedures for the settlement of international trade dispute （B ）A. World BankB. World Trade OrganizationC. International Monetary OrganizationD. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development4.An appeal of a WTO dispute settlement panel report may be made to the Appellate Body by: ( C )A. any WTO member state.B. any party to the dispute, including parties not directly involved.C. only parties directly involved in the dispute.D. only the party charged with violating a WTO obligation.5.WTO member states are allowed to take measures contrary to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994) if the measures are: （ D ）A. designed to conserve exhaustible materials.B. meant to protect national treasures of artistic, historic, or archaeological value.C. necessary to protect human, animal, or plant life, or health.D. All of the above.6. The dominant trading nation in the world market since World War II was ( B )A. the United Kingdom.B. the United States.C. Japan.D. Germany.7. The GA TT was ( A )A. an international treaty.B. an international U.N agency.C. an international IMF agency.D. a U.S. government agency.8.WTO member states are allowed to take measures contrary to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994) if the measures are:（D ）A. designed to conserve exhaustible materials.B. meant to protect national treasures of artistic, historic, or archaeological value.C. necessary to protect human, animal, or plant life, or health.D. All of the above.四、判断题1.The original GA TT did apply to agricultural trade, but it contained loopholes.（T）2.The Agriculture Agreement does allow governments to support their rural economies, butpreferably through policies that cause less distortion to trade. （T）3.GA TT 1947, the original agreement is not the heart of GATT 1994.（F）4.The Dispute Settlement Body is actually the WTO General Council convened under its ownChairman and following its own rules of procedure. (T)。
世界贸易组织概论复习提纲1
世界贸易组织概论复习提纲11.关税与贸易总协定的谈判中，首次涉及非关税壁垒的是：A、安纳西回合B、托奎回合C、日内瓦回合D、肯尼迪回合2.关税与贸易总协定的谈判中，通过了对发展中缔约方的授权条款的是A、安纳西回合B、日内瓦回合C、肯尼迪回合D、东京回合3. 1947～1994年，关税与贸易总协定共进行了___轮谈判。
A、5B、8C、10D、124.关税与贸易总协定的最后一轮谈判叫做：A、东京回合B、狄龙回合C、乌拉圭回合D、肯尼迪回合5. “乌拉圭回合”《最后文件》的生效时间是：A、1993年12月15日B、1994年4月15日C、1995年1月1日D、2001年12月11日6.“乌拉圭回合”结束后，发达成员工业品的加权平均税率降至：A、6.3%C、20.5%D、14.4%7. “乌拉圭回合”结束后，发展中成员工业品的加权平均税率降至：A、6.3%B、3.8%C、20.5%D、14.4%8.世界贸易组织的前身是：A、联合国B、世界银行C、关税与贸易总协定D、国际货币基金组织9.世界贸易组织成立于：A、1947年B、1986年C、1995年D、2001年10.世界贸易组织管辖的范围包括：A、货物领域B、服务贸易领域C、知识产权领域D、以上三项都是11. A国、B国、C国均为世贸组织成员（三国相互之间没有自由贸易协定），当A国把从B 国进口的汽车关税从20%降至10%时，A 国对从C国进口的汽车关税税率为：A、20%B、15%C、10%12.一国要求国内生产人造黄油的厂家必须使用一定比例的国产天然黄油，对于该国来说：A、违反了公平竞争原则B、违反了国民待遇原则C、违反了最惠国待遇原则D、没有违反世贸组织规定13.一国要求国内香烟制造商必须使用一定比例的国产烟叶，对于该国来说违反了：A、公平竞争原则B、国民待遇原则C、最惠国待遇原则D、透明度原则14.世贸组织成员方对本国电影院放映的外国影片数量进行限定的做法：A、符合世贸组织的规定B、违反公平竞争原则C、违反最惠国待遇原则D、违反国民待遇原则15在服务贸易领域，国民待遇原则：A、是成员承担的普遍义务B、是成员承担的一般义务C、由成员通过谈判确定D、作为例外原则16.在知识产权领域，最惠国待遇原则和国民待遇原则的保护效用是：A、并列有效B、前者更有效，后者次之C、后者更有效，前者次之D、两者均无效17.在世界贸易组织的4个附件中，属于诸边贸易协定的是：A、附件1B、附件2C、附件3D、附件418.世贸组织的最高决策机构是：A、总理事会B、部长级会议C、秘书处D、货物贸易理事会19.申请加入世贸组织的国家或地区，须经世贸组织部长会议：A、1/2多数表决通过B、2/3多数表决通过C、3/4多数表决通过D、4/5多数表决通过20.有关加入文件开始生效，申请加入方成为世界贸易组织正式成员的时间是在世界贸易组织接到申请加入方表示接受的文件之日起：A、第30天B、第60天C、第90天D、第180天21. 任何成员都可以退出世界贸易组织。
世贸组织法复习资料
1.肯定式协商一致2.最惠国待遇原则3.非关税壁垒4.正常价值5.否定式协商一致6.国民待遇原则7.倾销8.实质损害1.WTO的职能是什么2.贸易政策审议机制的特点。
3.反倾销调查中出口价格的确定方法有哪些？4.什么是日落条款？5.WTO的宗旨是什么6.反倾销的实施要件是什么7.什么是归零法？其危害是什么？8.什么是非市场经济地位？9.什么是补贴？具体如何分类？10.什么是交叉报复？1.WTO争端解决机制的特点有哪些？2.反倾销、反补贴与保障措施存在哪些不同？3.GATT争端解决机制存在哪些缺陷？4.什么是技术贸易壁垒？具有哪些特点？2000年6月15日，韩国根据DSB第4条、1994年关贸总协定第22条第1款和《保障措施协议》第14条，要求就美国队钢管进口实施的保障措施进行磋商。
7月28日，双方举行了磋商，但没有解决争议。
9月14日，韩国要求设立专家组。
争端解决机构在10月23日的会议上设立了专家组。
2001年10月29日，专家组散发给各成员。
美国和韩国分别于11月9日和26日就专家组报告中的某些法律问题和法律解释问题提出上诉。
上诉机构于2002年1月31日作出上诉裁决。
争端机构于2月15日散发了该裁决。
本案涉及美国对钢管进口采取的措施。
1999年6月30日，美国国际贸易委员会收到申诉，称钢管进口对美国钢管制造造成了严重损害。
国际贸易委员会与1999年8月4日发起调差。
1999年10月28日，国际贸易委员会就严重的问题进行了公开的“声音”表决：Crawford委员认为没有“严重损害”和“严重损害威胁”；Bragg和Askey委员认为“有严重损害威胁”，但没有“当前严重损害”；其他3个认为有“当前严重损害”。
鉴于此，国际贸易委员会决定，钢管向美国进口数量增加，是对美国生产同类或直接竞争产品的产业造成严重损害的一个实质性原因。
1999年12月8日，国际贸易委员会宣布了救济措施。
Crawford委员反对采取任何救济措施，Bragg和Askey委员建议采取为期4年的救济措施：从价税第一年12.5%，第二年11%，第三年9.5%，第四年8%。
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世贸组织规则复习提纲世贸组织规则WTO理论基础：市场经济体制一、GATT（一）GATT经过了几轮谈判（8轮）乌拉圭回合为第八轮（二）GATT宗旨：通过彼此削减关税以及其他贸易壁垒，消除国际贸易上的歧视待遇，以充分利用世界资源，扩大商品生产和交换，保证充分就业，增加实际收入和有效需求，提高生活水平。
（三）1994年4月15日，“乌拉圭回合”参加方在摩洛哥马拉喀什通过了《建立世界贸易组织马拉喀什协定》，简称《建立世界贸易组织协定》，世界贸易组织成立。
二、WTO（一）2001年11月11日，对外贸易经济合作部部长石广生代表中国政府在中国加入议定书上正式签字，并向世贸组织秘书处递交了由国家主席江泽民签署的中国加入世贸组织批准书。
2001年12月11日，中国正式成为世贸组织第143个成员。
（二）以WTO为基础的多边贸易体制特点：(1)多边贸易体制的含义：“为各国相互处理贸易关系时必须遵守的一系列国际规则的集合。
”——更为完整历史使命和法律地位都高于GATT；结构健全、职能明确；负责实施管理的贸易协定覆盖面大；对成员的约束力强；成员广泛——更强的可行性体制目标与实现目标途径全面深刻；使世贸组织成员各方利益兼顾、权利义务整体平衡——更能持久1、体制基础比较牢固2、争端解决能力强于原多边贸易体制3、监督能力高于原多边贸易体制4、影响力大于原多边贸易体制（三）WTO宗旨：（1）提高生活水平，保证充分就业；（2）扩大货物、服务的生产与贸易；（3）坚持走可持续发展道路；（4）保证发展中国家贸易和经济的发展；（5）建立更加完善的多边贸易体制。
（四）WTO基本职能与法律地位：基本职能(一)实施和管理协议(二)提供多边贸易谈判场所(三)解决成员方之间的贸易争端(四)审议各成员的贸易政策(五)与有关机构的合作(六)提供技术支持和培训法律地位(一)1947年关贸总协定不是“国际法人”(二)世贸组织具有国际法人资格条件（五）WTO原则1、非歧视原则（最惠国待遇和国民待遇）：世贸组织一成员方对另一成员不采用任何其他所同样不适用的优惠和限制措施。
最惠国待遇：一成员方在货物贸易、服务贸易和知识产权领域给予任何其他国家的优惠待遇，立刻无条件给予其他成员方。
国民待遇：对其他成员方的产品、服务或服务提供者即知识产权所有者和持有者提供的待遇，不低于本国同类产品、服务或服务提供者即知识产权所有者及持有者享有的待遇。
2、贸易自由化原则：扩大市场准入水平，促进市场的合理竞争和适度保护，让投资者有较为透明、稳定的市场环境，而不是政府过多的干预造成的不确定性来决定其投资行为。
3、允许正当保护原则：允许世贸组织成员根据经济发展阶段的不同，依据货物和服务产业竞争能力的差距，考虑可持续发展的需要，维护本国国民安全和健康的要求，可以通过谈判作出正当的保护，即非歧视原则的例外。
4、稳定贸易发展原则：各成员方政府为各成员方的投资者，企业家，雇员和消费者提供一个良好的贸易环境。
5、公平竞争原则：成员方应避免采取扭曲市场竞争的措施，纠正不公平贸易行为，在货物贸易、服务贸易和与贸易有关的知识产权领域，创造和维护公开、公平、公正的市场环境。
6、鼓励发展和经济改革原则：允许发展中成员方有长期的过渡期、履行义务的灵活性以及为其提供技术援助等。
7、地区贸易原则：一些国家通过协议组成经贸集团，成员内部相互废除或减少进口贸易壁垒。
8、例外与免责原则：允许成员方在考虑历史传统、安全和确有困难的情况下有所例外，即不实施非歧视原则。
9、透明度原则：成员方必须及时公布其贸易措施的变动，并且通知世贸组织后才可实行。
三、双反、双保的比较（一）含义比较1、倾销：一国（地区）的生产商或出口商以低于正常价格或国内市场价格将商品抛售到另一国市场的行为。
成立条件：倾销；损害；倾销和损害有因果关系2、反倾销：对国外商品在本国市场上的倾销行为所作的抵制措施。
反倾销税的纳税人为进口倾销产品的进口商，出口商不得直接或间接替进口商承担反倾销税。
追溯征税：对已经通关进入市场的被调查的产品追溯征收反倾销税。
类型：掠夺性、间歇性、偶然性、奖励、外汇、社会、财政3、补贴：在一成员方领土内由一个政府或任一公共机构做出的财政支持。
成立条件：政府财政资助；收入和价格支持；产业或企业得到利益4、反补贴：为抵消对制造、生产或出口所直接或间接给予的任何津贴或补贴而采取的限制性措施。
（禁止的补贴；可申诉的补贴；不可申诉的补贴。
）（二）倾销的影响1、进口国产业受损、失业增加、利润下降、企业开工不足甚至破产。
2、出口国则从中受益：规模经济效应得以形成、产业迅速壮大、占领国际市场、赚取外汇、减轻国内的竞争程度、协调国内经济发展等。
3、从产业发展角度看，影响在进口国销售产品的第三国；从社会和消费者的角度看，进口国消费者可以从进口倾销中低价获得产品，从而有可能增进该国的国家福利。
但总的说来，倾销不仅是一个经贸问题，有时还会演化为政治问题，引发进口国和出口国之间的经济贸易摩擦和贸易报复。
（三）中国如何应对反倾销：加强各国反倾销程序法和WTO争端解决策略的研究建立灵活多样的双边反倾销磋商和合作机制对华反倾销申诉和立案阶段，外方处于主动地位，但我方也可以有所作为，积极预防。
——研析国內外反倾销相关法规及案例实务运作模式——建立反倾销预警机制，培养熟悉国际反倾销规则和操作的人才——建立良性的产业协调机制——调整出口退税、补贴、优惠和鼓励政策（四）反补贴对我国的影响以及对策原因：(1)反补贴一直是发达国家长期对发展中国家进行贸易歧视的重要手段。
(2)我国贸易增长势头迅猛，是西方发达国家重点抑制的对象。
(3)我国现行补贴制度与WTO规则有较大差距，容易给人“把柄”。
(4)出口市场过于集中及企业低价竞争。
影响：1、反补贴调查将影响我国所有产业及产品。
2、反补贴调查不仅涉及企业，而且影响经济的各领域。
3、反补贴易引起连锁反应，出现被其他国家滥用的趋势。
4、反补贴会削弱出口产品竞争力，并在政治上造成负面影响。
对策：1、加强对WTO相关规定和典型案例的研究。
2、根据WTO规则的要求重构我国补贴制度。
3、加快经济体制改革，转变政府职能。
4、加快调整和优化出口商品结构，调整出口竞争策略。
5、充分利用WTO争端解决机制，保护企业合法利益。
四、保障措施：含义：作为进口国的成员方采取保障措施，必须是该产品进口数量急剧增加，对国内相同产品或直接竞争的产品造成严重损害或严重损害的威胁，切该措施不问产品来源。
条件：进口增长（绝对增长和相对增长），由未能见的因素和关税减让或其他贸易自由化错事导致，严重损害或严重损害威胁。
实施：附加关税，数量限制，非歧视性（不分来源地）；补偿和授权报复特点：与反倾销和反补贴的规定相比1、保障措施实施环境的公平性。
保障措施是WTO成员方在公平贸易条件下保护国内产业的唯一手段，而反倾销、反补贴等却是针对不公平贸易所采取的保护手段。
2、保障措施一般是非歧视性的，它对造成国内相同产业损害的所有进口产品实施，而不针对特定的出口国实施。
而反补贴、反倾销措施针对补贴或倾销的特定成员的具体企业(特定产品)实施。
3、保障条款的产业损害标准——“严重损害”高于反倾销法和反补贴法中的产业损害标准——“实质损害”。
这种“严重损害”使进口国的产业处于非临时性的、极为困难或濒临破产的境地。
中国如何应对保障措施：保障措施的目的是阻止进口剧增，对于像中国这样的快速出口的国家来说，保障措施无疑是重大的，但对于美国这样经济规模庞大、出口速度相对较低的发达国家来说，却是有利的。
一、重视对WTO保障措施的研究，积极参与WTO规则的修改二、尽快建立健全运用保障措施的有效机制，构建服务保障体系三、培养一大批谙熟WTO规则的经贸法律专才，建立完善的保障措施应对机制，保护产业利益和安全四、按WTO保障措施规则应对，积极利用“灰色区域”措施五、争取发展中国家地位，获得更多优惠六、尽快转换中国贸易结构，积极调整出口市场结构，提高出口质量，提升高科技产品的国际竞争力五、农产品贸易规则农业领域的保护分为市场准入、国内支持(国内补贴等)及输出竞争(输出补贴)3个部分。
1、市场准入规则：削减和废除市场准入的保护，是通过各国实施的关税、进口数量限制等国境措施来降低保护水平，建立公平的、市场指向型的农产品贸易体制。
关税减让；市场准入的规定2、国内支持原则：市场价格、直接支付以及其他补贴形式的国内保护。
1）绿箱措施：由政府提供，其费用不转嫁给消费者，对生产者不具有价格支持作用的政府服务计划。
3）蓝箱措施：按固定面积和产量给予的补贴，按基期生产85%或以下给予的补贴，按固定生产畜头数给予的补贴。
（蓝绿措施免于被消减，黄箱需要消减）2）黄箱措施：由政府对农产品直接价格干预和补贴，包括对种子、肥料、灌溉及农业投入品的补贴，对农产品营销货款补贴。
（微量性和发展性是例外，免于被消减）3、农产品出口补贴规则4、特殊保障措施中国如何应对农产品贸易规则：基本思路：“一个中心”，实施“四大战略”。
一个中心：围绕全面提高我国农业国际竞争力这个中心。
四大战略：一是农业结构调整的发展战略；二是“科教兴农”的发展战略；三是发挥比较优势的发展战略，立足两个市场，利用两种资源；四是加强扶持与鼓励竞争并重的发展战略。
一、要把优势农产品做大推进优势农产品区域化布局；提高农产品质量水平二、要把龙头企业做强鼓励发展农产品加工、销售企业，扩大规模，增强实力，提高带动能力。
三、要把管理体制搞活进一步搞活外贸体制按照国际惯例办事改革农产品流通体制四、要把“绿箱”和“黄箱”政策用好充分运用ＷＴＯ“绿箱”政策，增加政府对农业的投入；调整和加大“黄箱”政策支持；建立农业保险体制六、发展中与发达国家农产品贸易保护的立场区别：发达国家：1、支持和波爱护农产品生产者价格与收入；2、给予农业价格和收入以高额补贴，对农业是正向保护，并因此影响整个国际农产品市场格局。
发展中国家：1偏重保护消费者；2、奉行一直农业生产和生产者收入增长的政策，即反向保护；3、在强调农业的重要性，给予农业干预的同时，其政策实践往往阻碍农业的发展。
七、TPT（重点，论述题考点）TPT：技术贸易壁垒协议（一）TPT宗旨：指导世贸组织成员制定、采用和实施正当的技术性措施，鼓励采用国际标准和合格评定程序，保证这些措施不构成不必要的国际贸易障碍。
技术性措施指为实现合法目标而采取的技术法规、标准、合格评定程序等。
合法目标主要包括维护国家基本安全，保护人类健康或安全，保护动植物生命或健康，保护环境，保证出口产品质量，防止欺诈行为等。
（二）三个内容总原则:世贸组织成员方制定、采用和实施技术性措施，应遵守世界贸易组织的非歧视原则、透明度原则。
具体原则:1．必要性规则2．贸易影响最小规则3．协调规则4．特殊和差别待遇规则（1）技术法规：强制性执行的，有关产品特性或相关工艺和生产方法的规定。