英语写作中语篇“连贯性”的巧妙运用

英语写作中语篇“连贯性”的巧妙运用

近年来，高考英语作文的评分标准有了重大调整，更强调文章语言的“连贯性”和“复杂性”。且看高考英语作文最高一档的给分范围和要求：“覆盖所有的内容要点；应用了较多的语法结构和词汇；语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；具备较强的语言运用能力；能有效地使用语句问的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑”。显然，考生要得高分，除了文章要点全、语法正、表达准、结构整、逻辑顺、卷面洁外，考生还得掌握句型与词语的运用及行文(过渡承启)技巧，以增强语言的表达力和文章的逻辑性，提高文章档次。

篇章结构的“连贯性”在语言表达中起着非常重要的作用。“连贯性”主要是就句子之间的衔接和文章段落的过渡而言的。它要求段落中句与句之间、全文段落与段落之间的组织与安排以一种明晰的、合乎

逻辑的顺序进行，做到条理清楚、层次分明。这样的篇章结构才能让评卷老师迅速而准确地捕捉文章信息。反之，叙述顺序混乱、前言不搭后语的文章会因“缺乏可读性”而被判为较低的得分档次。因此，下面我们将重点探讨一下英语写作中语篇“连贯性”的巧妙运用。

一、整体谋篇。确定主题句

文章语篇的连贯是以内容的合理布局为前提的。因此，要想写出一篇高分作文，审题是关键的一步，

一般坚持以下几个步骤：

1. 审读情景材料

即对试题所提供的“情景”(包括目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等)及其“形式”(一般为图画、

图表、提纲等)予以全面的了解，同时不可忽视最后提供的“注意”。

2. 提取主题思想

在审题的同时，要注意从所给材料中提炼出一个主题，即作文的中心。它是全文成败的关键所在，因

为“评分说明”明确指出：“对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分”。一般来讲，文章的中心不超出高中生学习和日常生活中的所见所闻。

3. 进行信息取舍

确定主题之后，就要依据所需文体(多为应用文、记叙文或说明文)，围绕中心对所获取的信息进

行筛选，以突出重点。

4. 列举表述要点

这是评分标准规定的最主要标准，即是否“覆盖了所有内容要点”。动笔写作之前，最好在草稿纸上

列出要点，以免因时间紧等原因而遗漏。

5. 确定主题句

段落通常由一个表示段落中心思想的主题句和一些用来说明、描写、论证该主题的发展句构成。段落的主题句非常重要，对段落的各句起到提纲挈领的作用。一般情况下，主题旬的位置都在段落的开头，清楚明了地告诉读者该段落将要陈述的内容。为了便于展开下文，主题句一般要具备以下两个特点：

①内容要明确具体，具有特定性和单一性，切忌笼统。

比较：

a. Learning English is important.

a’ Learning English is important for middle school students.

b. Tom is a good student．

b’. Tom is a hard-working student.

上述例句中的第二句要比第一句具体、明确得多。

②语言要简洁，开门见山。

如“How I Spent My Vacation(我怎样度假)”的开头是：I spent my last vacation happily.

下面是题为“Honesty(谈诚实)”一文中的开头：

Honesty is one of the best virtues. An honest man is always trusted and respected. On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a “liar”, and is looked down upon by honest people.

【典例解析】

(NMET2006陕西) In my opinion, it would be much better to stay at home for I can do what I like, such as reading books, watching TV, and helping my parents with the housework. (通过举例和例证使抽象的概念具体化，使作者的表达更具说服力，同时使得文章逻辑严密。)

(NMET2006天津) First, the film was delayed as there were so many advertisements at the beginning. Second, the sound of the film was so loud that I could hardly bear it. (通过使用时间顺序连接词，使文章内容显得层次清晰，主次分明。)

The room was disgusting. By the far window was a trash can piled high with crumpled papers. In the middle of the room was a round size bed with rotting fruits. The path between the bed and the doorway, where 1 was standing, was full of dirty clothes and old newspapers. (通过选择参照物，然后巧妙运用表示空间顺序的连接词，给读者一个清楚的空间观念。用准确的方位词说明空间的具体位置，就仿佛给了阅卷老师一幅空间布置图或导游图。)

2. 使用平行结构，增强语感节奏和顺畅度

平行结构的使用是一种修辞手法，其中既有词汇的重复，又有纯粹的语法结构的重复。重复使用相同

的结构，不仅能使句子或段落节奏匀称，还可以起到强调或承上启下的作用，从而引起评卷老师的注意。

词的重复是常用的连接手法，它可强调你所要表达的意思，也必然让人把眼前的句子与前面的句子联系起来，如同用一根线将整个段落贯穿成一个整体，从而增强句子的语感节奏，使句与句之间的衔接更加紧密、顺畅。例如：

(1) I love life; I love nature; and I love peace.

(2) I am a boy of 17 and I am studying at high school now. I am good at English and I can talk with foreign tourists in English freely.

上述例子使用的是词汇的重复，下面的段落则通过使用相同的语法结构保证了文章的连贯与流畅。

(1) If I have the honor to be chosen as a volunteer, besides the above, I will work hard and creatively, but never be lazy. I will follow the law and discipline, but never break them. I will take the opportunity to make fiends with the athletes and visitors, and help them make the 2008 Olympic Games a great success.

(2) My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Don’t argue with parents; they will think you don’t love them. Don’t argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Don’t argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Don’t argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mother’s rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words. Don’t argue.

在使用平行结构的过程中，如果意思上并列的成分用不同等的语法形式来表达，就会破坏平行结构，因此要注意以下几点：

1)不要使用And who／and which结构，如James Joyce’s Ulysses, a long and complicated novel and which is on our reading list, has been banned by the school board. 平行结构必须连接两个并列的成分，否则就不能形成平行结构。因此，这句应改为：James Joyce’s Ulysses, which is a long and complicated novel and which is on our reading list, has been banned by the school board.

2) 一些成对连词如either…or; neither…or; not only…but also; both…and; as well as等要连接一致的语法成分。例如：

(原句)The musicians of whom the band was formed played jokes on each other as well as music.

(修改句)The musicians of whom the band was formed played jokes on each other as well as played music．

3)要注意than和as引导的比较句。比较的东西或思想在逻辑上和语法上要一致。例如：The students in our school are more intelligent than your school. 句子在逻辑上把the students和your school进行了比较，应该添上than the students in your school或是than those in your school.

3. 灵活运用代词，避免成分冗余

除了过渡性词语外，省略、替代和所指等技巧同样可以连句成段，避免罗嗦和重复，以保持段落的连