英文跨文化沟通复习资料

1.The importance of learning about culture

1.Understanding foreign cultures is not only important for companies that operate in more than one global area and market internationally. It is just important for organizations at home that employ workers from more than one culture.

2.Understanding culture is also important for individuals who work in the global workplace.

3.the two important reasons for understanding culture are to learn how others make sense of（搞清.的意思）their environment, and to prevent mistakes and miscommunications.

2. 对待差异的态度（Responding to Different Cultures）：1.hostility (敌对) to difference 2.Curiosity about difference

3.Denying difference: Assumptions of superiority(优越); Ethnocertrism(民族中心论); Assumptions of universality

4.cooperating with difference

3. Minimize and prevent mistakes across cultures:1.Knowledge about one’s own culture, with this, knowledge about another culture is easier to learn.2.motivation, the drive to know and to use the knowledge.3.implementing（贯彻）knowledge, and behaving in a way that makes sense in the other culture, the one in which you want to do business.

4. culture is the coherent, , shared view of a group of people about life’s concerns, expressed in symbols and activities, that ranks what is important, furnishes（提供）attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior.

5.文化三特征:1Coherent:each culture, past or present, is coherent and complete within itself—an entire view of the universe2.Learned:culture is not something we born with3.The view of a group of people:is shared by a society.

三功能：1.Ranks what is important: teaches values or priorities.2.Furnishes Attitudes:attitudes are based on beliefs as well as on values.3 Dictates how to behave:behavior comes directly from attitudes about how significant something is –how it is valued.

6.Onstage and backstage:Onstage culture is the behavior we display,it is easy to change.(interchangeable)Backstage culture is not so visible, it is difficult to change.(the essence of people’s culture)

7.Transaction culture:a transaction culture exists when interactants respond to cultural cues and modify their own behavior, creating-or co-creating—a new, temporary culture.(调整行为，适应对方or共同产生新行为) The amount of adjusted behavior depends on several factors:1 their level of knowledge about the other culture2 their willingness to experiment with new behaviors and attitudes 3their previous experience with successful intercultural interactions.

8.Culture shock:Culture shock is the sense of dislocation（转位）and the problems-psychological and even physical-that result from the stress of trying to make the hundreds of adjustments necessary for living in a foreign culture.

7.Transaction culture四个阶段:1. Experiencing a new culture is usually euphoria(欣快)2.Downturn as disillusionment(幻灭)and frustration(沮丧)arise3.adjustment4.integration(融合)

Euphoria: everything about the exciting new adventure is wonderful—no longer two weeks.

The second stage is a downturn as disillusionment and frustration arise. It is a feeling of not being in step with the members of the culture.

Adjustment.---as the sojourner（寄居者）learns more about the backstage culture and how the other culture works, he or she is able to cooperate more effectively with members of the host culture. the fourth stage, integration, occurs when a sojourner becomes fluent enough in the other culture to move easily within it and not be thrown by the different attitudes, beliefs, and values, and the behaviors they generate.

Reverse culture shock: a similar adjustment period with its accompanying symptoms usually occurs when a sojourner returns