英译汉替换与重复
汉英语言对比 第十讲 替换与重复
– 2）He wandered about in the chill rain, thinking and thinking, brooding and brooding. 他在雨中荡来荡去，想了又想，盘算 了又盘算。 – 3）They would read and re-read the secret notes. 他们往往 一遍又一遍地反复琢磨这些密件。
– 2）沉默啊！沉默啊！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。 （鲁迅《呐喊》自序）Silence! Silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence. – 3）We have to analyze and solve problems. 我们必须分析问 题、解决问题。
– To take the road to socialism is to realize common prosperity step by step. Our plan is as follows: where conditions permit, some areas may develop faster than others; those that develop faster can help promote the progress of those that lag behind, until all become prosperous…. One way is for the areas that become prosperous first to support the poor ones by paying more taxes or turning in more profits to the state.
翻译资格考试三级英语笔译技巧：替换与重复
在英语中省略的成份，在汉语中往往要用重复的方法补全。
英语与汉语的另一个重要差异是：英语中除了修辞需要外，很少重复同一个词或结构，而在汉语中重复现象比比皆是。
英语中往往使用代词、同义词、近义词以及代替句型等来替代前文出现过的词语和结构，而汉语则倾向于使用相同的词语或结构呼应前文出现过的词语或结构。
句子层面如此，段落层面同样如此。
因此，在英汉互译时必须特别注意这一点。
英语中的替代结构主要有代词，替代代词so，替代动词do等。
英语往往用代词来替代上文刚出现过的名词，而汉语则更习惯于重复名词。
英语中的代动词及代动词词组，如do，do so，do it等，往往用重复法译成汉语的动词。
另外，英语中的替代句型，如if so，so+do+主语等，也通常用重复法译成汉语。
例如：1) He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, despised it in others.他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。
2) Happy families also had their own troubles.幸福的家庭也有幸福家庭的苦恼。
3) Despite the economic importance of livestock operations to Canada, relatively few studieshave examined how they could be impacted by climate change.家畜业对加拿大经济举足轻重，但是，有关气候变化对家畜业影响的研究却相对不足。
4) We all know that dogs and cats do not have histories, while human beings do.众所周知，狗和猫没有历史，而人类则有。
5) “By the way,”he added, “have you any free time this afternoon? If so, why don't youhave tea in the lighthouse?”“顺便问一下，”他接着说道，“你今天下午有空吗?如果有空，为什么不去灯塔里喝杯茶呢?”6) For example, large numbers of chicken deaths are commonly reported in the United Statesduring heat waves. Heat stress also adversely affects milk production, meat quality anddairy cow reproduction.译文：例如，热浪来袭时，美国经常有大批小鸡死亡的报道。
最新英汉对比研究-替换与重复精品文档
• 我们村过去有3000人口。旧社会里死的死，逃的逃。
• 哈利德放下烟斗，两手交叉着放在脖子后面，转过头去看窗子。
Halliday put his pipe down，crossed his hands behind his neck ，and turned his face towards the window．(“The Apple Tree”)
• 1）However, we actually learn a foreign language much faster than we do our mother tongue.
• 然而，事实上我们学习一门外语比学习母语快得多。 • 2）…in other words, you were studying the language all day long! You did this for
five years,… • 换句话说，你整天在学习语言，你这样学习已经五年了。 • 3）You should help him since you have promised to do so. • 你答应了要帮助他就应当帮助他
• 4）你晚上不想去电影院，我也不想去。 • You don`t want to go to the cinema tonight, neither do I. • 5）我喜欢读小说，他也喜欢读小说。 • I like reading novels, so does he. • 6）---狗正在抓门。 ---是的，总是抓门。 • ---The dog is scratching the door. ---Yes,he always does it /does that. • 7）---玛丽要去参加竞赛。---简也要参加竞赛。 • ---Mary will enter the competition. ---So will Joan . • 8）你要求我离开我就离开了。 • You ask me to leave , and so I did.
翻译技巧：句子结构的转换+重复与替代
(3)把定语从句译成状语从句。如： • The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from. • 大使只宴请了几个人，因为他特地想和这些人谈 谈，听听他们的意见。（表原因） • He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for. • 他坚持要再造一幢房子，尽管他并无此需要。 （表让步） • There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them． • 这方案富于创造性，独出心裁，很有气势，所以 他们都很喜欢。（表结果）
【例3】这项工作要加强规划和政策引导，尊重 农民意愿。 This work requires good planning and sensible guidance of the farmers with our policies, though their wishes should also be respected. • “尊重农民意愿”与前面一句在形式上是并列 的，现译者主观地认为加强规划和政策引导是 主要的，尊重农民意愿是第二位的，两者之间 有主次关系，因此在英译中使用连接词though 来体现这种主次关系。但如译者认为两者应该 并列，也可改用and来连接。
二、句子变换法
• 主要包括几下几种方法： (1) 把原文中的两个或两个以上的简单句译成一 个单句，如： • His father had a small business in the city of Pisa. This city is in the north of Italy near the sea. • 他的父亲在意大利北部近海的比萨做小生意。 (2) 把原文中的主从复合句( complex sentence)译 成单句。如： • One must study hard before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language. • 必须勤学苦练，才能精通一种外国语。
汉英笔译基础教程第8章 重复与替换
8.3 句式的重复
❖ 部分保留 ❖ 秋天，无论在什么地方的秋天，总是好的；可
是啊，北国的秋，却特别地来得清，来得静， 来得悲凉。 ❖Autumn, wherever it is, always has something to recommend itself. In North China, however, it is particularly limpid, serene and melancholy.
8.1.2 舍弃叠音效果
❖ 成群成群的蝗虫毁灭了大片大片的稻田庄稼。 ❖Hordes of locusts ruined the crops in tracts of rice
field. ❖ 这是一条幽僻的路；白天也少人走，夜晚更加寂
寞。荷塘四面，长着许多树，蓊蓊郁郁的。
❖It is peaceful and secluded here, a place not frequented by pedestrians even in the daytime; now at night, it looks more solitary, in a lush, shady ambience of trees all around the pond.
8.3 句式的重复
❖ 融合法 ❖ 她底思想似乎浮漂在极远，可是她自己捉摸不
定远在那里。于是慢慢地跑回来，跑到眼前， 跑到她底孩子底身上。 ❖Lost in deep thought, she seemed absolutely dead to the reality surrounding her. Later she gradually came to, and found herself face to face with the present and her child.
英语的替换与汉语的重复
Substitutive VS Reiterative替换与重复壹替换（Substitutive ）贰重复（Reiterative ）第一部分Substitutive替换英语中为了避免重复,句子中的某些部分可以省略省略02用替代的形式来代替句中或上文已出现的词语或内容，这是用英语说话或写作的一项重要原则。
01 替代一个英语单词通过词形转换可以变成很多个不同词性的单词.03 变换M: I am taller than he, which is unquestionable. W: he does be shorter than you.1 替代替代用自己的话来说就是:用另一个词或词组替代文中需要再一次出现的词。
这一类词有：第三（非）人称代词，指示代词（this , that , those , these ），关系代词(who , whom , whose , that , which )，连接代词(who , where , what , which )，不定代词（one , much , other , both ），名词，动词等The more we practice a foreign language, the easier it is 。
我们练习一门外语越多，这门外语就越容易。
人称代词1 替代The language of a child differs from that of his parents. 孩子们的语言不同于家长的语言指示代词关系代词He first met the woman whom he would one daymarry.他第一次遇见那个女人，后来他终于和那个女人结婚了1 替代Can you give me a few nails? I need some .你能给我几颗钉子吗？我需要一些钉子。
不定代词名词I don`t want any more coffee . I`ve had enough .我不想和咖啡了。
英汉语言比较之八：替换与重复
英汉语言比较系列之八综合语(synthetic)的特征是运用形态变化来表达语法关系，拉丁语、德语及古英语等都属于综合语。
分析语(analytic)的特征是不用形态变化而用词序及虚词来表达语法关系，汉语是典型的分析语。
现代英语是从古代英语发展出来的，仍然保留着综合语的某些特征，但是也具有分析语的特点：有形态变化，但不象典型的综合语那么复杂；词序笔汉语灵活，但相对固定；虚词很多，用得也相当频繁。
因此，现代英语属于综合－分析语(synthetic- analytic language)。
从语源（Etymology）观来说，英语属印欧语系（Indo-European Language），汉语则属汉藏语系（Sino-Tibetan language）。
八：替换与重复（Substitute vs. Reiterative）一般说来，除非有意强调或出于修辞的需要，英语总的倾向是尽量避免重复。
讲英语的人对于随意重复相同的音节、词语、句式或意义往往感到厌烦。
在能明确表达意思的前提下，英语尽量采用替代、省略或变换等方法来避免无意图的重复。
汉语则比较习惯于重复，因而常用实称、还原和复说的表达方法。
汉语的重复倾向与其语音文字的特点有密切的关系，汉语讲究均衡美的特点往往促成用词造句的重复倾向。
英语的代词在汉译时常常采用还原、复说或省略的办法加以处理。
41）He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, and despised it in others. 他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。
42）You don’t want to lag behind.Neither does she.（替代）你不愿意落后，她也不愿意落后。
43）Reading ex ercises one’s eyes; speaking,one’s tongue; while writing, one’s mind.（省略）（F. Bacon）阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。
英汉互译八种技巧
mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. ❖ 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科 学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善 辩。
thought and thought it over and over. 他有又上床去，左思右想，想个不停。
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这种人闹什么东西呢?闹名誉,闹地位,闹出风头。 What are they after? They are after name, after position, and they want to cut smart figure.
of success. ❖ 不要害怕失败。失败是成功之母。 ❖ Translation from Chinese into English is not
so easy as that from English into Chinese. ❖ 汉译英不像英译汉那么容易。 ❖ A large family has its difficulties. ❖ 大(家庭)有大(家庭)的难处。
常用的翻译技巧
1. 重复法 (repetition) 2. 增译法 (amplification) 3. 减译法 (omission) 4. 词类转换法 (conversion) 5. 词序调整法 (inversion) 6. 分译法 (division) 7. 正说反译, 反说正译法 (negation)（反译法） 8. 语态 变换法 (the change of the voices)
英译汉替换与重复
❖ 化学变化是改变粒子结构，形成新物质的一种变 化。
A chemical change is one in which the structure of particles is changed and a new substance is formed.
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一定的文化是一定社会的政治和经济的反映，又给 予一定社会的政治和经济以巨大的作用和影响。
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在英语中避免如下几种重复： ❖1 音节的重复 ❖Commercials seldom make for entertaining and
relaxing listening. Commercials seldom entertain and relax the listener.
2
❖Close examination of the results of the investigation led to a reorganization of the department.
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2 动词性替代
❖ 美国人今年削减国防开支，我怀疑俄国人也会这 样。
❖The Americans are reducing their defense expenditure this year. I wonder if the Russians will do so.
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❖汉语则通过重复强化行文的语气和修辞， 使语言生动有力。
❖英语宜采用替代、省略、变换等避免重复， 使行文简洁、有力，符合英语民族心理习 惯。
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1 名词性替代
一、替代
❖ 英译汉不如英译法那么容易。
Translation from English into Chinese is not so
easy as that from English into French.
替换,重复
替换与重复(Substitutive vs. Reiterative)一般说来，除非有意强调或出于修辞的需要，英语总的倾向是尽量避免重复。
讲英语的人对于随意重复相同的音节、词语或句式往往感到厌烦。
可以用替换或省略的办法来避免不必要的重复。
I. 替代(Substitution)用替代的形式来代替句中或上文已出现过的词语或内容(shared words and content)，这是用英语说话或写作的一项重要原则。
如：Electrical charges of a similar kind repel each other and those that are dissimilar attract.同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。
He never really succeeded in his ambitions. He might have done, one felt, had it not been for the restlessness of his nature.他雄心勃勃，但从未如愿以偿。
人们觉得，要不是他那贪得无厌的本性，他也许会有所作为的。
Flattery is more dangerous than hatred because it covers the stain which the other causes to be wiped out.阿谀比怨恨更危险，因为阿谀掩饰了污点，而怨恨却能使人消除污点。
II. 省略(Omission)省略和替代一样，也是避免重复的一种常用手段。
两者常常互相替换使用。
英语省略的类型很多，有名词性省略、动词性省略、分句性省略；有句法方面的省略，也有情景方面的省略。
在并列结构中，英语常常省略前面已出现过的词语，而汉语则往往重复这些词语。
如：A man is called selfish, not for pursuing his own good, but for neglecting his neighbor’s.说一个人自私自利，并非因为他只图自己的利益，而是因为他不顾邻人的利益。
汉英翻译技巧重复部分
汉英翻译技巧重复部分C-E汉英翻译技巧：重复（Repetition）这是块宝地！要不是宝地，怎么住的人越来越多？This is a lucky place; if it isn't , why do more and more people come to live here?（吕瑞昌、喻云根、张复星、李嘉祜、张燮泉：《汉英翻译教程》，陕西人民出版社）代替：用代词或别的名词或相当于名词的词来代替重复使用的名词或名词词组。
我们的民族将再也不是被人侮辱的民族了，我们已经站起来了。
（《毛泽东选集》四卷，1439页）Ours will no longer be a nation subject to insult and humiliation. We have stood up.（同上）用do ,do so 或so do 来代替重复出现的主要动词或整个谓语部分。
你答应过借他钱就应当借给他。
You should lend him money since you have promised to do so.用“so” 或“as”代替重复出现的表语或整个从句。
自周秦以来，中国是一个封建社会，其政治是封建的政治，其经济是封建的经济。
（《毛泽东选集》二卷，625页）From the Zhou and Qin Dynasties onwards, Chinese society was feudal, as were its politics and its economy.（同上）那时将不要军队，也不要兵船，不要军用飞机，也不要毒气。
Neither armies, nor warships, nor military aircraft, nor poison gas will then be needed.（同上）合并：将重复词语或结构全部抽提出来，总译一次。
中国人民历来是勇于探索，勇于创造，勇于革命的。
英汉语言对比替换与重复
• More Examples: • advance planning • audible to the ear • assembled together • entirely complete • still remains
• foreign imports • repeat again • dash quickly • exactly identical • throughout the entire
• Substitution includes:
• 1.1 Nominal Substitution • 1.2 Verbal Substitution • 1.3 Clausal Substitution
• 1.1 Nominal Substitution
1) Personal Pronoun：he,she,it,they 2) Demonstrative Pronoun：this, that, these,
• 1)To use pronoun" so " or " not" to replace objective clause introduced by " that"
• 2)To use "if so" or "if not" to replace conditional clause
• 3)To use "as" to replace a part of sub-clause
•
It is an important principle of spoken
English and writing English to use pro-form to
英汉语言对比替换与重复
在翻译过程中，为了使译文更加清晰易懂，有时需要对原文中的语义进行重复，如将英语中的“I am a student”翻译为汉语中的“我是一个学生”。
在写作中的应用
词汇选择
在英语写作中，选择合适的词汇 进行替换和重复是提高语言表现 力的重要手段，如使用同义词或 反义词来丰富词汇表达。
句式变化
在英语写作中，通过改变句式结 构或使用不同的句型来替换和重 复，可以使文章更加生动有趣， 如使用排比句或对仗句。
对比分析英汉语言在替换与重复方面 的变化规律，揭示语言演变的共性和 特性，为语言政策和规划提供参考。
谢谢观看
非语言交际
在跨文化交际中，非语言交际也是重要的一环，通过肢体 语言、面部表情等非语言方式进行适当的替换与重复，可 以增强交际效果。
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英汉语言替换与重复的 未来研究展望
替换与重复的认知机制研究
01
深入研究人类语言处理过程中替 换与重复的认知机制，探究其背 后的神经生理和心理过程。
02
对比分析英汉语言在替换与重复 方面的认知差异，揭示语言特性 和文化背景对认知过程的影响。
汉语词汇替换
汉语中也有类似的词汇替换现象，如“自行车”和“脚踏 车”，“手机”和“移动电话”。
汉语词汇重复
汉语中也有词汇重复的现象，如“好好学习，天天向上”， “他一直一直等待”。
语法层面的对比
英语语法替换
汉语语法替换
英语语法重复
汉语语法重复
英语中可以通过改变句子结构 或使用不同的时态、语态来表 达相同的意思，例如“I will go” 和“I am going”，“He has been working”和“He worked”。
汉语语义重复
汉英翻译技巧重复部分
C-E汉英翻译技巧：重复（Repetition）这是块宝地！要不是宝地，怎么住的人越来越多？This is a lucky place; if it isn't , why do more and more people come to live here?（吕瑞昌、喻云根、张复星、李嘉祜、张燮泉：《汉英翻译教程》，陕西人民出版社）代替：用代词或别的名词或相当于名词的词来代替重复使用的名词或名词词组。
我们的民族将再也不是被人侮辱的民族了，我们已经站起来了。
（《毛泽东选集》四卷，1439页）Ours will no longer be a nation subject to insult and humiliation. We have stood up.（同上）用do ,do so 或so do 来代替重复出现的主要动词或整个谓语部分。
你答应过借他钱就应当借给他。
You should lend him money since you have promised to do so.用“so” 或“as”代替重复出现的表语或整个从句。
自周秦以来，中国是一个封建社会，其政治是封建的政治，其经济是封建的经济。
（《毛泽东选集》二卷，625页）From the Zhou and Qin Dynasties onwards, Chinese society was feudal, as were its politics and its economy.（同上）那时将不要军队，也不要兵船，不要军用飞机，也不要毒气。
Neither armies, nor warships, nor military aircraft, nor poison gas will then be needed.（同上）合并：将重复词语或结构全部抽提出来，总译一次。
中国人民历来是勇于探索，勇于创造，勇于革命的。
The people of China have always been courageous enough to probe into things, to make inventions and to make revolution.部分重复。
英汉语言对比替换与重复
2）Repetition of Words
• Even to borrow money is wrong, according to Kant, because if everyone did borrow money, there would be no money left to borrow. • Even to borrow money is wrong, according to Kant, because if everyone did this, there would be no money left to borrow.
• 1.2 Verbal Substitution 1) Pro-verb：do 2) Composite Generation Verb: do so, do it, do that, do this, do the same 3) Substitute Sentence Structure: so+do+主语, so+主语+do, so+be+主语, so+主语+be, so+will+ 主语, so+主语+will
•
•
Substitution is a device for abbreviating and for avoiding repetition. In this second respect it is similiar to the use of lexical equivalents that are not identical repetition. Across sentences, substitution seems to be optional, and for stylistic reasons. Within sentences, it is sometimes obligatory. Most of the substitutes or Pro-Forms within sentences are also used across sentences.
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One cannot learn to produce a sound from an explanation only, or get a correct idea of a flavor from a description: a sound must be heard, a color seen, a flavor tasted, an odor inhaled. 人不能只从讲解中学会发音，也不能光靠描述而 体会某种滋味。声音必须耳闻，颜色必须眼见， 滋味必须口尝，气味必须吸入。
替换与重复
Substitutive vs. Reiterative
除非修辞的需要，英语一般要避免重复
Never use the same word or write the same thing twice in a sentence unless you are repeating intentionally for emphasis or for clarity.
7
汉语则通过重复强化行文的语气和修辞， 使语言生动有力。 英语宜采用替代、省略、变换等避免重复， 使行文简洁、有力，符合英语民族心理习 惯。
8
一、替代 1 名词性替代 英译汉不如英译法那么容易。 Translation from English into Chinese is not so easy as that from English into French.
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3 分句性替代
中华民族从来就是一个伟大的勇敢的勤劳的民族， 只是在近代落伍了。这种落伍，完全是被外帝国 主义和本国反动政府所压迫和剥削的结果。 The Chinese have always been a great, courageous and industrious nation; it is only in modern times that they have fallen behind, which was due entirely to oppression and exploitation by foreign imperialism and domestic reactionary governments.
5
4. 意义重复
He asked the divisions to give their mutual cooperation to the project. The bachelor’s degree is a necessary requisite for matriculation. May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not limited only to aeronautics?
4
3 句式重复
Now is the time for everyone to vote, for everything depends upon this election. All are against corruption, and so they should vote the Reform ticket. This is not a foolish thing, for the voters can elect anyone they want. But the people must turn out heavily, for if they do there is little doubt that they will elect the men they want. Everybody should turn out to vote in this election, for the triumph of the Reform party means the end of corruption in office. If the voters will only come to the polls in large enough numbers, they can surely elect the men they wish to see in power.
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Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil. Reading exercises one’s eyes; speaking, one’s tongue; while writing, one’s mind. A man is called selfish, not for pursuing his own good, but for neglecting his neighbor’s.
Any given culture is a reflection of the politics and economics of a given society, and the former in turn has a tremendous effect and influence on the latter.
Close study of the results of the inquiry led to a reorganization of the department.
3
2 词语重复
We listened to an account of the customs of the inhabitants of the village. Dr. Brown seriously maintains that in the near future opium-smoking will be as serious as the absinthe scourge in France. Even to borrow money is wrong, according to Kant, because if everyone did borrow money, there would be no money left to borrow.
15
Gathering facts, confirming them, suggesting theories, testing them, and organizing findings— this is all the work of science. 收集资料，论证资料，提出理论，检验理论，并 对研究成果进行归纳整理－－这就是科学工作的 全部内容。
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二、省略 省略和替代一样，也是避免重复的手段，语 言学称为“零位替代”(zerosubstitution)。英语省略的类型很多， 有名词性省略、动词省略、句法省略、也有 情景省略。英语常省略已经出现的词，而汉 语则重复这些词语。
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野心不仅是罪恶的根源，也是毁灭的根源。 阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写 作训练人的思维。 说一个人自私，不是因为他只考虑自己的利 益，而是因为他不顾邻人的利益。
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一个人的工作，究竟是三分成绩七分错误，还是 七分成绩三分错误，必须有个根本的估价。 We must have a fundamental evaluation of a person’s work and establish whether his achievements amount to 30 percent and his mistakes to 70 percent, or vice versa.
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2 动词性替代
美国人今年削减国防开支，我怀疑俄国人也会这 样。 The Americans are reducing their defense expenditure this year. I wonder if the Russians will do so. 你不愿意落后，她也不愿意落后。 You don’t want to lag behind. Neither does she.
化学变化是改变粒子结构，形成新物质的一种变 化。
A chemical change is one in which the structure of particles is changed and a new substance is formed.
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一定的文化是一定社会的政治和经济的反映，又给 予一定社会的政治和经济以巨大的作用和影响。
1
在英语中避免如下几种重复：
1 音节的重复
Commercials seldom make for entertaining and relaxing listening.
Commercials seldom entertain and relax the listener.
2
Close examination of the results of the investigation led to a reorganization of the department.
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三、变换
English achieves variation by using superordinates or general words: The monkey’s most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, it had learned to solo on the vehicle.
这只猴子最了不起的技能是学会驾驶拖拉机。到了九 岁的时候，它已经学会单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。
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John’s bought himself a new Ford. He practically lives in the car. I don’t know where to stay when I arrive in New York. I have never been to that place.