Lecture 2 The Industry-Based Views of Strategy(商务战略,澳大利亚纽卡斯尔大学)

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Lecture2英语专业教学课件

deserve. • 10. Cleanliness: Tolerate no uncleanness in body, clothes or habitation. • 11. Chastity: Rarely use venery but for health or offspring; Never to dullness, weakness,
➢ “Father of American Poetry” ➢ “Pioneer of the New
Romanticism” ➢ “A gifted and versatile lyric
poet”
1. Works
《美洲光辉的兴起》
• “The Rising Glory of America” (1772) • “The House of Night” (1779, 1786) • “The British Prison Ship” (1781) • “To the Memory of the Brave Americans” (1781) • “The Wild Honey Suckle” (1786) • “The Indian Burying Ground” (1788) • “The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi”
• Philip Freneau: “The Wild Honey Suckle”
1. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
1. Works
《自传》
• The Autobiography • Poor Richard’s Almanack
《格言历书》
2. Life
Benjamin Franklin came from a Calvinist background. He was born into a poor candle-maker’s family. He had very little education. He learned in school only for two years, but he was a voracious reader. At 12, he was apprenticed to his elder half-brother, a printer. At 16, he began to publish essays under the pseudonym “Silence Do good” . At 17, he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune. He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher. In 1727 he founded the Junto club.

托福听力tpo46 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文

托福听力tpo46lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (19)原文 (19)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:I'd like to continue our discussion of animal behavior and start off today's class by focusing on a concept we haven't yet touched upon—swarm intelligence.Swarm intelligence is a collective behavior that emerges from a group of animals,like a colony of termites,a school of fish,or a flock of birds.Let's first consider the principles behind swarm intelligence,and we'll use the ant as our model.Now,an ant on its own is not that smart.When you have a group of ants,however, there you have efficiency in action.You see,there's no leader running an ant colony. Each individual,each individual ant operates by instinctively following a simple set of rules when foraging for food.Rule number1:Deposit a chemical marker…called a pheromone.And rule2:Follow the strongest pheromone path.The strongest pheromone path is advantageous to ants seeking food.So,for example,when ants leave the nest,they deposit a pheromone trail along the route they take.If they find food,they return to the nest on the same path and the pheromone trail gets stronger—it's doubled in strength.Because an ant that took a shorter path returns first,its pheromone trail is stronger,and other ants will follow it, according to rule2.And as more ants travel that path,the pheromone trail gets even stronger.So,what's happening here?Each ant follows two very basic rules,and each ant acts on information it finds in its immediate local environment.And it's important to note: Even though none of the individual ants is aware of the bigger plan,they collectively choose the shortest path between the nest and a food source because it's the most reinforced path.By the way,a-a few of you have asked me about the relevance of what we're studying to everyday life.And swarm intelligence offers several good examples of how concepts in biology can be applied to other fields.Well,businesses have been able to use this approach of following simple rules when designing complex systems,for instance,in telephone networks.When a call is placed from one city to another,it has to connect through a number of nodes along the way.At each point,a decision has to be made:Which direction does the call go from here?Well,a computer program was developed to answer this question based on rules that are similar to the ones that ants use to find food.Remember,individual ants deposit pheromones,and they follow the path that is most reinforced.Now,in the phone network,a computer monitors the connection speed of each path, and identifies the paths that are currently the fastest—the least crowded parts of the network.And this information,converted into a numeric code,is deposited at the network nodes.This reinforces the paths that are least crowded at the moment. The rule the telephone network follows is to always select the path that is most reinforced.So,similar to the ant's behavior,at each intermediate node,the call follows the path that is most reinforced.This leads to an outcome which is beneficial to the network as a whole,and calls get through faster.But getting back to animal behavior,another example of swarm intelligence is the way flocks of birds are able to fly together so cohesively.How do they coordinate their movements and know where they're supposed to be?Well,it basically boils down to three rules that each bird seems to follow.Rule1:Stay close to nearby birds.Rule2:Avoid collision with nearby birds.And rule3:Move in the average speed and direction of nearby birds.Oh,and by the way,if you're wondering how this approach can be of practical use for humans:The movie industry had been trying to create computer-generated flocks of birds in movie scenes.The question was how to do it easily on a large scale?A researcher used these threerules in a computer graphics program,and it worked!There have also been attempts to create computer-generated crowds of people using this bird flocking model of swarm intelligence.However,I'm not surprised that more research is needed.The three rules I mentioned might be great for bird simulations,but they don't take into account the complexity and unpredictability of human behavior.So,if you want to create crowds of people in a realistic way,that computer model might be too limited.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.Various methods that ants use to locate foodB.A collective behavior common to humans and animalsC.A type of animal behavior and its application by humansD.Strategies that flocks of birds use to stay in formation2.According to the professor,what behavior plays an important role in the way ants obtain food?A.Ants usually take a different path when they return to their nest.B.Ants leave chemical trails when they are outside the nest.C.Small groups of ants search in different locations.D.Ants leave pieces of food along the path as markers.3.What are two principles of swarm intelligence based on the ant example?[Click on2answers.]A.Individuals are aware of the group goal.B.Individuals act on information in their local environment.C.Individuals follow a leader's guidance.D.Individuals instinctively follow a set of rules.4.According to the professor,what path is followed by both telephone calls on a network and ants seeking food?A.The path with the least amount of activityB.The most crowded pathC.The path that is most reinforcedD.The path that has intermediate stopping points5.Why does the professor mention movies?A.To identify movie scenes with computer-simulated flocks of birdsB.To identify a good source of information about swarm intelligenceC.To emphasize how difficult it still is to simulate bird flightD.To explain that some special effects in movies are based on swarm intelligence6.What is the professor's attitude about attempts to create computer-generated crowds of people?A.She believes that the rules of birds'flocking behavior do not apply to group behavior in humans.B.She thinks that crowd scenes could be improved by using the behavior of ant colonies as a model.C.She is surprised by how realistic the computer-generated crowds are.D.She is impressed that computer graphics can create such a wide range of emotions.答案C B BD C D A译文下面听一段生物学讲座的片段。

英语文体学教案LectureThreeThreeViewsofStyle

Lecture Two: Three Views of StyleWe have seen the definition of stylistics and some definitions of style.Next we will see some most influential and representative views of style.Style as form. （Aristotle）（form and content ）Style as eloquence.（Cicero）（skill to use L persuasively）（the relation with rhetoric）Style is the man. （Buffon）（L use is using it in discourse）Style as personal idiosyncrasy.（Murry）Saying the right thing in the most effective way.（Enkvist）Style as the choice between alternatve expressions. （Ibid）Style as equivalence. （Roman Jacobson）（between form and function）Style as foregrounding. （Leech Mukarovsky）Style as deviation.（Mukarovsky & Spitzer）Style as prominence.（Halliday）Style as the selections features partly determined by the demands of genre, form, themes, etc. （Traugott & Pratt）Style as linguistic features that communicate emotions and thought.（Enkvist）When writers write, they will naturaly try to make their language difffernt from the others’, so as to attract the attention of the readers and also to ensure and secure an independent existence. Or to stand out from the multitude of men of letters. Or just a special position for his writing. And that is to depart from the normal way of expression in a certain sense.Style as deviance.This view of stylistics comes from Widdowson’s remark of style holding that stylistic analysis has no fixed procedure and the technique of doing this kind of analysis is to pick on features in the text which appear to first impressions as unusual or striking in some way and then explore their ramifications. This remark implies that only those unusual or striking features are stylistically relevant. And the implied assumption is that the literary aesthetic effects can only be achieved through deviance. Though some stylisticians hold different views.It leads to such an assumption as that the distinctiveness of a literary text lies in its departure from the characteristics of what is communicatively normal. It also gives birth to the approach to style as deviance from the norms of a given language.Mukarovsky is another famous proponent and founder of this view of style. In his famous article Standard Language and Poetic Language, he speaks of style as foregrounding.He asserts that the violation of the norm of standard, especially, its systematicviolation, is what makes possible the poetic utilization of language; without this possibility there would be no poetry. According to Mukarovsky normal use of language “automatizes”language to such an extent that the users no longer see its expressive or aesthetic power; poetry must de-automatize or foreground language by breaking the rules of everyday language. P13Such as the expression “a grief ago”“a presidency ago”“Mr. Smarter”“Mr. Bumble””The advantage of this approach to style is that it helps us keep in mind the there is a difference between everyday language and the language of literature.The disadvantages are that:a.It is difficult to define the norm from which the style of a text deviates.Bloch considers the basis of norm to e statistical, that is, to determinestyle by counting or resorting to the frequency distributions of linguisticfeatures as they differ from that of the language as a whole.b.It tends to lead the readers and stylisticians to value only the language ofthe grammatically highly deviant authors and under value those authorsthat do not deviate or do not deviate so much from the norms of language.And generally speaking, it tends to lead underestimation of thenon-deviant language both within literature and without.Style as choice.Style results from a tendency of speaker or writer to consistently choose certain structures over others available in the language.The difference between L and style is that L is the sum total of the structures available to the speaker, while style concerns the characteristic choices by a certain writer either consistently or in a given text or context.To say that style is choice of words is not the same thing as saying that it is always a conscious choice, though of course if the writer always chooses his word scrutinously the effect of his way of using L will be all the more obvious as a style. Then that is pick his way forward among words, and it is hard to imagine how much literary work can there be by now. The stock of literature of we human kind no doubt will be greatly diminished. But most, almost all poets, and some writers, and all writers at certain points in their writing do write that way, that is, they a kind of choose scrutinously and seem to pick their way forward among the forest of words.E.g. we Chinese posts have a tradition of refining words. 吟得一字安，捻断数茎须。

(2024年高考真题)2024年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试卷新课标Ⅱ卷

2024年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试卷养成良好的答题习惯，是决定成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。

本试卷共12页。

考试结束后, 将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

注意事项: 1. 答题前, 考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚, 将条形码准确粘贴在考生信息条形码粘贴区。

2. 选择题必须使用2B 铅笔填涂; 非选择题必须使用0.5 毫米黑色字迹的签字笔书写, 字体工整、笔迹清楚。

3. 请按照题号顺序在答题卡各题目的答题区域内作答, 超出答题区域书写的答案无效; 在草稿纸、试卷上答题无效。

4. 作图可先使用铅笔画出, 确定后必须用黑色字迹的签字笔描黑。

5. 保持卡面清洁, 不要折叠, 不要弄破、弄皱, 不准使用涂改液、修正带、刮纸刀。

第一部分听力（1—20 小题）在笔试结束后进行。

第一部分听力（共两节,满分30分）做题时,先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后,你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节（共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例: How much is the shirt?A. £19.15.B. £9.18.C. £9.15.答案是C。

1. What did the woman do yesterday evening?A. She watched TV.B. She went shopping.C. She attended a show.2. What is the man's suggestion?A. Taking a rest.B. Going for a coffee.C. Having a snack.3. What are the speakers mainly talking about?A. A weekend plan.B. A wedding invitation.C. A business deal.4. Where is Barbara going tonight?A. To a gym.B. To her grandma's.C. To the doctor's.5. What is Alex doing?A. He's having breakfast.B. He's feeding a cat.C. He's reading a book.第二节（共15小题;每小题1.5分,满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。

英语六级听力真题长对话

英语六级听力真题长对话英语六级听力真题（长对话）（通用8篇）随着时间的推移，一年一度的六级考试马上就要到来了。

听力一直是六级考试的难点。

下面是yjbys网店铺提供给大家关于英语六级听力真题(长对话)，供大家参考。

英语六级听力真题长对话篇1Conversation OneM: So how long have you been a Market Research Consultant?W: Well, I started straight after finishing university.M: Did you study market research?W: Yeah, and it really helped me to get into the industry, but I have to say that it's more important to get experience in different types of market research to find out exactly what you're interested in.M: So what are you interested in?W: Well, at the moment, I specialize in quantitative advertising research, which means that I do two types of projects. Trackers, which are ongoing projects that look at trends or customer satisfaction over a long period of time. The only problem with trackers is that it takes up a lot of your time. But you do build up a good relationship with the client. I also do a couple of ad-hoc jobs which are much shorter projects.M: What exactly do you mean by ad-hoc jobs?W: It's basically when companies need quick answers to their questions about their consumers' habits. They just ask for one questionnaire to be sent out for example, so the time you spend on an ad-hoc project tends to be fairly short.M: Which do you prefer, trackers or ad-hoc?W: I like doing both and in fact I need to do both at the sametime to keep me from going crazy. I need the variety.M: Can you just explain what process you go through with a new client?W: Well, together we decide on the methodology and the objectives of the research. I then design a questionnaire. Once the interviewers have been briefed, I send the client a schedule and then they get back to me with deadlines. Once the final charts and tables are ready, I have to check them and organize a presentation.M: Hmm, one last question, what do you like and dislike about your job?W: As I said, variety is important and as for what I don't like, it has to be the checking of charts and tables.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Q1: What position does the woman hold in the company?Q2: What does the woman specialize in at the moment?Q3: What does the woman say about trackers?Q4: What does the woman dislike about her job?Conversation TwoW: Hello, I'm here with Frederick. Now Fred, you went to university in Canada?M: Yeah, that's right.W: OK, and you have very strong views about universities in Canada. Could you please explain?M: Well, we don't have private universities in Canada. They’re all public. All the universities are owned by the government, so there is the Ministry of Education in charge of creating the curriculum for the universities and so there is not much room for flexibility. Since it's a government operatedinstitution, things don't move very fast. If you want something to be done, then their staff do not have so much incentive to help you because he's a worker for the government. So I don't think it's very efficient. However, there are certain advantages of public universities, such as the fees being free. You don't have to pay for your education. But the system isn't efficient, and it does not work that well.W: Yeah, I can see your point, but in the United States we have many private universities, and I think they are large bureaucracies also. Maybe people don't act that much differently, because it’s the same thing working for a private university. They get paid for their job. I don’t know if they're that much more motivated to help people. Also, we have a problem in the United States that usually only wealthy kids go to the best schools and it's kind of a problem actually.M: I agree with you. I think it's a problem because you're not giving equal access to education to everybody. It’s no t easy, but having only public universities also might not be the best solution. Perhaps we can learn from Japan where they have a system of private and public universities. Now, in Japan, public universities are considered to be the best.W: Right. It's the exact opposite in the United States.M: So, as you see, it's very hard to say which one is better.W: Right, a good point.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Q5: What does the woman want Frederick to talk about?Q6: What does the man say about the curriculum in Canadian universities?Q7: On what point do the speakers agree?Q8: What point does the man make at the end of the conversation?英语六级听力真题长对话篇2Lecture 1The negative impacts of natural disasters can be seen everywhere. In just the past few weeks, the world has witnessed the destructive powers of earthquakes in Indonesia, typhoons in the Philippines, and the destructive sea waves that struck Samoa and neighboring islands.A study by the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters finds that, between 1980 and 2007, nearly 8,400 natural disasters killed more than two-million people. These catastrophic events caused more than $1.5 trillion in economic losses.U.N. weather expert Geoffrey Love says that is the bad news. "Over the last 50 years, economic losses have increased by a factor of 50. That sounds pretty terrible, but the loss of life has decreased by a factor of 10 simply because we are getting better at warning people. We are making a difference. Extreme events, however, will continue to occur. But, the message is that they may not be disasters."Love, who is director of Weather and Disaster Risk Reduction at the World Meteorological Organization, says most of the deaths and economic losses were caused by weather, climate, or water-related extremes. These include droughts, floods, windstorms, strong tropical winds and wildfires.He says extreme events will continue. But, he says extreme events become disasters only when people fail to prepare for them."Many of the remedies are well-known. From a planning perspective, it is pretty simple. Build better buildings. Don’tbuild where the hazards will destroy them. From an early-warning perspective, make sure the warnings go right down to the community level. Build community action plans. ”The World Meteorological Organization points to Cuba and Bangladesh as examples of countries that have successfully reduced the loss of life caused by natural disasters by taking preventive action.It says tropical cyclones formerly claimed dozens, if not hundreds of lives, each year, in Cuba. But, the development of an early-warning system has reversed that trend. In 2008, Cuba was hit by five successive hurricanes, but only seven people were killed.Bangladesh also has achieved substantial results. Major storm surges in 1970 and 1991 caused the deaths of about 440,000 people. Through careful preparation, the death toll from a super tropical storm in November 2007 was less than 3,500.Q16. What is the talk mainly about?Q17. How can we stop extreme events from turning into events?Q18. What does the example of Cuba serve to show?Lecture 2As U.S. banks recovered with the help of American government and the American taxpayers, president Obama held meetings with top bank execut ives, telling them it’s time to return the favor. “The way I see it are banks now having a greater obligation to the goal of a wide recovery,” he said. But the president may be giving the financial sector too much credit. “It was in a free fall, and it was a very scary period.” Economist Martin Neil Baily said. After the failure of Lehman Brothers, many of the world’s largest banks feared the worst as the collapse ofthe housing bubble exposed in investments in risky loans.Although he says the worst is just over, Bailey says the banking crisis is not. More than 130 US banks failed in 2009. He predicts high failure rates for smaller, regional banks in 2010 as commercial real estate loans come due."So there may actually be a worsening of credit availability to small and medium sized businesses in the next year or so."Analysts say the biggest problem is high unemployment, which weakens demand and makes banks reluctant to lend. But US Bankcorp chief Richard Davis sees the situation differently."We're probably more optimistic than the experts might be.With that in mind, we're putting everything we can, lending is the coal to our engine, so we want to make more loans. We have to find a way to qualify more people and not put ourselves at risk."While some economists predict continued recovery in the future, Baily says the only certainty is that banks are unlikely to make the same mistakes - twice. "You know, forecasting's become a very hazardous business so I don't want to commit myself too much. I don't think we know exactly what's going to happen but it's certainly possible that we could get very slow growth over the next year or two.”If the economy starts to shrink again, Baily says it would make a strong case for a second stimulus -- something the Obama administration hopes will not be necessary.Q19. What dose president Obama hope the banks will do?Q20. What is Martin Neil Baily’s prediction about the financial situation in the future?Q21. What does U.S. Bankcorp chief Richard Davis say about its future operation?Q22. What does Martin Neil Baily think of a second stimulus to the economy?英语六级听力真题长对话篇3Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of eachconversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will bespoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer. from the fourchoices marked A), B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with asingle line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

2022年1月14日托福听力真题及答案分析

2022年1月14日托福听力真题及答案分析我给大家整理了2022年1月14日托福听力真题及答案分析，欢迎参考。

2022年1月14日托福听力真题回顾资料Conversation1：student and housing employee同学去找管理Housing的职员要换一间宿舍，同学现在住的是single-room，由于暑假有课和工作，但是遇到问题是旁边宿舍太吵了，影响了他的作息。

想要换一间离他们远点的单人宿舍，但是employee 说发过邮件告知不能在暑假,但是同学没收到。

最终housing employee 还是给出了一些关心，说是换一个double room或者out of campus，但是同学都提出了质疑和自己的顾虑。

由于没有单间了，最终cheap price同学打算去double room。

Lecture1：the problems and solutions of flotsam science先提出flotsam science理论，professor介绍了一些ships停留在海上，被冲走了，科学家通过tracing the movement of the ships把握了ocean currents的一些规律。

先提到第一个问题，有—种device可以去探测，但是由于距离海面的深浅问题不行，举例了cargo ship in pacific ship。

还提到了organism thrive in upper portion of the ocean，其次个问题是battery，电池很难维持很长时间。

后面讲到一些关于glacier melt时候用到的device disappear 了。

最终有人提出a new way用yellow ducks可以来prevent cold and pressure,并且more durable and inexpensive。

Lecture2：dissonance讲到2个概念Artusi Me……，其次种形式的imperfection体现了dissonance。

6.5雅思精讲读写lecture 2

healthy in at least one major pollutant. Two – thirds of them
exceeded the guidelines for two, seven for three or more. (C3T4R1)
段落扩展句 Passive smoking, the breathing in of the side-stream smoke from the burning of tobacco between puffs[pʌf]喷出 or of the smoke exhaled[eksˈheil]呼出 by a smoker, also causes a serious health risk. A report published in 1992 by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emphasized the health dangers, especially from side-stream smoke. This type of smoke contains more, smaller particles and is therefore more likely to be deposited deep in the lungs. On the basis of this report, the EPA has classified environmental tobacco smoke in the highest risk category for causing cancer.（ C3T2R2）
真题精读：语言点：物种： species: plant/ animal species 危及，破坏： endanger/ endangerment, extinction, extinct，die out, be in danger of, threaten 原因： cause: habitat destruction, commercial exploitation, nonnative ones, pollution

Lecture2- the nature of language

Origin of Language
WHERE
DOES language come from?
Origin of Language
This is a time-honored question. No definite agreement has been reached on this issue. But several hypotheses (speculations) have been proposed:
Functions of Language
Functions of Language Examples I have got a knife. how are you? That’s fantastic! you are fired!

Linguists talk about the functions of language in an abstract sense, that is, not in terms of using language to chat, to think, to buy and sell, to read and write, to greet, praise and condemn people, etc. They summarize these practical functions and attempt some broad classifications of the basic functions of language.
Functions of Language （Halliday）
① Ideational function: Jakobson’s referential function ② Interpersonal function: Jakobson’s emotive, conative, and phatic ③ Textual function: Jakobson’s metalingual function, poetic function

Lecture 2-新视野大学英语第四册Unit 2 第二讲

Text Study
Language Points
conformity:(formal) （对社会规则的）遵从，遵守 behaviour or actions that follow the accepted rules of society
f. By participating in this system of extreme conformity, women are actually opening themselves up to the scrutiny of other women, the only ones qualifie 快看我！ to judge their effortsway, to get back to my original point: If you’re a man, and a woma asks you how she looks, you can’t say she looks bad without receiving immediate and well-deserved outrage. (Para. 11)
I’m not saying that appearance is of no importance. I’m just saying tha
e.g. They plastered the city with posters condemning her election 他们在城里到处张贴谴责她当选的海报。她给自己从头到脚都抹上了强效防晒露。 She plastered herself from head to toe in high factor sun lotion.
Summary
The confusing pursuit of beauty When a woman asks a man how she looks, come it is very difficult for him to up ___________ the with right answer. Men do not think of their looks in the same way as women do. They stick to ________ an opinion and like to think of themselves as affixThey much value don’t to average-looking. __________________ to their looks. However, women tend to think their appearance is magnify “not good enough”. They would _______ the smallest imperfections in their bodies.

托福综合写作满分范文

一：网络故事书（web－storybook service）reading网络故事书的好处网络故事书的好处可以教小朋友读书1.可以教小朋友读书经济实惠，家长不需要为孩子买书了2.经济实惠，家长不需要为孩子买书了可以代替父母陪伴孩子，为家长节省时间3.可以代替父母陪伴孩子，为家长节省时间lecture反驳反驳1.使用时不能和小朋友互动（ask question and get feedback）网络上的故事都是过时的，要想读新故事还是要买书（不足）2.网络上的故事都是过时的，要想读新故事还是要买书（不足）父母与孩子一起读书可以增进感情3.父母与孩子一起读书可以增进感情例文： The speaker rebuts the reading's argument by pointing out例文：the inadequacy of the web-storybook services' interaction with children, the incompleteness of the data pool, and by undermining the assumption that saving parents' reading time is a benefit.The speaker begins by stating that merely pronouncing the words and story for the children will not provide adequate learning experiences. Despite the time saved and pronunciation utilities laid out in the reading, the web services can only respond with "correct" or "not correct". The lack of feedback to children's questions will not create an effective learning process.Then the speaker goes on to argue that the current web-storybook services have a very limited collection of books, thus not being able to save parents the cost of new books as the reading states, because the parents still have to buy many books that the web services do not provide.Lastly, the speaker challenges the validity of the assumption of saving parents' time to read stories to children. The reading argues that saving the time is a benefit for the parents, but the speaker maintains that the whole point of reading stories is far beyond reading stories alone. In contrast, it is an essential way of communicating and building relationship between parents and children.二：药品广告（drug advertisement）提出命题：药品广告所提供的信息都是客观全面的，且病人对药物了解得越多越好提出命题：药品广告所提供的信息都是客观全面的，且病人对药物了解得越多越好1.病人可以更多了解处方药的相关信息（information）医生开药时，病人可以与广告上进行比较，有利于选药2.医生开药时，病人可以与广告上进行比较，有利于选药通过广告，病人可以了解到新药的发展，提醒医生3.通过广告，病人可以了解到新药的发展，提醒医生挑战命题：病人不需要对药物了解太多，因为有时候了解得太多会对非专业的病人产生困扰，而且广告所提供的信息也不完整全面而且广告所提供的信息也不完整全面）一笔带过，病人很难判断1.广告通常只有宣传好处，对副作用（side effects）一笔带过，病人很难判断病人对药物的准确用法用量不了解，可能会用错2.病人对药物的准确用法用量不了解，可能会用错广告只宣传新药，对旧药没有宣传，但是针对不同的病情，也许旧药更为合适3.广告只宣传新药，对旧药没有宣传，但是针对不同的病情，也许旧药更为合适The speaker raises serious counterarguments against the reading paragraphs by providing drastically different evidences regardingthe effects of the advertisement, the impact of self-selecting medication, and the impact of trends in the pharmaceutical industry.Firstly, knowing more information from the ads will not necessarily help the patients make better-informed decisions, as the reading argues. On the contrary, patients, without professional training and knowledge, will be more susceptible to misunderstanding information. For example, they would focus only on the positive sides of a certain medicine while ignoring the serious side effects.In addition, if the patients bear the responsibility of prescribing their own medication, they assume more responsibility to their own health. This makes doctors less liable for potential risks and undesirable consequences.Lastly, as for the new trends' benefits to the patients, the speaker does not challenge the reading directly. Instead, he argues that the new medicine, which will count for most of the ads may not necessarily be the best medicine, even though the patients can inform their doctors about the new products.三：网络问卷（web based survey）reading网络问卷相对传统问卷的优势网络问卷相对传统问卷的优势1.调查范围更广，所以调查结果就更为准确（逻辑错误：调查范围更广，所以调查结果就更为准确（逻辑错误：参加人多并不代表范围广，也不能参加人多并不代表范围广，也不能保证效果好）保证效果好）2.发放，填写和收集问卷更加方便简单发放，填写和收集问卷更加方便简单3.成本低成本低lecture反驳网络问卷的优势反驳网络问卷的优势1.所取得的调查结果不全面（biased ），因为不是所有人都会上网，中老年人上网会比较少，而年轻人上网比较多少，而年轻人上网比较多2.成本并不会低，因为一个好的网络问卷需要一个团队的大量工作因为一个好的网络问卷需要一个团队的大量工作（提出新的证据：（提出新的证据：网络问卷也需要成本和人力资源）卷也需要成本和人力资源）3.大多数人对网络问卷都不严肃，会得到不正确的信息，容易混淆视听。

Lecture2中英文字幕

Unit6 Go shoppingLecture2 Sales and promotionHello, everybody.大家好In this session we are going to focus on the main idea and structure of our text on p.78.这节课我们主要来讲解一下78页课文的大意及文章结构。

Do you know how to find out the main idea of an article?你们知道如何找出文章的大意么？Let’s watch a video clip to figure it out.让我们来看一段视频短片What have you learnt from the video clip?从这段视频中你们学到了什么？To find out the main idea, we should try to find the topic.想找出文章的大意我们应该先找到文章的主题Repeating words in the text can help us to find the topic.文章中重复出现的词有助于我们找出文章的主题Look! What are the repeating words in our text?看！这篇课文中重复出现的词是什么？As we can see technique and response are repeated many times in the text.正如我们所看到的，technique和response是课文中重复出现的词。

Response means the way to resist the techniques ,response在这篇文章中的意思是应对促销手段的方法so the main idea of the text is sales techniques and the ways to resist the techniques.所以这篇文章的大意就是促销手段和应对方法A sales technique is a selling method that is used by a sales person or sales team to make money and help sell more effectively.促销手段是销售人员或销售团队为了赚钱或卖出更多商品而采取的销售策略The way to resist the techniques means the way to fight against the sales techniques.应对方法是指应对这些促销手段的方法。

lecture_2__商业实务英语翻译PPT教学课件

• “清楚”是商务语言的主要特征之一。它要求用词“介于文言与口语之间”，句型简单易懂，语气坚定而文雅，表达自然而流畅，要让交际对方能够从你的表达中清楚地判断出你所要表达的意思。
• 1、概念清楚
• 概念清楚是商务语言的基本要求，如果概念的语义不清、表述不全，或隐含有文化差异等，就容易产生理解分歧，导致交易纠纷。比如：

天已装“和平”轮运出。
–
我们的惯例是以信用证方式付款，但鉴于我
们长期的贸易关系，我们此次破例接受付款交单
的即期汇票。一经提示我们的汇票，请贵方马上
兑付。
–
再次感谢贵方的订货。
–
约翰.史密斯敬上
2020/12/11
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I. 商务英语词汇语言特点
• 不管是口语表达还是书面表达，也不管是英语表达还是汉语表达，商务语言都应遵循 3“c”的原则，
•
Lecture 2
• Translation of Commerce and Business English
2020/12/11
1
• 商业实务英语（商务英语）的定义
• 商务英语是商务环境中使用的英语，它是专门用途英语（English for Specific Purposes 或English for Special Purposes, 简称ESP）的一种。
• 比如“instrument” • 原是“仪器”， • 在商务领域借指“正式票据或文件（formal
document）”
2020/12/11
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• “allowance”一词在“make allowance for…”
中是“考虑到某事物”的意思， • 而在“claim allowance of…”中 • 则是指“赔偿费”。 • “cover”一词一般指“覆盖”、“掩盖”、“包括”等

托福听力TPO21原文 Lecture2

托福听力TPO21原文Lecture2下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO21原文中Lecture2的文本内容吧，大家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，同时，大家也可以登录前程百利论坛进行TPO练习辅导，希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。

TPO21Lecture2Computer ScienceProfessor：We’ve been talking about the software development cycle,and today I’d like to move on to the next stage of that cycle-testing,and why finding bugs during testing is actually a great thing.Eh...eh... the quality of the software product often relies heavily on how well it’s been tested.Liz?Student：Um...just a quick thing.Bugs is the word for problems in the program code,right?Professor：Yeah,in code or in a computer itself.There is a bit of a story behind that term.Um...back in the1940s,when the computer industry was just starting,a group of computer scientists was working late one night,and there was a problem in one of the computers’circuits1.When they examined it,they found a five-centimeter long moth caught in there.Once they debugged the computer,it worked just fine.And ever since then,all kinds of computer problems have been known as bugs.Anyway,you want to find bugs while the software is still in the development and testing phases.Finding them when the software product has already been put on the market can be quite embarrassing.Generally speaking,every software development project has a group of testers and a group of developers.Jack?Student：And they are different people?Professor：They are generally completely different group of people.My personal opinion is that they have to be different groups of people because developers often have a bias for their own work,and it blinds them to certain problems that might be obvious to somebody else.So it is always good to have a different set of eyes to go in there and make sure that everything is tested properly.Ok,now,here’s the key. Developers and testers have different mentalities.The mentality of the software developer is construtive, creative,they are spending long hours working together to create and build something new.A software tester,on the other hand,their entire goal is to look at this product and find problems with it,to improve it. Now,this difference between the testers and the developers can lead to an environment where there is a bit of friction.And that friction sometimes makes it difficult for the two teams to work together.There are two projects that I worked on a couple of years ago.One,which I’ll call Project Split,well,the testing and development teams did not work well together.And the other,I’ll call Project Unity,during which bothteams worked very well together.Now,during Project Split,we had defect meetings where the developers and the testers met together,eh...eh...to discuss various problems and how they should be fixed.And you could sense the conflict just by walking into the room.Literally,the testers and the developers sat on opposite sides on the table.Um...and...and the developers were very defensive about the feedback.Student：Well,if bugs are being pointed out they wouldn’t be too happy since its their work.Professor：Exactly.Now,‘cause the two teams weren’t working well together,the fixes were coming very very slowly.And you know,a lot of times when you fix bugs you introduce new bugs,or you discover bugs and other areas that only come to light because something has been changed,so fixing all those new additional bugs was also being delayed.Um...the test process went on much longer than expected and we ended up having to put the product on the market with known bugs in it,which was obviously not ideal.Student：Ok,and what about Project Unity?How was it different?Professor：Um...this was different because two teams worked closely together during the defect meetings,instead of put up walls.Um...we didn’t even talked about,you know,who should fix this,who is at fault2.We all acknowledge what needed to be fixed.So if we had ten bugs,we said,‘Hey,you know what?Let’s do this one first‘cause this would expose another whole bunch of defects that we haven’t even seen yet.’So we were being proactive3and effective.And because we were so much more effective with our time,we were actually able to do more than just fix the bugs,we even put in some improvements that we hadn’t planned.教授：之前我们一直在讲软件开发周期，今天我们进入下一阶段的讨论-----软件测试，以及为何在测试过程中找到bug是件好事。

lecture 2外事接待口译

Interpreting for Reception Service
Greeting at the Airport Hotel Accomodation Banquet Service
Alternating Interpretation
交替口译（alternating interpretation）。即译员同时以两种语言为操不交替口译（alternating interpretation）。即译员同时以两种语言为操不同语言的交际双方进行轮回交替口译。这种口译应用场合非常广，比较常见的出现在商务谈判和宴会上，也是有一定的难度的。口译应力图实现快、活、巧。礼节性会见一般不涉及实质性问题，通常以寒暄和互通情况为主，翻礼节性会见一般不涉及实质性问题，通常以寒暄和互通情况为主，翻译应很好地传递友好的信息，维护宾主双方共同营造的融洽气氛。的信息，维护宾主双方共同营造的融洽气氛。宴请除开头或结尾部分的祝酒外，多为随意的攀谈，翻译时可多用口宴请除开头或结尾部分的祝酒外，多为随意的攀谈，翻译时可多用口语，使轻松的谈话成为美食的佐餐。正式谈判、新闻发布会和开幕式等都是严肃、庄重的活动，翻译应立正式谈判、新闻发布会和开幕式等都是严肃、庄重的活动，翻译应立场鲜明、沉稳准确、语速适中。场鲜明、沉稳准确、语速适中。 Practice.可采取两人一组的方式，一人充当讲话者，另一人担任翻译. Practice.可采取两人一组的方式，一人充当讲话者，另一人担任翻译. Script:关联词的记录应得到特别重视. Script:关联词的记录应得到特别重视.一根线就能连起一串珠 Psychological quality:大声朗读是一种不错的方法。 quality:大声朗读是一种不错的方法。 Preparation：对会谈要点、发布会口径、参观将会涉及的技术用语等 Preparation：对会谈要点、发布会口径、参观将会涉及的技术用语等都要尽可能充分地掌握，以便翻译时成竹在胸，游刃有余。

lecture_2_supply_chains_and_value_chains

managed by the Operations Function and delivered by an Operating System .
MSc. Management: Operations Management. Lecture 2: Systems concepts, Supply chains, and Value Chains.
What is a system:
• A system is an assembly of components connected together in an organized way.
• Components are affected by being in the system, and the behavior of the system is changed if any of them leave it.
Adopting a Systems Approach encourages us to think holistically about the interactions of different aspects of organizations, how they
work, and how the different parts affect each other.
How do systems differ generically?
Hard systems are • related to technology • have few stakeholders • have clear objectives • are easily changed
Soft systems are • related to people • have many

英语作文讲座第二课

英语作文讲座第二课Lecture 2: How to Improve Your Writing Skills。

Writing is an essential skill that everyone needs to master. Whether you are a student, a professional, or just someone who wants to communicate effectively, improving your writing skills is crucial. In this lecture, we will discuss some tips that can help you become a better writer.1. Read extensively。

Reading is one of the best ways to improve your writing skills. By reading extensively, you can learn new vocabulary, sentence structures, and writing styles. You can also get inspiration from other writers and learn how to express your ideas more effectively.2. Practice regularly。

Like any other skill, writing requires practice. Setaside some time every day to write, even if it's just for a few minutes. You can start by writing a journal, a blog, or short stories. The more you write, the better you will become.3. Use simple language。

托福TPO1-30听力中Lecture部分的每个Lecture文章主旨大意和中心思想

childhood amnesia,rate of forgetting
中 parenting behaviors of birds
中
different types of residential architectures in the United States
中
the state of Florida,farmers moved south,great citric industry in Florida,the impact of landscapes on temperature
How you can successfully call attention to the service or
product you want to sell
DNA,chromosomes
MBWA--managing by wandering around
难 Opera,the golden age in French literature
Animal communication systems,human language
How whales became ocean dwellers
中 Where american food ingredients originally come from
nutrient cycle,the carbon cycle,the Phosphorus cycle
Lec 4 Art history
Lec 1 Art history
Lec 2 Environmental Science Lec 3 History Lec 4 Biology Lec 1 Astronomy Lec 2 Art history Lec 3 European history Lec 4 Biology

Lecture_3_-_Theory_of_the_Firm

12
COSTS
Firms will incur costs. These costs an be categorised as: -Fixed Costs - do NOT depend on quantity produced – same whether you produce a lot or a little - Rent, Insurance. -Variable Costs -vary directly with the amount produced - Raw materials, Labour -Semi–Variable Costs -have a fixed element and a variable element - electricity, telephone.
4
PRODUCTION FUNCTION

The relationship between inputs (factors of production) and outputs can be expressed as a production function

Q = f(k,l )
Here output Q is dependent on labour (l) and capital (k)
Assumption

2: MINIMISE COSTS
But costs differ between the short run and the long run
2
INPUTS/OUTPUTS

For a firm to produce the goods it sells, it needs many different inputs to make these goods For example the inputs for car production could include: Sheet steel Rubber Electricity supply Work space in the factory Painting machines Accountants Workers Managers

【托福听力备考】托福TPO1听力文本——Lecture 2

【托福听力备考】托福TPO1听力文本——Lecture 2众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。

相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。

Lecture 2 BotanyNarrator：Listen to part of a lecture from a Botany class.Professor：Hi, everyone. Good to see you all today. Actually, I expected thepopulation to be a lot lower today. It typically runs between 50 and 60 percent on the day the research paper is due. Um, I was hoping to have your exams back today, but, uh, the situation was that I went away for the weekend, and I was supposed to get in yesterday at five, and I expected to fully complete all the exams by midnight or so, which is the time that I usually go to bed, but my flight was delayed, and I ended up not getting in until one o’clock in the morning. Anyway, I’ll do my best to have them finished by the next time we meet.OK. In the last class, we started talking about useful plant fibers. Inparticular, we talked about cotton fibers, which we said were very useful, not only in the textile industry, but also in the chemical industry, and in the production of many products, such as plastics, paper, explosives, and so on.Today we’ll continue talking about useful fibers, and we’ll begin with a fiber that’s commonly known as “Manila hemp.”Now, for some strange reason, many people believe that Manila hemp is ahemp plant. But Manila hemp is not really hemp. It’s actually a member of thebanana family— it even bears little banana-shaped fruits. The “Manila” part ofthe name makes sense, because Manila hemp is produced chiefly in the Philippine Islands and, of course, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila.Now, as fibers go, Manila hemp fibers are very long. They can easily beseveral feet in length and they’re also very strong, very flexible. They have one more characteristic that’s very important, and that is that they are exceptionally resistant to salt water. And this combination ofcharacteristics—long, strong, flexible, resistant to salt water—makes Manila hemp a great material for ropes, especially for ropes that are gonna be used on ocean-going ships. In fact, by the early 1940’s, even though steel cables were available, most ships in the United States Navy were not moored with steel cables; they were moored with Manila hemp ropes.Now, why was that? Well, the main reason was that steel cables degradevery, very quickly in contact with salt water. If you’ve ever been to SanFrancisco, you know that the Golden Gate Bridge is red. And it’s red because ofthe zinc paint that goes on those stainless steel cables. That, if they start atone end of the bridge and they work to the other end, by the time they finish, it’s already time to go back and start painting the beginning of the bridge again, because the bridge was built with steel cables, and steel cables can’ttake the salt air unless they’re treated repeatedly with a zinc-based paint.On the other hand, plant products like Manila hemp, you can drag through the ocean for weeks on end. If you wanna tie your anchor to it and drop it right into the ocean, that’s no problem, because plant fibers can stand up for months, even years, in direct contact with salt water. OK. So how do you take plant fibers that individually you could break with your hands and turn them into a rope that’s strong enough to moor a ship that weighs thousands of tons? Well, what you do is you extract these long fibers from the Manila hemp plant, and then you take several of these fibers, and you group them into a bundle, because by grouping the fibers you greatly increase their breaking strength—that bundle of fibers is much stronger than any of the individual fibers that compose it.And then you take that bundle of fibers and you twist it a little bit, because by twisting it, you increase its breaking strength even more. And then you take several of these little bundles, and you group and twist them into bigger bundles, which you then group and twist into even bigger bundles, and so on, until eventually, you end up with a very, very strong rope.。

托福听力tpo62 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文

托福听力tpo62 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture1原文Listen to part of a lecture in an architectural history class.Professor: Now we’ve talked about how social concerns inform the designs of some architects in the United States in the 19th century. And it holds true not only for building architects but also for landscape architects. The way we design our landscapes is hugely important to, for how we live, easily as important as the buildings we live in. And these social concerns were especially apparent in the work of a huge figure in the history of landscape architecture: Frederick Law Olmsted. Olmsted is particularly associated with the building of public parks in the mid-1800s. At that time, with industrialization, the United States was moving from a rural, agricultural way of life to an urban one. Many people were moving from farms to cities, and cities themselves were growing fast. And that was creating concern and anxiety about people losing touch with nature.Now, based on your reading, how did this situation relate to Olmsted? Ken.Male Student: Well, he saw that as cities grew to accommodate the larger populations, a lot of open space would be used up for buildings and infrastructure. I guess he thought that eventually there might not be any open space left, green space.Professor: And others shared this concern as well, people with some power.Male Student: Right. So in New York City, they decided to build this huge park, Central Park. And they hired him to design it.Professor: Right. Olmsted together with Calbert Vaux. And he, what Olmsted wanted to do through this park and others was to preserve people’s connections with the natural world. Central Park is his best-known project and it really launched his career. There were so many details that made this such a model of success that…yeah, Julia. Female Student: It seems like he integrated the park into the city really well, especially by putting streets across the park so that you can still get from one side of the city to the other.Professor: And those streets don’t disrupt the unity of the park very much. But why not? What feature, what modification did he make?Female Student: Well, they weren’t any narrower than any regular city streets. Professor: No, not narrower.Female Student: Oh, lower. He put them at a lower level than the rest of the park and used short tunnels.Professor: Yes, exactly. The streets were designed to be as unobtrusive as possible, not interrupting the flow of people walking in the park, not interfering with the natural setting, while still functioning as streets.Making tunnels was the best way to achieve this balance in many locations within the park, and then pass for pedestrians went above the street throughout the park.What’s so special about it to me is Olmsted did such a good job of using the space by emphasizing the natural elements of the park. So with ground areas that were low, he made them even lower and turned them into ponds and meadows, then he emphasized some high, rocky areas. He used…he planted small forests close to grassy meadows. By doing this, he emphasized contrast in contour and texture, but he made it all work as a whole. He also made the northern half of the park more of the nature preserve while the southern part was more for people and recreation.So Central Park was a huge success and it led to more work for him. He designed dozens of urban parks throughout the country. So that’s probably his greatest legacy to architecture as a profession, but not his only legacy.He also designed landscapes for public buildings, campuses, even entire towns. In that area, urban planning, he showed the same concern for preserving open spaces that he had shown with Central Park. For example, his design of a town of Riverside, Illinois. He planned it so it would have the conveniences of city living, but it also had open space for recreation for nature. He lowered the streets slightly so they wouldn’t block natural views, like views of the Des Plaines River, which flows through Riverside. He really wanted to preserve the shores of the river so he didn’t put houses there. Instead, he turned the river front area into a park. And about a quarter of Riverside is parks.What’s also remarkable is that Riverside, well, even today, the streets and other parts of Olmsted’s plans are almost completely intact. It’s really an oasis in the city that’s grown around it, the city of Chicago, since that time. Goes to show you how valuable good design really is.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A. The reasons why Olmsted was selected to design Central ParkB. The impact that Olmsted's designs had on the growth of citiesC. Ways that Olmsted's design for Central Park influenced the design of Riverside, IllinoisD. Olmsted's design goals as revealed in two of his projects2.What does the professor imply about the increase in the population of urban areas in the middle of the nineteenth century?A. It caused difficulty in the design and creation of city parks.B. It was one of the reasons that Central Park was created.C. It forced Olmsted to build more roads in Central Park than he had originally planned.D. Olmsted viewed the increase in population as a positive trend.3.What is one of the features of Olmsted's design of Central Park that the professor particularly admires?A. The use of trees as boundaries between recreational and non-recreational areasB. The emphasis of naturally occurring contrastsC. The quality of the materials used for streets and buildingsD. The wide variety of styles used for its tunnels4.What design feature did Olmsted incorporate into both Central Park and the town of Riverside, Illinois?A. Forest areas that were left undisturbedB. Streets at lower levels than other ground areasC. The removal of large rocks that obstructed viewsD. The expansion of naturally occurring ponds5.What does the professor say about the town of Riverside, Illinois today?A. It has stayed true to Olmsted's original design.B. It is regarded as Olmsted's most successful project.C. It has even more parkland than Olmsted had created.D. It has nicer parks than the city of Chicago does.6.What can be inferred about the woman when she says this:Professor: And those streets don’t disrupt the unity of the park very much. But why not? What feature, what modification did he make?Female Student: Well, they weren’t any narrower than any regular city streets. Professor: No, not narrower.A. She believes there is more than one correct answer to the professor's question.B. She realizes she is repeating a point the professor made earlier.C. She recognizes that she is not giving a correct answer.D. She thinks the answer to the professor's question is obvious.答案D B B B A C译文请听建筑史课上的部分内容。