讲义：句子成分及句子结构

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英语语法之句子成分及句子结构

一、句子成分

组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。句子成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英文中一般的句子必须有主语和谓语）。即：句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语和同位语

1 . 主语（subject)

主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。

找出句中主语

The sun rises in the east. 名词Twenty years is a short time in history. 数词

The poor are now living in the shelter.名词化的形容词Seeing is believing. 动名词

To see is to believe. 不定式He likes dancing. 代词

What he needs is a book. 句子（主从）It is necessary to master a foreign language.

2谓语：:说明主语的动作、状态和特征；动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。

（1）简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成

I saw the flag on the top of the hill. He looked after two orphans.

（2）复合谓语由情态动词或助动词+动词;

He can speak English well. She doesn’t seem to like dancing

3宾语：动作的对象或承受者——及物动词或介词的宾语，即动宾&介宾，常用名词或相当于名词的词（动词不定式或动名词）、代词和数词充当

Show your passport, please. 名词She didn't say anything. 代词

How many do you want? - I want two. 数词I enjoy traveling. 动名词

He pretended not to see me. 不定式

They sent the injured to hospital. 名词化的形容词

I think（that）he is fit for this job. 句子（宾语从句）

宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指物或事,间接宾语指人或动物.（双宾语结构）He gave me some books. Please pass me the book.

He bought his girlfriend some flowers.

4. 宾语补足语

有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整（宾语的复合结构）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。常用的接宾语的复合结构的及物动词有：get, let , see, call, find, have, make, cause, consider

例句

I found the book interesting. 形容词Do you smell something burning? 现在分词

He have the bike repaired. 过去分词

5. 表语：在系动词后的部分就是表语;表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。常见的系动词有:

be (am,is,are,were,was)

感官：look, smell, taste, sound, feel 变化：go, get, grow, come, turn,become

持续：stay, keep, remain, 状态：seem, prove , appear等

表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句充当。

Our teacher of English is an American. 名词The weather has turned cold.形容词

The speech is exciting. 现在分词His job is to teach English. 不定式

His hobby is playing football. 现在分词短语The machine must be out of order. 介短

Time is up. The class is over. 副词

The truth is that he has never been abroad. 句子（表从）

6.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句。定语可由形容词、名词、数词、现在分词、过去分词等充当。

He is a clever boy. His father works in a steel factory.名词

There are 54 students in our class. Do you know Betty’s sister?名词所有格

There is a sleeping baby in bed. 现在分词His spoken English is good.过去分词

定语后置：如果定语是由一个单词表示时，通常要前置（有特殊情况，如复合不定代词，单个单词做定语要后置，eg. something important）。而由一个词组或一个句子表示时，通常则后置。

The girl in red is his sister. 介短We have much work to do.不定式

The girl standing under the tree is his daughter. 现在分词短语

Do you know the man who spoke just now?定从

7. 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：

Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）

He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）

He works harder to improve his English.（不定式短语）

He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）

Wait a minute.（名词）When he got home, he felt tired and hungry.（状语从句）

状语有如下10种：

1) How about meeting again at six? 时间

2) Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain. 原因

3) I shall go there if it doesn’t rain. 条件

4) Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 地点

5) She put the eggs into the basket with great care. 方式

6) She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 伴随

7)In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.目的

8) He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately 结果.