武汉大学研究生英语unit1、3、4、5、7原文及译文.doc
武汉大学研究生英语课文原文 Stumbling Blocks in Intercultural
武汉大学研究生英语课文原文 Stumbling Blocks inInterculturalStumbling Blocks inIntercultural Communication1. Why is it that contact with persons from other cultures is so often frustrating and fraught with misunderstanding? Good intentions, the use of what one considers to be a friendly approach and even the possibility of mutual benefits don't seem to be sufficient to ensure success-to many people's surprise. Sometimes rejection occurs just because the group to which a person belongs is\changes in the international scene to take a look at some of the reasons for the disappointing results of attempts at communication. They are actually stumbling blocks in intercultural communication.2. Assumption of similaritiesOne answer to the question of why misunderstanding or rejection happens might be that many of us naivety assume there are sufficient similarities among peoples of the world to enable us tosuccessfully exchange information or feelings, solve problems ofmutual concerns, cement business relationships, or just make the kind of impression we wish to make. The tendency for all peopleto reproduce, group into families or societies, develop a language, and adapt to their environment is particularly deceiving because it leads to the expectation that the forms of these behaviors and the attitudes and values surrounding them will also besimilar. It's comforting to believe that\we'reall alike,\a determined search for proof of this leads to disappointment.3. Promising are the cross-cultural studies seeking to supportDarwin's theory that facial expressions are universal and researchers found that theparticular visible pattern on the face, the combination of muscles contracted for anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, and happiness is the same for allmembers of ourspecies, but this seems helpful until it is realized that a person’s cultu ral upbringing determines whether or notthat emotionwill be displayed or suppressed, as well as on which occasions and to what degree. The situations that bring about the emotional feeling also differ from culture to culture, for example, the death of a loved one may be a cause forjoy, sorrow, or some other emotion, depending upon the accepted cultural belief.4. Since there seems to be no universals of “human nature” that can be used as a basis for automatic understanding, we must treat each encounter as an individual case, searching for whatever perceptions and communication means are held in common and proceed from there. If we realize that we are all culture bound andculturally modified, we will accept the fact that, being unlike, wedo not reallyknow what someone else\5. The aura of similarity is a serious stumbling block to successful intercultural communication. A look-alike facade is deceiving when representatives from contrasting cultures meet, eachwearing Western dress, speaking English, and using similar greeting rituals. It is like assuming that New York, Tokyo, and Tehran are all alike because each has the appearance of a moderncity. Without being alert to possible differences and the needto learn new rules for functioning, persons going from one city tothe other will be in immediatetrouble, even when acting simple roles such as pedestrian and driver.6. Theconfidence that goes with the myth of similarity is much more comfortable than the assumption of differences, the latter requiring tentative assumptions and behaviors and a willingness toaccept the anxietyof\knowing.\with the assumptionof differences, however, can reactionsandinterpretationsbeadjustedtofit\happening.\someone is likely tomisread signs and judge the sceneethnocentrically.7. The stumbling block of assumedsimilarity is a “troublem,”as one English learner expressed it, not only for the foreigner but for the people in the host country with whom the internationalvisitor comes into contact. The native inhabitants are likely to be lulled into the expectation that, since the foreign person isdressed appropriately and speak some of the language, heor she will also have similar nonverbal codes, thoughts and feelings. Thus, nodding, smiling, and affirmative comment will probably be confidentlyinterpreted as meaning that they have informed,helped, and pleased the newcomer. It is likely, however, that theforeigner actually understood very little of the verbal and nonverbal content and was merely indicating polite interest or trying not to embarrass himself or herself of the host with verbalized questions. 8. Language DifferenceThe second stumbling block is so obvious that it hardly needs mentioning--language. Vocabulary, syntax, idioms, slang, dialects, and so on all cause difficulty, but the person strugglingwith a different language is at least aware of being in this kind oftrouble. A worse language problem is thetenacity with whichsomeone will cling to just one meaning of a word or phrase in thenew language, regardless of connotation or context. The variations in possible meaning, especially if inflection and tonal qualities are added, are so difficult to cope with that they are oftenwaved aside. The reason this problem is worse than simple struggling to translate foreign words is because each person thinks heor she understands. The nationwide misinterpretation of Khrushchev's sentence \example.Even\causetrouble.WhenaJapanesehears,\you have some tea?\or she listens to the literalmeaning of the sentence and answers,\that he orshe wants some.\host or hostess that there may be a misunderstanding. Also, in some culture, it is polite to refuse the first or second offer of refreshment. Many foreign guests have gone hungrybec ause their US host or hostess never presented the thirdoffer―another case of “no\9. Nonverbal misinterpretationsLearning the language, which most visitors to foreign countries consider their only barrier to understanding, is actually onlythe beginning. The third stumbling block is nonverbal misinterpretations. People from differentcultures inhabit different sensory realities. They see, hear, feel, and smell only that which has some meaning or importance for them. They abstractwhatever fits into their personal world of recognition and then interpret itthrough the frame of reference of their own culture. For example, a Saudi Arab would nonverbally signal that he liked a girl by smoothing back his hair, which to an American girl would be justa common nervous gesture signifying noting.10. The lack of comprehension ofnonverbal signs and symbols that are easyto observe--such as gestures, postures, and otherbody movements--is a definite communication barrier. But it is possible to learn the meanings of these observable messages, usually in informal rather than formal ways. It is more difficult tonote correctly the unspoken codes of the other culture that are further from awareness, such as the handling of time and spatialrelationships and subtle signs of respect of formality. 11. The Presence of Preconceptions and StereotypesThe fourth stumbling block is the presence of preconceptions and stereotypes. If the label\inscrutable\thus we explain the Japanese constantand inappropriate smile. The stereotype that Arabs are\”may cause the US students to keep their distance or even alert authorities when an animated and noisy group from the Middle Eastgathers. A professor who expects everyone from Indonesia,Mexico, and many other countries to%unfairly interpret a hesitationor request from an international student as amove to manipulate preferential treatment.12. Stereotypes help do what Ernest Becker says the anxiety--prone human race must do--reduce the threat of the unknownby making theworld predictable. Indeed, this is one of the basicfunctions of culture:to lay out a predictable world in which the individual is firmly oriented. Stereotypes are overgeneralized, secondhand beliefs that provide conceptual bases from which to\whether or not they are accurate or fit the circumstances. In a foreign land theiruse increases our feeling of security and is psychologically necessary to the degree that we cannot tolerate ambiguity orthe senseof helplessness resulting from inability to understand and dealwith people and situations beyond our comprehension.13. Stereotypes are stumbling blocks for communicators becausetheyinterfere with objective viewing of stimuli--the sensitivesearch for cues to guide the imagination toward the other persons' reality. Stereotypes are not easy to overcome in ourselves or tocorrect in others, even with thepresentation of evidence. Theypersist because they are firmly established as myths or truisms byone's own national culture and because they sometimesrationalize prejudices. They are also sustained and fed by the tendency toperceive selectively only those pieces of new information that correspond to the image held.14. ThePractice ofImmediate EvaluationThe fifth stumbling block and another deterrent to understanding between persons of differing cultures or ethnic groups isthe tendency to evaluate, to approve or disapprove, the statements and actions of the other person or group. Rather than to try to comprehend completely the thoughts and feelings expressedfrom the world view of the other, we assume our own culture or way of life always seems right, proper, and natural. This biasprevents the open-minded attention needed to look at the attitudes and behavior patterns fromthe other’s point of view.15. Fresh from a conference in Tokyo where Japanese professorshad emphasized the preference the people of Japan for simple natural settings感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
研究生英语综合教程上U1-U5课文翻译
Unit One核心员工的特征大卫·G．詹森1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。
我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。
“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。
在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说，“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。
当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人：其他公司经理不想失去的员工。
我们只招募核心员工。
”2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。
他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。
然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。
他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。
“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。
假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。
”只是这样有点儿冒险。
3“这是一种有根据的猜测，”我的人事经理客户说。
作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。
4特征1：无私的合作者职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。
关于这个特征，人们已经写了大量的文章。
它之所以值得被反复谈及，是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。
“这里需要合作，”费策尔说，“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。
在企业环境中，没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。
”5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。
因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色，并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。
你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。
这个方法，加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”，而不是“我”，能使公司对你的看法从“单干户”转变成“合作者”。
武汉大学研究生英语课文原文 Stumbling Blocks in Intercultural Communication
Stumbling Blocks in Intercultural Communication1.Why is it that contact with persons from other cultures is so often frustrating and fraught with misunderstanding? Good intentions, the use of what one considers to be a friendly approach and even the possibility of mutual benefits don't seem to be sufficient to ensure success-to many people's surprise. Sometimes rejection occurs just because the group to which a person belongs is"different." It's appropriate at this time of major changes in the international scene to take a look at some of the reasons for the disappointing results of attempts at communication. They are actually stumbling blocks in intercultural communication.2.Assumption of similaritiesOne answer to the question of why misunderstanding or rejection happens might be that many of us naivety assume there are sufficient similarities among peoples of the world to enable us to successfully exchange information or feelings, solve problems of mutual concerns, cement business relationships, or just make the kind of impression we wish to make. The tendency for all people to reproduce, group into families or societies, develop a language, and adapt to their environment is particularly deceiving because it leads to the expectation that the forms of these behaviors and the attitudes and values surrounding them will also be similar. It's comforting to believe that"people are people"and "deep down we're all alike," but a determined search for proof of this leads to disappointment.3.Promising are the cross-cultural studies seeking to support Darwin's theory that facial expressions are universal and researchers found that theparticular visible pattern on the face, the combination of muscles contracted for anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, and happiness is the same for all members of our species, but this seems helpful until it is realized that a person’s cultural upbringing determines whether or not that emotion will be displayed or suppressed, as well as on which occasions and to what degree. The situations that bring about the emotional feeling also differ from culture to culture, for example, the death of a loved one may be a cause for joy, sorrow, or some other emotion, depending upon the accepted cultural belief.4.Since there seems to be no universals of “human nature” that can be used as a basis for automatic understanding, we must treat each encounter as an individual case, searching for whatever perceptions and communication means are held in common and proceed from there. If we realize that we are all culture bound and culturally modified, we will accept the fact that, being unlike, we do not really know what someone else "is."5.The aura of similarity is a serious stumbling block to successful intercultural communication. A look-alike facade is deceiving when representatives from contrasting cultures meet, each wearing Western dress, speaking English, and using similar greeting rituals. It is like assuming that New York, Tokyo, and Tehran are all alike because each has the appearance of a modern city. Without being alert to possible differences and the need to learn new rules for functioning, persons going from one city to the other will be in immediate trouble, even when acting simple roles such as pedestrian and driver.6.The confidence that goes with the myth of similarity is much more comfortable than the assumption of differences, the latter requiring tentative assumptions and behaviors and a willingness to accept the anxiety of"not knowing." Only with the assumption of differences, however, can reactions and interpretations be adjusted to fit"what's happening." Otherwise someone is likely to misread signs and judge the scene ethnocentrically.7.The stumbling block of assumed similarity is a “troublem,” as one English learner expressed it, not only for the foreigner but for the people in the host country with whom the international visitor comes into contact. The native inhabitants are likely to be lulled into the expectation that, since the foreign person is dressed appropriately and speak some of the language, he or she will also have similar nonverbal codes, thoughts and feelings. Thus, nodding, smiling, and affirmative comment will probably be confidently interpreted as meaning that they have informed, helped, and pleased the newcomer. It is likely, however, that the foreigner actually understood very little of the verbal and nonverbal content and was merely indicating polite interest or trying not to embarrass himself or herself of the host with verbalized questions.nguage DifferenceThe second stumbling block is so obvious that it hardly needs mentioning--language. V ocabulary, syntax, idioms, slang, dialects, and so on all cause difficulty, but the person struggling with a different language is at least aware of being in this kind of trouble. A worse language problem is the tenacity with which someone will cling to just one meaning of a word or phrase in the new language, regardless of connotation or context. The variations in possible meaning, especially if inflection and tonal qualities are added, are so difficult to cope with that they are often waved aside. The reason this problem is worse than simple struggling to translate foreign words is because each person thinks he or she understands. The nationwide misinterpretation of Khrushchev's sentence "We'll bury you" is a classic example. Even"yes"and"no"could cause trouble. When a Japanese hears,"Won't you have some tea?"he or she listens to the literal meaning of the sentence and answers,"No."Meaning that he or she wants some."Yes, I won't"would be a better reply because this tips off the host or hostess that there may be a misunderstanding. Also, in some culture, it is polite to refuse the first or second offer of refreshment. Many foreign guests have gone hungry because their US host or hostess never presented the third offer—another case of “no"meaning"yes."9.Nonverbal misinterpretationsLearning the language, which most visitors to foreign countries consider their only barrier to understanding, is actually only the beginning. The third stumbling block is nonverbal misinterpretations. People from different cultures inhabit different sensory realities. They see, hear, feel, and smell only that which has some meaning or importance for them. They abstract whatever fits into their personal world of recognition and then interpret it through the frame of reference of their own culture. For example, a Saudi Arab would nonverbally signal that he liked a girl by smoothing back his hair, which to an American girl would be just a common nervous gesture signifying noting.10.The lack of comprehension of nonverbal signs and symbols that are easy to observe--such as gestures, postures, and other body movements--is a definite communication barrier. But it is possible to learn the meanings of these observable messages, usually in informal rather than formal ways. It is more difficult to note correctly the unspoken codes of the other culture that are further from awareness, such as the handling of time and spatial relationships and subtle signs of respect of formality.11.The Presence of Preconceptions and StereotypesThe fourth stumbling block is the presence of preconceptions and stereotypes. If the label "inscrutable" has preceded the Japanese guest, it is thus we explain the Japanese constant and inappropriate smile. The stereotype that Arabs are"inflammable” may cause the US students to keep their distance or even alert authorities when an animated and noisy group from the Middle East gathers. A professor who expects everyone from Indonesia, Mexico, and many other countries to "bargain" may unfairly interpret a hesitation or request from an international student as a move to manipulate preferential treatment.12.Stereotypes help do what Ernest Becker says the anxiety--prone human race must do--reduce the threat of the unknown by making the worldpredictable. Indeed, this is one of the basic functions of culture: to lay out a predictable world in which the individual is firmly oriented. Stereotypes are overgeneralized, secondhand beliefs that provide conceptual bases from which to "make sense"out of what goes on around us, whether or not they are accurate or fit the circumstances. In a foreign land their use increases our feeling of security and is psychologically necessary to the degree that we cannot tolerate ambiguity or the sense of helplessness resulting from inability to understand and deal with people and situations beyond our comprehension.13.Stereotypes are stumbling blocks for communicators because they interfere with objective viewing of stimuli--the sensitive search for cues to guide the imagination toward the other persons' reality. Stereotypes are not easy to overcome in ourselves or to correct in others, even with the presentation of evidence. They persist because they are firmly established as myths or truisms by one's own national culture and because they sometimes rationalize prejudices. They are also sustained and fed by the tendency to perceive selectively only those pieces of new information that correspond to the image held.14.The Practice of Immediate EvaluationThe fifth stumbling block and another deterrent to understanding between persons of differing cultures or ethnic groups is the tendency to evaluate, to approve or disapprove, the statements and actions of the other person or group. Rather than to try to comprehend completely the thoughts and feelings expressed from the world view of the other, we assume our own culture or way of life always seems right, proper, and natural. This bias prevents the open-minded attention needed to look at the attitudes and behavior patterns from the other’s point of view.15.Fresh from a conference in Tokyo where Japanese professors had emphasized the preference the people of Japan for simple natural settingsof rocks, moss, and water and misty landscapes, I visited the Katsura Imperial Gardens in Kyoto. At the appointed time of the tour a young Japanese guide approached the group of 20 waiting Americans and remarked how fortunate it was that the day was cloudy. This brought hesitant smiles to the group who were less than pleased with the prospect of a shower. The guide's next statement was that the timing of the midsummer visit was particularly appropriate in that the azalea and rhododendron blossoms were gone and the trees had not yet turned to their brilliant, fall colors. The group laughed loudly now convinced time the young man had a line sense of humor. I winced at his bewildered expression, realizing that had I come before attending the conference I, also evaluating the weather as"not very good," would have shared the group's inference that he could not be serious.munication cutoff caused by immediate evaluation is heightened when feelings and emotions are deeply involved; yet this is just the time when listening with understanding is most needed. Look and listen empathetically rather than through the thick screen of value judgments that impede a fair understanding.17.High AnxietyHigh anxiety or tension is common in cross-cultural experiences due to the number of uncertainties present and the personal involvement and risk. Moderate arousal and positive attitudes prepare one to meet challenges with energy, but high arousal, caused by a buildup of continued moderate stress, depletes the body's energy reserve quickly and defense must be used whether or not the person wills it. If the stay in a foreign country is prolonged and the newcomer cannot let down his or her high alert level, the"culture shock”phenomenon occurs. Illness may result, the body forcing needed rest and recuperation.18.Anxious feelings usually permeate both parties in an intercultural dialogue. The host national is uncomfortable when talking with a foreigner because he or she cannot maintain the normal flow of verbal and nonverbalinteraction. There are language and perception barriers; silences are too long or too short; proxemic and other norms may be violated. He or she is also threatened by the other's unknown knowledge, experience, and evaluation--the visitor's potential for scrutiny and rejection of the host national and his or her country. The foreign members of dyads are even more threatened. They feel strange and vulnerable, helpless to cope with messages that swamp them. Their self-esteem is often intolerably undermined unless they employ such defenses as withdrawal into their own reference group or into themselves, screening out or misperceiving stimuli, or becoming aggressive or hostile. None of these defenses leads to effective communication.19.Knowing the six stumbling blocks is certainly a help in avoiding them, but these particular ones cannot be easily circumvented. For most people it takes insight, training, and sometimes an alteration of long-standing habit or cherished beliefs before progress can be made. However, the increasing need for global understanding and cooperation makes the effort vital. we can study other languages and learn to expect differences in nonverbal forms and other cultural aspects. We can train ourselves to meet intercultural encounters with more attention to situational details, using an investigative approach rather than preconceptions and stereotypes. We can gradually expose ourselves to differences so that they become less threatening. By practicing conscious relaxation techniques, we can also learn to lower our tension level when needed to avoid triggering defensive reactions. Roger Harrison summarizes what the intercultural communicator must seek to achieve:The communicator cannot stop at knowing that the people he is working with have different customs,goals, and though pattern from his own. He must be able to feel his way into intimate contact with these alien values, attitudes, and feelings. He must be able to work with them and within them, neither losing his own values in the confrontation nor protecting himself behind a wall of intellectual detachment.。
研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译
TRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERS核心员工的特征What exactly is a key play？核心员工究竟是什么样子的?A “Key Player” is a phrase that I've heard about from employers during just about every search I've conducted.几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。
I asked a client — a hiring manager involved in recent search — to define it for me.我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。
“Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done.“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。
On my team of seven process engineers and biologists, I've got two or three whom I just couldn't live without,” he said.在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说，“Key players are essential to my organization.“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。
And when we hire your company to recruit for us, we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just:当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人：the staff that another manager will not want to see leave.其他公司经理不想失去的员工。
研究生英语1-7单元课文翻译
Unit 1 对F的赞美1今年将有好几万的十八岁青年毕业，他们都将被授予毫无意义的文凭。
这些文凭看上去跟颁发给比他们幸运的同班同学的文凭没什么两样。
只有当雇主发现这些毕业生是半文盲时，文凭的效力才会被质疑。
2最后，少数幸运者会进入教育维修车间——成人识字课程，我教的一门关于基础语法和写作的课程就属于这种性质。
在教育维修车间里，高中毕业生和高中辍学生将学习他们本该在学校就学好的技能，以获得同等学力毕业证书。
他们还将发现他们被我们的教育体系欺骗了。
3在我教课的过程中，我对我们的学校教育深有了解。
在每学期开始的时候，我会让我的学生写一下他们在学校的不快体验。
这种时候学生不会有任何写作障碍！“我希望当时有人能让我停止吸毒，让我学习。
”“我喜欢参加派对，似乎没人在意。
”“我是一个好孩子，不会制造任何麻烦，于是他们就让我考试通过，及时我阅读不好，也不会写作。
”很多诸如此类的抱怨。
4我基本是一个空想社会改良家，在教这门课之前我将孩子们的学习能力差归咎于毒品、离婚和其他妨碍注意力集中的东西，要想学习好就必须集中注意力。
但是，我每一次走进教室都会再度发现，一个老师在期望学生全神贯注之前，他必须先吸引学生的注意力，无论附近有什么分散注意力的东西。
要做到这点，有很多种办法，它们与教学风格有很大的关系。
然而，单靠风格无法起效，有另一个办法可以显示谁是在教室里掌握胜局的人。
这个办法就是亮出失败的王牌。
5我永远也忘不了一位老师亮出那张王牌以吸引我的一个孩子的注意。
我的小儿子是个世界级的万人迷，学习不怎么动脑筋却总能蒙混过关。
直到施蒂夫特夫人当了他的老师，这种局面才彻底改变了。
6当她教我儿子英语时，我儿子是一个高中高年级学生。
“他坐在后排和他的朋友说话。
”她告诉我。
“你为什么不把他换到前排来？”我恳求道。
我相信令他难堪的做法会让他安心学习。
施蒂夫特夫人从眼睛上方冷冷地看着我。
“我不会换高年级学生的座位。
”她说，“我会给他们不及格的成绩。
武汉大学研究生英语课文翻译Unit5
4. migration:
Para.12, the last sentence:
By contrast, women retain a…shared level of…and…and…as their roles and duties change.
他们的热情不久就消失了。
forestry projects
as…as anticipated：如(像)预期的那样…
参考译文
然而，当改进后的炉灶和造林工程没有获得 预期的成功时，扶持项目的基金便逐渐紧缩 了。
Para.5
1. revive. v. (使)苏醒, (使)复兴/复活, revival. n. E.g. economical revival 此段的第一句：Attention to … and its impact on …
2. play a key role in… 3. energy conservation 4. renewable energy technology
Para.11
1. Land tenure n. ① (law) (土地，资产) 拥有权，保有期 ② (大学或其他机构中教师等的)长期聘用，终身职位
norms: 标准；规范 standard normal，adj.
complicate: v. -ed, adj.
参考译文：有时候，文化和社会准则对妇女 寄予额外的期望、约束和局限，使其情况进 一步复杂化。
the last sentence, Para.1
In no regions of the world are … equal to …
很多人大概这样说过:人与人的紧密联系，可以带来 坚固的凝聚力。
alleviation n.缓和 ,减轻， alleviate v.
研究生英语 课文翻译 第一三五单元
Unit 1 Stay hungry, stay foolish!Thank you.I'm honored to be with you today for your commencement [kə'mensmənt] from one of the finest universities in the world. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today, I want to tell you three stories from my life.The first story is about connecting the dots.I dropped out of Reed College after the first six months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?At the age of 17, I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms. I returned coke bottles for the five cent deposits to buy foodwith, and I would walk the seven miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna ['hɑ:re'kriʃnə] temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example:Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy [kə'liɡrəfi] instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand cal ligraphed ['kæliɡrɑ:f]. I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif ['serif] and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography [tai'pɔɡrəfi] great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts.Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards 10 years later. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have totrust in something -- your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.My second story is about love and loss.I was lucky -- I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents' garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage ['ɡærɑ:dʒ, ɡə'r-] into a two billion dollar company with over 4000 employees. We just released our finest creation -- the Macintosh -- a year earlier, and I had just turned 30.And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. And so at 30, I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating ['devəsteitiŋ].I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs [,ɔntrəprə'nə:] down -- that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me -- I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life. During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the world's first computer-animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, and I returned to Apple. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle.My third story is about death.When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: "If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right." It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I've looked in themirror every morning and asked myself: "If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?" And whenever the answer has been "No" for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something. Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything -- all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure -- these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.About a year ago I was diagnosed [daiəɡ'nəuz] with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor ['tju:mə] on my pancreas ['pænkriəs]. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable [in'kjuərəbl], and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for "prepare to die." I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy ['bai,ɔpsi], I was sedated[si'deit]. It turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic [,pænkri'ætik] cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and, thankfully, I'm fine now.This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope it's the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you witha bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept.No one wants to die.Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It's Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away.Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma ['dɔɡmə]. Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most importantly, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the "bibles" of my generation. This was in the late 1960’s, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and Polaroid ['pəulərɔid]cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: It was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.Then when it had run its course, a final issue was put out. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message. And I've always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.Thank you all very much.译文如下：今天，很荣幸来到各位从世界上最好的学校之一毕业的毕业典礼上。
(完整word版)武汉大学研究生英语Unit1考试难句翻译(word文档良心出品)
1．One answer to the question of why misunderstanding or rejection happens might be that many of us naively assume there are sufficient similarities among peoples of the world to enable us to successfully exchange information or feelings, solve problems or mutual concerns, cement business relationships, or just make the kind of impression we wish to make. (Para2)这个问题的一个答案就是，大部分人天真地认为世界上的人有足够的相似之处，可以让我们成功地交流信息或者感受，解决共同关注的问题，加强商业关系，或者只是产生我们所希望产生的印象。
2. Promising are the cross-cultural studies seeking to support Darwin’s theory that facial expressions are universal and researchers found that the particular visible pattern on the face, the combination of muscles contracted for anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, happiness is the same for all members of our species, but this seems helpful until it is realized that a person’s cultural upbringing determines whether or not that emotion will be displayed or suppressed, as well as on which occasions and to what degree. (Para3)力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望，研究者发现脸部的某些看得见的形状，即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而产生的系列肌肉收缩，我们人类各成员都是一样的。
武汉大学研究生英语unit1、3、4、5、7原文及译文
Unit One stumbling blocks in interculturalcommunication跨文化交流中的绊脚石1．为什么我们与来自其它文化的人们的交流总是充满了误会、让人感到沮丧呢？令很多人奇怪的是，即使怀着良好的愿望、使用自己认为是友好的方式，甚至有互利的可能性，也似乎都不足以保证交流的成功。
有时候，出现排斥现象正是因为一方所属的文化群体团体是“不同”的。
在这个国际舞台发生重大变化的时刻，探讨为什么尝试交流的结果却令人失望的原因是必要的，这些原因实际上是跨文化交流中的绊脚石。
2．相似性的假设为什么误解或反对会产生呢？这个问题的一个回答就是，大部分的人天真地认为世界上的人有足够的相似之处，可以让我们成功地交流信息或感受，解决共同关注的一些问题，加强商业关系，或者只是产生我们所希望产生的印象。
所有的人都会生儿育女，组成家庭或社会，发展一种语言以及适应他们周围环境的这种倾向特别具有欺骗性，因为它带来了一种期望，这种期望就是这些行为的形式以及围绕这些行动的态度与价值观念将是相似的。
相信“人就是人”和“我们在本质是相似的，”这让人感到心安理得，但是下定决心去寻找证据却只会令人失望。
3．力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望，研究者发现脸部的某些看得见的形状，即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌肉组合,我们人类各成员都是一样的。
但是这似乎无济于事，只要我们意识到一个人生长的文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑,决定了在何种场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。
带来这种情绪感受的情形也因文化而异，例如：由于崇拜的文化信仰不同，一个心爱的人死亡可能带来欢乐、悲哀或其他情感。
4．因为似乎没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础，所以我们必须把每交往当作个别案例来处理，寻求任何共同的认知和交流方法并以此作为出发点。
如果我们认识到我们受文化的约束，受文化的改变，那么我们就会受这一现实：因为各自不同，我们确实不太清楚其他人“是”什么样的。
武汉大学 硕士英语课后翻译-缩小版
硕士英语课后翻译(unit 1 text A)Text A注：自己查找结合老师课堂所讲的内容翻译的，有疏漏之处希望能在评论中指出1-a-1Since there seems to be no universals of "human nature" that can be used as a basis for automatic understanding, we must treat each encounter as an individual case, searching for whatever perceptions and communication means are held in common and proceed from there.既然没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础，所以我们必须把每次交往当作个别案例来处理，寻求任何共同的认知和交流方法并以此作为出发点。
1-a-2Without being alert to possible differences and the need to learn new rules for functioning, persons going from one city to the other will be in immediate trouble, even when acting simple roles such as pedestrian and driver.如果没有意识到可能存在的差异和学习生活的新规则的需要，从一个城市去另一个城市人将会立刻陷入困境，甚至在完成诸如行人、司机之类的简单角色时也会如此。
1-a-3The confidence that goes with the myth of similarity is much more comfortable than the assumption of differences, the latter requiring tentative assumptions and behaviors and a willingness to accept the anxiety of "not knowing".相信相似性的错误观念比设想存在差异更让人觉得舒服，因为后者要求试探性的设想和行为并且乐意接受由于“不知道”而产生的焦虑。
大学英语(一)Unit1,3,4,5,7课文翻译
Unit1 A学外语学习外语是我一生中最艰苦也是最有意义的经历之一。
虽然时常遭遇挫折，但却非常有价值。
我学外语的经历始于初中的第一堂英语课。
老师很慈祥耐心，时常表扬学生。
由于这种积极的教学方法，我踊跃回答各种问题，从不怕答错。
两年中，我的成绩一直名列前茅。
到了高中后，我渴望继续学习英语。
然而，高中时的经历与以前大不相同。
以前，老师对所有的学生都很耐心，而新老师则总是惩罚答错的学生。
每当有谁回答错了，她就会用长教鞭指着我们，上下挥舞大喊：“错！错！错！”没有多久，我便不再渴望回答问题了。
我不仅失去了回答问题的乐趣，而且根本就不想再用英语说半个字。
好在这种情况没持续多久。
到了大学，我了解到所有学生必须上英语课。
与高中老师不同，大学英语老师非常耐心和蔼，而且从来不带教鞭！不过情况却远不尽如人意。
由于班大，每堂课能轮到我回答的问题寥寥无几。
上了几周课后，我还发现许多同学的英语说得比我要好得多。
我开始产生一种畏惧感。
虽然原因与高中时不同，但我却又一次不敢开口了。
看来我的英语水平要永远停步不前了。
直到几年后我有机会参加远程英语课程，情况才有所改善。
这种课程的媒介是一台电脑、一条电话线和一个调制解调器。
我很快配齐了必要的设备并跟一个朋友学会了电脑操作技术，于是我每周用5到7天在网上的虚拟课堂里学习英语。
网上学习并不比普通的课堂学习容易。
它需要花许多的时间，需要学习者专心自律，以跟上课程进度。
我尽力达到课程的最低要求，并按时完成作业。
我随时随地都在学习。
不管去哪里，我都随身携带一本袖珍字典和笔记本，笔记本上记着我遇到的生词。
我学习中出过许多错，有时是令人尴尬的错误。
有时我会因挫折而哭泣，有时甚至想放弃。
但我从未因别的同学英语说得比我快而感到畏惧，因为在电脑屏幕上作出回答之前，我可以根据自己的需要花时间去琢磨自己的想法。
突然有一天我发现自己什么都懂了，更重要的是，我说起英语来灵活自如。
尽管我还是常常出错，还有很多东西要学，但我已尝到了刻苦学习的甜头。
武汉大学研究生英语复习Unit1
Unit 1Text A(1)(be) fraught with 充满（be filled/attended with, threatening unpleasant consequences）stumbling block 障碍物，绊脚石（hindrance/impediment/obstacle）intention 意图，目的，意向(good intentions 好意)mutual 共同的，相互的rejection 拒绝，抛弃I t’s appropriate at this time of major changes in the international scene to take a look at some of the reasons for the disappointing results of attempts at communication. 在国际形势发生重大变化的这个时候，有必要研究一下交流中的努力的令人失望的结果的一些原因。
(2)cement 巩固，加强(settle or establish firmly)reproduce 复制，再生，繁殖deceiving 欺骗comforting 安慰的，令人欣慰的“people are people” 人就是人“deep down we’re all alike” 在内心深处，我们都是一样的a determined search for proof of this leads to disappointment.坚定地寻找这方面的证据会导致失望。
(3)promising 有希望的，有前途的；许诺，答应（promise的现在分词形式）contracted 收缩，订契约（contract 的过去式和过去分词）；收缩的disgust（n.）厌恶，嫌恶；（vt.）使厌恶；使作呕upbringing（n.）教养，养育，抚育displayed 显示的；表现，展示，陈列（display的过去分词）suppressed 被封锁的，被抑制的，被镇压的；镇压，阻碍发展，禁止（发表、传播），封锁，抑制，阻止自觉抑制（不愉快的记忆）（suppress的过去时和过去分词）bring about 引起，导致；使掉头differ from 与…不同；区别于…joy（n.）欢乐，快乐，乐趣，高兴；（vi.）欣喜，欢喜；（vt.）高兴，使快乐sorrow（n.）悲伤，懊悔，伤心事；（vi.）懊悔，遗憾，感到悲伤；（vt.）为…悲痛the combination of muscles contracted for anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, and happiness is the same for all members of our species. 肌肉收缩产生愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶和快乐的组合对我们人类的所有成员都是一样的。
武汉大学研一汉译英全版
1、走社会主义道路，就是要逐步实现共同富裕。
共同富裕的构想是这样的：一部分地区有条件的先发展起来，一部分地区发展慢点，先发展起来的地区带动后发展起来的地区，最终达到共同富裕。
解决的办法之一，就是先富起来的地区多交点利税，支持贫困地区的发展。
To take the road to socialism is to realize common prosperity step by step.Our plan is as follow:where conditions permit,some areas may develop faster than others;those that develop faster can help promote the progress of those that lag behind ,until all become progress…One way is for the areas that become prosperous frstt to support the poor oens by paying more taxes or turing in more profits to the state.2、要提倡科学，靠科学才有希望We must promote science ,for that is where our hope lies.3、现阶段中国已经实现了粮食基本自给，在未来的发展过程中，中国依靠自己的力量实现粮食基本自给，客观上具备诸多有利因素。
Chian has bascilly achieved self-sufficiency in grain at the present stage,and there are many favorable objective factors for her to maintain such achievement by her own efforts in the course of future development.4、社会主义用实践向世界表明，中国反对把霸权主义、强权政治，永不称霸。
武汉大学研究生英语Unit3 考试难句翻译
1．As a Crockpot stepfather, you don’t worry excessively about why you’re not immediately bonding with your teenage stepdaughter: If you’re a stepfather as patient as a Crockpot, you don’t worry too much about the fact that you are not getting well along with your teenage stepdaughter at once.作为Crockpot 式继父, 您不必过份地担心为什么您没有立刻与您的少年继女处好关系。
2. They want the children to refer to their new stepparent with a term of endearment: They would like the children to call their new stepparent with a term of affection. 他们要孩子们提到他们新的继父母时要用亲热的字眼。
3. But Crockpot stepfamilies recognize the emotional and psychological attachment children have to biological parents …. 但Crockpot 式的有一个或多个继子的家庭认可孩子在情感、心理上对亲生父母的依恋....4. It also affirms to children that they have not completely lost access to their parent: In addition, it declares positively th children that they have not completely lost the right to approach their parent. 并且它对孩子肯定地声明, 他们没有完全地丧失接近他们亲生父母的权利。
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Unit One stumbling blocks in interculturalcommunication跨文化交流中的绊脚石1．为什么我们与来自其它文化的人们的交流总是充满了误会、让人感到沮丧呢？令很多人奇怪的是，即使怀着良好的愿望、使用自己认为是友好的方式，甚至有互利的可能性，也似乎都不足以保证交流的成功。
有时候，出现排斥现象正是因为一方所属的文化群体团体是“不同” 的。
在这个国际舞台发生重大变化的时刻，探讨为什么尝试交流的结果却令人失望的原因是必要的，这些原因实际上是跨文化交流中的绊脚石。
2．相似性的假设为什么误解或反对会产生呢？这个问题的一个回答就是，大部分的人天真地认为世界上的人有足够的相似之处，可以让我们成功地交流信息或感受，解决共同关注的一些问题，加强商业关系，或者只是产生我们所希望产生的印象。
所有的人都会生儿育女，组成家庭或社会，发展一种语言以及适应他们周围环境的这种倾向特别具有欺骗性，因为它带来了一种期望，这种期望就是这些行为的形式以及围绕这些行动的态度与价值观念将是相似的。
相信“人就是人”和“我们在本质是相似的，”这让人感到心安理得，但是下定决心去寻找证据却只会令人失望。
3．力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望，研究者发现脸部的某些看得见的形状，即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌肉组合 ,我们人类各成员都是一样的。
但是这似乎无济于事，只要我们意识到一个人生长的文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑,决定了在何种场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。
带来这种情绪感受的情形也因文化而异，例如：由于崇拜的文化信仰不同，一个心爱的人死亡可能带来欢乐、悲哀或其他情感。
4．因为似乎没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础，所以我们必须把每交往当作个别案例来处理，寻求任何共同的认知和交流方法并以此作为出发点。
如果我们认识到我们受文化的约束，受文化的改变，那么我们就会受这一现实：因为各自不同，我们确实不太清楚其他人“是”什么样的。
5．相似性的光环严重阻碍了不同文化间的成功交流。
来自具有明显的区别的文化的代表们见面时，他们都身着西装，讲英语，使用相同的招呼礼仪，这种表面上的相同有很大的迷惑性。
这就像认为纽约、东京和德黑兰都是一样的，原因是它们彼此都具有现代化的城市的表象。
因为没有警觉可能存在的差异和没有学习生活的新规则的需要，从一个城市去另一个城市人将会立刻陷入困境，甚至在完成诸如行人、司机之类的简单角色时也会如此。
6、相信相似性的神话比设想存在差异更让人觉得舒服，因为后者要求试探性的设想和行为并且乐意接受由于“不知”而产生的焦虑。
然而，只有设想存在着差异时，才可能会去调整反应和解释，以适合“眼前发生的事情。
”否则，很可能错误地解读符号和以自我民族为中心去判断眼前的情形。
7．正如一个学习英语的人所表达的那样，相似性的假设这个的绊脚石是一个“麻烦”，不仅仅是对于来访的外国人，就连这个外国人接触的东道国的人也都是个问题。
本国居民可能会被灌输有这种期望：既然外国人穿着合适，并且能说一些本国话，那么他或她也有同样的非语言的准则、想法和感觉。
这样一来，点头、微笑和肯定的话语很可能会被自信地阐释为他们已经告知、帮助和取悦了外国人。
然而，很有可能的是，外国人实际上不大懂语言的和非语言的容，仅仅只是出于礼貌显示出兴趣或者尽量不使主人感到尴尬而没有说出心中疑问。
8．语言差异第二个绊脚石显而易见，几乎不用说了—这就是语言。
词汇、语法、俗语、俚语、方言等等都会造成交流困难，但是艰难地使用一种新语言的人至少会意识到语言上的麻烦。
更糟糕的问题是死死抱住新语言中一个词汇或短语的一种意义，而不顾隐含义和语境。
词意多变的现象，尤其再加上了语调起伏和音调元素，就更难以掌握，以致于常常被置之不理。
这个问题之所比简单地翻译外文单词更糟糕，是因为每个人都以为自己理解外语。
赫鲁晓夫的名言“我们将要埋葬你”便是全国性误解的经典例句。
甚至“是”或“不是”这两个词都可能造成麻烦。
当一个日本人被问到“你不想要喝点茶吗？”，他（或她）听出了句子的字面意思，然后回答“不” ，意思是他（或她）想要。
其实“是的，我不想要”也许是一个更好的回答，因为这种前后矛盾的回答方式可以暗示主人这之中可能存在误解。
当然，在一些文化中，拒绝主人前两次提供的茶点是礼貌的行为。
但是，许多外国客人最终会感到饥饿，因为他们的美国主人从不主动第三次提供茶点——另外一种“不”就意味着“是”的情况。
9．非语言的误解绝大多数外国访问者认为学习语言，是对他们理解的唯一障碍，但实际上这只是个开始。
第三个绊脚石是非语言的误解。
来自不同文化背景的人们生活在不同的感官现实中，他们的视觉、听觉、感觉和嗅觉只关注于那些对他们有意义的或是重要的事物。
他们只提精出那些适合他们认可的个人世界的东西，然后按照他们自身文化为参考系来加以解释。
例如：一个沙特阿拉伯人会用抚平他的头发这种非语言的信号来表达他喜欢一个女孩，而对于一个美国女孩而言，这只是一个不代表任何讯息的普通的紧的手势罢了。
10 、由于缺乏对常见的手势、姿态和身体其他运动这样一类易于观察到的非语言符号和象征的正确理解，阻碍了正常的交流。
但是，有可能学习了解这些可观察的信息，通常是通过非正式的而不是正式的途径学习了解。
更困难的是如何正确理解那些远未意识到的其他文化中含蓄的准则，例如对时空关系的处理和尊重礼节的点点滴滴。
11 ．先入为主和程式化思维的现象第四个绊脚石是先入为主的观念和程式思维现象。
如果我们对日本人先有了“难以理解的” 成见，那么我们就会如此地解释始终挂在日本人脸上的不合时宜的微笑。
阿拉伯人“易激动的”程式化形象，会导致美国学生与他们保持距离，或是当一群活泼的热闹的来自中东地区的人们聚集在一起时，美国学生甚至会提醒当局当心。
如果一位教授认为来自印度尼西亚、墨西哥和一些其他国家的每名学生都“爱讨价还价”，那么可能会不公平地把这些国际学生的迟疑或请求理解为他们试图利用优先对待。
12．程式化思维有助于做到欧尼斯特·贝克尔所说的易焦虑的人类必须做到的事情，即通过使世界变得可预知来减少未知的威胁。
在眼前展现一个可预知的，给个人确定方向的世界，这的确是文化的基本功能之一。
思维定式是过度概括的、第二手的信念，提供概念基础，在此基础上“弄清楚”我们身边发生事情，无论这些信念是否正确，是否符合实际情形。
在异国他乡，运用它们会增强我们的安全感，在心理上是必要的-- 只要我们无法容忍歧义，无法容忍因不能了解并处理那些超出我们理解的人或情况而感到的无助。
13 ．程式化思维是交流者的绊脚石，因为它有碍于对事物的客观观察-- 人们会敏感地搜寻线索，引导我们的想象更接近于其他人现实。
程式化思维在自己身上不易克服，在他人身上也难以纠正，甚至会明知故犯。
程式化思维之所以难以消除是因为本民族它文化中根深蒂固，已成为神话或公理，是因为它有时使偏见合理化了。
有选择地认知那些符合已有形象的新信息的倾向，也维持并充实着这些程式化思维。
14、对其他人或人群的言论和行为进行估价、表示赞成或不赞成的倾向，是来自不同文化或种族的人之间相互理解的第五个绊脚石，另一个阻碍。
我们总是认为自己的文化和生活方式才是正确的、恰当的和自然的，而不愿尝试去完全地领会从他人的角度所表达的想法和感受。
这种偏见妨碍人以一种开放心态去观察, 而这种观察正是从他人的角度看待他们态度和行为方式所需要的。
15、在东京刚刚结束的一场研讨会上，日本教授强调了日本人民对于简朴、自然的事物怀有的一种偏爱，比如岩石、苔藓、流水，以及雾气迷蒙的景观。
之后我参观了位于京都的 katsura帝国花园。
一位年轻的日本导游在约定的时间接待了我们这支由20 名等候参观的美国人组成的团队，然后就感慨道我们的运气多么好，因为今天正好赶上了多云天气。
这番话却使队员们勉强地笑了.笑——他们可不期待着享受一场天然的淋浴。
导游接下来宣称，选择仲夏时节来此地观光是再合适不过了，因为此时杜鹃花刚刚凋谢，树叶还未完全变成秋天的灿烂金黄。
游客们再也忍不住大笑起来，大家都认为这位日本导游富有良好的幽默感。
我却对他迷惑的表情大为一怔，猛然意识到要不是我之前出席过那场研讨会，不然也肯定也会认为今天这多云的天气不那么好，从而也会和团里其他美国游客一样，认同了这位导游的“幽默感”。
16、一旦深深地牵涉到感受和情绪时，直接评价导致的交流中止就会更加突出；而正是此时最需要通过聆听去进行理解。
不应该通过价值判断的重重密障，而应该换位去观察和聆听，不然只会妨碍我们去公正的理解。
17。
高度焦虑在跨文化交流的经历中，高度焦虑和紧是很普遍的现象，这是因为不确定因素之多和个人的卷入与风险。
适度的兴奋和积极的态度可以使人满怀精力去应对挑战，但是由于适度的压力不断积累造成高度的兴奋，就会很快耗尽身体储备的能量；不论这个人是否愿意，必然会产生防备心理。
如果长期呆在国外，并且又不能降低自己的戒备心理，就难免会产生“文化休克”现象。
其结果可能会导致疾病的发生，此时身体必须要休息和恢复。
18、在跨文化对话中，交流双方都会感染到紧情绪。
做主人的一方在与外国人交谈时感到不自在，因为他（或她）不能够保持语言和非语言的正常流畅的互动。
这里有语言和认知上的障碍；沉默太长或太短；距离的远近或其他规可能会被打乱。
他（或她）也会感到威胁，因为不了解对方的知识，经历和评价 -- 来访者可能会审视和排斥主人以及主人的民族和国家。
俩者之中国外人感到更大的威胁。
他们感到陌生，易受伤害，对于铺头盖脑而来的大量信息，措手无策。
除非他们采取防卫措施，比如回到他们自己的群体或自我当中，剔除或忽视这种刺激，或者变得具有攻击性或抱有敌意，否则他们的自尊所受到伤害会达到不可忍受的地步。
这些防卫中的任何一种都不会带来积极有效的交流。
19、了解了上述六种绊脚石，一定会有助于避免它们，但是，这些问题并能轻易地回避。
对很多人来说，要想取得进步，这就需要洞察、培训，甚至有时要改变长期形成的习惯或自己珍视的信念。
然而，对全球性的相互理解和合作的需要正在不断增加，使这种努力显得极为重要。
我们能够学习别的语言，学会对非语言形式和其他的文化方面的差异见怪不怪。
我们可以培养自己在面对跨文化遭遇时，采用调查的方式，而不采用先入为主或程式化思维，去更加注意情景细节。
我们能使自己逐渐接触到差异，从而减少自己的威胁感。
通过练习有意识放松的技巧，我们还能够学会着降低自己的紧水平，避免引起防卫性反应。
Roger Harrison总结了跨文化交流者必须具备条件：交流者不能只满足于知道和他一起工作的人有不同于他的习俗，目标，和思维模式。
他必须能够通过摸索与这些完全陌生的价值，态度和情感紧密相融。