08自考英语综合二上册_单词+课文
自考英语(二)教材课文翻译
自考英语(二)课文翻译Unit One What Is a Decision ?何为决策 ?A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.决策是一种选择，来自可以获得的、任择其一的行动步骤。
作决策的意图是要确立和实现机构的目标和目的。
作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东西妨碍目标或目的的实现。
Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions . Sometimes the consequence s of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious.因此，作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要。
自考综合英语二课文
L1 P14 Why does the author tell s not to be afraid to ask stupid questions？The author thinks that many apparently naive inquiries like why grass is green，or why the sn is round，or why we need 55，000 unclear weapons in the world ——are really deep questions. He says when you try to get the answers，you will gain deep understanding of the things. Its also important to know，as well as you can，what it is that you dont know，and asking questions is the way. He also tell us to ask stupid questions requires courage on the part of the asker and knowledge and patience on the part of the answers. And dont confine your learning to schoolwork. Discuss ideas in depth with friends. Its much brave to ask questions even when theres a prospect of ridicule than to suppress your questions and become deadened to the world around you.L2 Icons P30 What are the factors to shift the hero-worship to the lebrity-worship？The new forms of media——photography，moving pictures，radio and television are the main factors. The reproduction of photos in newspapers turned famous people into celebrities whose dress，appearance，and personal habits were widely commented upon. Slowly，the focus of public attention began to shift away from knowing what such people did to knowing what looked like. The shift was accelerated by the arrival of moving pictures. Between 1901 and 1914，74 percent of the magazine articles about famous people were about political leaders，inventors，inventors，professionals，and businessmen. After 1922，however，most articles were about movie stars. With the arrival of television，the faces of the stars became as familiar as those we saw across the breakfast table. We came to know more about the lives of the celebrities than we did about most of the people we know personally. Less than seventy years after the appearance of the first movimg pictures，the shift from hero-worship to celebrity-worship was complete.L3 GO-GO AMERICAN P46 What is the Americans attitude towards time？Give necessary examples. In the United States，many people keenly feel the shortness of each lifetime. They are aware that once a day in their life is gone，it will never come back. And Americans believe no one stands still .If you are not moving ahead，you are falling behind. So they value time and want every minte to count. This attitde towards time is shown in the fast pace of life in the country. Whatever they do they always seem to be in a rush. You find people hurrying to get where they are going. They hurry to eating places for a mea and finish it as quickly as possible. Also Americans do what they can to save time. They produce a lot of labour-saving devices such as clothes-and dish-washers；they rapidly communicate through phone calls，telex and e-mail and cut down on personal contacts.L4 Take Over，Bosn！P62 Can you imagine what did Barret think of when he heard Snyders whisper Take over，bosn？Becase of thirst，Barret was almost out of mind. He rose several times and was a constant threat. But when he heard Snyder said“Take over，bosn，he had a strange feeling suddenly. He came to realize he would and must take over the task and be responsible for the rest. As long as he stopped others from the little water，they would always have hopes and wouldnt die soon. So he picked Snyders gun up and decided to hold off the other from the water until night when a ship saved them.L5 Are You Giving Your Kids Too Much？P78 Why parents overindulge their children？There are several reasons to explain why parents overindulge their children. One fairly common reason is that parents overindulge their chidren out of a sense of guilt. Parents who both hold down full-time jops may feel guilty about the amount of time they spend away from their children and may attempt to compensate by showering them with material possessions. Other parents overindulge because they want their children to have everything they had while growing up，along with those things the parents yearned for but didnt get. Still others are afraid to say no to their childrens denless requests for toys for fear that their children will feel unloved or will be ridiculed if thy dont have the same playthings their friends have.L6 Culture Shock P94 What are four stages that people go through when they experience situations that are very different from those to which they are accustomed？Stage one is a honeymoon phase，during which the new experience is perceived to be interesting，picturesque，entertaining，and charming. You may notice several superficial differences such as music，food，and clothing，and the fresh apeal of the new experience keeps you feeling interested and positive. When you stay in a new envirnment for a while，you move to stage two-the crisis stage-in which the shine wears off and day-to-day realities sink in. In relationship，you notie annoying habits；in a new country，you find barriers to establishing connections or to learning the language beyond a few polite phrases. If you stick with theexperience and try to deal with it realistically，you will probably move to the third phase：recovery. In recovery，you learn the systems，procedures，language or nonverbal behaviors of the new environment so that you can cope with it on the basis of some mastery，competence，and comfort. Finally，when you feel that you function well and almost automatically in the new culture，you will move to the fourth phase：adjustment.L7 The Model Millionaire（I）P108 Suppose you are the millionaire.Explain how you get to know Hughie Erskine and what you do in return for the pound he gave you when you first met. I am Baron Hausberg. I have enough money to buy the whole of London. One day，on a whim I asked my artist friend Alan Trevor to pain me as a beggar. Alan had almost finished the picture when a very charming young man walked into his studio.I suppose he must have been very sympathetic with me，for when Alan was away a minute，the young man quickly put a pound into my hat. I was startled for a moment，but I was pleased when I realized that he took me for a real begger. Later I learned from Alan all about this young man：he was poor，and could not marry the girl he loved because her father wouldnt let them unless he had 10，000 pounds.Touched by the young mans spirit of kindness，I decided to help him. The next day I had a cheque for 10，000 pounds delivered to him as a wedding gift.L8 The Model Millionaire（II）P123 Retell the story The Model Millionaire in about 150 words，concluding your retelling with a one-sentence comment. Hughie Erskine was a charming young man who was in love with a nice girl called Laura uras father made it clear to Hughie that he would not marry his daughter to him until Hughie had ten thousand pounds. One day，Hughie went to see his artist friend Alan Trevor in his studio. There he found his friend painting a beggar，who was an old man in rags.Hughie felt so sorry for the poor model that he gave him the only pound he had. The old model was actually a millionaire.When he heard all about Hughie and Laura，and their problem，he had a cheque for ten thousand pounds delivered to him the very next day.The couple were happily married，and the beggar attended their wedding. The story shows that a genuine millionaire is not one who has，but who give.L9 Only Three More Days P139 The author got a solution finally. What was the solution？Was it risky？He laid out the diaries in two big steel suitcases. Over them he palced a number of his broadcast scripts，each page of which had been stamped by the military and civilian censors as passed for broadcast. On top he put a few General Staff maps he had picked up from friends. Then he phoned the Gestapo Headquarters to say he had a couple of suicases full of his dispatches，broadcasts and notes that he wanted to take out of the country. As he was flying off early the next day，there would be no time for Gestapo official at the airfield to go over the contents. Could they take a look now，if he brought them over；and if they approved，put a Gestapo seal on the suitcases so he wouldnt be held up at the airport？Yes，it was risky. He thought life in the Third Reich had always been risky. It was worth a tryL10 The Washwoman P155 Describe the situation that“I”saw the old washwoman for last time. One evening，while Mother was sitting near the oil lamp mending a shirt，the door opened and a small puff of steam，followed by a gigantic bag，entered the room. I ran toward the old woman and helped her unload her bag. She was even thinner now，more bent. Her head shook from side to side as though she were saying no. She could not utter a clear word，but mumbled something with her sunken mouth and pale lips. After the old woman had recovered somewhat，she told us that she had been ill badly. But as soon as she was able to stand on her feet once more，she began her washing. She said “I could not rest easy in my bed because of the wash. The wash would not let me die.……I dont want to be a burden on anyone！”L11 How I Served My Apprenticeship 170 Why was Andrew Carnegie so pround of the one dollor and twenty cents——the first pay he brought home？Carnegie was very pround of the one dollar and twenty cents he earned for the first time in his life when he was only twelve. The money，though small in amount，meant a great deal. First，when he got his first pay he felt that he had grown up. He was no longer a boy who had to depend on his parents；he had become a man who was able to help support the family，a contributing member. This was important because at that time life was hard for the family and it was difficult for his parents to manage alone. Also he though the money was the direct reward of honest manual labor. It represented a week of very hard work. This money gave him the greatest satisfaction of being rewarded for what he had done.L12 A Friend of the Environment P185 Why did Rachel Carson write the Silent Spring？Whats the content of it？Because she felt that the wonders of Nature are precious and permanent，and much of Nature was forever beyond the destruction of man. But then she discovered she was wrong. She learned with sadness that little in Nature is truly beyond the tampering reach of man. Then，She wrote the book Silent Spring to sound a startling warming to mankind and the book showed quite clearly that man was endangering himself and everything else on this planet by his indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides. As her title suggests，Miss Carson was saying that there might come a springtime that would indeed be silent because the birds，as well as other creatures，and plants would have been destroyed by the man-made poisons used to kill crop-threateding insects.L13 Who Shall Dwell？P201 In the story Who shall Dwell？，how did the fatners attitude towards the neighbours change？What brought about the change？When the bomb alert came，the father was clear that he had built the shelter for his own family，and that he would not let anybody else in. So when his neighbours came and asked to share the shelter he rejected them flatly. When a monther begged him to take her little girl in ，he did not know what to do. At that monent his wife dashed outside and pushed the girl in. her act set him thinking hard. Just a moment before the first bomb struck he made a big decision. After giving his elder son a few instructions，he stepped out and shoved two children into the shelter. He stood beside his wife，ready to spend the last minute with her. His change seemed sudden，but was actually quite natural. He loved his children，so he was greatly affected by the monthers plea and gave the chance of surival to the two children. Also his love for his wife led him to follow her example.L14 Cipher in the Snow P218 Describe Cliff Evans life before his sudden death. Cliff Evans lived with his mother，stepfather and five younger half brothers and sisters. His stepfather had never legally adopted him，nor did he show any affection for him. At home Cliff didnt talk much and had never told his family about his problems. When he began school，he was timid but eager to learn. And his IQ was pretty good. Then in the third grade a teacher wrote in the school record that he was uncooperative and slow. Since then he had never got any encouragement from his teachers. Gradually，the child had no more confidence left. He never smiled nor talked much. He had no friends；he had never belonged to a club，never played on a team and never held an office. He came to school by himself and left by himself. In class，he would sit back in the last seat. Finally he became silent and lonely. He became nothing.L15 Bribery——An Inevitable Evil？P232 What are the major forms of bribery？Bribery can be classified into three broad categories. The first category consisits of large amounts of money paid for political purposes or to secre major contracts. For example， a certain American company offered big sums of money to support a U.S. presidential candidate when it was nder investigation. Also in order to get big contracts，such payments are often made to ruling families or their close advisers. The second category covers payments made to obtain quicker official approval of some project. In such cases，the money is often paid to key goverment officials concerned. The third category involves payments made in certain countries to make a business deal easy to get approved. For instance， a foreign company may pay to get permission to import equipment. A common type of this category is the facilitating payment to clear cargoes. These are smaller sums of money paid to customs officials.L16 A Social Event P250 What do you know about Randy and Carle in A Social Even？Why are they anxious to get invited to Scottys funeral？Randy and Carole are a young Hollywood couple. They have been married only a short time. Both have achieved a certain degree of success in pictures，but their careers in the show business are still in the promising stage. Scotty Woodrow， a world-famous movie star has just died，and Randy and Carole are anxious to go to his funeral，which will be a gathering of celebrities and is regarded as a big social event. It is said that flowers have come from the U.S. President and the British Queen. Randy and Carole think it is extremely important for their career to be seen there with a lot of big shots. But they havet got an invitation while some of their Hollywood friends，also young actors and actresses like themselves，have been invited. Thats why they are worried and are trying hard to find ways of getting themselves invited in the last minute.。
山东自考英语二课文原文及翻译(精选)
山东自考本科英语二课本原文及翻译Unit 1 Text AHow Difficult Is English? 英语有多难Like the national push for Asian literacy （n.有文化，有教养，有读写能力）in Australia，there has been foreign languages fervor in China，with English on top of the list.就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，中国也掀起一股外语热，在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首。
English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。
Parents hire private tutors for their school children；adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination.父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。
Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ?英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗?The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes．如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。
自考综合英语二(上册)课文翻译与详细讲解
综合英语(二)上册课文翻译及详解Lesson OneTwelve Things l Wish They Taught at SchoolCarl SaganLearning Guide俗话说：“活到老，学到老。
”人的一生就是不断学习、不断丰富和充实自己的过程。
青少年阶段，尤其是中学阶段，无疑是学习的最佳时期。
中学教育的重点应放在什么地方？美国著名科学家和科普作家萨根批评中学只抓各个学科具体内容的做法，他认为中学要注重对青少年的宏观教育，使他们建立起唯物的世界观和宇宙观，使他们能够正确对待自己，关心周围的世界——人类生存的环境和自己的地球同胞。
1 I attended junior and senior high school, public institutions in New York and New Jersey, just after the Second World War. It seems a long time ago. ①The facilities and the skills of the teachers were probably well above average for the United States at that time.Since then, I've learned a great deal. One of the most important things I've learned is how much there is to learn, ②and how much I don't yet know.③Sometimes I think how grateful I would be today if I had learned moreback then about what really matters. In some respects that education was terribly narrow; the only thing I ever heard in school about Napoleon was that the United States made the Louisiana Purchase from him. ④(On a planet where some 95% of the inhabitants are not Americans, the only history that was thought worth teaching was American history. ) In spelling, grammar, the fundamenta ls of math, and other vital subjects, my teachers did a pretty good job. But there's so much else I wish they'd taught us.①The facilities and skills of the teachers were probably well above average for the United States at that time.学校的设施、教师的水平在当时的美国大大高于一般的水平。
自考英语二（新版）原文Unit1ThePowerofLanguage
⾃考英语⼆（新版）原⽂Unit1ThePowerofLanguageUnit 1 The Power of Language学习⽅法指南五个⽅⾯把握⽂章1）词2）句3）篇4）义5）背诵或复述重点段落（当天重复，第⼆天再重复，七天后再重复）课后习题1）结合课⽂⾥出现的要点，完成题⽬2）标记不熟练的题⽬，当天重复⼀遍，第⼆天再重复⼀遍，考前再重复⼀遍Unit 1 The Power of LanguageA FAMOUS QUOTELanguage is the dress of thought.--Samuel Johnson语⾔是思维的外⾐。
--塞缪尔·约翰逊Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)，British man of letters, one of the most outstanding figures of the 18th century in England. He made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. Johnson has been described as "arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history"Text A Critical ReadingPre-reading questions 读前问题：1. Do you usually challenge the idea an author represents? What do you think is active reading?通常情况下，你是否会反对作者提出的观点？你认为什么是积极阅读？2. What suggestions do you expect the author will give on reading critically?你希望作者就批判性阅读提出什么样的建议呢？Vocabulary 词汇四点要求 1.⾳ 2.义 3.衍⽣变化 4.⽤法/搭配New Wordscritical adj. 有判断⼒的；判断公正（或审慎的）；批判的non-fiction n.纪实⽂学position n. 观点；态度；⽴场statement n.说明；说法；表态question v.表⽰疑问；怀疑evaluate vt.估计；评价，评估context n. （事情发⽣的）背景，环境，来龙去脉value n.是⾮标准；价值观represent v.描述；表现assertion n.明确肯定；断⾔sufficient adj.⾜够的；充⾜的statistic n.统计数字；统计资料integrate v.（使）合并，成为⼀体authority n. 专家；学术权威；泰⽃compare v.⽐较；对⽐subject n.主题；题⽬；题材consistent adj. 相符的；符合的（consistency）inconsistency n.不⼀致assumption n.假定；假设case n. 具体情况；事例directly adv. 直接地；径直地identify v. 找到；发现valid adj. 符合逻辑的；合理的；确凿的credible adj. 可信的；可靠的landmark n.（标志重要阶段的）⾥程碑；地标relevant adj.紧密相关的；切题的current adj. 现时发⽣的；当前的appropriate adj.合适的；恰当的bias n.偏见；偏⼼；偏向considerably adv. ⾮常；很；相当多地Democrat n.（美国）民主党党员，民主党⽀持者Republican n.（美国）共和党党员，共和党⽀持者reflect v.显⽰；表明；表达informed adj.有学问的；有见识的Phrases and Expressionsapply to使⽤；适⽤于put forth 提出；产⽣take sth into account 考虑；顾及accept/take sth at face value 相信表⾯；信以为真with a grain of salt 有保留地；持怀疑态度地重点词汇critical adj. 有判断⼒的；判断公正（或审慎的）eg: Try to develop a more critical attitude, instead of accepting everything at face value. 要学会对⼀切事物⼀丝不苟, ⽽不要注重表⾯现象.其他⽤法：危机中的；危急时刻的；决定性的；关键的eg: We are at a critical time in our history.我们正处于历史的紧要关头。
自考英语（二）讲义完整版
自考英语（二）讲义完整版自考英语（二）讲义完整版一讲义一Text A What Is a Decision ？I.课文内容简介决策的目的是制定和实现组织目标。
作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东西防碍目标或目的的实现。
作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要。
决策者必须具备从多个可供选择的可能性中确定最佳选择的手段。
而多种目标的顺序和重要性也部分地基于决策者的价值观。
今天所作的决策可能会对将来产生深远的影响。
因此，有经验的管理者能从当前决策看到将来的效果。
段落大意：课文分成三部分第一、二段：决策的定义The definition of decision第三、四段：作决策的一般过程The general process of making a decision第五至九段：在管理层次上，多种因素影响决策的制定Various factors influencing decision making at the managerial level II.New Wordsorganizational a. 组织上的goal n. 目的，目标objective n./a. 目标，目的/客观的，真实的accomplish vt. 完成（任务等）predict vt./vi. 预言；预示accompany vt. 伴随，陪同implement vt. 实现；完成constraint n. 强制；强制因素precedent n. 先例，前例simplify vt. 简化tendency n. 趋势，倾向managerial a. 经理的，管理人的maker n. 制造者；制造商achievement n. 完成，达到attain vt. 达到；完成optimal a. 最适宜的，最理想的suboptimization n. 局部最优化trade-off n. 权衡；物物交换argue vt./vi. 争辩，争论budget n./vt. 预算scheme n./vt.把…编入预算define vt. 解释，给…下定义multiple a./n.多样的，复合的/倍数profitability n. 赚钱，获利correctness n. 正确，正确性unintended a. 非计划中的，非故意的ongoing a. 进行中的，非故意的entity n. 存在，实体skilled a. 熟练的；有技能的in the way 挡路、碍事to make a guess at 猜测and the like 等等，诸如此类to seek to 追求，争取in part 部分地，在某种程度上point of view 观点词汇精讲1.goal n. 目标，进球，球门（同义词：aim ，end ，purpose，objective）Her goal is a place at university . 她的目标是在大学任教。
自考综合英语二上册课后翻译
综合英语二上册——课后翻译lesson oneTranslate the following into English.1) Use the verb + noun collocation.出席会议 to attend a meeting 干的不错 to do a good job体验苦难 to experience bitterness 自学英语 to teach oneself English发现奇迹 to discover wonders 忍住咳嗽to hold back one’s cough掌握技能 to master skills 获取知识 to acquire knowledge需要勇气 to require courage 丰富生活to enrich one’s life接受修正 to accept rectification 改正错误 to correct mistakes不再指望 to cherish no hope 作出努力 to make efforts2)Use the “useful expressions”.1.新造的大桥坍塌了，一名工程师和两名地方官员为此受到刑事起诉。
The collapse of the big newly-built bridge led to criminal prosecution against an engineer and two local government officials.2.他工作了一天，午饭都没动。
He worked all day, leaving his lunch untouched.3.经常性的体育运动使学生身体强壮，更好的适应学习，决不是浪费时间。
Far from being a waste of time, regular sports activities make students physica lly strong and deal with their study better.4.在海洋世界公园，海豹和海豚能够表演各种技巧，逗的小观众们乐不可支。
自学考试综合英语二lesson2(上册)
◆ Yet, some people say that we are living in a new age .In this age heroes and heroines are rare, and heroism is only something people admire but do not practice. Heroic and noble conduct is a thing of the past.
◆ Consequently, bereft of cultural heroes, we have latched onto cultural icons — media superstars such as actors, actresses, sports celebrities, television personalities,
Heroes and Cultural Icons
Lesson Two
contents
◆ 1 Words & Expressions ◆ 2 Text Focuses & Difficulties ◆ 3 Exercises ◆ 4 Review & Homework
◆ If you were asked to list ten American heroes and heroines, you would probably name some or all of the following: George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Daniel Boone, Martin Luther King Jr., Amelia Earhart, Susan B. Anthony, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Helen Keller, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Rosa Parks.
自学考试英语(二)课文(Unit 8)
Unit 8T ext ATelecommunication via SatelliteAt the beginning of the twentieth century, there were four powerf ul means of transmitting and receiving inf orm ation over long distances: print, photography, telegraph and telephone. By the middle of the century, both radio and television had become established means of transmitting sounds and/or pictures. In 1964, the Olympic Games in Tokyo became the f irst program to be transmitted via satellite.In order to transmit an event such as the Olympics via satellite, television signals are f irst changed into radio waves, which are then sent f rom a station on earth to an orbiting satellite. The satellite receives the radio waves and sends them back to earth, where another station picks them up and changes them back into television signals. Because any f orm of sound or visual inf ormation can be changed into radio waves, satellites are capable of transmitting not only television broadcasts, but telephone calls and printed materials such as books and magazines.The combination of satellites, which transmit inf ormation, computers, which store information, and television, which displays inf ormation, will change every home int o an education and entertainm ent center. In theory, every person will have access to an unlimited amount of inf ormation.Another important use of telecommunication satellites was demonstrated in 1974 when the “Teacher in Sky’’satellite transmitted educational programs to classes in remote areas of the United States. In 1975, many people in India saw television f or the f irst time as they watched programs about agriculture and health.The satellite also demonstrated how it could provide help to people living in isolated areas where transportation is diff icult. For example, a health worker in an isolated arena was able to transmit pictures of a patient’s wound to a doctor f ar away. He was then able to f ollow the doctor’s instructions on how to care f or the patient.The most common use of telecommunication satellites, however, has been f or transmitting telephone calls. Most of them travel 40,000 miles to a satellite and then back to earth. The years ago, a satellite was capable of receiving and transmitting more than 33,000 telephone conversations simultaneously. Now a single satellite is able to tr ansmit over 100, 000 conversations as well as several television channels—all at the same time.Telecommunication can make inf ormation f rom around the world available to use quickly and easily, but some people worry that this may be a risk to our privacy. I f personal inf ormation is stored in computers, then it may be easily transmitted via satellite to anyone who can pay f or the service.Another worry is that telecommunication systems may isolate people f rom each other. When people are able to shop f rom their homes, do their banking without leaving the house, watch any movie they want on their television, as well as get any inf ormation they need, then there will not be as much contact between people.It is important to realize that the same technology that helps us may also harm us. We can prevent this f rom happening by caref ully controlling the new technology. As one telecommunication expert says, “We must remember that technology alone is not the answer…It is the intelligent application of technology that will lead us to success.”(527 words) (3)(34)What People Don ’ t Know about Air T ext B The air around us is important to everyone. Without air, we could not exist. Everyone understands that. But air is necessary in many other ways—ways that are not always so obvious or widely known.For example, if we did not have air, there would be no sound. Sound travels through air. Where there is no air, there is no s ound. Without air, there would be no f ire. There would be no cars or trucks, since motors need air in order to work.Without air, there would be no wind or clouds. There would be no weather, as we know it. The night time would be very cold and the days very hot. We would be f orced t o seek shelter f rom the sun, as there would be no atmosphere to protect us f rom the sun’ s deadly rays.The atmosphere is all the air surrounding the earth. Atmospheric pressure is the weight of all that air against the surf ace of the earth. If we did not have atmospheric pressure, we could not have automobile tires. The tires would burst if they did not have the pressure of the atmosphere against their surf aces.Large and powerf ul, the atmosphere consists of an ocean of gases hundreds of miles high. It presses down on our bodies with a f orce of more than f ourteen pounds pe r square inch. The narrow column of air which rests upon our shoulders weighs almost 2,000 pounds. But our bodies are built in such a way that this weight does not crush us.In this huge ocean of air there is more energy than in all the coal, oil, and gas we have on earth. Electri cal energy is collected in the atmosphere as wat er is collected and stored in a dam. The existence of el ectricity in the air has been known f or centuries. Men have gaz ed in wonder at the bright patterns of lightning in storm clouds. But a thorough study of electricity in the atmosphere was not possible until the development of radio and radar.One scientist, Dr. Sydney Chapman, has tried to explain the electri c f ield which surrounds the earth. He believes that the great storms on the sun create large amounts of electric energy. This energy is contained in a very light gas called hydrogen. The earth pulls the gas toward it, and a ring is f ormed the earth several thousand f eet above its surf ace. The great space ring is a powerful current of electri cal energy. Sometimes the ring comes down and curves into the lower atmosphere, causing strange el ectrical eff ects.Dr. Chapman’ s ideas explain many things. It has long been known that there is an electric f ield inside the earth. It moves in much the same manner as the elect ric energy contained in the atmosphere. Scientists now believe that the electric energy in the atmosphere. Scientists now believe that t he electric energy in the atmosphere causes the electric energy inside the earth to f low.If we can learn to control the energy in the atmosphere, we will have an unending supply of energy. Many scientists are trying to learn how to control it. In the meantime, even those of us who are not scientists have begun to pay attention to air. We realize that air does not contain the same elements that it contained years ago. Automobiles, airplanes, factories, and atomic explosions have added dust and waste gases to the atmosphere. It is time to learn how to protect our atmosphere, the roof over the world of man. (592 words)(5) (26)。
自考综合英语2-08
Lesson Eight How I Designed an A-Bomb in My Junior Year at PrincetonJohn A. Phillips and David Michaelis一般人认为要设计出一颗可使用的原子弹，设计者需要有天才，需要有专门知识，还必须获得绝密资料。
事实并非如此。
普林斯顿大学有这样一位学生，第一学期成绩极差，校方对他提出警告，如果他再有一门功课不及格，就要勒令他退学。
第二学期开始，他决心取得优秀成绩。
他没有窃取国家绝密资料，凭着原子弹的原理和已经解密的材料，经过几个月的奋战，终于设计出了他的原子弹。
此项设计一举两得：为他赢得了一个最高分，并证实了制造一颗原子弹并不一定要窃取国家机密。
1 The first semester of my junior year at Princeton University is a disaster, and my grades show it. D's and F's predominate, and a note from the dean puts me on academic probation. Flunk one more course, and I'm out.2 Fortunately, as the new semester gets under way, my courses begin to interest me. Three hours a week, I attend one called Nuclear Weapons Strategy and Arms Control. One morning, Freeman Dyson, an eminent physicist assisting Hal Feiveson in the course, opens a discussion on the atomic bomb: "Let me describe what occurs when a 20-kiloton bomb is exploded, similar to the two dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. First, the sky becomes illuminated by a brilliant white light. Temperatures are so high around the point of explosion that the atmosphere is actually made incandescent. To an observer standing six miles away the ball of fire appears brighter than a hundred suns.3 "As the fireball begins to spread up and out into a mush room shaped cloud, temperatures spontaneously ignite all flammable materials for miles around. Wood-frame houses catch fire. Clothing bursts into flame, and people suffer intense third-degree lash burns over their exposed flesh. The very high temperatures also produce a shock wave and a variety of nuclear radiation capable of penetrating 20 inches of concrete... "4 Silence falls over the room as the titanic proportions of the destruction begin to sink in.5 "It takes only 15 pounds of plutonium to fabricate a crude atomic bomb, " adds Hal Feiveson. "If breeder reactors come into widespread use, there will be sufficient plutonium shipped around the country each year to fashion thousands of bombs. Much of it could be vulnerable to theft or hijacking. "6 The class discusses the possibility of terrorists' using a homemade atomic bomb to push their extravagant political demands.7 "That's impossible, " a student objects. "Terrorists don't have the know-how to build a bomb. Besides, they don't have access to the knowledge. "8 Impossible? Or is it? The question begins to haunt me. I turn to reference books and find, according to a famous nuclear physicist, that a terrorist group could easily steal plutonium or uranium from a nuclear reactor and then design a workable atomic bomb with information available to the general public, and that all the ingredients —except plutonium —are legally available at hardware stores and chemical-supply houses.9 Suddenly, an idea comes to mind. Suppose an average —or below-average in my case —physics student could design a workable atomic bomb on paper? If I could design a bomb, almost any intelligent person could. But I would have to do it in less than three months to turn it in as my junior independent project. I decide to ask Freeman Dyson to be ry adviser.10 "You understand, " said Dyson, "my government security clearance will prevent me fromgiving you any more information than that which can be found in physics libraries. And that the law of 'no comment' governing scientists who have clearance to atomic research requires that, if asked a question about the design of a bomb, I can answer neither yes nor no? "11 "Yes, sir, " I reply. "I understand. "12 "Okay, then. I'll give you a list of textbooks outlining the general principles —and I wish you luck. "13 A few days later, Dyson hands me a short list of books on nuclear-reactor technology, general nuclear physics and current atomic theory. "That's all? " I ask incredulously, having expected a bit more direction.14 At subsequent meetings Dyson explains only the basic principles of nuclear physics. If I ask about a particular design or figure, he will glance over what I've done and change the subject. At first, I think this is his way of telling me I am correct. To make sure, I hand him an incorrect figure. He reads it and changes the subject.15 Over spring vacation, I go to Washington, D.C., to search for records of the Los Alamos Project that were declassified between 1954 and 1964. I discover a copy of the literature given to scientists who joined the project in the spring of 1943. This text carefully outlines all the details of atomic fissioning known to the world's most advanced scientists in the early '40s. A whole batch of copies costs me about $ 25. I gather them together and go over to the bureaucrat at the front desk. She looks at the titles and then looks up at me.16 "Oh, you want to build a bomb, too? " she asks matter-of factly.17 I can't believe it. Do people go in there for bomb-building information every day? When I show the documents to Dyson, he is visibly shaken. His reaction indicates to me that I actually stand a chance of coming up with a workable design.18 The material necessary to explode my bomb is plutonium-239. Visualize an atomic bomb as a marble inside a grapefruit inside a basketball inside a beach ball. At the center of the bomb is the initiator, a marble-size piece of metal. Around the initiator is a grapefruit-size ball of plutonium-239. Wrapped around the plutonium is a three-inch reflector shield made of beryllium. High explosives are placed symmetrically around the beryllium shield. When these detonate, an imploding shock wave is set off, compressing the grapefruit-size ball of plutonium to the size of a plum. At this moment, the process of atoms fissioning — or splitting apart begins.19 There are many subtleties involved in the explosion of an atomic bomb. Most of them center on the actual detonation of the explosives surrounding the beryllium shield. The grouping of these explosives is one of the most highly classified aspects of the atomic bomb, and it poses the biggest problems for me as I begin to design my bomb.20 As the next three weeks go by, I stop going to classes altogether and work day and night. I develop a terrible case of bloodshot eyes. Sleep comes rarely.21 I approach every problem from a terrorist's point of view. The bomb must be inexpensive to construct, simple in design, and small enough to sit unnoticed in the trunk of a car.22 As the days and nights flow by, I scan government documents for gaps indicating an area of knowledge that is still classified. Essentially, I am putting together a huge jigsaw puzzle. The edge pieces are in place and various areas are getting filled in, but pieces are missing. Whenever the outline of one shows up, I sit down to devise the solution that will fill the gap.23 With only two weeks left, the puzzle is nearly complete, but two pieces are still missing: which explosives to use, and how to arrange them around the plutonium. Seven days before thedesign is due, I'm still deadlocked. I realize something drastic must be done, and I start all over at the beginning. Occasionally I find errors in my old calculations, and I correct them. I lose sense of time.24 With less than 24 hours to go, I run through a series of new calculations, mathematically figuring the arrangement of the explosives around the plutonium. If my equations are correct, my bomb might be just as effective as the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs. But I can't be sure until I know the exact nature of the explosives I will use.25 Next morning, with my paper due at 5 p. m. , I call the Du Pont Company from a pay phone and ask for the head of the chemical explosives division, a man I'll call Mr. Graves.26 "Hello, Mr. Graves. My name is John Phillips, a student doing work on a physics project. I'd like to get some advice, if that's possible. "27 "What can I do for you? "28 "Well, " I stammer, "I'm doing research on the shaping of explosive products that create a very high density in a spherically shaped metal. Can you suggest a Du Pont product that would fit in this category? "29 "Of course, " he says, in a helpful manner.30 "We sell [the names of the product] to do the job in similar density-problem situations to the one you're talking about. "31 Mr. Graves has given me just the information I need. Now, if my calculations are correct with respect to the new information, all I have to do is complete my paper by five.32 Five minutes to five, I race over to the physics building and bound up the stairs. Inside the office, everybody stops talking and stares at me. I haven't shaved in over a week.33 "I came to hand in my project, " I explain.34 A week later, I return to the office to pick up my project. My paper is not there.35 "Aren't you the boy who designed the atomic bomb? " the secretary looks up, then freezes.36 "Yes, " I reply.37 She takes a deep breath. "The question has been raised by the department whether your paper should be classified by the U. S. government. "38 "What! Classified? "39 She takes my limp hand, shaking it vigorously. "Congratulations, " she says, all smiles. "You've got one of the only A's in the department. "40. For a second I don't say anything. Here I have put on paper the plan for a device capable of killing thousands of people, and all I was worrying about was flunking out.8 我是怎样在普林斯顿大学低年级时设计出原子弹的我在普林斯顿大学低年级第一学期真是糟透了，一看我的成绩就知道了。
自考综合英语二_上册_下册_课文翻译
綜合英語二上冊課文翻譯lesson1学校要是教给我们这12种本领就好了卡尔·萨根1.二战刚结束，我在纽约和新泽西的公立学校上了初中和高中。
现在想来似乎是很久远的事了。
学校的设施、教师的水平在当时的美国大大高于一般水准。
因而，那时的我可以说是受益匪浅。
我所学到的最重要的一点，就是要学的东西实在是太多，而我还没有学到的东西也太多。
有时候，我想那时要是能学点真正重要的东西，今天我会多么地心存感激。
在有些方面，当时的教育十分狭窄；关于拿破仑，在学校里我所学到的仅仅是美国从他手里买下路易斯安那。
（在一个约95％的居民不是美国人的星球上，学校当局认为只有美国历史才值得讲授。
）在拼写、语法、数学基础知识以及其他重要的学科的教授上，我的老师们做得相当不错。
但是还有许多其他的东西，我曾希望他们教授给我。
2.或许该教而没教的缺陷自那以后已经得以纠正。
照我看来似乎有许多东西（主要是态度问题、认识问题，而不是简单的对事实记忆的问题）学校应当教授——那些在以后的生活中真正有用的东西，即那些能使国家更强大、世界更美好，也能使人们更幸福的东西。
人类乐于学习。
这是我们人类比这个星球上其它物种做得好些的为数有限的几件事中的一件。
每个学生都应该经常体验一下说出“啊，原来是这么一回事！”时的感受——也就是你以往不懂的或是不知道自己不懂的事情，一下子变得豁然开朗时的感受。
3.下面就是我列出的方法:挑一件难事，从中学习4.希腊哲学家苏格拉底曾经说过这是人类最大的乐趣之一，确实也是如此。
与其涉足多门学科而略知一二，莫如选其一两个学科学深学透。
只要你对所选的课题感兴趣，只要你的研究不脱离课题本身更为广阔的人文环境，你的课题是什么并不重要。
教会你自己一个课题以后，你就会对教授你自己另一课题的能力更加充满信心。
你会逐渐发现你已获得了一种主要技能。
世界的变化日新月异，你必须在一生中不断地教授你自己。
但不要沉溺于你感兴趣的或你擅长的第一门学科而止步不前。
自考英语二Unit4 text B How to start your own business课文
By following some sound(明智的,合理的) advice and being prepared for the process(过程), you will decrease(降低) your chances of losing a lot more than you bargained for. 然而在准备过程中的一些忠告则会让你比预计的少一些 损失。
prioritize v.按重要性排列;划分优先顺序
eg. I now prioritize all of my tasks and create a plan. 现在我会将所有任务排出优先次序然后制定出计划 。
priority n.优先;优先权;优先考虑的事
eg. The children are our first priority.
Paragraph 3
2. Identify your passion. What do you love to do? What skills and knowledge do you uniquely bring to the table (带来好处)? What gets you excited about your work? 明确你的激情所在。你喜欢做什么?你所掌握的独 特的技术和知识为你带来了什么好处?是什么让你对 工作充满热情?
1.Do you hope to start your own business? What would you like to do? 你想自己创业吗？想做什么？ 2. What do you know about the necessary conditions for starting a business? 自己创业的必要条件是什么呢？
自考英语二教材课文讲义unit
自考英语二教材课文讲义u n i t文档编制序号：[KK8UY-LL9IO69-TTO6M3-MTOL89-FTT688]Unit 1 The Power of Language?I. New words and expressions New words1. critical adj. 有判断力的；判断公正（或审慎）的2. non-fiction n. 纪实文学3. position n. 观点；态度；立场4. statement n. 说明；说法；表态5.?question?v. 表示疑问；怀疑out of question / out of the question6. evaluate v. 估计；评价；评估7. context n. 事情发生的背景，环境，来龙去脉8.?value?n. values [pl.]是非标准；价值观valuableinvaluable=pricelessvalueless9. represent?v. 描述；表现representative adj./n.10. assertion n. 明确肯定；断言11. sufficient?adj.?足够的；充足的sufficiencyinsufficient12. statistic n. statistics [pl.]统计数字；统计资料13. integrate v.（使）合并，成为一体14. authority?n.专家；学术权威；泰斗an/the authority on sth.authorize15. compare?v. 比较；对比compare A with Bcompare A to B16. subject n. 主题；题目；题材17. consistent adj. 相符的；符合的18. inconsistency n. 不一致19. assumption n. 假定；假设20. case?n. 具体情况；事例in casein case of firein case that…a case in pointconfirmed/suspected cases21. directly adv. 直接地；径直地22. identify v. 找到；发现23. valid?adj. 符合逻辑的；合理的；确凿的validity n. 有效性，正确（性）invalid24. credible?adj. 可信的；可靠的incredible=unbelievable25. landmark n.（标志重要阶段的）里程碑26. relevant?adj. 紧密相关的；切题的relevancy n. 关联；恰当irrelevant27. current adj. 现时发生的；当前的28. appropriate?adj. 合适的；恰当的inappropriateIt's (not) appropriate that ….29. bias n. 偏见；偏心；偏向30. considerably?adv. 非常；很；相当多地considerconsideringconsiderableconsiderateconsideration31. Democrat n. （美国）民主党党员，民主党支持者民32. Republican n. （美国）共和党党员，共和党支持者33. reflect v. 显示；表明；表达34. informed?adj. 有学问的；有见识的well-informedill-informedPhrases and Expressions1. apply to 使用；应用2. put forth 提出；产生3. take … into account 考虑到；顾及4. accept/take … at face value 相信表面；信以为真5. with a grain of salt 有保留地；持怀疑态度地II. Text LearningCritical Reading①?(1)Critical reading?applies to?non-fiction writing?in which?the author?puts forth a position?or seeks to make a statement.?Critical reading is active reading. It involves more than just（不只是，不仅仅是） understanding what an author is saying. Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying.?Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.（启下句）本部分重点及难点：1. Critical reading?applies to?non-fiction writing?in which?the author?puts forth a position?or seeks to make a statement. apply to sb./sth.= be applicable to sb./sth.apply的派生词：application, applicant, applicable②?Consider the context of what is written. You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context?than?yours.?(2)Or, you may be reading something written?some time?ago in a different time context than yours.?(3)In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author.?本部分重点及难点：2. Or, you may be reading something written?some time?ago in a different time context than yours.some time注意区分：sometime / sometimes / some times3.?In either case, you must recognize and?take into account?any differences between your?values andattitudes?and?those?represented by the author. 不论哪种情况，你必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度与作者所述的价值观和态度有何不同。
自考综合英语二 上册 15课单词学习1
自考综合英语二上册15课单词学习（Oxford）单词词性中文解释bribery n. 贿赂行为[U]the giving or taking of bribes: She was arrested on bribery charges. ◆ allegations of bribery and corruptionethics n. 道德规范(ethics) [pl.] moral principles that control or influence a person's behaviour: professional / business / medical ethics ◆ to draw up a code of ethics ◆ He began to question the ethics of his position.syllabus n. 课程；教学大纲(plural syllabuses or less frequent syllabi ) a list of the topics, books, etc. that students should study in a particular subject at school or collegeCompare:CURRICULUMtempt vt. 引诱，吸引to attract sb or make sb want to do or have sth, even if they know it is wrong: [VN] I was tempted by the dessert menu. ◆ Don't tempt thieves by leaving valuables clearly visible. ◆[VN to inf] I was tempted to take the day off.to persuade or try to persuade sb to do sth that you want them to do, for example by offering them sth: [VN] How can we tempt young people into engineering? ◆[VN to inf] Nothing would tempt me to live here.corruption n. 腐败[U]dishonest or illegal behaviour, especially of people in authority: allegations of bribery and corruption ◆ The new district attorney has promised to fight police corruption.[U]the act or effect of making sb change from moral to immoral standards of behaviour: He claimed that sex and violence on TV led to the corruption of young people.soft-drink n. 软饮料a cold drink that does not contain alcoholCompare:HARD adj. (11)overseas adj. 海外的connected with foreign countries, especially those separated from your country by the sea or ocean: overseas development / markets / trade ◆ overseas students / visitorspotential adj. 潜在的adjective[only before noun]that can develop into sth or be developed in the future Synonym: POSSIBLEpotential customers ◆ a potential source of conflict ◆ the potential benefits of European integration ◆ a potential prime minister ◆ First we need to identify actual and potential problems. potentially adverb: a potentially dangerous situationnegotiation n. 谈判[C, often pl., U]formal discussion between people who are trying to reach an agreement: peace / trade / wage negotiations ◆ They begin another round of negotiations today. ◆ to enter into / open / conduct negotiations with sb ◆ The rent is a matter for negotiation between the landlord and the tenant. ◆ A contract is prepared in negotiation with our clients ◆ The issue is still under negotiation. ◆ The price is generally open to negotiation.substantial adj. 大的，可观的large in amount or value; importantSynonym: CONSIDERABLEsubstantial sums of money ◆ a substantial change / improvement ◆ Substantial numbers of people support the reforms. ◆ He ate a substantial breakfast. ◆ There are substantial differences between the two groups. ◆ Their share of the software market is substantial.bribe n. 贿赂a sum of money or sth valuable that you give or offer to sb to persuade them to help you, especially by doing sth dishonest: It was alleged that he had taken bribes while in office. ◆ She had been offered a $50 000 bribe to drop the charges. licence, license n. （英/美）许可，特许(BrE) (AmE license)[C]~ (for sth)~ (to do sth) an official document that shows that permission has been given to do, own or use sth: (BrE) a driving licence ◆ (AmE) a driver's license ◆ a licence for the software ◆ Is there a licence fee? ◆ James lost his licence for six months (= had his licence taken away by the police as a punishment). ◆ You need a licence to fish in this river. ◆ a licence holder (= a person who has been given a licence) ◆ a site licence for the new softwarebureaucratic adj. 官僚的，繁文缛节的(often disapproving) connected with a bureaucracy or bureaucrats and involving complicated official rules which may seem unnecessary: bureaucratic power / control / procedures / organizations ◆ The report revealed a great deal of bureaucratic inefficiency. ◆ centralized bureaucratic administrationbureaucratically adverbmanufacturer n. 制造业者(also the manufacturers [pl.]) a person or company that produces goods in large quantities: a car / computer manufacturer ◆ Always follow the manufacturer's instructions. ◆ Faulty goods should be returned to the manufacturers.accuse vt. 控诉，告发[VN]~ sb (of sth) to say that sb has done sth wrong or is guilty of sth: to accuse sb of murder / theft ◆ She accused him of lying. ◆ The government was accused of incompetence. ◆ (formal) They stand accused of crimes against humanity.accuser nounWORD FAMILYaccuse v.accusation n.accusing adj.accusatory adj.accused n.slush fund n. 用以行贿官员等的钱(disapproving) a sum of money kept for illegal purposes, especially in politicsquestionable adj. 不正当的，可疑的that you have doubts about because you think it is not accurate or correct: The conclusions that they come to are highly questionable. ◆ It is questionable whether this is a good way of solving the problem.questionably adverbpurchaser n. 买主，购买者(formal) a person who buys sthCompare:BUYERpad vt. 添加；增补；扩充，填塞verb(-dd-)add soft material[VN][often passive]~ sth (with sth) to put a layer of soft material in or on sth in order to protect it, make it thicker or change its shape: All the sharp corners were padded with foam. ◆ a padded jacket ◆ a padded envelope (= for sending delicate objects)walk quietly[V +adv./prep.]to walk with quiet steps: She padded across the room to the windowbills[VN](AmE) to dishonestly add items to bills to obtain more money: to pad bills / expense accountscommission n. 回扣；佣金；委员会official group(often Commission) [C] an official group of people who have been given responsibility tocontrol sth, or to find out about sth, usually for the government: the European Commission ◆(BrE) The government has set up a commission of inquiry into the disturbances at the prison. ◆a commission on human rightsmoney[U, C]an amount of money that is paid to sb for selling goods and which increases with the amount of goods that are sold: You get a 10% commission on everything you sell. ◆ He earned £2 000 in commission last month. ◆ In this job you work on commission (= are paid according to the amount you sell).[U]an amount of money that is charged by a bank, etc. for providing a particular service: One per cent commission is charged for cashing traveller's cheques.additional adj. 额外的，另外的extra; more than was first mentioned or is usual: additional resources / funds / security ◆ The government is providing an additional £25 million to expand the service.additionally adverb (written): Additionally, the bus service will run on Sundays, every two hours. discount n. 折扣，打折noun[C, U]an amount of money that is taken off the usual cost of sthSynonym: REDUCTIONto get / give / offer a discount ◆ discount rates / prices ◆ a 10% discount ◆ They were selling everything at a discount (= at reduced prices). ◆ a discount shop (= one that regularly sells goods at reduced prices) ◆ Do you give any discount?number vt. 编号make a seriesto give a number to sth as part of a series or list: [VN] All the seats in the stadium are numbered. ◆ Number the car's features from 1 to 10 according to importance. ◆[V] I couldn't work out the numbering system for the hotel rooms. [also VN-N]allegation n. （有待证实的）指控~ (of sth) (against sb)~ (that ...)~ (about sb/sth) a public statement that is made without giving proof, accusing sb of doing sth that is wrong or illegal: Several newspapers made allegations of corruption in the city's police department. ◆ allegations of dishonesty against him ◆ an allegation that he had been dishonest ◆ to investigate / deny / withdraw an allegation ◆ The committee has made serious allegations about interference in its work.withdraw vt. 撤回[VN]~ sth (from sth) to stop giving or offering sth to sb: Workers have threatened to withdraw their labour (= go on strike). ◆ The drug was withdrawn from sale after a number of people suffered serious side effects. ◆ He withdrew his support for our campaign. ◆ Unless you return the form within seven days, the offer will be withdrawn.~ (sb/sth) (from sth) to stop taking part in an activity or being a member of an organization; to stop sb/sth from doing these things: [V] There have been calls for Britain to withdraw from the EU. ◆ He was forced to withdraw from the competition because of injury. ◆[VN] The horse had been withdrawn from the race.wheeling-dealing adj. 激烈甚至不择手段的grease vt. 使滑润，使顺利；贿赂verb[VN]to rub grease or fat on sth: to grease a cake tin / panIdioms:grease sb's palm (old-fashioned, informal) to give sb money in order to persuade them to do sth dishonestSynonym: BRIBEgrease the wheels (AmE) = OIL THE WHEELSpalm n. 手掌the inner surface of the hand between the wrist and the fingers: He held the bird gently in the palm of his hand. ◆ sweaty palms ◆ to read sb's palm (= to say what will happen to sb by looking at the lines on their palm) commercial adj. 商业的[usually before noun]connected with the buying and selling of goods and services: the commercial heart of the city ◆ She is developing the commercial side of the organization. ◆ a commercial vehicle (= one that is used for carrying goods or passengers who pay) ◆ commercial baby foods ◆ the first commercial flights across the Atlanticrevelation n. 泄露，显示[C]~ (about / concerning sth)~ (that ...) a fact that people are made aware of, especially one that has been secret and is surprising: startling / sensational revelations about her private life ◆ He was dismissed after revelations that confidential files were missing.[U]~ (of sth) the act of making people aware of sth that has been secret: The company's financial problems followed the revelation of a major fraud scandal.securities n. 股票，有价证券g"noun(plural securities)for a loan[U, C]a valuable item, such as a house, that you agree to give to sb if you are unable to pay back the money that you have borrowed from them: His home and business are being held as security for the loan.shares in company(securities) [pl.] (finance) documents proving that sb is the owner of shares, etc. in a particular company: government securitiesdubious adj. 可疑的[not usually before noun]~ (about sth) / (about doing sth) (of a person) not certain and slightly suspicious about sth; not knowing whether sth is good or badSynonym: DOUBTFULI was rather dubious about the whole idea.that you cannot be sure about; that is probably not good: They consider the plan to be of dubious benefit to most families. ◆ (ironic) She had the dubious honour of being the last woman to be hanged in England (= it was not an honour at all).dubiously adverbfacilitate vt. 使容易；使便利[VN](formal) to make an action or a process possible or easier: The new trade agreement should facilitate more rapid economic growth. ◆ Structured teaching facilitates learning.facilitation noun [U, sing.]: the facilitation of international communicationcategory n. 类别(plural categories) a group of people or things with particular features in common: Students over 25 fall into a different category. ◆ The results of this survey can be divided into three main categories.secure vt. 获得，得到get sth~ sth (for sb/sth)~ sb sth (formal) to obtain or achieve sth, especially when this means using a lot of effort: [VN] to secure a contract / deal ◆ The team managed to secure a place in the finals. ◆ She secured 2 000 votes. ◆ The delegation has secured the promise of a ceasefire. ◆[VN, VNN] He secured a place for himself at law school. ◆ He secured himself a place at law school.contract n. 合同~ (with sb)~ (between A and B)~ (for sth / to do sth) an official written agreement: to enter into / make / sign a contract with the supplier ◆ a contract for the supply of vehicles ◆ to win / be awarded a contract to build a new school ◆ These clauses form part of the contract between buyer and seller. ◆ a contract of employment ◆ a research contract ◆ a contract worker (= one employed on a contract for a fixed period of time) ◆ I was on a three-year contract that expired last week. ◆ Under the terms of thecontract the job should have been finished yesterday. ◆ She is under contract to (= has a contract to work for) a major American computer firm. ◆ The offer has been accepted, subject to contract (= the agreement is not legally binding before contracts are signed). ◆ They were sued for breach of contract (= not keeping to a contract).conglomerate n. 大型联合企业，集团\[C](business) a large company formed by joining together different firms: a media conglomeratepresidential adj. 总统的♦♦ presi|den|tial/pr'ezɪd'enʃəl/[ADJ] ADJ nPresidential activities or things relate or belong to a president....Peru's presidential election...There are several presidential candidates.candidate n. 竞选者，候选人~ (for sth) a person who is trying to be elected or is applying for a job: one of the leading candidates for the presidency ◆ a presidential candidate ◆ (BrE) He stood as a candidate in the local elections. ◆ There were a large number of candidates for the job. ◆ The party intends to field / put up a candidate in the next general election.~ (for sth) a person or group that is considered suitable for sth or that is likely to get sth or to be sth: Our team is a prime candidate for relegation this year. ◆ Your father is an obvious candidate for a heart attack.investigation n. 调查g"noun[C, U]~ (into sth)an official examination of the facts about a situation, crime, etc: a criminal / murder / police investigation ◆ The police have completed their investigations into the accident. ◆ She is still under investigation.a scientific or academic examination of the facts of a subject or problem: an investigation into the spending habits of teenagersviolation n. 违反n [U and C]1.png"an action that breaks a law, agreement, principle etc7.png"human rights violationsviolation of7.png" a violation of international lawin violation of sth7.png"Troops crossed the border in violation of the agreement.anti-trust adj. 反垄断的，反托拉斯的adj[only before noun]intended to prevent companies from unfairly controlling prices7.png"new, tougher anti trust laws7.png"an anti trust investigationfinance vt. 提供经费g"verb[VN]to provide money for a projectSynonym: FUNDThe building project will be financed by the government and by public donations. ◆ He took a job to finance his stay in Germany.overthrow vt. 推翻；颠覆[VN] to remove a leader or a government from a position of power by force: The president was overthrown in a military coup.Marxist adj. 马克思主义的1[ADJ]Marxist means based on Marxism or relating to Marxism....a Marxist state....Marxist ideology.2[N-COUNT]A Marxist is a person who believes in Marxism or who is a member of a Marxist party.adviser n. 顾问，建议者(also less frequent advisor)~ (to sb) (on sth) a person who gives advice, especially sb who knows a lot about a particular subject: a financial adviser ◆ a special adviser to the President on foreign affairsarms n. 兵器，武器g"noun[pl.](formal) weapons, especially as used by the army, navy or air force: arms and ammunition ◆Police officers in the UK do not usually carry arms.petrochemical adj. 石油化学制品的any chemical substance obtained from PETROLEUM oil or natural gas: the petrochemical industry court n. 法庭，法院law[C, U]the place where legal trials take place and where crimes, etc. are judged: the civil / criminal courts ◆ Her lawyer made a statement outside the court. ◆ She will appear in court tomorrow. ◆They took their landlord to court for breaking the contract. ◆ The case took five years to come to court (= to be heard by the court). ◆ There wasn't enough evidence to bring the case to court (= start a trial). ◆ During the court hearing, the prosecutor said she would seek maximum prison sentences. ◆ He won the court case and was awarded damages. ◆ She can't pay her tax and is facing court action. ◆ The case was settled out of court (= a decision was reached without a trial).(the court) [sing.] the people in a court, especially those who make the decisions, such as the judge and JURY: Please tell the court what happened. ◆ The court heard yesterday how the man collapsed and died after being stabbed.witness n. 证人；目击者person who sees sth(also eyewitness) [C] a person who sees sth happen and is able to describe it to other people: Police have appealed for witnesses to the accident. ◆ We have a witness to the killing.in court of law[C]a person who gives evidence in a court of law: a defence / prosecution witness ◆ to appear as (a) witness for the defence / prosecution ◆ Several witnesses testified that there had been two gunmen.claim vt. 声称say sth is trueto say that sth is true although it has not been proved and other people may not believe it: [V (that)] He claims (that) he was not given a fair hearing. ◆[V to inf] I don't claim to be an expert. ◆[VN] Scientists are claiming a major breakthrough in the fight against cancer. ◆[VN that] It was claimed that some doctors were working 80 hours a week. [also V speech, VN to inf]go-between n. 中间人；媒人[C, U]a person who takes messages between one person or group and another: to act as (a) go-betweenclinch vt. 确定；使得到最后解决g"verb[VN]to succeed in achieving or winning sth: to clinch an argument / a deal / a victory ◆ They clinched a place in the semi-finals.to provide the answer to sth; to settle sth that was not certain: 'I'll pay your air fare.' 'Okay, that clinches it-I'll come with you.' ◆ a clinching argumentbureaucracy n. 官僚政治，官僚主义g"noun(plural bureaucracies)[U](often disapproving) the system of official rules and ways of doing things that a government or an organization has, especially when these seem to be too complicated: unnecessary / excessive bureaucracy ◆ We need to reduce paperwork and bureaucracy in thecompany.[U, C]a system of government in which there are a large number of state officials who are not elected; a country with such a system: the power of the state bureaucracy ◆ living in a modern bureaucracymachinery n. （集）机械；机器[U]machines as a group, especially large ones: agricultural / industrial machinery ◆ a piece of machinery[U]the parts of a machine that make it work: a clock with all its machinery hanging ou bibliophile n. 藏书家(formal) a person who loves or collects booksedition n. 版本the form in which a book is published: a paperback / hardback / hardcover edition ◆ She collects first editions of Victorian novels. ◆ the electronic edition of 'The Guardian'slip vt. 偷偷塞g"verb(-pp-)go / put quickly[V +adv./prep.]to go somewhere quickly and quietly, especially without being noticed: She slipped out of the house before the others were awake. ◆ The ship slipped into the harbour at night. ◆ (figurative) She knew that time was slipping away.to put sth somewhere quickly, quietly or secretly: [VN, +adv./prep.] Anna slipped her hand into his. ◆ He slipped the letter back into its envelope. ◆ She slipped her head around the door. ◆I managed to slip a few jokes into my speech. ◆ I managed to slip in a few jokes. ◆[VNN, VN] They'd slipped the guards some money. ◆ They'd slipped some money to the guards.quick-witted adj. 反应灵敏的able to think quickly; intelligent: a quick-witted student / responseAntonym: SLOW-WITTEDappendix n. 附录a section giving extra information at the end of a book or document: Full details are given in Appendix 3.deal n. 交易[C]an agreement, especially in business, on particular conditions for buying or doing sth: to make / sign / conclude / close a deal (with sb) ◆ (informal) Did you cut a deal (= make one)? ◆We did a deal with the management on overtime. ◆ They were hoping for a better pay deal. ◆ A deal was struck after lengthy negotiations. ◆ The deal fell through (= no agreement was reached). ◆ I got a good deal on the car (= bought it cheaply). ◆ It's a deal! (= I agree to your terms) ◆ Listen. This is the deal (= this is what we have agreed and are going to do). ◆ As athletes prepare for the Olympics, sporting organizations are looking for big sponsorship deals to pay for the trip to Sydney.passage n. 通过[U](formal) the action of going across, through or past sth: Large trees may obstruct the passage of light.ensure vt. 保证(also insure especially in AmE) g"verbto make sure that sth happens or is definite: [VN] The book ensured his success. ◆[V (that)] Please ensure (that) all lights are switched off. [also VNN]tender n. 投标a formal offer to supply goods or carry out work at a stated priceSynonym: BIDCleaning and laundry services have been put out to tender (= companies have been asked to make offers to supply these services). ◆ a competitive tender ◆ A local firm submitted the lowest tender. ◆ The bus comapny is inviting tenders for a number of new buses.selective adj. 选择的[usually before noun]affecting or concerned with only a small number of people or things from a larger group: the selective breeding of cattle ◆ selective strike action ~ (about / in sth) tending to be careful about what or who you choose: You will have to be selective about which information to include in the report. ◆ Their admissions policy is very selective. ◆ a selective school (= one that chooses which children to admit, especially according to ability)selectively adverb: The product will be selectively marketed in Europe and the US.selectivity noun [U]: Schools are tending towards greater selectivity.cargo n. 货物[C, U](plural cargoes, AmE also cargos) the goods carried in a ship or plane: The tanker began to spill its cargo of oil. ◆ a cargo shipsterile adj. 消毒的；无效的completely clean and free from bacteria: sterile bandages / equipment ◆ sterile water(of a discussion, an argument, etc.) not producing any useful result: a sterile debate penicillin n. 盘尼西林[U]a substance obtained from MOULD, used as a drug to treat or prevent infections caused by bacteria; a type of ANTIBIOTICshipment n. 装截（或交运）的货物[C]a load of goods that are sent from one place to another: arms shipments ◆ a shipment of armsphial n. 小药瓶(also vial especially in AmE)(formal) a small glass container, for medicine or PERFUMEthereby adv. （正式）因此(formal) used to introduce the result of the action or situation mentioned: Regular exercise strengthens the heart, thereby reducing the risk of heart attack.formulate vt. 规划（制度等）to create or prepare sth carefully, giving particular attention to the details: [VN] to formulate a policy / theory / plan / proposal ◆ The compost is specially formulated for pot plants. ◆[VN to inf] This new kitchen cleaner is formulated to cut through grease and dirt.code n. 法规；准则[C]a set of moral principles or rules of behaviour that are generally accepted by society or a social group: a strict code of conduct ◆ Young people unconsciously conform to a dress code but reject any kind of uniform.[C]a system of laws or written rules that state how people in an institution or a country should behave: the penal codeoutlaw vt. 取缔；宣布……违法g"verb[VN]to make sth no longer legal: plans to outlaw the carrying of knives ◆ the outlawed nationalist partyfavour vt. 支持，赞成(BrE) (AmE favor) preferto prefer one system, plan, way of doing sth, etc. to another: [VN] Many countries favour a presidential system of government. ◆ It's a resort favoured by families with young children. [also V -ing, VN -ing]conduct n. 经营（方式）；管理（方式）g"noun[U](formal)~ of sth the way in which a business or an activity is organized and managed: There was growing criticism of the government's conduct of the war.ban vt. 禁止，严禁g"verb(-nn-) [VN]to forbid sth officially: Chemical weapons are banned internationally. ◆ a campaign to ban smoking in public places[usually passive]~ sb from sth / from doing sth to forbid sb to do sth, go somewhere, etc.,especially officially: He was banned from the meeting. ◆ She's been banned from leaving Greece while the allegations are investigated. ◆ (BrE) He was banned from driving for six months.fee n. 费用an amount of money that you pay for professional advice or services: legal fees ◆ Does the bank charge a fee for setting up the account? ◆ fee-paying schools (= that you have to pay to go to)an amount of money that you pay to join an organization, or to do sth: membership fees ◆There is no entrance fee to the gallery.propose vt. 提议，建议suggest plan(formal) to suggest a plan, an idea, etc. for people to think about and decide on: [VN] The government proposed changes to the voting system. ◆ What would you propose? ◆[V that] She proposed that the book be banned. ◆ (BrE also) She proposed that the book should be banned. ◆[VN that] It was proposed that the president be elected for a period of two years. ◆[V -ing] He proposed changing the name of the company. ◆[VN to inf] It was proposed to pay the money from public funds.Help Note:This pattern is only used in the passive.administer vt. 执行，实施g"verb[VN][often passive]to manage and organize the affairs of a company, an organization, a country, etc.Synonym: MANAGEto administer a charity / fund / school ◆ the high cost of administering medical services ◆ The pension funds are administered by commercial banks.unfortunately adv. 不幸地used to say that a particular situation or fact makes you sad or disappointed, or gets you into a difficult positionSynonym: REGRETTABLYUnfortunately, I won't be able to attend the meeting. ◆ I can't make it, unfortunately. ◆Unfortunately for him, the police had been informed and were waiting outside. ◆ It won't be finished for a few weeks. Unfortunately!Antonym: FORTUNATELYenforce vt. 执行g"verb[VN]~ sth (on / against sb/sth) to make sure that people obey a particular law or rule: It's the job of the police to enforce the law. ◆ The legislation will be difficult to enforce. ◆ United Nations troops enforced a ceasefire in the area.~ sth (on sb) to make sth happen or force sb to do sth: You can't enforce cooperation between the players. ◆ a period of enforced absenceenforceable adjective: A gambling debt is not legally enforceable.enforcement noun [U]: strict enforcement of regulations ◆ law enforcement agencies / officers / proceduresdelegate n. 代表，受委托者a person who is chosen or elected to represent the views of a group of people and vote and make decisions for them: The conference was attended by delegates from 56 countries.impose vt. 实施[VN]~ sth (on / upon sth/sb) to introduce a new law, rule, tax, etc.; to order that a rule, punishment, etc. be used: A new tax was imposed on fuel.community n. 团体g"noun(plural communities)[sing.]all the people who live in a particular area, country, etc. when talked about as a group: The local community was shocked by the murders. ◆ health workers based in the community (= working with people in a local area) ◆ the international community (= the countries of the world as a group) ◆ good community relations with the police ◆ (AmE) community parks / libraries (= paid for by the local town / city)[C+sing./pl. v.]a group of people who share the same religion, race, job, etc: the Polish community in London ◆ ethnic communities ◆ the farming communityweb n. 网络[C]a complicated pattern of things that are closely connected to each other: a web of streets◆ We were caught in a tangled web of relationships. ◆ She discovered a web of intrigue in the company.(the Web) [sing.] = WORLD WIDE WEB: Web pages ◆ a Web site (= where a company, etc. has information about itself on the Web)exaggeration n. 夸张[C, usually sing, U]a statement or description that makes sth seem larger, better, worse or more important than it really is; the act of making a statement like this: a slight / gross / wild exaggeration ◆ It would be an exaggeration to say I knew her well-I only met her twice. ◆ It's no exaggeration to say that most students have never read a complete Shakespeare play. ◆ He told his story simply and without exaggeration.square vt.& vi. (口语，与with连用)符合，相一致。
自考综合英语二(上)单词
实用标准Lesson One Twelve Things I Wish They Taught at School---Carl SaganWord Listattend上（学）junior high school（美）初级中学senior high school（美）高级中学facility（常用复数）设施，设备grateful感激的，表示感谢的matter要紧，有关系terribly（口）非常，很narrow（程度、围等）有局限的purchase购买spelling拼写fundamental（常用复数）基础；基本原理pretty相当，很planet行星regularly经常experience经历，体验aha啊哈（表示惊奇或得意）pick挑选，选择Greek希腊的philosopher哲学家interest使...感兴趣key主要的，极重要的rapidly快地，迅速地continue继续（不断）throughout贯穿；遍及trap使受限制；被圈在wonder奇迹；奇物；奇事sadly可惜；说来遗憾stupid愚蠢的，笨的apparently表面上地；显然地naive天真的；幼稚的inquiry问题；疑问deep深奥的gateway途径；方法insight深刻见解patience耐心；耐性confine限制，使局限schoolwork学校作业，课堂作业prospect将要发生的事ridicule嘲笑，嘲弄suppress禁止披露与；隐瞒deadened变得死一般的；麻木的，莫不关心的remark话语；谈论perspective（观察问题的）视角；观点enrich充实；使丰富incomplete不完全的，不完整的correction改正；纠正embarrassment使人为难的事；障碍atmosphere（包围地球的）大气层implication含意；暗示abandon放弃；抛弃concentrate集中；全神贯注untouched未被论及的；未提及的homage尊敬，敬意graduate（美）毕业生relativity相关性；相对论enjoyment愉快，乐趣connect联系；连接restrict限定；限制western西方国家的；欧美国家的compassion同情；怜悯extraordinarily特别地；不平常地selfish自私的hollowness空洞；无趣，寂寞loneliness孤独；寂寞mutual相互的，彼此的tenderness温情；慈爱encouragement鼓励grow增长jointly联合地，共同地Proper NamesCarl Sagan卡尔萨根Socrates苏格拉底Copernicus哥白尼New Jersey新泽西州Newton牛顿Darwin达尔文Freud弗洛伊德Einstein爱因斯坦Useful Expressions in some respects在某些方面(not) matter what/how,etc....（没）有关系get trapped in被困，限于lead to导致leave...untouched没有提及过；没有动过far from并非，并不是be restricted to仅限于be capable of有能力take delight in乐于，嗜好provide....for....为...提供...Lesson Two IconsHeroes and Cultural Icons---Gary Goshgarian Being Somebody---Donna Woolfolk CrossWord Listcultural文化(上)的；人文的icon偶像；崇拜对象heroine女英雄；被崇拜的女人celebrated著名的，远近驰名的glamour魅力，诱惑力achievement成就，成绩moral精神上的；道义上的pollster民意调查人shape塑造celebrity名人，名流fashion时装athlete运动员comic逗笑的；喜剧的comic book/strip连环画media(复)宣传工具，新闻媒介distinguish有别于；使显著self-sacrifice自我牺牲benefit益处，好处consciousness意识，观念；觉悟heroism英雄行为；英雄品质artifact典型产物maintain(正式)认为，主unheroic非英雄的；不英勇的overall总的growing发展的，扩大的economy经济consequently所以，因此bereft (of)缺少...的；失去...的latch(口)得到personality名人transcend超越....的界限legendary传说(中)的；传奇(式)的mythic=mythical神话的；只存在于神话中的renounce声明放弃throne王位indefinable难以确切表达的；模糊不清的charisma(能吸引效忠的)领袖气质；神秘的个人魅力notable有名的achiever成功者accomplishment成就evident明显的publicize宣扬；广为宣传Gallup poll(美)盖洛普民意测验distinction荣誉current现任的；目前的trademark商标big伟大的；名气大的inspire(在...心中)激起hero-worship崇拜英雄rise出现photography摄影moving picture电影previously以前，先前reproduction再现focus焦点accelerate加速leader领导；领袖inventor发明家professional专家，行人personally亲自地proof证据misleading骗人的；使人产生误解的recognition赞誉，认可somebody重要人物wit才智eloquence口才；雄辩brilliance卓越，杰出coordinator策划者scheduled预先安排的；定期的host节目主持人original有独到见解的；有独创性的disastrous灾难性的；极坏的rating广播或电视节目收视听率nightmare噩梦；可怕的事物insincere不真诚的hesitancy犹豫不决，踌躇stupidity愚蠢countryman同胞Proper Names Gary Soshgarian加里.高西加理安Donna Woolfolk Cross唐娜.伍尔福克.克罗斯George Washington乔治.华盛顿(美国第一位总统) Abraham Lincoln林肯(美国第十六位总统) Daniel Boone丹尼尔.布恩Martin Luther King Jr.马丁.路德.金Amelia Earhart艾米莉亚.埃尔哈特Susan B. Anthony苏珊.B.安东尼Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis杰奎琳.肯尼迪.奥纳西Helen Keller海伦.凯勒Elizabeth Cady Stanton伊丽莎白.卡迪.斯坦顿Rosa Parks罗莎.帕克斯J.P.Morgan J.P.摩根E.H.Harriman E.H哈里曼.Jay Gould杰.古尔德Thomas Edison托马斯.爱迪生Mark Twain马克.吐温Nancy Reagan南希.里根Carter卡特Rosalynn罗莎琳Daniel Boorstin丹尼尔.布尔斯廷Jonas Salk乔纳斯.索尔克Eleanor Roosevelt埃莉诺.罗斯福Telly Savalas特莉.萨瓦拉斯Suzanne Somers苏珊娜.萨默斯Graig Tennis格瑞格.泰尼斯Johnny Carson约翰尼.卡森Hollywood好莱坞Useful Expressions distinguished (from...)by...因...有别于(...) measure...against对照...评价...be known for以...著称go to sb/sth授予，被...赢得pass through经过turn...into把...变成comment on/upon评论shift from...to从...转为look like看似show up出现fill...with使...充满come to realize认识到Lesson Three Go-Go Americans---Alison R . LanierWord Listexplore探索；探险element要素；因素tangible有实体的；可触摸到的budget安排，计划(时间等) account解释，说明(常与for连用) commodity商品acute敏感的hourglass滴漏；更漏(一种旧式计时器) replace重置；更换count有价值；有用restlessly焦躁不安地elbow以肘推；挤errand(短程的)差事；任务race赶紧，加速abrupt突然的resent怨恨，憎恶priority优先；优先考虑的事fuse导火线；保险丝slip悄悄地溜走terms(复)措辞adjustment调整ritual礼节性的socialize参加社交活动socializing交往，交际leisurely悠闲的normally通常assess评估rapport亲善；和谐performance业绩；表现colleague同事probe探求professionally职业上；专业上socially社交上segment部分engagement约会calendar日程表；日历interval间隔；停顿heel(足)跟；末尾tick滴答作响inner部的，里面的device装置telex电传memo(口)备忘录(=memorandum) gathering聚会impersonality没有人与人的接触electronic电子的communication通讯conduct实施；进行teleconference(通过、电视等的)电讯会议satellite卫星internationally在国际上uncertain不确定的postal邮政的efficient高效率的secretarial秘书的；有关秘书事务的soaring猛增的，剧增的confer商量；商议location地方；场所elapse(时间)溜走；(光阴)逝去insignificant无关紧要的；无意义的worthy有价值的passage(时间等的)消逝，推移competence能力fulfill完成rapidity快速capital资本；资金Proper Names Alison R. Lanier艾莉森.R.拉尼尔Useful Expressions move ahead进行，进展fall behind落后account to...for向...交代make room for腾出地方take sth seriously/personally认真对待/认为是针对自己的attach importance to重视in terms of就...而言seek out找到carry on经营worthy of值得Lesson Four “Take Over, Bos’n!”--Oscar SchisgallWord Listbos’n(boatswain的缩略式)stern船尾drifting漂流at close quarters非常接近glare用愤怒的目光看，怒视gut(常用复数)脏，肠子mate助手harsh沙哑的；刺耳的cracked(嗓音)粗哑的doze瞌睡instant刹那，瞬息canteen(士兵等用的)水壶pint品脱(容量单位，大体等于半公升) drop水滴，一滴水bloodshot(眼睛)布满血丝的wrecked(船)失事的crave渴望得到Atlantic大西洋的swell涌浪，滚滚浪潮；长浪scorch烘烤(皮肤)gulp一大口；吞饮curse诅咒，咒骂oar橹，桨pack(蔑)人或事物的群；(猎狗或野兽)群ragged衣衫褴褛的half-naked半裸的rest其余的人；剩余部分sprawl(懒散地)伸开四肢躺(或坐) gunwale船沿spring跳；跃出threat威胁；危险bald秃顶的scarred有疤痕的brutal残忍的；野蛮的fight战斗；打架narrow小小的；狭窄的jeer嘲笑hoarse(声音)沙哑的，嘶哑的quit放弃；认输ration定量分配；限制使用(食物、水等) reasoning理智；理性thirst口渴calculating狡猾的，诡计多端的grab抓住instinct本能，直觉badly(口)很，非常地command命令；指挥paralysis瘫痪症；瘫痪yield放弃whisper低语bottom底部share份额，分得的一份dizzy(人)眩晕的，昏乱的shadowy模糊的overhead在头顶上adrift(一般指船)失去控制而而随风浪漂流tramp不定期货船mirage幻影；海市蜃楼grim严厉的；冷酷的growl咆哮着说；吼ape猿；(蔑)野人或粗人boss-man主管，主事人responsible对...负责任的sure(美)肯定地Proper Names Oscar Schisgall奥斯卡.希斯戈尔Snyder斯奈德Jeff Barrett杰夫.巴特雷Montala蒙塔拉Ascension阿森松岛(南大西洋)Croton克洛顿Useful Expressions take over接管；兼并hold out坚持look forward to盼望give in to屈服于on instinct本能run for赶往，跑向in command领导afford to(有条件)做all the more更加hold off使...难接近Lesson Five Are you Giving Your Kids Too Much?---Benjamin Spockengagement约请，受聘overnight整夜，通宵plaything玩具kit(一套)工具、用具等closet(美)衣橱；壁橱(英wardrobe) barely几乎不(能)tendency倾向overabundance过于丰富，过多somewhat稍稍，有几分privilege特权guilt疚compensate补偿(损失、伤害等) shower大量给予yearn (for)渴望unloved失宠的unreasonable不合理的demand(常用复数)要求，所要求之物vacillate(在意见方面)犹豫satisfactory令人满意的remorse懊悔ungenerous不大方的，吝啬的resentment愤恨，怨恨pushover(俚)易于征服或控制的人vacillation犹豫；迟疑impair损害limit(最大或最小的)极限；限度parent-child父母与子女之间的rob剥夺(某人享有的东西等) respect尊敬present存在的lessen减弱，削弱parental父母亲的greedy贪婪的self-centered自私的；以自我为中心的ungrateful不领情的，忘恩负义的insensitive(对他人感情等)感觉迟钝的undermine逐渐损害(或削弱) unlimited不受限制的；无原则的paradoxical看似矛盾的；似是而非的unconsciously无意识地challenged受到挑战的creative有创造力的delay延迟gratification喜悦，满足intent目的；意向respond反应；作出反应crossly生气地，发怒地specific特定的；具体的；明确的cheerfully愉快地allowance津贴earnings(复)赚得的钱cheerfulness愉快，欢乐hesitation犹豫cross坏脾气的，易怒的signal表示，发出信号inner心的，精神上的conflict冲突，矛盾rash匆忙的；轻率的sincerely真诚地pester纠缠；使...烦恼detect发现；查出uncertainly不确定，不明确submissive降服的，顺从的uncover揭开prompt迅速的，爽快的gradual逐步的；逐渐的slip失误，小疏忽eventually最终，最后nagging唠叨，纠缠Proper Names Benjamin Spock本杰明.斯波克Useful Expressions take....for granted认为...理所当然be harmful to对...有害hold down保持(职位)feel guilty about感到羞愧shower with大量给予yearn for渴望stand up to顶住give in让步keep at坚持be bound to一定会Lesson Six Culture ShockCause and Symptoms---Kalvero Oberg Stages of Adjustment---Raymond ZeuschnerWord Listshock冲突；休克symptom症状occupational与职业有关的，职业的anxiety忧虑，焦虑symbol象征，标志intercourse交际，交往cue暗示；信号gesture手势facial脸部的norm标准efficiency效率conscious自觉的；有意识的awareness意识broad-minded心胸开阔的goodwill善意；友好series连续；系列prop支柱，支撑物frustration挫折react作出反应reject拒绝environment环境discomfort不适，不安host主人，东道主grumble抱怨，发牢骚regression回归；倒退tremendous极大的，巨大的irrationally无理性地glorify美化excessive过多的，过度的bedding寝具physical身体的attendant服务员absent-minded心不在焉的dependence依赖resident居民fit突然发作eruption出疹longing渴望，热望individual个人affect影响accustom使习惯于organization组织corporation公司，社团honeymoon蜜月phase阶段perceive感觉；意识到picturesque如画的；生动的entertaining令人愉快的，有趣的superficial表面的appeal吸引力partner伙伴，伴侣crisis危机shine(俚)喜爱；迷恋annoying讨厌的establish建立unpleasantness不愉快realistically现实地；实际地recovery恢复system体制，制度procedure办事惯例；常规nonverbal非语言的mastery熟练，精通grocery(复)食品杂货currency货币unique独特的aspect方面function尽职责，起作用automatically无意识地，不自觉地conversion转换，转化locate位于accompany伴随relatively相对地adjust调整initial最初的regard看法readjust再调整adapt使适应original原来的，最早的Proper NamesKalvero Oberg卡尔沃罗.欧博格Raymond Zeuschner雷蒙.朱奇纳Useful Expressionssuffer from患有，苦于take on获得；呈现wear off逐渐消失try out试用；试行；实验stick with遵守familiar with熟悉adjust to适应adapt oneself to适应Lesson Seven The Model Millionaire (I) ----Oscar WildeWord Listmillionaire百万富翁wealthy富有的romance浪漫故事profession职业unemployed失业的permanent永久的；固定的attractive有心引力的ill-natured脾气坏的wonderfully令人惊叹地，极其good-looking好看的，漂亮的clear-cut轮廓分明的，清晰的sword剑volume卷；册looking-glass镜子stock股票；股份exchange交易；交易所butterfly蝴蝶；时髦的人；见异思迁的人sherry雪利酒delightful令人愉快的，可爱的engagement订婚rare罕见的，稀少的freckled长雀斑的brush画笔eagerly热切地artistic艺术的restful平静的well-dressed衣着讲究的finishing最后的，结束的touch(最后修饰的)一笔，笔画life-size与真人一样大小的beggar-man男乞丐beggar乞丐wizened干瘪的；干枯的wrinkled布满皱纹的patched打补丁的battered破的astonishing令人惊讶的shilling先令guinea几尼(等于1.05英镑的币值单位)；1663-1812年英国发行的一种金币manual手工的pity怜悯，同情studio画室；照相馆；电影制片厂slip悄悄放入startle吃惊；惊愕blushing脸红Proper Names Oscar Wilde奥斯卡.王尔德Hughie Erskine休吉.厄斯金Laura Merton劳拉.默顿Holland Park荷兰公园Alan Trevor艾伦.特里沃Rembrandt伦勃朗Useful Expressionsbe popular with受欢迎be tired of厌倦on account of因为give away捐献go to sb求助于live on靠...充饥be sought after受欢迎wouldn’t hear of反对see about sth考虑blame...for归咎于Lesson Eight The Model Millionaire (II) ----Oscar WildeWord Listframe给...设框heap堆rag(复)破旧衣服frock coat19世纪男子所穿的一种方领角的长外衣poverty贫穷offer提供之物heartless无情的，残酷的reform改革，改变private私人的whim怪念头儿，奇想suit套装baron男爵；巨头，大亨astonished吃惊的roar吼叫dress穿衣unlucky倒霉的devil魔鬼monsieur先生(用于法国男士人名前)apology道歉slight轻微的bow鞠躬stammer结结巴巴地说Proper NamesBaron Hausberg霍斯伯格男爵Russia俄罗斯Monsieur Gustave Naudin古斯塔夫.诺丁先生Useful Expressionshave the honour of...有幸做...care for愿意要；愿意做fall/break to bits变得或摔得粉碎mean to do有意做...not...for anything绝不burst into爆发出；突然闯入make a fool of出洋相to begin with首先in high spirits兴致勃勃it never entered one’s mind that......从未想到...Lesson Nine Only Three More Days ----William L. ShirerWord Listpassport护照exit出去，离去visa签证permission许可，准许solution解决方法risky冒险的stamp盖章于civilian平民的；民用的censor(书刊、报纸、电影等)审查官dispatch急件；快件airfield机场approve批准；认可seal印章tempt冒....风险hard-nosed(口)精明的；执拗的，倔强的flush冲洗calculate估计，确信customs(复)海关prestige威望，声望suspect令人怀疑的gamble孤注一掷；赌inspection检查ministry部entry条目，项目cancel取消belongings(复)财产；所有物chalk用粉笔写、画rudely粗暴地half-dozen半打，六个snap厉声地说airline航空公司；航线safely安全地postpone推迟，延搁departure离开，出发survive经历...后仍然活着，残存horror恐怖mindless愚蠢的；没头脑的suppression压制，镇压Proper NamesWilliam L. Shirer威廉.L.希雷Gestapo盖世太保(纳粹德国时期的秘密警察)Third Reich(德意志)第三帝国(指希特勒统治下的德国)General Staff参谋部Nazi纳粹High Command统帅部；最高指挥官Lufthansa(德国)汉莎航空公司Lisbon里斯本Portugal葡萄牙Barcelona巴塞罗那Jew犹太人Czech捷克人Pole波兰人Hitler希特勒Nazism纳粹主义Useful Expressionslimit...to仅限于hold up中断(延误，耽搁=delay)figure out搞清楚，想清楚lay out摊开smell out察觉sit up (and take notice)(口)吃惊，吓一跳；警觉get oneself into卷入all the way一路上put up with忍受work out结果Lesson Ten The Washwoman ----I. B.SingerWord Listwashwoman(美)洗衣妇(英washerwoman) laundry待洗的衣服sickly多病的，不健康的ancestor祖先，先辈accumulate积累polished打磨亮的neatly整洁地iron熨烫find发现物(尤指有价值和贵重之物)bedclothes(复)被褥，寝具(床单、毯子等) scrub用力擦洗washtub洗衣盆，洗濯盆rinse以清水冲洗washing洗衣服用的，清洗用的soda苏打soak浸湿，泡drying晾干aged年老的bless为......祝福，使祝福burden负担bear负担，承担bitterness痛苦，悲伤altar圣坛faithless背信弃义的，不忠实的insult侮辱sacrifice牺牲harsh艰苦的，恶劣的icy结冰的heat加热dear昂贵的severe严酷的teapot茶盖arthritis关节炎strangely奇怪地，异常地stubbornness坚定，坚强donkey驴子creation创作；创作物puff(空气、烟雾等的)一般gigantic巨大的unload卸下，放下utter说，讲priest教师，神父Himself上帝wash洗濯物blessing祝福good利益，好处cross用右手在胸前划十字indomitable不可征服的，不屈的property财产rightful合法的fulfill完成undertake承揽，接受sphere围，领域holy神圣的tongue语言paradise乐园Proper Names I.B.Singer I.B.辛格Gentile非犹太人Useful Expressionshave contact with...与......联系count out数出be blessed with具有use up用完beyond the limits越出，超出(围、限度) live to be活至......from side to side左右(摇摆) as though似乎send for请来speak of表达regardless of不顾Lesson Eleven How I Served My Apprenticeship ----Andrew CarnegieWord Listapprenticeship见习；学徒(期间) preceding在先的，在前的boyhood童年assist帮助breadwinner挣钱养家者desire渴望engine引擎，发动机apprentice学徒；见习生handloom手工织布机decline衰落；下降distressed苦恼的resolve决定，决心council会议bobbin线轴，线筒preparation准备subsequent随后的，后来的sum金额；总数genuine真正的outweigh比...更重；比...更有价值slavery奴隶状态，奴役lad小伙子rise起床release放行，释放boiler锅炉，汽锅cellar地下室，地窖machinery(集)机器；机械装置strain紧，压力try试验steamgauge蒸汽压力表bright高兴的，愉快的bind绑，扎account账目，账plain清楚的；明白的hand笔迹，书法workshop车间clerking记账工作evil罪恶humble简陋的attend看管，照顾governess家庭教师tutor导师，老师guardian监护人，保护人angel天使saint圣人perplexing使人困惑的；令人费解的emulation竞争；效法interest利益sympathize同情congratulate庆祝，庆贺rank阶层eminent著名的，卓越的self-reliant依靠自己的；信赖自己的spring涌现immortal不朽的人物heritage遗产universal普遍的abolish废除；消除industrious勤劳的，刻苦的self-denying忘我的；自我牺牲的virtue优点，美德Proper NamesAndrew Carnegie安德鲁.卡耐基Scotland苏格兰Pittsburgh匹兹堡Scotsman苏格兰人Useful Expressionsblow to pieces炸毁make out开(支票、账单等)count for有价值free from不受......约束in the common interest of为了......共同利益resolve that...决定find oneself doing sth发现自己在做......relieve sb of减轻sympathize with同情Lesson Twelve A Friend of the Environment ----John HartleyWord Listtramp步行，徒步穿过woods(复)树林tampering干预的，干涉的reach围dam筑坝拦...course路线；道路interference干涉sound发出；使发声endanger威胁indiscriminate不加选择的，任意的pesticide杀虫剂，农药title题目，标题springtime春天，春天的时候man-made人为的，人造的threaten威胁insect昆虫controversy争论，争议enthusiasm热情commonplace平凡的，老生常谈的avid急切的，渴望的appreciative有鉴赏力的reader读者imaginative有想象力的，想象力丰富的fire刺激，激起imagination想象力sophomore大学二年级学生redirect重新指向agency机构；代理处gull鸥whale鲸whet磨快extensive数量大的；数目多的focus(注意、兴趣等的)中心，集中点crab蟹turtle海龟，甲鱼ultimately最后formal正式的academic学术的thrill使震颤，使激动layman外行人，门外汉best-seller畅销书consecutive连续不断的magic魔力，魔法informative增进知识的；增长见识的preachy说教的exhilarating使人愉快的ignorance无知publication出版numerous无数的increasingly逐渐地；渐增地alarm警告endlessly不断地；无穷尽地recycle重新利用poisonous有毒的cycle循环revoltingly令人作呕地，使人反感地grisly恐怖的，可怕的vicious邪恶的bait以饵引诱worm虫子fatten养肥maggot蛆variable变化的，可变的fish钓鱼observations(复)观察confirm证实concentration浓缩；浓度；集中物opposition反对persist坚持salvo(火炮的)齐射Proper NamesJohn Hartley约翰.哈特利Pennsylvania宾夕法尼亚Rachel Carson雷切尔.卡森John Masefield约翰.梅斯菲尔德Chesapeake Bay切萨皮克湾Caribbean加勒比海DDT双对铝本家三氯乙烷，滴滴涕(一种杀虫剂) Shakespeare莎士比亚Hamlet哈姆雷特Useful Expressions be at ease with轻松find out发现be aware of知道stir up引起be acquainted with接触，认识break down分解remind of令...回忆，想起all over到处persist in坚持know of听说be connected to有关联sound a warming发出警告Lesson Thirteen Who Shall Dwell? ----H.C.NealWord Listdwell居住；生存half-listen似听非听shed棚，小屋abruptly突然地bomb炸弹alert警报missile导弹launch发射head朝特定方向行进verified经证实的tune调整收音机至某一频率；收听ashen灰色的，灰白色的blurt脱口而出loathing厌恶，憎恶dispatch派遣，发送nuclear原子核的，核的weapon武器shelter避难所drill军事训练；操练rehearsal演习，排练bearing举止，态度youngster儿童，少年hustle催促；猛推tersely简捷地；简要地slide使滑动headboard床头板crisp凉爽的fall(美)秋天latch用门闩关上refuge避难所Christian基督徒showdown摊牌contend坚决主；断言religious宗教的pap无实质容的东西retort反驳，驳斥primary主要的，首要的protest反驳；申明；抗议purify净化，使纯净thy(古)你的ark方舟scoff嘲弄，嘲笑sureness千真万确，确实pounding重击声urgent紧急的ram撞击工具，撞夯batter捶打，击reasonably合理地relentlessly持续地evenly平静地，冷静地stun使震惊plea恳求，请求thrust猛推，挤hastily匆忙地，急切地newcomer新来者marvel惊讶，惊异unlatch打开(门闩)surge涌来block阻塞，阻碍shove推挤bar闩(门、窗等)babble唠叨incoherently语无伦次地；不连贯地utterly完全地；彻底地panic-stricken极度受惊的grin露齿而笑reassuringly安慰地devotion热爱，挚爱blast炸eternity永恒；不朽Proper Names H.C.Neal H.C.尼尔Bible《圣经》Noah诺亚Useful Expressions keep (radio) tuned for收听(广播)look...in the eye直视，正视be squared away使...就绪typical of...是...的特征make it plain明确说明warn sb of警告(某人)see no need for认为没有必要can’t call oneself...不称职turn ... out轰出；开除break down推到；克服(障碍)Lesson Fourteen Cipher in the Snow----Jean E. MizerWord Listcipher零(即0)；密码；无足轻重的人biting刺骨的snowy下雪的short突然stumble跌绊snowbank雪堆，雪堤curb马路沿hollow凹陷的scared惊慌的，恐慌的quiet平静下来half-whisper低语principal校长favorite最喜爱的mutter轻声低语，喃喃而语blindly盲目地，无目的地stepfather继父untie解开apron围裙dumb哑的obituary讣告bare光的，空白的mock使(努力、力量等)无效，使挫折；嘲笑，愚弄legally合法地，在法律上adopt收养half-brother同母异父兄弟，或同父异母兄弟timid胆小的attack攻击；抨击uncooperative不合作的learner学习者slow-witted笨的，反应慢的resilience恢复力，回弹typewriter打字机slam使劲关，怦然关闭skinny瘦削的，无肉的faded褪色的veil以纱遮掩exclude排除，不包括believing相信他人的；信以为实的undoubtedly无疑student-body学生机构committee委员会lead铅resolution决心scrounge四处搜寻unfamiliar陌生的，不熟悉的nobody无足轻重的人Proper Names Jean E. Mizer简.E.迈泽Milford Corners米尔福德街区Cliff Evans克里夫.埃文斯I.Q.智商Useful Expressions stop short中途停下，停止come to a stop停下；刹车in person亲自in...mind’s eye有...印象；想像say nothing about一字不提move in搬进spread out摊开as far as... know/can tell就...所知go about doing sth处理某事物point out指出Lesson Fifteen Bribery-An Inevitable Evil? ----David CottonWord Listbribery贿赂行为ethics道德规syllabus课程；教学大纲tempt引诱，吸引corruption腐败soft-drink软饮料overseas海外的potential潜在的negotiation谈判substantial大的，可观的bribe贿赂licence,license(英/美)许可，特许bureaucratic官僚的，繁文缛节的manufacturer制造业者accuse控诉，告发slush fund用以行贿官员等的钱questionable不正当的，可疑的purchaser买主，购买者pad添加；增补；扩充，填塞commission回扣；佣金；委员会additional额外的，另外的discount折扣，打折number编号allegation(有待证实的)指控withdraw撤回wheeling-dealing激烈甚至不择手段的grease使滑润，使顺利；贿赂palm手掌commercial商业的revelation泄露，显示securities股票，有价证券dubious可疑的facilitate使容易；使便利category类别secure获得，得到contract合同conglomerate大型联合企业presidential总统的candidate竞选者，候选人investigation调查violation违反anti-trust反垄断的finance提供经费overthrow推翻；颠覆Marxist马克思主义的adviser顾问，建议者arms兵器，武器petrochemical石油化学制品court法庭，法院witness证人；目击者claim声称go-between中间人；媒人clinch确定；使得到最后解决bureaucracy官僚政治machinery(集)机械；机器bibliophile藏书家edition版本slip偷偷塞quick-witted反应灵敏的appendix(复appendices)附录deal交易passage通过ensure保证tender投标selective选择的cargo货物sterile消毒的；无效的penicillin盘尼西林shipment装载(或交运)的货物phial小药瓶thereby(正式)因此formulate规划(制度等)code法规；准则outlaw取缔；宣布..违法favour支持，赞成conduct经营(方式)ban禁止，严禁fee费用propose提议，建议administer执行，实施unfortunately不幸地enforce执行delegate代表，受委托者impose实施community团体web网络exaggeration夸square(口语，与with连用)符合，相一致Proper NamesDavid Cotton大卫.柯顿British Leyland英国莱兰汽车公司Swizerland瑞士Chrysler Corporation克莱斯勒公司U.S.Securities and Exchange Commission美国证券交易属Chile智利Salvadore Allende萨尔瓦多.阿连德Iran伊朗International Chambers of Commerce国际商会Lord Shawcross肖克洛斯勋爵Useful Expressionsbe tempted to do sth受...诱惑on the increase增加break into闯进stand by遵守speed up加快accused of被控犯有...罪hit upon(偶然)发现，想到consist of由...组成in private私下，秘密Lesson Sixteen A Social Event ----William IngeWord Listcharacter(文学作品等)人物、角色promising有希望的，有前途的abundant很多的，丰富的minimum极少量的，最小的taste品味worriedly焦急地，焦虑地robe睡袍pace慢慢走；步行测量buzzer蜂音器cook厨师light点燃wink瞬间honey亲爱的slight蔑视(某人)，轻视，怠慢old-timer(口)老资格的人；老手complimentary夸奖的，赞美的afterthought后来添加的东西；后来想到的事物dial拨号oversight疏忽，失察overlook忽视interview面试humility谦卑，谦逊outfit(为某一目的所需要的)服装stunning令人吃惊的sleeve袖子cocktail鸡尾酒会practically实际上infant幼儿，婴儿damn该死depressed忧郁的，沮丧的landmark里程碑humble谦卑的crash(未经邀请或无票)擅自参加，擅自出席prominent杰出的，卓越的pull费力horrify(口)使惊讶；使惊吓maid女仆tray托盘，盘子superiority优越性，优势canyon峡谷near-royalty皇亲mama(口)母亲，妈妈gee哎呀appeal对......有吸引力sarcasm讽刺，挖苦，嘲笑yah呦(表示嘲笑、轻蔑、不耐烦等) folks(复)人们you folks各位，大伙(友好、亲热的称呼) dandy(口)极好的exit退出，出去respective各自的pressing压平solemn庄严的，严肃的occasion场合awfully非常地housekeeper管家democratic大众的；民主的curtain幕；落幕Proper NamesWilliam Inge威廉.英奇Randy Brooks兰蒂.布鲁克斯Carole Mason卡罗.梅森Muriel缪里尔Scotty Woodrow斯格蒂.伍德罗Sandra桑德拉Don唐Debby德比Chris克里斯Disneyland迪士尼乐园Queen Elizabeth伊丽莎白女王Vicent文森特Cadillac卡迪拉克Useful Expressionscome on the scene到来；问世in the interests of为了...利益mean...to对...重要start out开始get on with相处look one’s best显现最佳状态appeal to对...有吸引力jump into action立即行动find a away(for sb) to do sth 想出办法做...get out of逃避。
版自考英语二课文中英文对照
第1课T e x t AText A Critical ReadingCritical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement. Critical reading is active reading. It involves more than just understanding what an author is saying. Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying. Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.批判性地阅读批判性阅读适合于那种作者提出一个观点或试图陈述一个说法的纪实类写作。
批判性阅读是积极阅读。
它不仅仅包括理解作者说了些什么，还包括质疑和评价作者的话，并对此形成自己的观点。
成为一名批判性阅读者需要做到以下几点。
Consider the context of what is written. You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context than (=from) yours. Or, you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours. In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author.考虑写作背景。
自考英语二重点单词第一单元
综合英语二重点单词：unit1 What Is a Decision?1.decision [di'sizhən] ：n.决定, 决心, 判断；果断, 坚决；决议2.choice [chaois] n.选择, 挑选；供选择的东西；入选者, 被选中的东西adj.上等的; 精选的3.among [ə'manŋ]介词prep. (表示范围)在…之内, 为…所分享[共有], 在…一类之中, 是…中之一, 在…群中4.made from由…制成（看不出原材料）5.making a decision作出决定6.alternative [ao:l'tə:nətiv]adj.两者择一的, 供替代的；不寻常的, 非传统性的；非正统的n.取舍, 抉择, 可供选择的事物；选择的余地, 可供选择的机会7.course[kao:s] n.课程；进程, 过程；航向, 航线；一道菜8.action ['ækshən]n.行动, 活动；所做之事, 行为；情节；作用, 功能9.available [ə'veiləbl]adj.可用的或可得到的；可会见的, 可与之交谈的10.p urpose ['pə:pəs]n.目的; 意图；作用;用途; 效果；意志; 毅力; 决心vt.有意, 打算11.e stablish [is'tæblish] vt. 建立, 成立；安置；确定, 证实12.a chieve [ə'chi:v] vt. 取得, 获得；实现, 达到, 完成13.o rganizational [,aoɡənai'zeishənəl] 形容词adj. 1.组织的13. goal [ɡəul] n.目的，目标；得分进球，球门14.objective[əb'zhektiv]n.目标; 目的adj.客观的; 不带偏见的15. reason ['ri:zən] n. 理由; 原因；理性, 理智vt. & vi推理; 思考；争辩16. make a decision 作出决定17. exist[iɡ'zist] vi. 存在, 有；生存, 活下来, 幸存18. standing ['stændiŋ] adj.永久的,长期使用的；直立的,站着的n.名望,身份,地位；持续时间stand [stænd]n. 抵抗, 抵御vi. 1．坐落, 位于 2．维持原状; 保持效力3．停着 vt. 竖放；忍耐; 忍受; 经得起, 受得起vt. & vi. 站立, (使)直立, 站着vi. & link v. 处于某种状态link v. 高度为…19. in the way造成不便或阻碍20. accomplish [ə'kaomplish] vt.完成, 实现, 做成功21. thus [ðas] adv.以此方式, 如此, 这样；其结果是, 因此, 于是22. decision-making决策(的)23. process ['prəuses] n.过程, 进程；工序, 制作法vt.加工; 处理vi.列队行进24. fundamental [,fandə'mentəl] adj基本的; 重要的, 必要的n.基本原则, 基本法则25. management ['mænizhmənt] n.(企业等的)管理, 经营；管理人员,管理部门; 资方；与人交往的技巧, 手腕26. manager ['mænizhə] n.经理, 管理人；以某种方式管理人、家庭钱财等的人involve[in'vaolv]vt. 使某事物成为必要条件或结果; 需要；使参与,牵涉almost ['ao:lməust]adv. 几乎, 差不多, 差一点; 将近27.indeed [in'di:d] adv的确, 确实；甚至, 其实；确实, 实在；真是,28.suggest [sə'zhest] vt.建议, 提议；暗示；使想起although conj. 1.尽管, 虽然, 即使2.但是, 然而[ao:l'ðəu]29. predict [pri'dikt] vt. & vi. 预言; 预测; 预示30. future ['fju:chə] adj将来的, 未来的n. 将来, 未来, 今后；前途, 前景；期货31. require [ri'kwaiə] vt.有赖于…;需要；命令, 指示；要求, 规定；想要32. consider [kən'sidə] vt. & vi. 考虑vt. 把…看作, 认为；关心, 体谅, 顾及33. possible ['paosəbl] adj.可能的, 可能存在[发生, 做到]的; 潜在的；也许(会发生)的；可接受的, 合适的34. event[i'vent] n. 事件, 大事；运动项目35. guess [ɡes] vt. & vi.猜vt.猜对, 猜中；想, 以为n.猜测, 估计,36. chance [chɑ:ns] n.机会; 时机；某事发生的可能性；无任何可见到的或可了解的原因而发生的情况; 碰运气的事; vi.偶然发生；冒险37. uncertainty [an'sə:tnti:] n.无把握;不确定;变化不定；无把握、不确定的事物38. risk [risk] n. 危险(性), 风险；引起危险的事物vt. 冒险; 冒…险39.accompany [ə'kampəni]vt. 陪伴, 陪同；伴随…同时发生；伴奏40. consequence ['kaonsikwəns]n. 结果, 后果；重要(性), 重大41.slight [slait]adj. 微小的, 轻微的, 微不足道的；不结实的, 纤弱的;脆弱的n. 轻蔑, 忽视; 冷落vt. 轻蔑, 忽视, 怠慢42. serious ['siəriəs]adj. 严重的, 非同小可；认真的; 真诚的；严肃的, 庄重的43.opportunity [,aopə'tju:niti]n. 机会, 时机44. select [si'lekt]vt. 选择; 挑选adj. 1．精选的, 挑选出来的 2．限制性的, 选择严格的45.process ['prəuses]n. 过程, 进程；工序, 制作法vt. 加工; 处理vi. 列队行进alternative[ao:l'tə:nətiv]adj. 两者择一的, 供替代的；不寻常的, 非传统性的；非正统的n. 取舍, 抉择, 可供选择的事物；选择的余地, 可供选择的机会46. choose [chu:z] vt. & vi. 挑选; 选择；选定, 决定；喜欢;宁愿choosing 选择,决定47. choice [chaois]n. 选择, 挑选；供选择的东西；入选者, 被选中的东西adj. 上等的; 精选的broad [brao:d]adj. 宽的, 阔的;range [reinzh]n. 一系列；变化幅度, 范围；射程, 距离；(山)脉in order to (为了…)implement ['implimənt]vt. 使生效, 贯彻, 执行n. 工具, 器具, 用具obtain [əb'tein]vt. 获得, 得到; 买到vi. 通行; 流行college ['kaolizh]n. 大学, 学院; 高等专科学校degree [di'ɡri:]n. 学位constraint[kən'streint]n. 强制; 限制, 约束；强制, 强迫base on使建立在…基础上,立足policy ['paoləsi]n. 政策, 方针；策略, 精明的行为, 上策；保险单procedure [prə'si:zhə]n. 程序, 步骤；手续precedent['presidənt] n.范例, 判例and the like adv. 1.等等2.以及诸如此类;诸如此类constraint[kən'streint]n. 强制; 限制, 约束；强制, 强迫exist[iɡ'zist]vi. 存在, 有；生存, 活下来, 幸存level ['levl]n. 水平线, 水平面; 水平高度；数量, 强度；水平, 等级organization [,ao:ɡənai'zeishən]n. 团体, 机构；组织；组织性, alternative [ao:l'tə:nətiv]adj. 两者择一的, 供替代的；不寻常的, 非传统性的；非正统的n. 取舍, 抉择, 可供选择的事物；选择的余地, 可供选择的机会possible ['paosəbl] adj. 可能的, 可能存在[发生, 做到]的; 潜在的；也许(会发生)的；可接受的, 合适的course [kao:s]n. 课程；进程, 过程；航向, 航线；action ['ækshən]n. 行动, 活动；所做之事, 行为；情节；作用, 功能choice[chaois]n. 选择, 挑选；供选择的东西；入选者, 被选中的东西adj. 上等的; 精选的therefore ['ðεəfao:]adv. 因此, 为此, 所以；故…;由此得出thorough ['θarə]adj.彻底的；十足的；考虑周到的examine [iɡ'zæmin]vt. 仔细检查；考试, 对…进行考核；审查, 审问treat[ tri:t]n. 款待, 招待vt. 对待, 看待, 处理either ['aiðə] pron.(两者之中)任何一个adj.(两者中)任一的simplify['simplifai] vt.使(某事物)简单[简明]; 简化complex ['kaompleks] adj.由许多部分组成的, 复合的；复杂的, 难懂的n.综合体, 集合体；〈心〉情结, 夸大的情绪反应tendency ['tendənsi] n.倾向, 趋势blind [blaind]adj.失明的, 瞎眼的；视而不见的, 盲目的vt.使看不见；使失去判断力或理解力n.窗帘, 百叶窗managerial [,mæni'zhiəri:əl]adj.经理的;管理上的。
自考综合英语课文翻译、历年考题及课后答案1-05
Lesson Five Are you Giving Your Kids Too Much?1 While traveling for various speaking engagements, I frequently stay overnight in the home of a family and am assigned to one of the children's bedrooms. In it, I often find so many playthings that there's almost no room - for my small toilet kit. And the closet is usually so tightly packed with clothes that I can barely squeeze in my jacket.2 I'm not plaining, only making a point. I think that the tendency to give children an overabundance of toys and clothes is quite mon in American families, and I think that in far too many families not only do children e to take their parents' generosity for granted, but also the effects of this can actually be somewhat harmful to children.3 Of course, I'm not only thinking of the material possessions children are given. Children can also be overindulged with too many privileges - for example, when parents send a child to an expensive summer camp that the parents can't really afford.4 Why parents give their children too much, or give things they can't afford? I believe there are several reasons.5 One fairly mon reason is that parents overindulge their children out of a sense of guilt. Parents who both hold down full-time jobs may feel guilty about the amount of time they spend away from their children[0804:64] and may attempt to pensate by showering them with material possessions.6 Other parents overindulge because they want their children to have everything they had while growing up, along with those things the parents yearned for but didn't get. Still others are afraid to say no to their children's endless requests for toys for fear that their children will feel unloved or will be ridiculed if they don't have the same playthings their friends have.7 Overindulgence of a child also happens when parents are unable to stand up to their children's unreasonable demands.[0907:61; 1001:61] Such parents vacillate between saying no and giving in - but neither response seems satisfactory to them. If they refuse a request, they immediately feel a wave of remorse for having been so strict or ungenerous. If they give in, they feel regret and resentment over having been a pushover.[0610:44] This kind of vacillation not only impairs the parents' ability to set limits, it also sours the parent-child relationship to some degree, robbing parents and their children of some of the happiness and mutual respect that should be present in healthy families.8 But overindulging children with material things does little to lessen parental guilt [0907:32] (since parents never feel that they've given enough), nor does it make children feel more loved (for what children really crave is parents’ time and attention). Instead, the effects of overindulgence can be harmful. Children may, to some degree, bee greedy, self-centered, ungrateful and insensitive to the needs and feelings of others, beginning with their parents. When children are given too much, it undermines their respect for their parents. In fact, the children begin to sense that a parent's unlimited generosity is not right. The paradoxical result may be that these children will push further, unconsciously hoping that, if they push too hard, they will force their parents into setting limits.9 Also, overindulged children are not as challenged as children with fewer playthings to be more creative in their play. [0607:50] They have fewer opportunities to learn the value of money, and have less experience in learning to deal with a delay in gratification, if every requested object is given on demand.10 The real purpose of this discussion is not to tell parents how much or how little to give totheir children. Rather, my intent is to help those parents who have already sensed that they might be overindulging their children but don't know how to stop.11 Parents who are fortunate enough not to have a problem with feelings of guilt don't need to respond crossly to their children when denying a specific request which is thought to be unreasonable. They can explain, cheerfully, that it's too expensive - except perhaps as a birthday or holiday gift - or that the child will have to contribute to its purchase from an allowance or from the earnings of an outside job. [0310:43]12 It's the cheerfulness and lack of hesitation that impress upon the child that parents mean what they say. A cross response signals that the parents are in inner conflict.[0410:42] In fact, I'll make a rash statement that I believe is true, by and large: Children will abide by what their parents sincerely believe is right. They only begin arguing and pestering when they detect uncertainty or guilt, and sense that their parents can be pushed to give them what they want, if they just keep at it. But the truth is that a child really wants parents to be in control - even if it means saying no to a request - and to act with conviction in a kind and loving fashion.13 But, you may answer, I often am uncertain about whether to give in to many of my children's requests. That doesn't mean you can't change. First you should try to determine what makes you submissive or guilty. Then, even if you haven't uncovered the reason, you should begin to make firm decisions and practice responding to your children's requests in a prompt, definite manner.14 Once you turn over a new leaf, you can't expect to change pletely right away. [1107:34]You are bound to vacillate at times. [0607:43] The key is to be satisfied with gradual improvement, expecting and accepting the occasional slips that e with any change. And even after you are handling these decisions in a firmer and more confident manner, you can't expect your children to respond immediately. For a while they'll keep on applying the old pressures that used to work so well. But they'll eventually e to respect your decisions once they learn that nagging and arguing no longer work. In the end, both you and your children will be happier for it.第五课你给孩子的东西是不是太多？1 当我应邀到各地演说时，常常在别人家过夜，而且往往被安排住在这家孩子的卧室里。
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"By tonight some of us'll be dead!We want it now!"
"Tonight," I said.
Couldn't he understandthat if we waited until night
He'd been in a hundred fights, and they'd Barrett had been able to sleep in fact, he'd slept through most of the night
and I envied him that.
but now as I turned my head to Barrett there was no sign of any ship.
He knelt beside me, holding out the canteen,
his other hand with the gun steady on the men.
and I probably looked as bad as the rest.
Some sprawled over the gunwales, dozing.
The rest watched me as Barrett did, ready to spring the instant I relaxed.
Especially Barrett, who'd been bos'n's mate;
Barrett said in his harsh,cracked voice, "You're a fool, Snyder.
You can't hold out forever!You're half asleep now!"
I aimed the gun at his chest and he sat down again.
I'd grabbed my gun on instinct, twenty days ago,
just before running for the lifeboat.
Nothing else would have kept Barrett and the rest away from the water.
I didn't answer.He was right.How long can a man stay awake?
I hadn't dared to shut my eyes in maybe seventy two hours.
Very soon now I'd doze off,
and the instant that happened they'd jump on the little water that was left.
Now that the storms were over,the Atlantic swells were long and easy,
and the morning sun was hot so hot it scorched your skin.
My own tongue was thick enough to stop my throat.
His eyes wouldn't close.
They kept watching me, narrow and dangerous.
Every now and then he jeered at me in that hoarse,broken voice:
"Why don't you quit? You can't hold out!"
These fools couldn't they see I wanted a drink as badly as any of them?
But I was in command here that was the difference.
I was the man with the gun, the man who had to think.
Somehow I propped myself up on my arms, dizzy and weak.
I looked at the men, and I thought my eyes were going.
Their figures were dim shadowy; but then I realized it wasn't because of my eyes.
I'd have given the rest of my life for a single gulp of water.
But I was the man with the gun the only authority in the boat and I knew this:
once the water was gone we'd have nothing to look forward to but death.
It was night. The sea was black; there were stars overhead.
I'd slept the day away.
So we were in our twenty first night adrift
the night in which the tramp Croton finally picked us up
As the boat rose and fell on the long swells,
I could feel sleep creeping over me like paralysis.
I bent my head.It filled my brain like a cloud.I was going, going...
I was asleep be fore I stopped moving. . .
When a hand shook my shoulder,I could hardly raise my head. .
Jeff Barrett's hoarse voice said, "Here! Take your share o' the water!"
By now we'd all be dead.
The men weren't pulling on the oars.
They'd stopped that long ago, too weak to go on.
The nine of them facing me were a pack of bearded, ragged, half-naked animals,
When they weren't looking at my face they looked at the canteen under my legs.
Jeff Barrett was the nearest one.A constant threat.
The bos's mate was a heavy man, bald, with a scarred and brutal face.
Lyrics: ()
V@
"Take Over, Bos'n!"Oscar Schisgall
Hour after hour I kept the gun pointed at the other nine men.
From the lifeboat's stern, where I'd sat most of the twenty days of our drifting,
Each of the others could afford to think only of himself;
I had to think of them all.
Barrett's eyes kept watching me, waiting. I hated him.
I hated him all the more because he'd slept.
that they'd gladly kill me for those few drops.
As a man I didn't count any more.
I was no longer third officer of the wrecked Montala.
I was just a gun that kept them away from the water they craved.
the few drops wouldn't be sweated out of us so fast
But Barrett was beyond all reasoning.
His mind had already cracked with thirst.
I saw him begin to rise, a calculating look in his eyes.