诗歌 乔叟,Structure of Sir Gawain

(Edgar Allan Poe, "The Raven“, trochaic octameter)
Note:
Foot is not to be confused with meter, though the names for feet end with “-meter”. Meter is based on syllables, indicating how stressed and unstressed syllables are arranged. Foot is applied with a single line, indicating how many meters are employed in that line. Meter+foot =metrical rhythm/versification
e.g. In a somer seson, whan soft was the sonne O Wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn’s being
Rhyme韵，韵脚
Rhyme: sameness of sound between words or syllables, esp. the endings of lines of verse 一般诗歌都是有韵的，主要指尾韵end rhyme

• •
Iambic [ai'æ mbik] (抑扬格)
I saw the sky descending black and white.
Trochaic [trəu'keiik] (扬抑格) Let her live to earn her dinner. • anapestic (抑抑扬)
There are many who say that a dog has his day.
•
•
Dactylic [dæ k'tilik] (扬抑抑) :
Take her up tenderly
foot
Foot: a unit of poetic meter of stressed and unstressed syllable 音步，诗行中的节奏单位，一个音步包括 一个重读音节和一个或几个非重读音节 for ^men / may ^come/ and ^men/ may ^go When ^you are ^old and ^grey and ^full of ^sleep

Meter 格律
A generally regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry. 诗歌中通常的重读音节和非重读音节的排 列模式。 英诗格律主要有以下几种： Iambic, trochaic, anapestic, dactylic
"Upon His Departure Hence":
Dimeter ['dimitə] 二步格



a metrical line of verse with two feet
Take her up \\ tenderly, Lift her \\ with care, Fashioned so \\ slenderly, Young and \\ so fair.

(the first line of Longfellow's "Evangeline)
Heptameter [hep‘tæ mitə] 七步格


A line containing seven metrical feet. (usually fourteen or twenty-one syllables).
Tetrameter [te‘træ mitə] 四音步句 a line of four metrical feet


"Because /I could/ not stop/ for Death" "Peter, Peter, pumpkin-eater“


"And the sheen /of their spears/ was like stars/ on the sea" (Byron, "The Destruction of
Octameter

[ɔk‘tæ mitə] 八步格
a line of eight metrical feet. It is not very common in English verse. e.g.
While I /nodded/, nearly/ napping/, suddenly there /came a/ tapping As of/ some one/ gently/ rapping/, rapping/ at my /chamber/ door
Assonance and consonance
Assonance: rhyme that depends on the similarity between the vowel sounds only 类韵 e.g. grave, cradle Consonance: similarity between the sounds of consonants 辅音韵 e.g. put, pet
尾韵主要有两种：阳韵和阴韵
Masculine and feminine Rhymes


Masculine rhyme /single rhyme 阳韵 a rhyme on a single stressed syllable at the end of a line of poetry. (found/unbound) Feminine rhyme /double rhyme 阴韵 a rhyme that matches two or more syllables, often the final syllable is unstressed. (loving/shoving) 还有一种假韵或眼韵 Eye rhyme (love/move)

Sound/ rhyme 音/韵
The purpose of using rhyme in poetry is not only to articulate the verse, adding vigor and momentum at the line endings, but also to give it a pleasant sound, and to make it easier to remember.

一步格至八步格诗


Monometer
[mɔ'nɔmitə]

单音步诗行
(a line of verse with just one metrical foot)
Thus I Passe by, And die: As one, Unknown, And gone.
Robert Herrick's

Hexameter [hek‘sæ mitə] 六步格 A line consisting of six metrical feet.


It was the standard epic meter in Greek and became standard for Latin too. It has never enjoyed a similar popularity in English, where the standard meter is iambic pentameter.
An example from Lord Byron's Youth and Age:
O
could/ I feel/ as I/ have felt/, or b/ what I/ have been, Or weep/ as I/ could once/ have wept/ o'er many/ a vanish'd scene,-
Thomas Hood's
"Bridge of Sighs:"
Trimeter

wenku.baidu.com
['trimitə] 三步格 a meter of three metrical feet per line
When
here // the spring // we see, Fresh green // upon // the tree.

Stanza节
Stanza: group of (esp. rhyming) lines forming a unit in some types of poem 2-14 lines to make a stanza The minimal form of stanza is the “couplet”, two lines The variety of stanza: heroic couplet, Spenserian stanza, Italian sonnet, English sonnet，etc.
Alliteration 头韵

the repetition of a speech sound in a sequence of nearby words. The term is usually applied only to consonants, and only when the recurrent sound begins a word or a stressed syllable within a word. （词首辅音重复）
•
•
Triplet(三行联句) Terza rima(三行体)：a three-line stanza
linked by rhyme to the next stanza: aba bcb cdc Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind”
English literature
week two
Section 1
Preliminary knowledge of poetry
Syllable 音节
any of the units into which a word may be divided, usu. consisting of a vowel-sound with a consonant before or after. In general, the number of vowels in the word determines the number of syllables 音节，通常由一个元音加上前面或后面的 辅音构成 E.g. “Arithmetic” is a word of four syllables.
Sennacherib")
Pentameter [pen‘tæ mitə] 五步格

a line of verse consisting of five metrical feet.
"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?“ When you/ are old /and grey/ and full/ of sleep The ‘curfew ‘tolls the ‘knell of ‘parting ‘day

stanza
• •
Couplet(双韵，对偶句)： stanza of two lines,
usu. with end-rhymes.
Heroic couplet: a rhyming couplet of iambic
pentameter, for in 18th century England, it is often used in epics.
Down in | old pig
a | deep dark | hole sat an | munching a | bean stalk forest pri | meval. The | pines and the | hemlocks
This is the | |murmuring