四级作文写作第3,4,5讲：段落的扩展

四六级作文写作：段落的扩展

一、段落的组成和特征

1．段落的组成

段落大多由三部分组成：主题句；扩展句；结尾句。段落的构成如下：

主题句一句话来表明作者的观点和态度，或囊括段落内容，突出中心词

或一个句子

段落扩展句用三五句话对段落主题进行发挥（内容清晰详实，条理清楚连贯，紧

扣段落主题

结尾句对段落进行归纳总结,与主题句相辅相成

For example:

Reading provides much pleasure in our life and make our life more colorful. From books, we “see” the beauties of nature, enjoy the treasures of art and “converse” with characters in them.

Reading serves to mold the readers’ temperament and make them have ease of mind. When we fe el tired, reading a humorous book or a novel always makes us feel refreshed and relaxed.

扩展段落常用的方法

四六级统考中，作文的题材大多为论说文，适合于这中题材的段落发展方法主要有：列举或举例法；比较对比法；因果法等。

1．列举或举例法

列举或举例法是段落发展的基本方法，用这种方法发展段落，首先要摆出论点（the topic sentence）, 然后列举一系列的论据对其进行陈述和解释，或用具体事例对其进行说明。如：People may have different attitudes towards criticism. Some people will become annoyed if they are criticized, and they will try to defend themselves by all means. Some people tend to be indifferent to criticism. They just regard criticism as nonsense. But still some people think that criticism will help them realize their shortcomings.

常用于列举或举例法的过渡连接语有：for one thing, for another, for example, for another example; to begin with, first, second, besides, in addition, also, still, moreover, still another, finally, at last, lastly;

按上述方法发展成一段约见50——80词的段落。

1)Increasing your vocabulary can help you in a number of ways.

2)Good dictionary can in some sense serve us as a teacher.

2. 比较——对比法Comparison and contrast

在有的作文测试中，要求考生对两者或三者同类的东西的优缺点进行阐述，并发表个人看法，这种作文要求考生在写作时用比较——对比法。比较对比法一般有两种模式：（1）先叙述甲，再叙述乙，即：A1, A2 , A3; B1, B2, B3…;如：

Both the city and the country have their disadvantages. Air pollution is very serious in the city. Moreover, it is so crowded that many people don’t want to go out. In the coun try, it is inconvenient to buy things. Besides, people can find no way to kill the long and tedious nights.

(2) 双方同时描述，逐点对比，即：A1, B1; A2 , B2; A3, B3; 如：

Ways of expressing good manners are different between America and Japan. For example,

Americans eat with knives and forks; Japanese eat with chopsticks. For another example, Americans say “Hi” when they meet; Japanese bow. Besides, many Americans open doors for women; Japanese men do not. On the surface(superficially), it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan, in fact that’s just the different ways of expressing good manners.

[注]：常用于比较对比法的过渡连接词语有：like, unlike, similarly, in the same way, on the one hand, on the other hand, compared with/to, in contrast to, on the contrary, but, although, whereas, however, while;

Exercise T wo( Using comparison and contrast method)

1.Men and women are equal at home now;

(3) Cause and Effect 因果的方法扩展段落

主题句写所产生的影响或结果，然后提供产生的原因。

There are three reasons why solar energy has not been made use of very widely. First, the cost for building a solar power plant is very high. As a result, the production of one watt of solar energy is more expensive than that of steam power or nuclear power. Second, nature plays a large part in the generation of solar energy. When it is cloudy or rainy, solar power plant can not work. Also, no solar energy is generated at night. Finally, there are not enough qualified technical personnel to run solar power plants. For all these reasons, solar energy has not developed on a large scale in our country。

Exercise: Several factors have contributed to the difficulty in traveling in China

小结：段落写作的步骤可以概括如下：

分析主题句——找出支配思想——列出能直接说明支配思想的要点——将要点扩展成句——选用合适的过渡连接词——成段。

Exercises with suggested words and phrases:

1.Watching TV at home is better than going out to a movie.

提示词: comfortable, convenient, save money, choice of programs, enjoy;

Exercise One: 列举、举例法练习答案：

1.Increasing your vocabulary can help you in a number of ways. Knowing synonyms(同义词), for

example, will enable you to avoid unnecessary repetitions in your compositions and thus make them interesting to read. Also, an increased vocabulary will make your own reading more enjoyable. You will find it much easier to follow the ideas in your story textbook or the newspaper. Furthermo re, with a large vocabulary, you can talk more freely. Whatever company you are in, you will find that you are able to hold the interest of your listeners. Therefore, you must enlarge your vocabulary if you want to communicate with others more effectively.

2.Travelling is a kind of education. For example, visiting places of historic interest can enrich your

knowledge of history. In addition, while traveling, you can learn about many forms and architectures different from your own. In this way, you can broaden your horizon . Finally, traveling may offer you an opportunity to get to know people of different cultures__ their lives, customs, beliefs, etc. so that we may understand them better. No wonder, traveling has become more and more popular all over the world.

3. A good dictionary can in some sense serves us as a teacher. It can tell you the way a word is

pronounced. It can also tell you the meaning or meanings of the word. A good dictionary often