葡萄酒产区及法国红酒文化(Wine producing areas and French wine culture)

葡萄酒产区及法国红酒文化（Wine producing areas and French wineculture）French wine cultureIf tea is an integral part of Chinese culture, then wine is the indispensable part of French culture. Talking French, you have to talk about wine. Since ancient brave seaman put the grapes from the Nile Valley branch and Crete to southern Greece, Sicily and Italy, then it spread to France, grape planting and brewing technology has been improved, the generational ascension and carry forward in this hexagonal soil. The wine culture not only represents the pursuit of the fine and beautiful life of the French people, but also an integral part of French civilization and culture.Martin, a famous French chemist? Ancient Duohua once said: "the wine reflects many things in the history of human civilization, it shows the religion and universe, nature, spirit and life to us. It is an encyclopedia of life and death, sex, aesthetics, society and politics."Wine history and religious legendsWine culture is part of French traditional culture. The Bible refers to wine and vineyards. The production of French wines dates back to the first Century bc. The grape was first grown in the Rhone Valley in southern France, arrived in Bordeaux in second Century. The long tradition of Viticulture and brewing techniques, combined with the latest and most stringent wine making methods, makes French wines more aristocratic. Frenchwine is made entirely from grapes grown in a completely natural environment. Different climate, growing soil, brewing process, storage environment and time will make wine taste distinctive.The symbolism of grapes and wine can be found everywhere in religion. The first miracle about wine created by Jesus in the Kalat wedding, he turned water into wine. "I'm a real grape," Jesus said. "My father was a farmer who grew grapes."." For the disciples of Jesus, the wine was the blood of God's son. In the Eucharist ceremony, grape wine and popular priests. In medieval art, Jesus, who was crucified, was shown like a bunch of grapes under a press. Until eighteenth Century, it was believed that the drinking cocktail turned into blood in the body. In the case of epidemic, all the people will drink evil. The reception was intoxicating. For a long time, drunkenness was sacred to the people. But Christianity opposes drunkenness because the reception of the source of pleasure bites like a venomous snake." In ancient Greece, in addition to musicians and dancers, the rest were not allowed to drink at parties. Ancient Rome man wife of olfactory to investigate whether secretly smell alcohol drink, if it will be killed. Atheism and humanism change the strict precepts of religion. Philosophers Platon and Montaigne both advocated moderate drinking. During the Renaissance, poets praised the creativity of wine. In this period of literature and art works, emperors and princes often appeared in the image of good drinking.French wine is a manifestation of French elegance and embodies French history. Years have changed, wine has undergone profound changes, but the French wine industry has always maintained its own traditional brewing process, French wine has been regardedas the world's classic gourmet.Two, favorable climatic conditionsFrance has an advantage that other countries do not have, and the diversity of the landscape gives each grape region its own characteristics. It has a unique temperate climate and is good for growing grapes. But in different parts of the country, the climate and the soil are different. Hundreds of grapes can be grown in france. The most famous varieties of Wine brewing white Chardonnay and Su Weinong, brewed red Wine Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, caramel and hylo. Wines from different regions have different qualities and tastes. The 6 factors that determine the quality of wine are grape variety, climate, soil, humidity, vineyard management and brewing techniques. The same kind of grapes, if on the hillside with the foot of the mountain, for example, the temperature drop in sea level rise, have delayed picking time, in addition, sunshine time is also very important, while too little acid, too much is sweet, the French government from flowering to picking grapes between sunshine hours for 1300 hours; similarly, if the soil quality is different, the more barren, Wine better. Fertile land, grape sugar content is too high. Humidity is also important: you can make good wine by looking at the rivers. These factors determine the French Wine is famous in the world, and the yield has been ranked in the world. In terms of population and geographical area, France is a big country in wine production.Two. Classification of winesWine is made from fresh grape fruit or fruit juice and fermentedby complete or partial alcohol fermentation. According to the brewing method, can be roughly divided into:1, wine: (quiet wine): 20 degrees of non sparkling wine.Red wine: after picking, together with the grape skin, it is pressed and brewed. The wine comes from the color of the grape skin. In general, red wine is made from red grapes and purple grapes.White wine: only grape juice, not grape skin, is usually made from white grapes or green grapes. Usually wine is generally referred to as quiet wine.2. Sparkling wine: usually champagne, a wine made from two fermentation processes. Because of the appellation of origin, only the sparkling wine produced in the French Champagne region can be called "champagne". Other sparkling wines can not be called champagne. They can only be called sparkling wine.3. Distilled wine: a wine made from distilled liquors. Is to say, Cognac and XO belong to this category.Three. French wine producing areas and varietiesFrench wines have many varieties, almost all in the valleys or sunny regions. From the south to the north, it can be divided into ten major wine producing areas. Is best known for producing areas in Bordeaux, Burgundy, champagne, long river valley areas, the Burgundy region, Alsace region. Which Bordeaux to produce full-bodied wine is known, while Burgundy is producing lightand refreshing wine with elegant type liquor is champagne sparkling wine brewing is world famous, elegant and romantic.France is the world's most wine producing countries, mainly white wine, rose red wine and red wine, of which the most important is red wine. Whether it's red wine, white wine, pink wine, champagne, sparkling wine, each wine stands for a wine and country beauty with a different temperament and personality"In order to ensure the quality of wine production and brand advantages,France has a strict and perfect wine classification and quality management system. Wines are divided into four grades: statutory areas, AOC, VDQS, VINS, DE, PAYS and VINS DE (TABLE). Each province has a tradition of brewing wine. The French origin naming authority provides a reliable guarantee for the source and quality of the wines.Four. Wine culture in FranceMention wine, you can not help but talk about the French romantic wine culture. French wine culture has a long history.A French proverb says, "opening a bottle of wine is like opening a book."." In France, Wine is a beverage, but is not a simple drink, but carrying the history, but also embodies the elegant culture. French wine with cultural heritage, like a poetic River, spreads French wine culture around the world. To the French, wine has life, so people give special respect to grapes and wine. In the vineyard, the outermost layer is not grapes,but flowers, as if they were colored necklaces for the vineyards. The vineyard owner likes to use young branches or old vines, these sentimental words to describe their vines. The consensus among the wine makers is that wine, like human beings, has the process of birth, growth and aging, and it is a living liquid. When young, slightly sour taste, then gradually mature, exudes vitality, taste mellow.The French wine culture is mainly embodied in two aspects: one is the knowledge of drinking itself, and the other is wine related activities.1, wine tasting knowledgeHow can a wine be kept and how a product can be expressed by every Frenchman?. Because wine is humanized, it requires a quiet environment and constant temperature, preferably placed in a cellar or storage room, and kept dry inside. Ordinary red wine is stored for no more than 10 years, and high-grade wines can be kept for about 20 years. The wine cellar was mysteriously, and the cellar owners even thought that the night could listen to the dialogue between the young wine that had just entered the cellar and the old wine that had been in storage for a long time.In the wine tasting even ordinary dinner drink, also have "program", the owner or the waiter opened a bottle of Wine, first briefed the guests in the origin and characteristics of Wine, then pour a little wine for the guest, please he tasted get approval, to all of the guests zhenjiu. Tasting is not difficult, as long as we know how to do it. To use our senses:eyes, nose, mouth, to observe and feel. The result is a full sense of the senses to feel the balance of wine and its complexity.First, look at the color, and use your eyes to see the color of the wine and its delicacy.After looking at the appearance, you can gently remove the bottle stopper, be careful not to shake the wine bottle, pour a small amount of red wine into a clear and transparent tulip goblet, and then drop to about 5 centimeters from the cup foot. In the bright light, hold the cup or the bottom of the cup, lean 45 degrees, and look at the white background to observe the appearance and color of the wine. The appearance of red wine is evaluated mainly in terms of color, clarity, concentration, and luster. For red wines of good quality,Its clarity, brightness and luster are the first impression and the basic quality of good wine. The new wine color clear, slightly yellow wine. Look at the side of the wine cup by 45 degrees. At this point, there is a layer of water between the wine and the cup wall. The wider it shows, the higher the alcohol is.Then a. Put the cup under your nose to appreciate the natural smell of the wine, then shake the cup and let out the aroma of the wine. The smell of wine before a breath of fresh air, and then hold the cup feet, put the cup into the tip angle of 45 degrees in the cup of the original wine smell smell, this delicate and pleasing, elegant fragrance will be scented. Sniff briefly, not long enough to inhale deeply. In the absence ofshaking wine, smell the wine, the perceived smell is the "first smell" of wine, turn the wine glass, shake, and quickly smell the wine released, this is the "second" smell of wine".Finally, taste, wine in your mouth, taste to supplement the smell, feel the acidity of wine, three-dimensional sense, as well as wine frame. Wine tasting is something that goes with taste buds. Put the cup between your lips, press down the lower lip, head slightly back, and drink the wine into the mouth. Wine tends to sip slowly. Let the wine flip in the mouth with the tongue, pondering again, let the wine on the tongue or tongue dissolve, wine wrap and roll it in the mouth, but also to "chew", let every taste buds are fully open, as well as its emotional flavor and sweet and sour. Often feel the taste of each blend: sweet, sweet is called "dry", the early termination of fermented wine left some natural sugar, tongues obviously feel they belong to sugar, sweet to very sweet wine; sour, on both sides of the tongue and jaw feel astringent, red Wine tannic acid; the highest content, dry feeling is strong; the taste of alcohol, liquor into the throat, will be filled with a warm air. The more alcohol, the stronger the warmth.In addition to knowing how to taste wine, the combination of food and wine is also a science in france. The French are a bit too particular about what to drink and what to drink. Champagne and white Wine for an aperitif before meals, buffet and soup can be used Wine white or rose Wine sukeyuki, white Wine with salad, foie gras, seafood dishes, red Wine ham, beef, poultry and other meat venison dishes, spicy cheese wine, mild cheese with white Wine. Finally, dessert can drink sweet white Wine. Is generally low wine is often used with fish, most of the cheeseand Wine have balanced collocation, if the dessert with champagne would be considered wrong collocation.2, rich French wine culture activitiesIn France, there are countless festivals associated with wine. The vineyards concentrated picturesque, on the slopes of grape leaves or yellow or green, against the town church and red tiles and white walls of the house. The grape harvest and Wine bottling days are local festivals, the famous white Wine origin Wine Chablis annual festival, grape growers and residents held a wine tasting, tasting, charity donations and other activities. The preview of the winery and vineyard was printed and published in a thick book,Wine makers and wine lovers can attend the event on schedule.Every spring, French grape and grape growers called "wine Kingdoms" are celebrating. A variety of fairs and parades continued from March to June.Reference：The birth of a perfect cup of Wine, need the most suitable location: 30 ~ 52 degrees north latitude, between latitude 15 to 42 degrees;The most suitable climate and sunshine: too little sunlight will sour, too much is too sweet;The most suitable soil: Gravel barren land;The best humidity: where the river is visible, good wine is brewed;Finally, and most importantly, the human mind, temperament, pursuit, and dream. Embark on a journey to find that a cup of wine in your heart the most perfect.FranceWine profile: the quality and reputation of the classic, regardless of culture, history, quality, wine lovers will be recognized, champion, always French wine. Most of the world's most expensive and sought after investors are from france. France produces 2/3 of its wines, second only to Italy.Famous areas: the world's eleven famous regions, due to grape varieties, climatic conditions and regional culture, and each has its own characteristics. Including Bordeaux, Marco, Beaujolais, the root of Rhone valley, Provence, champagne, Luxi, Rong, Savoy, Alsace, Loire Valley in southwest china.Special aspect: two thousand year history of the brewing process, origin, naming, supervision, regulations and so on, are accepted and imitated all over the world.SpainWine survey: grape planting area ranks first in the world, and ranks third in alcohol production (second only to Italy and France).Famous region: almost all over the country produces wine. In Rioja, Andalusia, Catalonia, three of the most famous. Nearly half of all Spanish production is near the capital city of madrid.The special aspect: to bubble sherry, Rioja wine and sparkling wine is the most famous slip. The way to make champagne is also known to all. Rioja wine, comparable to the quality of French wine, the price is quite reasonable.ItalyWine profiles: the world's largest wine producer. The export volume and the French origin area after Spain tied first. It was also one of the earliest wine making countries in the world. Grape varieties are ancient, complex and varied, and long names of wineries and wines have a negative effect on their promotion. The last 20 years, a large number of new winemakers to introduce foreign grape varieties, a large number of production to improve the quality and to replace the old muzao large French oak barrels for wine, a series of reform measures in recent years has achieved practical results, plus an annuallarge-scale exhibition and the government strict wine factory compliance with licensing requirements, Italy has Wine fame.Famous appellation: piemon, Veneto, Tuscany.The special aspect: Aas sparkling wine is the most famous in Sicily, Mashala Wine Wine Absinth mixed reinforcement.GermanyWine overview: production is about 1/10 of France, about 3% of the world's output. About 85% is white wine, and the other 15% are rose red wine, red wine and sparkling wine.German white wine has aromatic fruit and a refreshing sweet taste with low alcohol content. Don't drink too much for people and beginners.The famous region: mainly for the the Rhine and its tributaries of the Mosel region. The wine bottle morsell is green, and the bottle of Rhine wine is brown. Rhine wine tastes stronger.Special point: Germany is Dragon Seal Riesling's hometown, the grapes of the aroma fragrance, refreshing taste, today has become a synonym for the rich characteristics of the elegant Wine.ChinaWine survey: after 1980s, it has entered a relatively fast developing stage, and the total number of wineries is around 500. Famous areas: Shandong, Yantai, Hebei, Changli.Special aspect: started to build winery culture, from grape sources, brewing technology and other aspects of the world standard to regulate.South AfricaWine profile: more than 300 years of wine making history, and because the grape growing season earlier, new wine shelves than Europe earlier.Famous region: from the northern coast of the Atlantic to the desert, there are about 340 wine cellars and wineries. There are 5 grape planting area: coastal, Boberg, oifanta River, Breede River Valley and the Klein and Karoo regions, in addition to Oran vineyards and wine area Loopspruit.Special aspect: ancient wine and sweet combination of the new era, is the new world rising star.AustraliaWine profiles: the United States and the two emerging wine countries. It is suitable for growing grapes, whether in climate or soil. From 1788 the first batch of immigrants came to Australia, that is, began brewing wine. During the British colonial period, the main producers were Shirley and Potter. Since 1950, sparkling wine has been the focus.Famous regions: the most representative wine producing areas are South Australia, New South Wales and Vitoria. The main producing areas of BA nocent Valley and Aydin valley.Special aspect: because it is located in the southern hemisphere, so about May or so, you can drink "new wine", it can be said to be the world's first listed new wine.ArgentinaWine profile: influenced by Spain and Italy, most of the traditional vineyards and wineries were set up by immigrants from both countries. The cypress imported by the French is the most important grape in Argentina. In addition, there is also the white grape Torrontes produced in Argentina. 40% of the grape fields are planted in the country, accounting for 40% of the total planting area.Famous areas: San, Juan, La, Rioja, Rio, Negro and Salt, the most important is Mendoza Province, accounting for 60% of the country's total output. One of the most notable is the collection of nearly 400 wineries, grape planting area of 30 thousand hectares of High Rio Mendoza Zone.Special aspect: new world wine representative countries.ChileWine profile: the second largest producer of wine in South America, second only to Argentina, but exports are far ahead. The vineyards are concentrated in the middle Valley, and the most important grape is the high yield grape Pais, which is used to produce domestic wine. Followed by Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay and Moscatel, Sami yong.Famous areas: Aconcagua warm weather, to produce Sauvignon Sauvignon grape based, Errazuriz is the Casablanca here in the Dachang DistrictThe valley has not been famous in recent years.Special features: wine varieties of everything, but also cheap and good.U.S.AWine profiles: emerging wine giants. The first wine since mid sixteenth Century, nearly 30 years to catch up, to become excellent Wine production in china.The famous region: 90% of American Wine made in California, the main producing areas of Napa Valley, Suoluoma Valley and the Russian River valley. The largest and most famous Wine origin William Emmett valley. There are other places like washington.Special aspect: wine varieties are very diverse, from the daily drinking of wine to high-grade wine. The main grape varieties Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon, Zinfandel is American varieties they cultivate.。