语言学第四章chapter演示文稿
合集下载
相关主题
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
语言学第四章chapter演示文稿
outline
4.1 Introduction 4.2 Word Classes 4.3 ThΒιβλιοθήκη Baidu Prescriptive Approach 4.4 The Descriptive Approach
4.4.1 Structural analysis 4.4.2 Immediate constituent analysis 4.5 Constituent Structure Grammar 4.6 Transformational Grammar 4.7 Systemic Functional Grammar
▪ Prepositions are words used with nouns in phrases providing information about time, place and other connections involving actions and things.
▪ Pronouns are words which may replace nouns or noun phrases.
▪ Conjunctions are words used to connect and indicate relationships between events and things.
▪ Articles, Exclamations, Numerals
▪ The definitions above are useful for identifying most forms, but they are never completely accurate. A different approach might focus on some other properties of the word classes.
4.1 Introduction
▪ Syntax: study of the internal structures of sentence and the rules for the combination of words.
Difference between morphology and syntax ▪ Morphology: the internal structure of words
▪ (2) a. Jack looked up the word. b. Jack looked the word up.
▪ (3) *Cries fear the the of hunter blackbirds the. Conclusion: The structure of sentence such as word order can change the meaning. Every sentence is a sequence of words but not every sequence of words is a sentence. Sentence formation has rules, so that we have well/ill formed or (un)grammatical sentences.
Syntax: the combination of words
Syntactic rules
▪ (1) a. The hunter fears the cries of the blackbirds. b. The blackbirds fear the cries of the hunter.
4.2 Word Classes
▪ Nouns are words used to refer to people, objects, creatures, places, events, qualities, phenomena and abstract ideas as if they were all things. cats, dogs, war, wedding, courage, beauty, rain, love, hatred
▪ For example, a noun can be defined as a form that comes after an article (a, an and the) and can take inflections for possessive (-’s) and plural (-s). Of course, not all nouns (eg. information and mud) have all these characteristics.
▪ Adverbs are words that describe or add to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a sentence, and which answers the questions introduced by how, where, when, etc. carefully, slowly, then, now
▪ Adjectives are words that describe the thing, quality, state or action which a noun refers to. beautiful, red
▪ Verbs are words used to refer to various actions and states involving the “things” in events. run, walk, seem
Phrase structure rules
▪ Representation(通过词性表征句法): The hunter fears the cries of the blackbirds Art + N + V + Art + N+Prep+Art + N
outline
4.1 Introduction 4.2 Word Classes 4.3 ThΒιβλιοθήκη Baidu Prescriptive Approach 4.4 The Descriptive Approach
4.4.1 Structural analysis 4.4.2 Immediate constituent analysis 4.5 Constituent Structure Grammar 4.6 Transformational Grammar 4.7 Systemic Functional Grammar
▪ Prepositions are words used with nouns in phrases providing information about time, place and other connections involving actions and things.
▪ Pronouns are words which may replace nouns or noun phrases.
▪ Conjunctions are words used to connect and indicate relationships between events and things.
▪ Articles, Exclamations, Numerals
▪ The definitions above are useful for identifying most forms, but they are never completely accurate. A different approach might focus on some other properties of the word classes.
4.1 Introduction
▪ Syntax: study of the internal structures of sentence and the rules for the combination of words.
Difference between morphology and syntax ▪ Morphology: the internal structure of words
▪ (2) a. Jack looked up the word. b. Jack looked the word up.
▪ (3) *Cries fear the the of hunter blackbirds the. Conclusion: The structure of sentence such as word order can change the meaning. Every sentence is a sequence of words but not every sequence of words is a sentence. Sentence formation has rules, so that we have well/ill formed or (un)grammatical sentences.
Syntax: the combination of words
Syntactic rules
▪ (1) a. The hunter fears the cries of the blackbirds. b. The blackbirds fear the cries of the hunter.
4.2 Word Classes
▪ Nouns are words used to refer to people, objects, creatures, places, events, qualities, phenomena and abstract ideas as if they were all things. cats, dogs, war, wedding, courage, beauty, rain, love, hatred
▪ For example, a noun can be defined as a form that comes after an article (a, an and the) and can take inflections for possessive (-’s) and plural (-s). Of course, not all nouns (eg. information and mud) have all these characteristics.
▪ Adverbs are words that describe or add to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a sentence, and which answers the questions introduced by how, where, when, etc. carefully, slowly, then, now
▪ Adjectives are words that describe the thing, quality, state or action which a noun refers to. beautiful, red
▪ Verbs are words used to refer to various actions and states involving the “things” in events. run, walk, seem
Phrase structure rules
▪ Representation(通过词性表征句法): The hunter fears the cries of the blackbirds Art + N + V + Art + N+Prep+Art + N