2016考研英语时文泛读：医疗消费
2016考研英语一作文
2016考研英语一作文2016年考研英语一作文题目为“人口老龄化”，以下是一篇参考范文：Population Aging。
In recent years, population aging has become an increasingly serious problem in China. According to statistics, the proportion of people aged 60 and above has exceeded 16% of the total population, and this figure is expected to reach 25% by 2030. The aging population brings about a series of challenges in many aspects, such associal welfare, medical care, and employment.One of the most prominent challenges of population aging is the increasing demand for social welfare. As people grow older, they become more vulnerable and require more support from the society. However, the current social welfare system in China is not sufficient to meet the needs of the aging population. Many elderly people are stillliving in poverty or facing difficulties in accessing healthcare and other basic services.Another challenge of population aging is the rising healthcare costs. As people age, they tend to suffer from more chronic diseases and need more medical care. However, the healthcare system is already under great pressure due to the large population and limited resources. The aging population will further exacerbate the situation and put more burden on the healthcare system.In addition, population aging also poses a challenge to the labor market. As more and more people retire, the workforce will shrink and the productivity will decrease. This will have a negative impact on the economic growth and competitiveness of the country. Moreover, the shortage of skilled workers in certain fields will become more severe, which will hinder the development of some industries.To address the challenges of population aging, the government needs to take a series of measures. Firstly, the social welfare system should be improved to provide moresupport to the elderly. This includes increasing thepension and healthcare benefits, and establishing more nursing homes and community care centers. Secondly, the healthcare system should be reformed to meet the growing demand. This includes increasing the funding for healthcare, improving the quality of medical services, and promoting preventive care. Thirdly, the labor market should be adjusted to accommodate the aging population. This includes encouraging the elderly to continue working, providing training programs for the elderly, and promoting the employment of young people.In conclusion, population aging is a complex and pressing issue that requires the attention and efforts ofthe whole society. By taking effective measures, we can create a better living environment for the elderly and ensure the sustainable development of the country.。
昂贵的医疗服务英语作文
昂贵的医疗服务英语作文英文回答：The high cost of healthcare is a major concern for many people around the world. In the United States, for example, healthcare spending accounts for over 17% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). This is more than any other developed country.There are a number of factors that contribute to the high cost of healthcare. One factor is the increasing cost of medical technology. New drugs, treatments, and procedures are constantly being developed, and these new technologies often come with a high price tag.Another factor is the aging population. As people live longer, they are more likely to experience chronic health conditions, which can be expensive to treat.In addition, the healthcare industry is heavilyregulated. This regulation can add to the cost of healthcare by increasing the administrative burden on healthcare providers.The high cost of healthcare has a number of negative consequences. One consequence is that many people are unable to afford the healthcare they need. This can lead to serious health problems and even death.Another consequence is that the high cost of healthcare can put a strain on businesses. Businesses may have to pay higher health insurance premiums for their employees, which can reduce their profits.The high cost of healthcare is a complex problem with no easy solutions. However, there are a number of things that can be done to address the issue. One step is to increase competition in the healthcare industry. This can help to lower prices by giving consumers more choices.Another step is to reduce the regulatory burden on healthcare providers. This can help to lower costs bymaking it easier for healthcare providers to operate.Finally, it is important to educate consumers about the cost of healthcare. This can help people to make informed decisions about their healthcare and to avoid unnecessary expenses.中文回答：昂贵的医疗服务。
2016考研英语二真题及答案解析（文字完整版）【5】
2016考研英语二真题及答案解析（文字完整版）【5】2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题答案详解(完整版)Section I Use of English1、【答案】C how【解析】根据空格所在句子可以看出，空格处应该是一个引导宾语从句的从属连词，做influence的宾语。
四个选项的意思中，只有C. how引导后面的内容做influence的宾语，前后意思合理。
2、【答案】B In particular【解析】空格的前一句话的内容是：坐落在幸福人群所在地的公司投资更多的钱。
空格所在句的内容是：坐落在幸福人群所在地的公司在…方面投入更多的钱。
很显然，前后句子是总分关系。
选项中，只有B选项可以体现总分关系。
3、【答案】D necessary【解析】根据空格处前后的内容，_____ for making investments for the future是做后置定语修饰longer-term thinking和happiness。
幸福，这种持久的思维模式对于对未来进行投资_______，四个选项中只有D. necessary 做后置定语符合前后内容。
其他选项与原文内容语义不符。
4、【答案】C optimism【解析】空格处的内容与inclination for risk-taking由and连接，构成并列关系，后面that come with happiness定语从句既修饰空格处的内容，也修饰inclination for risk-taking，所以选项中可以由that come with happiness修饰的只有C选项optimism。
5、【答案】D change【解析】空格处的内容和the way companies invested构成动宾搭配。
选项中A. echo 回声B. miss 思念C. spoil 溺爱D. change 改变，所以只有D选项可以和the way companies invested构成通顺语义。
2016考研英语最新时文阅读：美国产假制度
今天我们为考研学子推介的2016考研英语阅读文章是关于美国产假制度的话题。
美国是目前发达国家中唯一没有实施法定带薪产假制度的国家。
虽然Family & Medical Leave Act《家庭与医疗休假法》规定了12周不带薪的休假，据说也只有不到20%的人能享受到。
一起来看一下具体内容： Only two countries in the advanced world provide no guarantee for paid leave from work to care for a newborn child. Last spring one of the two, Australia, gave up the dubious distinction by establishing paid family leave starting in 2011. I wasn't surprised when this didn't make the news here in the United States—we're now the only wealthy country without such a policy. 本来在发达国家中，只有两个国家没有提供法定带薪休假，但是自2011年春天澳大利亚放弃了这一政策以来，美国是目前发达国家中唯一没有实施法定带薪产假制度的国家了，这个“惊人”的消息在美国并没有被报道出来，我一点也不感到稀奇。
The United States does have one explicit family policy, the Family and Medical Leave Act, passed in 1993. It entitles workers to as much as 12 weeks' unpaid leave for care of a newborn. In fact, every step of the way, as Democratic leaders have tried to introduce work-family balance measures into the law, business groups have been strongly opposed. 虽然早在1993年，美国就有一项特殊的产假制度：《家庭与医疗休假法》，规定了12周不带薪的休假，但是来自商界团体的声音一直反对更近一步的产假制度，认为这损害了公司的利益。
2016考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(二)第4篇-毙考题
2016考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(二)第4篇-毙考题2016考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（二）第4篇Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure,younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found.Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life,including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties.But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life,they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work,to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs,to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life,to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children,Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations.Whlie younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today,big majorities in both groups believe those “just getting started in life”face a tougher a good-paying job, starting a family, managing debt, and finding affordable housing.Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today.Schneider, a 27-yaear-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college.Even now that he is working steadily, he said.”I can’t afford to pay ma monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I have to rent rooms out to people to mark that happen.”Looking back, he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was young.”I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with par ents who didn’t have college degrees,”Schneider said.“I don’t think people are capable of that anymore.”一项最新的民意调查发现，面对经济和人口结构的巨大变化，年轻的美国人正在寻找21世纪的成功之道。
2016考研英语二真题附答案解析（文字完整版）【4】
2016考研英语二真题附答案解析（文字完整版）【4】Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. Be sillyB. Have funC. Ask for helpD. Express your emotions.E. Don’t overthink itF. Be easily pleasedG. Notice thingsAct Your Shoe Size, Not Your Age.(1) As adults, it seems that we’re constantly pursuing happiness, often with mixed results. Yet children appear to have it down to an art-and for the most part they don’t need self-help books or therapy. Instead, they look after their wellbeing instinctively and usually more effectively than we do as grownups. Perhaps it’s time to learn a few lessons from them.41___________.(2) What does a child do when he’s sad? He cries. When he’s angry? He shouts. Scared? Probably a bit of bot h. As we grow up, we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and don’t dictate our behaviours, which is in many ways a good thing. But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions, especially negative ones. That’sabout as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill. What we feel appropriately and then-again, like children-move on.42__________.A couple of Christmases ago, my youngest stepdaughter, who was 9 years old at the time, got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas. It cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed, and couldn’t bigger house or better car will be the magic silver bullet that will allow us to finally be content, but the reality is these things have little lasting impact on our happiness levels. Instead, being grateful for small things every day is a much better way to improve wellbeing.43__________.Have you ever noticed how much children laugh? If we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling, we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies, increase good hormones like endorphins, improve blood flow to our hearts and ever have a greater chance of fighting off infection. All of which would, of course, have a positive effect on our happiness levels.44__________.T he problem with being a grownup is that there’s an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with-work, mortgage payments, figuring out what to cook for dinner. But as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and it’s important that we schedule in time to enjoy the thing we love. Those things might be social, sporting, creative or completely random (dancing around the living room, anyone?)-it doesn’t matter, so long as they’re enjoyable, and not likely to have negative side effects, such as drinking too much alcohol or going on a wild spending spree if you’re on a tight budget.45__________.Having said all of the above, it’s important to add that we shouldn’t try too hard to be happy. Scientists tell us this can back fire and actually have a negative impact on our wellbeing. As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said: “Happiness is the absence of striving for happiness.” And in that, once more, we need to look to the example of our children, to whom happiness is not a goal but a natural byproduct of the way they live.Section III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors. The reason for this is simple: The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you’ll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you’ll buy. And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff. The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more. The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload. According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us. After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead began shopping emotionally—which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you won a translation contest and your friend, Jack, wrote an email to congratulate you and ask for advice on translation. Write him a reply to1) thank him, and2) give you adviceYou should write about 100 on the ANSWER SHEET.Do notsign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)。
考研英语_时文阅读50篇
考研英语_时⽂阅读50篇考拉进阶英语时⽂阅读50篇Passage1Dealing With Spam1:Confidence Game(2010.11.18The Economist)[483words]Bill Gates,then still Microsoft’s boss,was nearly rightin2004when he predicted the end of spam in two years.Thanks to clever filters2unsolicited3e-mail has largelydisappeared as a daily nuisance4for most on the internet.But spam is still a menace5:blocked at the e-mail inbox,spammers post messages as comments on websites and increasingly on social networks like Twitter and Facebook.The criminal businesses behind spam are competitive and creative.They vault over6technical fixes as fast as the hurdles7are erected.The anti-spam industry has done applaudable work in saving e-mail.But it is always one step behind.In the end,the software industry’s interest is in making money from the problem(by selling subscriptions to regular security updates)rather than tackling it at its source.Law-enforcement agencies have had some success shutting down spam-control servers in America and the Netherlands.But as one place becomes unfriendly, spammers move somewhere else.Internet connections in poor and ill-run countries are improving faster than the authorities there can police them.That won’t end soon.In any case,the real problem is not the message,but the link.Sometimes an unwise click leads only to a website that sells counterfeit8pills.But it can also lead to a page that infects your computer with a virus or another piece of malicious software that then steals your passwords or uses your machine for other immoral purposes. Spam was never about e-mail;it was about convincing us to click.To the spammer,it needs to be decided whether the link is e-mailed or liked.The police are doing what they can,and software companies keep on tightening security.But spam is not just a hack9or a crime,it is a social problem,too.If you look beyond the computers that lie between a spammer and his mark,you can see allthe classic techniques of a con-man:buy this stock,before everyone else does.Buy these pills,this watch,cheaper than anyone else can.The spammer plays upon the universal human desire to believe that we are smarter than anyone gives us credit for,and that things can be had for nothing.As in other walks of life,people become wiser and take precautions only when they have learned what happens when they don’t.That is why the spammers’new arena10—social networks—is so effective.A few fiddles might help,such as tougher default privacy settings on social networks.But the real problem is man,not the machine.Public behaviour still treats the internet like a village,in which new faces are welcome and anti-social behaviour a rarity.A better analogy would be a railway station in a big city,where hustlers11gather to prey on the credulity12of new arrivals.Wise behaviour in such places is to walk fast,avoid eye contact and be cautious with strangers.Try that online.1.spam/sp?m/n.垃圾邮件2.filter/?f?lt?/n.过滤器；滤光器；筛选过滤程序3.unsolicited/??ns??l?s?t?d/adj.未经请求的，⾃发的4.nuisance/?nju?s?ns/n.⿇烦事，讨厌的⼈或东西5.menace/?men?s/n.威胁，恐吓；危险⽓氛；烦⼈的⼈或事物6.vault over越过7.hurdle/?h??dl/n.障碍；跨栏，栏8.counterfeit/?ka?nt?f?t/n.伪造，仿造，制假9.hack/h?k/n.砍,劈；供出租的马；出租车司机；⾮法侵⼊（他⼈计算机系统）10.arena/??ri?n?/n.圆形运动场，圆形剧场；竞技舞台，活动场所11.hustler/?h?sl?/n.耍诡计骗钱的⼈12.credulity/kr??du?l?t?/n.轻信Passage2A Gene to Explain Depression（2011.1.3Time）[459words]As powerful as genes are in exposing clues to diseases,not even the most passionate geneticist1believes thatcomplex conditions such as depression can be reduced to atell-tale2string of DNA.But a new study confirms earlier evidence that aparticular gene,involved in ferrying3a brain chemical critical to mood known as serotonin4,may play a role in triggering5the mental disorder in some people.Researchers led by Dr.Srijan Sen,a professor of psychiatry at University of Michigan,report in the Archives6of General Psychiatry that individuals with a particular form of the serotonin transporter gene were more vulnerable to developing depression when faced with stressful life events such as having a serious medical illness or being a victim of childhood abuse.The form of the gene that these individuals inherit prevents the mood-regulating serotonin from being re-absorbed by nerve cells in the brain.Having such a low-functioning version of the transporter starting early in life appears to set these individuals up for developing depression later on,although the exact relationship between this gene,stress,and depression isn’t clear yet.Sen’s results confirm those of a ground-breaking7study in2003,in which scientists for the first time confirmed the link between genes and environment in depression.In that study,which involved more than800subjects,individuals with the gene coding for the less functional serotonin transporter were more likely to develop depression following a stressful life event than those with the more functional form of the gene.But these findings were questioned by a2009analysis in which scientistspooled814studies investigating the relationship between the serotonin transporter gene,depression and stress,and found no heightened risk of depression among those with different versions of the gene.“One of the hopes I have is that we can settle this story,and move on to looking more broadly across the genome9for more factors related to depression,”he says.“Ideally we would like to find a panel of different genetic variations that go together to help us predict who is going to respond poorly to stress,and who might respond well to specific types of treatment as opposed to others.”He believes that the2009findings do not contradict those from2003,or the latest results,but rather reflect a difference in the way the study was conducted.Sen stresses,however,that this gene is only one player in the cast of genetic and environmental factors that contribute to depression.“All things considered,this gene is a relatively small factor,and for this finding to be clinically10useful,we really need to find many,many more factors.Ultimately we may identify new pathways that are involved in depression to come up with new and better treatments.”1.geneticist/dnet?s?st/n.遗传学家2.tell-tale/?tel?te?l/adj.暴露实情的，能说明问题的3.ferry/?fer?/vt.渡运，摆渡4.serotonin/?s??rt??n?n/n.[⽣化]⾎清素，5-羟⾊胺（神经递质，易影响情绪等）5.trigger/?tr?ɡ?/vt.触发，引发；开动，启动6.archive/?ɑ?ka?v/n.档案馆；档案⽂件7.ground-breaking/?gra?nd?bre?k??/adj.开创性的；创新的8.pool/pu?l/vt.合伙经营；集中（智慧等）；共享，分享9.genome/??i?n??m/n.[⽣]基因组；[⽣]染⾊体组10.clinically/?kl?n?kl?/adv.临床地；冷淡地；通过临床诊断Passage3Second Thoughts on Online Education(2010.9New York Times)[415words]Let the computer do the teaching.Some studies,expertopinion and cost pressures all point toward a continuing shiftof education online.A major study last year,funded by the EducationDepartment,which covered comparative research over12years,concluded that online learning on average beat face-to-face teaching by a modest1but statistically meaningful margin2.Bill Gates,whose foundation funds a lot of education programs,predicted last month that in five years much of college education will have gone online.“The self-motivated learner will be on the Web,”Mr.Gates said,speaking at the Techonomy conference in Lake Tahoe.“College needs to be less place-based.”But recent research,published as a National Bureau of Economic Research working paper,comes to a different conclusion.“A rush to online education may come at more of a cost than educators may suspect,”the authors write.The research was a head-to-head experiment,comparing the grades achieved in the same introductory economics class by students—one group online,and one in classroom lectures.Certain groups did notably worse online.Hispanic3students online fell nearly a full grade lower than Hispanic students that took the course in class.Male students did about a half-grade worse online,as did low-achievers,which had college grade-point averages below the mean for the university.The difference certainly was not attributable4to machines replacing a tutorial-style human teaching environment.Instead,the classroom was a large lecture hall seating hundreds of students.Initially,David Figlio,an economist at Northwestern University and co-author of the paper,said he had thought that the flexibility5of the Internet—the ability to“go back and roll the tape”—would probably give the online coursework6an edge over traditional“chalk and talk teaching.”The online lectures were well done,using a professional producer and cameraman7.“It had very much the feel of being in the room,”Mr.Figlio said.So what accounts for the difference in outcomes8?Mr.Figlio has a few theories. For the poorer performance of males and lower-achievers,he says the time-shifting convenience of the Web made it easier for students to put off viewing the lectures and cram9just before the test,a tactic10unlikely to produce the best possible results.It’s partly a stereotype11but also partly true,Mr.Figlio says,that female students tend to be better at timemanagement,spreading their study time over a semester,than males.“And the Internet makes it easier to put off12the unpleasant thing,attending the lecture,”he said.1.modest/?m?d?st/adj.谦虚的,谦恭的；适中的,适度的；些许的2.margin/?mɑ:d??n/n.页边空⽩；边,边缘；差数,差额3.Hispanic/h?s?p?n?k/adj.西班⽛和葡萄⽛的4.attributable/??tr?bj?t?bl/adj.可归因于，可能由于5.flexibility/?fleks??b?l?t?/n.灵活性；柔韧性6.coursework/?k?:sw?:k/n.课程作业7.cameraman/?k?m?r?m?n/n.摄影师8.outcome/?a?tk?m/n.结果9.cram/kr?m/v.挤满，塞满；临时死记硬背10.tactic/?t?kt?k/n.兵法；⽅法,策略；⼿段；招数11.stereotype/?ster??ta?p/n.模式化观念，⽼⼀套，刻板形象12.put off撤销，取消Passage4The Kids Can’t Help It（2010.12.16Newsweek）[372words]What new research reveals about the adolescentbrain—from why kids bully1to how the teen yearsshape the rest of your life.They say you never escape high school.And forbetter or worse,science is lending some credibility tothat old saw.Thanks to sophisticated imaging technology and a raft2of longitudinal3studies,we’re learning that the teen years are a period of crucial brain development subject to a host of environmental and genetic factors.This emerging research sheds4light not only on why teenagers act they way they do,but how the experiences of adolescence—from rejection to binge5 drinking—can affect who we become as adults,how we handle stress,and the way we bond with others.One of the most important discoveries in this area of study,says Dr.Frances Jensen,a neuroscientist at Harvard,is that our brains are not finished maturing by adolescence,as was previously thought.Adolescent brains“are only about80percentof the way to maturity,”she said at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in November.It takes until the mid-20s,and possibly later,for a brain to become fully developed.An excess of gray matter6(the stuff that does the processing)at the beginning of adolescence makes us particularly brilliant at learning—the reason we’re so good at picking up new languages starting in early childhood—but also particularly sensitive to the influences of our environment,both emotional and physical.Our brains’processing centers haven’t been fully linked yet,particularly the parts responsible for helping to check7our impulses8and considering the long-term repercussions9of our actions.“It’s like a brain that’s all revved10up not knowing where it needs to go,”says Jensen.It’s partially because of this developmental timeline that a teen can be so quick to conjure11a stinging remark,or a biting insult,and so uninhibited12in firing it off at the nearest unfortunate target—a former friend,perhaps,or a bewildered parent.The impulse to hurl13an insult14is there,just as it may be for an adult in a stressful situation,but the brain regions that an adult might rely on to stop himself from saying something cruel just haven’t caught up.1.bully/?b?l?/v.恐吓；充当恶霸，恃强凌弱2.raft/rɑ?ft/n.筏；橡⽪艇，充⽓船；⼤量3.longitudinal/?l?ntju?d?nl/adj.纵向的；纵观的；经度的4.shed/?ed/vt.散发出光；去除，摆脱；蜕，落5.binge/b?nd?/n.饮酒作乐；狂饮；狂闹6.gray matter灰质（脑、脊髓内神经元集中的地⽅）7.check/t?ek/v.检查，核验，核对；制⽌，控制8.impulse/??mp?ls/n.冲动；脉冲；刺激，推动⼒9.repercussion/?ri?p??kn/n.（间接的）反响，影响，恶果10.rev/rev/v.（发动机等）加快转速11.conjure/?k?n??/v.变魔术；使变戏法般地出现（或消失）12.uninhibited/??n?n?h?b?t?d/adj.⽆限制的;⽆拘束的,放任的13.hurl/h??l/vt.猛掷，猛扔；⼤声说出14.insult/?n?s?lt/n.侮辱；凌辱；⽆礼Passage5The Power of Posture(2011.1.13The Economist)[486words]“Stand up straight!”“Chest out!”“Shoulders back!”Theseare the perennial1cries of sergeant2majors and fussy3parentsthroughout the ages.Posture certainly matters.Big is dominantand in species after species,humans included,postures thatenhance the posturer’s apparent size cause others to treat him asif he were more powerful.The stand-up-straight brigade4,however,often make a further claim:that posture affects the way the posturer treats himself,as well as how others treat him.To test the truth of this,Li Huang and Adam Galinsky,at Northwestern University in Illinois,have compared posture’s effects onself-esteem with those of a more conventional ego-booster,management responsibility. In a paper just published in Psychological Science they conclude,surprisingly,that posture may matter more.The two researchers’experimental animals—77undergraduate students—first filled out questionnaires5,ostensibly6to assess their leadership capacity.Half were then given feedback forms which indicated that,on the basis of the questionnaires, theywere to be assigned to be managers in a forthcoming7experiment.The other half were told they would besubordinates8.While the participants waited for this feedback, they were asked to help with a marketing test on ergonomic9chairs.In fact,neither of these tests was what it seemed.The questionnaires were irrelevant.V olunteers were assigned to be managers or subordinates at random.The test of posture had nothing to do with ergonomics.And,crucially,each version of the posture test included equal numbers of those who would become“managers”and “subordinates”.Once the posture test was over the participants received their new statuses and the researchers measured theirimplicit10sense of power by asking them to engage in a word-completion task.Participants were instructed to complete a number of fragments11with the first word that came to mind.Seven of the fragments could be interpreted as words related to power(“power”,“direct”,“lead”,“authority”,“control”,“command”and“rich”).Although previous studies suggested a mere title is enough to produce a detectable increase in an individual’s sense of power,Dr Huang and Dr Galinsky found no difference in the word-completion scores of those told they would be managers and those told they would be subordinates.Having established the principle,Dr Huang and Dr Galinsky went on to test the effect of posture on other power-related decisions:whether to speak first in a debate, whether to leave the site of a plane crash to find help and whether to join a movement to free a prisoner who was wrongfully locked up.In all three cases those who had sat in expansive12postures chose the active option(to speak first,to search for help,to fight for justice)more often than those who had sat crouched13. The upshot14,then,is that father(or the sergeant major)was right.Those who walk around with their heads held high not only get the respect of others,they seem also to respect themselves.1.perennial/p??ren??l/adj.[植]多年⽣的；长久的，持续的2.sergeant/?sɑnt/n.[军]（英）陆军、空军、海军陆战队中⼠；（美）陆军或空军中⼠3.fussy/?f?s?/adj.挑剔的，⼤惊⼩怪的；紧张不安的4.brigade/?br?ɡe?d/n.旅；伙，帮，派5.questionnaire/?kwestn e?/n.问卷；调查表6.ostensibly/?s?tens?bl?/adv.表⾯上；明显地7.forthcoming/?f??θ?k?m??/adj.即将发⽣的；现成的；乐于提供信息的8.subordinate/s??b??d?n?t/n.下级，部属9.ergonomic/ɡn?m?k/adj.⼈类⼯程学的10.implicit/?m?pl?s?t/adj.不⾔明的，含蓄的11.fragment/?fr?ɡm?nt/n.碎⽚，⽚段12.expansive/?ks?p?ns?v/adj.⼴阔的，辽阔的；⼴泛的，全⾯的；友善健谈的，开朗的13.crouch/kraut?/vt.屈膝,蹲伏,蹲,蹲下14.upshot/??p??t/n.最后结果，结局Passage6How Rest Helps Memory:Sleepy Heads(2010.2.25The Economist)[402words]Mad dogs and Englishmen,so the song has it,go out in themidday sun.And the business practices of England’s linealdescendant1,America,will have you in the office from nine in themorning to five in the evening,if not longer.Much of the world,though,prefers to take a siesta2.And research presented to theAAAS meeting in San Diego suggests it may be right to do so.Ithas already been established that those who siesta are less likely todie of heart disease.Now,Matthew Walker and his colleagues at the University of California,Berkeley,have found that they probably have better memory, too.A post-prandial3snooze4,Dr Walker has discovered,sets the brain up for learning.The role of sleep in consolidating5memories that have already been created has been understood for some time.Dr Walker has been trying to extend this understanding by looking at sleep’s role in preparing the brain for the formation of memories in the first place.He was particularly interested in a type of memory called episodic6memory,which relates to specific events,places and times.This contrasts with procedural memory,of the skills required to perform some sort of mechanical task,such as driving.The theory he and his team wanted to test was that the ability to form new episodic memories deteriorates7with increased wakefulness,and that sleep thus restores the brain’s capacity for efficient learning.They asked a group of39people to take part in two learning sessions,one at noon and one at6pm.On each occasion the participants tried to memorise and recall 100combinations of pictures and names.After the first session they were assigned randomly to either a control group,which remained awake,or a nap group,which had 100minutes of monitored sleep. Those who remained awake throughout the day became worse at learning.Those who napped8,by contrast,actually improved their capacity to learn,doing better in the evening than they had at noon.These findings suggest that sleep is clearing the brain’s short-term memory and making way for new information.The benefits to memory of a nap,says Dr Walker,are so great that they can equal an entire night’s sleep.Hewarns,however,that napping must not be done too late in the day or it will interfere with night-time sleep.Moreover,not everyone awakens refreshed from a siesta.1.lineal descendant直系后裔2.siesta/s??est?/n.午睡，午休3.prandial/?pr?nd??l/adj.膳⾷的，正餐的4.snooze/snu:z/n.⼩睡5.consolidate/k?n?s?l?de?t/vt.使巩固，使加强；合并6.episodic/?ep??s?d?k/adj.偶尔发⽣的，不定期的；有许多⽚段的7.deteriorate/d??t??r??re?t/vi.恶化,退化；变坏8.nap/n?p/vi.⼩睡Passage7Learning Gap Between Rich and Poor Starts Early（2011.2Newsweek）[354words]It’s generally accepted that there is a correlationbetween a child’s educational attainment1and a family’spoverty level,but new research shows that the problemmay take root2earlier than previously thought.A new study in Psychological Science found that at10months old,children from poor families performed just as well as children from wealthier families,but by the time they turned2,children from wealthier families were scoring consistently higher than those from poorer ones.“Poor kids aren’t even doing as well in terms of school readiness,sounding out letters and doing other things that you would expect to be relevant to early learning,”Elliot M.Tucker-Drob of the University of Texas at Austin,lead author of the study, said in a press release.To conduct the study,researchers assessed the mental abilities of about750pairs of fraternal3and identical4twins from all over the U.S.The participants’socioeconomic status was determined based on parents’educational attainment, occupations and family income.Each child was asked to perform tasks that included pulling a string to ring a bell, placing three cubes in a cup,matching pictures and sorting pegs by color first at10 months and again when they were2years old.At this time,researchers discovered that during the14-month window between the aptitude5tests,gaps in cognitive6 development had started to occur.Children from wealthier families had started to consistently outperform those from poorer ones.Researchers attempted to disprove7a genetic explanation by comparing the aptitude tests of each set of twins.Among the2-year-olds from wealthier families, identical twins had much more similar test scores than fraternal twins,who share only half of their genes.However,among2-year-olds from poorer families,identical twins scored no more similar to one another than did fraternal twins.The implication is that children’s genetic potential is subdued8by poverty, though the study stopped short of drawing a scientific conclusion as to what specifically was causing the achievement gaps.Researchers did postulate9that, generally speaking,poorer parents may not have the time or resources to spend playing with their children in stimulating ways.1.attainment/??te?nm?nt/n.达到；成就，造诣2.take root⽣根；开始；建⽴3.fraternal/fr??t??nl/adj.兄弟般的，亲如⼿⾜的4.identical/a??dent?kl/adj.同⼀的，完全相同的5.aptitude/??pt?tju?d/n.天资，天赋6.cognitive/?k?ɡn?t?v/adj.认知的，认识的7.disprove/d?s?pru?v/vt.证明……是错的8.subdue/s?b?dju?/vt.征服；抑制，克制9.postulate/?p?stj?le?t/v.假定，假设Passage8More Than Meets the Mirror：Illusion1Test Links Difficulty Sensing InternalCues2with Distorted3Body-Image(2011.1.4Scientific America)[457words]With all of the New Year’s diet ads claiming you canlose dozens of pounds in seemingly as many days,youprobably are not alone if you looked in the mirror thismorning and saw a less than ideal body.Or maybe you justpicked up a new magazine in which already thin modelshave their remaining flesh scavenged4by Photoshop to make them appear even slimmer.With all of these unrealistic promises and images,it can be hard to gain an accurate sense of one’s own body.But the disjunction5for some people might go deeper than manipulated5photos.A new study shows that the way people perceive their external7appearance is likely linked to how they experience their bodies internally.Researchers found that people who had greater difficulties sensing their own internal bodily states were also more likely to be fooled into believing a rubber hand was part of their own bodies. These results,published online in the issue of Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,may one day help scientists understand how body image can become so distorted in disorders like body dysmorphia8and anorexia nervosa9,says lead author Manos Tsakiris of Royal Holloway,University of London.“The sense of self is built up from a representation of internal states,”says Hugo Critchley,a professor of psychiatry at the University of Sussex in England who was not involved with the study.“This paper is showing that sensitivity of individuals to their internal state predicts the strength of their self-representation.”Most of the time,the image someone has of their body is pretty close to its external appearance.You may see your thighs10as slightly bigger than they actually are,or your arm muscles as slightly smaller,but the discrepancy11is usually minimal12.In some mental disorders,however,body image can become dramatically distorted.Those who suffer from body dysmorphic disorder think that parts of their bodies are malformed13or grotesque14,even when these supposed flaws are not noticeable to others.In eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa patients continue to think they need to lose weight even as their bodies waste away.Crucial to the formation of body image—pathological15and otherwise—is the integration of external and internal cues.What we see in the mirror and what we feel against our skin melds with16our own internal awareness of our bodies to create an overarching17body image.Scientists have historically focused on how external factors like magazines and fashion models affect the creation of an accurate body image.Tsakiris and his colleagues,however,hypothesized that a person’s internal awareness of his or her body,known as interoceptive18awareness,was also related to the creation of an accurate body image.1.illusion/??ljun/n.错觉，幻觉；假象2.cue/kju?/n.提⽰；暗⽰,暗号3.distorted/d?s?t??t?d/adj.变形的，扭曲的；歪曲的，曲解的4.scavenge/?sk?v?n?/v.（从废弃物中）觅⾷，捡破烂；吃（动物⼫体）5.disjunction/d?sk??n/n.分离，分裂6.manipulate/m??n?pj?le?t/vt.控制，操纵；操作，使⽤；正⾻7.external/?k?st??nl/adj.外部的，外⾯的；外界的，外来的；对外的8.dysmorphia/d?s?m??f??/n.[医]畸形,变形9.anorexia nervosa神经性厌⾷症10.thigh /θa?/n.股，⼤腿11.discrepancy/d?s?krep?ns?/n.差异，不符合，不⼀致12.minimal/?m?n?m?l/adj.极⼩的，极少的，最⼩的13.malformed/?m?l?f??md/adj.畸形的14.grotesque/ɡrtesk/adj.怪诞的，荒唐的；奇形怪状的15.pathological/?p?θ??lkl/adj.不理智的，⽆道理的；病态的；病理学的16.meld with与……融合；与……合并17.overarching/v?r?ɑ?t/adj.⾮常重要的，⾸要的18.interoceptive /??nt?r?u?sept?v/adj.内感受(器)的Passage9The Tussle1for Talent（2011.1.6The Economist）[432words]Plato believed that men are divided into three classes:gold,silver and bronze.Vilfredo Pareto,an Italianeconomist,argued that“the vital2few”account for mostprogress.Such sentiments are taboo today in public life.Politicians talk of a“leadership class”or“the vital few”attheir peril3.Schools abhor4picking winners.Universities welcome the masses:more people now teach at British ones than attended them in the 1950s.In the private sector5things could hardly be more different.The world’s best companies struggle relentlessly6to find and keep the vital few.They offer them fat pay packets,extra training,powerful mentors7and more challenging assignments.If anything,businesses are becoming more obsessed with ability.This is partly cyclical8.Deloitte and other consultancies have noticed that as the economy begins to recover,companies are trying harder to nurture raw talent,or to poach9it from their rivals.When new opportunities arise,they hope to have the brainpower to seize them.The acceleration of the tussle for talent is also structural, however.Private-equity firms rely heavilyon a few stars.High-tech firms,for all their sartorial10egalitarianism11,are ruthless12about recruiting the brightest.Firms in emerging markets are desperate to find high-flyer13s—the younger the better—who can cope with rapid growth and fast-changing environments.Successful companies make sure that senior managers are involved with“talentdevelopment”.Jack Welch and /doc/2e5e0328482fb4daa58d4b15.html fley,former bosses of GE and P&G,claimed that they spent40%of their time on personnel.Andy Grove,who ran Intel,a chipmaker14,obliged all the senior people,including himself,to spend at least a week a year teaching high-flyers.Nitin Paranjpe,the boss of Hindustan Unilever,recruits people from campuses and regularly visits high-flyers in their offices.Involving the company’s top brass15in the process prevents lower-level managers from monopolising16high-flyers(and taking credit for their triumphs).It also creates a dialogue between established and future leaders.Successful companies also integrate talent development with their broader strategy.This ensures that companies are more than the sum of their parts.Adrian Dillon,a former chief financial officer of Agilent,a firm that makes high-tech measuring devices,says he would rather build a“repertory17company”than a “collection of world experts”.P&G likes its managers to be both innovative and worldly:they cannot rise to the top without running operations in a country and managing a product globally.Agilent and Novartis like to turn specialists into general managers.Goodyear replaced23of its24senior managers in two years as it shifted from selling tyres to carmakers to selling them to motorists.1.tussle/t?sl/n.扭打；争论；争⽃；奋⽃2.vita l/?va?tl/adj.⽣命的；充满活⼒的；⽣死攸关的；极其重要的3.peril/?per?l/n.严重危险；祸害，险情4.abhor/?b?h??/vt.痛恨，憎恶5.sector/?sekt?/n.[数]扇形；两脚规；部分；部门6.relentlessly/r??lentl?sl?/adv.残酷地，⽆情地；不停地，不减弱地7.mentor /?men?t??/n.私⼈教师，辅导教师；良师益友8.cyclical/?sa?kl?kl/adj.周期的，循环的9.poach/p??t?/vt.⽔煮；偷猎；盗⽤，挖⾛（⼈员）10.sartorial/sɑ??t??r??l/adj.服装的，男装的，⾐着的11.egalitarianism/??ɡ?l??te?r??n?z?m/n.平等主义，平均主义12.ruthless/?ru?θl?s/adj.⽆情的，冷酷的;残忍的13.high-flyer/?ha?fla??/n.抱负极⾼的⼈；有野⼼的⼈14.chipmaker/?t??p?me?k?/n.集成块制造者；半导体(元件)制造商15.top brass要员16.monopolise/m??n?p?la?z/vt.垄断，独占；占去（⼤部分时间、精⼒），霸占17.repertory/?rep?tr?/n.保留剧⽬轮演Passage10What Is a Medically Induced Coma1and Why Is It Used?（2011.1.10Scientific America）[497words]Basically what happens with a medically induced。
2016考研英语阅读题源：预算趣录?
2016考研英语阅读题源：预算趣录考研频道分享《经济学人》文章预算趣录，希望大家平时多练习英语阅读，争取考试时拿高分!2016考研英语阅读题源：预算趣录Fun on a budget预算趣录Congress is incapable of restraining spending. Itshould let the president try国会无力控制开支，也许该放手让总统一试AT THE end of Barack Obama's budget, which waspublished on February 2nd, the administration thanks 614 people by name for putting thething together. It adds that “hundreds, perhaps thousands” of nameless others also helped.There is some thing depressing about the effort that went into producing the document. Thebudget is an admirable piece of work which contains many good ideas, from cuts in farmsubsidies to an increase in tax credits for childless workers. There is, however, a grammatica lmistake repeated throughout it. “The budget will”, the president writes, when what he means isthat his budget would, in the unlikely event that Congress were ever to pass it.奥巴马总统的财政年度预算于2月2日公布，在预算案的最后，政府向614人致谢，感谢他们为预算案形成所作出的贡献。
2016考研英语最新时文精读：网络安全
本文推荐的考研英语泛读文章是2015年7月份的网络时文，主题围绕着网络安全展开(Cyber-security)。
网络已经深深地与当代的生活融为一体，我们对它如此熟悉以至于从未担心过他的安全问题。
In the nascent “internet of things”, security is the last thing on people’s minds. 那么，当今网络中到底存在哪些不安全因素呢? What lies behind some people’s worries about what is often known as the “internet of things”? Modern cars are becoming like computers with wheels. Diabetics wear computerised insulin pumps that can instantly relay their vital signs to their doctors. Smart thermostats learn their owners’ habits, and warm and chill houses accordingly. And all are connected to the internet, to the benefit of humanity. 人们对“物联网”有什么样的担忧呢?现代汽车越来越成为长着轮子的计算机。
糖尿病人随身带着计算机控制的胰岛素泵，这些生命泵可以实时把重要信号传给医生。
智能恒温器了解主人习性，自动为其调节房间温度。
一切都接入互联网，以造福人类。
But the original internet brought disbenefits, too, as people used it to spread viruses, worms and malware of all sorts. Suppose, sceptics now worry, cars were taken over and crashed deliberately, diabetic patients were murdered by having their pumps disabled remotely, or people were burgled by thieves who knew, from the pattern of their energy use, when they had left their houses empty. An insecure internet of things might bring dystopia. 但是，随着人们利用互联网传播病毒，蠕虫以及各类恶意软件，互联网业也带来了一些危害。
2016考研英语最新时文泛读：心理健康
本文推荐的2016考研英语泛读文章是关于心理健康——走出阴影。
这是一篇心理学话题的文章，也是2016考研英语应该准备的重点题材。
本文的观点认为：精神疾病的“烙印”正在褪色，患者得到应有治疗仍需时日(The stigma of mental illness is fading. But it will take time for sufferers to get the treatment they need)。
从社会角度来看，这是一中积极的变化。
来看一下具体内容： For John Mooney, it was a career highlight. In March the Irish cricketer took a crucial catch that gave his team the victory in a World Cup match and eliminated the higher-ranked Zimbabwe. But afterwards the Zimbabwe Herald, a daily paper with links to Zanu-PF, the thuggish ruling party, claimed that Mr Mooney had lied when he said that his foot had not been touching the boundary, meaning the catch should have been disallowed. The article cited previous interviews in which the sportsman had spoken frankly about his long battles with drink, depression and suicidal thoughts. Under pressure, it claimed, a “man of such a character” could not be trusted to have “the honesty, let alone the decency” to tell the truth. 对约翰·穆尼而言，这是他职业生涯的巅峰。
考研英语时文阅读(25)
考研时文阅读(25)"医学之父"希波克拉底说过："让食物变成你的药，让药变成你的食物。
"作为一个生于公元前五世纪的希腊人，他的智慧远远超越了他所处的时代。
如今，我们知道低脂肪而富含全麦、水果和蔬菜的饮食结构能增强我们的免疫力，并能减少癌症、心脏病和中风的发病率。
但是，这些还不完全。
新的证据显示食品可能会影响健康人的思考和感觉方式。
如果希波克拉底今天还在世的话，他也许会回顾他吃过的最后一顿饭，解释他兴奋（或忧伤）的心情。
他可能还会改变自己的饮食习惯，使自己变得更幸福或更聪明。
Can milk make you happy?Can fish make you smart?Picture yourself lying in bed, your mind in turmoil. You toss and turn, but sleep won't come. Maybe a bedtime snack would help. What should you choose? If you think first of toaster waffles or popcorn, some experts would say you're on the right track. Foods high in complex carbohydrates---such as cereals, potatoes, pasta, crackers, or rice cakes---make many people relaxed and drowsy.Missed that one? Try again. Suppose the weather's rotten, you forgot your homework, and your best friend's mad at you. What's good medicine when you're feeling low? A sugary cola or candy may give you a quick lift, but you'll crash just as quickly. Better choices may be Brazil nuts (for selenium), skim milk (for calcium), or a spinach salad (for folic acid). In research studies, all three of those nutrients have been shown to lift spirits and battle the blues.Try one more. You have a math test coming up in the afternoon. You want to be sharp, but you usually feel sleepy after lunch. Is your best choice an energy fix of fries and a shake or a broiled chicken breast and low-fat yogurt? If you pick the high-fat fries and shake, you may feel sluggish and blow that test. The protein-rich chicken and yogurt are better choices. Protein foods energize, some experts say.How does food affect mood and mind? The answer may lie in the chemistry of the brain and nervous system. Molecules called neurotransmitters are chemical messengers. They carry a nerve impulse across the gap between nerve cells. The release of neurotransmitter molecules from one neuron and their attachment to receptor sites on another keep a nerve impulse moving.Nerve impulses carry messages from the environment to the brain, for example, the pain you feel when you stub your toe. They also carry messages in the other direction, from the brain to the muscles. That's why you back away from the obstacle that initiated the pain signal and exclaim, "Ouch!""Many neurotransmitters are built from the foods we eat," says neuroscientist Eric Chudler of the University of Washington. Too little or too much of a particular nutrient in the diet can affect their production, Chudler says. For example, tryptophan from foods such as yogurt, milk, bananas, and eggs is required for the production of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Phenylalanine from beets, almonds, eggs, meat, and grains goes into making the neurotransmitter dopamine. Dozens of neurotransmitters are known; hundreds may exist. Their effects depend on their amounts and where they work in the brain. The neurotransmitter serotonin, for example, is thought to produce feelings of calmness, relaxation, and contentment. Drugs that prevent its reuptake (into the neuron that released it) are prescribed to treat depression. In at least some healthy, non-depressed people, carbohydrate foods seem to enhance serotonin production and produce similar effects. "It is the balance between different neurotransmitters that helps regulate mood," Chudler says.Proper nutrition may also enhance brainpower. Chorine is a substance similar to the B vitamins. It's found in egg yolks, whole wheat, peanuts, milk, green peas, liver, beans, seafood, and soybeans. The brain uses it to make the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. To test the effects of chorine on memory and learning, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology gave memory tests to college students before increasing the amount of chorine in their subjects’ diets. Later, they retested. On the average, memories were better, and the students learned a list of unrelated words more easily.核心词汇picture v. 想象，设想; (常后接介词as) ，相当于imagineturmoil n. 骚动，混乱（disorder=mess）snack n. 小吃，零食；on the right track(在合适或正确的小路或轨道上)，比喻为：做某事情是对的。
2016考研英语：英语阅读理解经典篇章(16)
2016考研英语：英语阅读理解经典篇章（16）太奇小编整理了英语阅读系列经典篇章，2016广大考研生可将其作为备考资料，从中多积累英语词汇、写作、阅读素材，才能在2016考研英语中获得更高的成绩。
Before she tried to kill herself by jumping from her dormitory building a year ago, no one knew Xing Hua (name changed for privacy)， a 22-year-old economics postgraduate from Wuhan, was suffering from depression. She narrowly escaped death, but suffered severe internal injuries and multiple broken bones.一年前，星华(为保护隐私，此处使用化名)试图从宿舍楼一跃而下来结束自己的生命，在那之前并没有人知道这位来自武汉的22岁的经济学研究生一直饱受抑郁症的折磨。
虽然她逃过了一劫，但仍遭受严重内伤以及多处骨折。
“I was in great pain,” said Xing. “Only depression victims could understand the despair – a desperation so great that life itself seems not to matter any more.”“我非常痛苦，”星华说道，“只有抑郁症患者才能理解那份绝望。
心如死灰，以致于活着与否无所谓。
”the World Mental Health Day on Oct 10 was marked by the theme: “Depression: A Global Crisis”。
According to the World Federation for Mental Health and the WHO, depression has moved beyond the medical domain to become a social problem.10月10日的心理卫生日主题为：“抑郁症：一个全球性危机”。
2016考研英语最新时文泛读—人民币贬值
2016考研英语最新时文泛读：人民币贬值来源：文都教育本文给2016考研同学推荐的泛读文章是关于人民币贬值的问题。
虽然之前大多数的考研阅读题材都是涉及西方社会的文化背景信息，但是，随着中国在国际社会的影响力越来越强，就无法避免会考到涉及中国话题的文章。
这篇文章的话题就是我们必须要了解的。
人民币除了可以用the yuan表达，还可以说成China's currency；贬值叫devaluation。
来看一下具体内容：There have been some dramatic devaluations in history—think of sterling in 1967 and 1992, or Argentina in 2001/2. When currencies decline, they do so in a big way. China's devaluation of the yuan today is less than 2%, but it is also being treated as a major story. Robert Peston of the BBC says it is more significant than either the Greek crisis or if the Federal Reserve raised interest rates. The combination of falling commodity prices and weaker emerging markets is certainly a worry. 历史上有许多急剧的贬值。
如，1967年和1992年的英镑，2001/02年的阿根廷比索。
货币贬值一般是以惊天动地的方式完成。
中国今天对人民币的贬值还不到2%，但是也在被当成是一个大事件来对待。
BBC的Robert Peston的称，这比希腊危机或是美联储加息还要影响深远。
英语时文阅读(考研或六级备战)
Ailing Father Finds 'New Dads' for His Young DaughtersUntil that day in 2008 when he was diagnosed with a potentially fatal bone cancer, Bruce Feiler had been living a seemingly charmed life. He was a bestselling author of numerous books. He had a loving marriage and twin three-year-old girls. His doctor's sudden bad news left him stunned."You imagine all the ballet recitals you're not going to see, the walks you're not going to take, [and] the boyfriends you are not going to scowl at, and the things they would wonder about me," Feiler recalls. "Would [my girls] wonder who I was [if I died]? Would they wonder what I thought? Would they yearn for my approval, my discipline, my voice?" Three days later, Feiler awoke before dawn with a big idea: he would assemble a group of trusted men to serve as surrogate fathers after his death. His new book, The Council of Dads: My Daughters, My Illness and the Men Who Could Be Me, recalls that moment:“I started making a list of six men from all parts of my life, beginning when I was a child and stretching through today. These are the men who know me best, the men who share my values, men who traveled with me, studied with me, have been though pain and happiness with me, men who know my voice…" Feiler's wife Linda embraced the idea, and together, they devised some guidelines for whom to ask. For example, they agreed that Council members should be friends, not family, and that they should be men. And each man should embody some key aspect of Feiler himself.Feiler made his first request to Jeff Shumlin, a Vermont farmer. The two became friends just after high school while on a student exchange program in Europe. Feiler wanted Shumlin on his Council of Dads because then as now, he was an adventurer who always said "yes" to life.When Shumlin agreed to his friend's request, Feiler asked him what piece of advice he would give to his girls as they got older. "And he [Shumlin] said 'Be a traveler, not a tourist and approach your trip as a young child might approach a mud puddle. You can bend over and look at your reflection, or you can jump in thrash around, see it what it feels like, what it smells like. I want to see you back at the end of this trip covered in mud!'" Other dads in Feiler's Council of Dads include Ben, an intellectual skeptic who would invite the girls to be relentless in their pursuit of truth and "live the questions," and another buddy, also named Ben, who believes in the power of friendship.David Black, the literary agent and close personal friend who helped Feiler get published back when he was an unknown writer, also made the cut.Black says the role Feiler asked him to assume was a natural fit. "I work to help people's dreams come true," he recalls in his busy Manhattan office. "That's in part what Bruce asked of me, to be a member of the Council."Black, who is a father himself, adds that the Council of Dads has turned out to be about more than just a community of support for Feiler's daughters. It has also been about creating a community of men who can support each other. "Men are not given in our society enough opportunity to be drawn together in something where their love and support is the foundation. That's not what men [are supposed to] do,” he says.Black adds that typically, American men play or watch sports together, drink together and compete. "[But] this [council] is not about competition. This allows the nurturing element of these men, of the six of us, to be at the forefront of the relationship. And that's different."Bruce Feiler points out that when dads support other dads, they can share their experience, their strengths and their wisdom, and that when they do, it's the children who benefit most. "Being a dad is often very lonely," he says, "And one of the things I feel is I am no longer alone, that the Council of Dads is in every room with me and making every decision with me." The medical crisis that led Feiler to reach out to the other fathers has passed. Today, Feiler is cancer-free. But he says his idea has caught on, and he believes that his book, The Council of Dads, and the website is inspiring similar groups to form wherever dads seek strength in the fellowship of fathers.Leaders of the Group of 20 meeting in Toronto, Canada have agreed that the world's most advanced industrialized countries should reduce their budget deficits by half within three years, with further steps to cut debt relative to economic output by 2016.The G20, which includes major industrialized powers in the Group of Eight plus deve loping nations with significant economies such as China and India, agreed to a specific time line for deficit reduction, while giving governments flexibility to adjust the pace of changes based on their own situations.A plan promoted by host Canada will have the most advanced countries cut their budget deficits in half by 2013. By 2016, governments would be required to stabilize or begin reducing the percentage of their debt as measured against total gross domestic product, the value of all goods and services produced in a given country.Canada's Prime Minister Stephen Harper, who in opening the summit said nations are walking an economic "tightrope," noted that the G20 declaration leaves room for continuing stimulus measures and steps to bring down debt."All leaders recognize that fiscal consolidation is not an end in itself," he said. "There will be a continued role for ongoing stimulus in the short-term as we develop the framework for strong, sustainable and balanced growth."The declaration calls recovery so far from the global economic crisis uneven and fragile, with unemployment at unacceptable levels in many countries. It says unprecedented and globally coordinated fiscal and monetary stimulus is play ing a major role in helping to restore private demand and lending.Saying serious challenges remain, G20 leaders recognize the risks to recovery from fiscal adjustment across several major economies. But they add that failure to implement fiscal consolidation where it is needed could undermine confidence and hamper growth. President Barack Obama and other U.S. officials argued strongly at the summit against any early slowing of stimulus spending by governments, saying that it might bring about a second global recession.In his concluding news conference, the president was asked about divisions on this issue. He said the declaration reflects policies that the United States has promoted and addresses a range of needs."In each country, what we have to recognize is that the recovery is still fragile, that we still have more work to do to make this recovery durable," he said. "But we also have to recognize that if markets are skittish and don't have confidence that we can tackle the tough problems of our medium- and long-term debt and deficits, then that also is going to undermine our recovery."The president said the declaration shows that G20 nations can bridge their differences and coordinate approaches while continuing to focus on durable growth that puts people to work and broadens prosperity.The G20 declaration recognizes U.S. concerns, say ing that sustaining economic recovery requires nations to follow through on delivering existing stimulus plans, while working to create the conditions for robust private demand.On other key issues, European nations such as Britain, France and Germany failed to win G20 agreement for new taxes on banks as part of efforts to discourage excessiverisk-taking that could lead to another financial crisis. The declaration leaves such a tax up to individual members.G20 nations pledge a medium-term phase out of what they call inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, although this would take into account what they call vulnerable groups and their development needs.Where the world's poorest countries are concerned, the G20 says that narrowing the development gap and reducing poverty are integral to a broader objective of achieving strong, sustainable and balanced growth.At the last of bilateral meetings at the G20, Mr. Obama met on Sunday with Indonesia's President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, India's Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Japan's Prime Minister Naoto Kan.President Obama discussed the U.S.-India Strategic Partnership, and joint efforts on climate change. Mr. Obama said he looks forward to his trip to India in November. Prime Minister Singh called President Obama a "role model for billions and billions of people" around the world.After the G20, President Obama returns to Washington, where he will be waiting for Congress to give final approval to legislation that will impose sweeping new regulations on the U.S. financial system.G20 leaders say they look forward to their next meetings - in Seoul, South Korea in November, and next year in France. Mexico assumes the G20 chairmanship in 2012.Maternal Mortality Rates in New York Rival Developing CountriesA report released by New York City's health department says the percentage of women who die in pregnancy and childbirth in the New York metro area is double that of the national average. Health officials in New York say the maternal mortality rate in the United States itself rivals that of poorer developed countries like Singapore and Ireland. Dr. Jo Boufford, president of the New York Academy of Medicine, which sponsored the maternal mortality conference where the report was released, says the developed and the developing worlds tend to promote different strategies to fight maternal death. And she says while both approaches have merits, each alone is only partiallyeffective. 、"The difference is the developing countries have focused on public health, prevention and primary and prenatal care in the area of maternal mortality," says Boufford. "And their struggle and barrier is having an adequate health workforce and facilities for the kind of high-tech things that happen to mothers that are at risk …"In contrast, Boufford says developed nations have excellent medical technology."But we have a rather poorly developed system of good primary care and prenatal care," she continues. "And our problem is connecting the prenatal care with the delivery site, making sure the information about a patient travels with that patient when they go into labor and go to the hospital. So we can deal with the high-tech and the crisis. Our problem is we're not focusing upstream on the prevention and the primary care, and the developing countries are just the opposite." Maternal mortality in America is particularly high in New York City, where extremes of wealth and poverty abound, says Deborah Kaplan, who oversees the Bureau of Maternal, Infant and Reproductive Health for New York City's health department. The department analyzed the causes of 161 maternal deaths in New York between 2001 and 2005. The study found that half the women who died were obese and that 56 percent had a chronic illness, such as high blood pressure, heart disease or asthma. Black women were seven times more likely to suffer a pregnancy-related death compared to white women. "And we think the issue for black women is they are more likely to be obese and have chronic illnesses, like high bloodpressure, which put you at higher risk for complications during pregnancy," says Kaplan. "Black women, who are more likely to be uninsured, are living in communities where there is limited access to the healthy foods and exercise and activity that is necessary from childhood on to reduce the likelihood of obesity and chronic illnesses." Kaplan's agency is redoubling its efforts to identify obese women early in their pregnancies and to make sure their health care providers treat them as high-risk patients. It also is issuing health alerts to hospital delivery wards to diminish the risk of death in childbirth due to hemorrhage, which is more likely among obese moms. "We recommended hemorrhage drills just like fire drills. For an event that doesn't happen very often, people need to practice. That's on the clinical end. On the bigger environmental end, our agency is involved in many areas related to obesity prevention that look at increasing access to healthy foods in the community. It's about raising awareness and engaging people in the community so that they are part of this work, so they can prevent obesity and chronic illness that can lead to maternal death," says Kaplan. To promote change at the grassroots level, the city is building coalitions that bring together community and government agencies. It also is encouraging leaders at faith-based communities to educate their congregations about the benefits of a healthy lifestyle. "We work to promote breast feeding to prevent childhood obesity, which is where it all begins in terms of child health," says Kaplan. "We work with schools to get unhealthy foods out of the schools and … promote health foods within the school environment. And we work with parents and community residents to really understand why this is so important, and for them to hopefully demand these healthy foods and places to exercise in their own communities." Dr. Boufford says that the medical community also must examine its practices. For example, there may be a correlation between maternal mortality and Caesarean births, or so-called "C-Sections," which are performed in nearly half of all deliveries in some New York hospitals. The report, released Friday, found that 79 percent of New York women who died in childbirth had undergone the procedure. "Now, that may be because they are sicker and they needed it, and C-Sections certainly save lives," says Boufford. "There is no question about that. But we need to understand much more about that. And I think the comfort with technology may have gotten ahead of what may be the best in terms of the management of the patient."Government health departments nationwide are studying new strategies to protect maternal and child health, such as those outlined by the United Nations Millennium Goals,which calls for education, economic development and community empowerment to save lives and eliminate preventable suffering.In the United States, Britain and Japan, Apple's iPhone has reached celerity status. Customers lined up for hours for Apple's newest phone, the iPhone 4. Alex Lee lives in Dubai, but traveled to London for his phone. "The reason why we want to come to this one is because we really want this phone," he said.The iPhone 4 is faster, thinner, has a longer battery life, and it features video calling. Apple is not the only company that makes so-called smartphones that allow users to access the Internet. But loyal customers say its simplicity makes the iPhone stand out."The user friendliness on the IPhone is unbelievable. It's like even a layman can use it," said one man.By the end of July, Apple says the iPhone 4 will be available in 18 additional countries. By the end of September, in 88 countries worldwide.But technology expert Rob Atkinson says smartphones will most like ly not be widely used in many developing nations because of their cost, and the cost of connected on-line data plans. "So I don't think we're going to see a lot of deployment in a region or continent like Africa. You might see some among the smaller groups of higher income users there but what I do think you will see is growth in countries in places like Latin America," he said. Atkinson says countries with a growing middle class will embrace smartphones much faster. "In developing countries, that's going to be a longer process where you'll have perhaps business people, farmers, small business people, professionals who will be the first adopters - the doctors, government officials - and then it will slowly as you get more apps (applications) slowly permeate out probably," he said.Atkinson says Apple's iPhone faces growing competition from other companies, such as Google, that make their own smartphones. With competition, experts expect prices to drop, making smartphones much more accessible to consumers around the world.Romanian Girl Gets Life-Altering SurgeryThis may look like a normal fitting for eyeglasses. But for this 12-year old Romanian girl, it's monumental. "She was different than other children and people behaved differently as well," said her father, Peter Nemethi.At first, Andrea Nemethi's face wasn't flat enough for glasses. A rare tumor behind her right eyeball swelled so much, the tumor and eyeball protruded from the socket."To give you an idea, I think the tumor was, maybe, probably bigger than most orangesthat you see, maybe like two oranges," said Doctor Aaron Fay, a surgeon at Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. "You know, it was a pretty big thing and certainly much too big to fit inside an eye socket." The tumor was discovered in 2002, when Andrea was 4 years old. Although it was benign, doctors in Romania delivered grim news.The family was told it was inoperable.At school, the bulging tumor made Andrea self-conscious and shy. One of her teachers reached out to foreign doctors for help. Camille Condon, Director of International Programs at Massachusetts Eye and Ear, received the request just one week after this man died. Ray Tye was a Boston philanthropist who was dedicated to helping children get the surgeries they needed, by paying for them."His passion came from his son who died, I believe of cancer," said Condon. "And he was devastated that all the money in the world couldn't save his son, and therefore, for his son, he was going to save other lives." The hospital decided to memorialize Tye by performing a surgery he would have supported. They chose Andrea.Dr. Fay, operating for seven hours, was able to save Andrea's eyelid, eye muscles and socket. He removed the tumor and Andrea's eye. Camelia Rosca, Andrea's host in Boston, says coming to America has transformed the young girl and her family. "When you see people care about your child's life, it's been tremendous for the family and for Andrea," said Rosca. "She now behaves just like any pre-teenage girl."The pre-teen now feels better about herself. Andrea needs two more procedures before she heads home. When she goes back to Romania, she says she'll never forget the kindness of strangers. They too are transformed. "You know it's quite an emotional experience for me," added Dr. Fay. Those former strangers say Andrea won a place in their hearts.Strikes Highlight China's Growing Industrial UnrestOngoing industrial unrest by factory workers in China about low pay and poor working conditions point to the emergence of an influential labor movement in the world'smost-populous country.This week, it was the Toyota workers who laid down tools and demanded higher pay. They follow workers at Honda who went out on strike and eventually received double-digit pay increases.And, the spate of suicides at the Foxconn plant in southern China also helped focus attention on wages and conditions in Chinese factories. The scenes of striking workers at factory gates have become a regular sight in the past month.The industrial unrest for higher pay in China poses two major questions: Does it signal the start of new era of industrial unrest and the rise of militant unionism? And, does it spell the end of cheap labor in China?Independent labor unions have long been banned in China. The official Communist Party-controlled All-China Federation of Trade Unions has sent in officials to mediate in many of the strikes. But many workers dismiss the federation as useless. Others claim union officials have used violence and other intimidation tactics to force them back to work.Although there is mounting evidence to suggest workers are becoming more organized and sophisticated at collective bargaining for improved welfare, it is unlikely the government would ever allow the situation to get out of hand.Geoffrey Crothall of the Hong-Kong based China Labor Bulletin says the strikes are tolerated because they are private disputes between factory workers and factory bosses. "The government is reasonably tolerant of labor disputes because they are disputes between management and workers. They are not a political threat and should be dealt with on a case-by-case basis," said Crothall.The strikes have mainly hit foreign companies. This is causing problems for those manufacturers that shifted production to China to take advantage of lower labor costs and to cash in on the potential consumer market.But, as factory bosses are forced to offer higher pay to prevent strikes, what does this mean for the faltering global economy?The West has relied on cheap goods from China to help fuel the boom times of the past two decades. Now, it is rely ing on China's cheap labor and the emergence of a consumer culture to help claw the world out of the financial crisis. But some economists say the higher wages will not affect China's competitiveness, in the long term, as companies are likely to move inland to tap cheaper labor markets.Economist Vincent Chan from Credit Suisse in Hong Kong believes the main problem for the government is to manage expectations of the second generation of migrant workers who form the back bone of China's success. And, he says this means the government will have to consider greater social services so as to keep these increasingly demanding workers content."It's about growing expectations. People's expectations have changed," explained Chan. "The first generation of migrant workers didn't mind living in cities. They did not mind doing overtime to earn more money to build a home back in their home village. But for this new generation of migrant workers - no way. So there are different expectations which potentially mean the government, particularly at local level, will need to providemore services to them to incorporate them into becoming urban citizens.And, that will hurt the budget."And with increased salaries, Chinese should purchase more, helping restore parity in trade surpluses on global markets.World Bank economist Louis Kuijs says he is not too concerned by strikes and says he does not see any signs that the industrial unrest will become a major problem for either social stability or for the Chinese and global economies."Wage increases in one particular factory, no matter how large, are unlikely to be representative of what's going on in the rest of the country," said Kuijs. "What we are seeing China is that wages are gradually converging to those levels in the U.S. and Europe, but this convergence is going to take a very long time."The China Labor Bulletin's Geoffrey Crothall says the main legacy of the strikes is the media attention outside of China."Labor conditions in China are getting prominent coverage in the mainstream international media," noted Crothall. "So, clearly, more and more people in the West are becoming aware of conditions in Chinese factories. And, this could help put pressure on international brands to ensure those workers are treated properly and paid a decent wage."With millions of Chinese willing to work, the country's remarkable growth looks set to continue to see more and more Chinese leav ing their fields for a better paid job in the factories and a modern life in the cities. What is becoming clear however, is that Chinese workers are expecting more for their hard work. And, government officials and factory bosses, especially those who run international companies, have to address these rising expectations.UN Eight Percent of Afghan Population Add icted to DrugsA United Nations study released Wednesday says drug use is increasing in the developing word, and a report released earlier this week showed particular problems in Afghanistan, the world's largest opium producer. The U.N. says nearly 8 percent of Afghanistan's population suffers some form of addiction, and many of those using drugs are children.The U.N. study finds nearly one million Afghans between 15 and 64 years old are suffering from some form of drug addiction. That's roughly 8 percent of the war-torn country'spopulation. Over a four year period, the number of regular opium users jumped 53 percent. And the number of regular heroin users jumped a staggering 140 percent."What we are seeing here is another demonstration -- the availability of drugs generates its own addiction," said Antonio Maria Costa, who is with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.Another disturbing statistic, nearly 50 percent of adult drug users in Afghanistan's north and south gave opium to their children, an indication, Costa says, that a generation of Afghan children are at risk.Jason Campbell, with the Rand Corporation, a think tank in suburban Washington, says Afghan and international officials must tackle both the source and the consequences of the nation's drug problem. "First, is to continue to stress the importance of trying to grow alternative crops. As far as addiction goes, start looking more, again, at some of the treatment opportunities, options, because they seem to be largely non-existent right now," he said.Campbell says Afghan and world leaders must look at the socio-economic factors fueling drug use. "The study alludes to things such as hopelessness, the lack of medical care. These are all things that you know if your people have something to live for, the economy starts getting stronger, they start having access to basic medical care, they are going to be overall less likely to turn to drugs," he said.One major problem: some 700,000 Afghans have no access to drug treatment. Only 10 percent have received treatment. Ninety percent of those surveyed felt they needed help. Campbell says an aggressive approach used to combat drug use among Afghan security and police forces might work elsewhere. "Over the last few months, there have been a number of training centers open that are exclusively for members of both the Afghan National Army and the Afghan national police force, and I would say that drug usage and illiteracy are two of the big problems within the security forces that NATO has really made a big priority now. What remains to be seen is whether this will have a long-term effect, positive effect on the security forces, and maybe are there ways we can replicate some of these treatment programs to be more inclusive of the general public," he said. Campbell says Afghanistan's drug problem will take decades to tackle. And it won't go away until the Afghan people understand how it directly affects them."You look at a lot of interviews with farmers and they basically say 'Look, I grow the o pium. Someone collects it. I get paid and I get to feed my family.' To them, for the most part, that drug goes out internationally, to the West and it really doesn't have a personalconnection to them. But as you said, if you start seeing people in your v illage, and even relatives, succumb to addiction, that might again help to make them more receptive to trying to grow these other crops that are a better part of forming a stronger society," he said.In the meantime, the social costs to Afghanistan's population are rising. The U.N. says they include loss of productivity and family income, as well as violence, security problems and traffic and workplace accidents.Vampire Fights for Girlfriend in 'The Twilight Saga: Eclipse'any film can rival（与…竞争）the World Cup in terms of anticipation by a global legion of fans, it is the new, third installment in the romance of teenager Bella and her beloved, ageless vampire, Edward. Here's a look at The Twilight Saga: Eclipse. (日、月)食"It's starting."It actually started a couple of years ago with the first film adapted from the wildly popular Twilight romance novels written by Stephanie Meyer. The saga continued last year with New Moon, and now in Eclipse, headstrong high school student Bella Swan affirms her love for classmate Edward Cullen, a soulful（深情的）and very pale teenager. Of course, Edward is really more than a century old, but, as a vampire, he remains eternally（永恒的）young. As if that were not enough of an obstacle to their relationship, there is also her lifelong best friend, Jacob Black. Not only is he jealous, he is also a werewolf, sworn enemy to all vampires.The rising tensions between Edward and Jacob must wait, however, because a bigger threat is descending on their mountainside town of Forks, Washington."Someone is creating an army.""An army of vampires?""They are coming here."The approaching danger forces an uneasy alliance between the wolves and the undead. "They're after Bella? What the hell does this mean?""It means an ugly fight with lives lost.""All right, we're in."Taylor Lautner co-stars again as werewolf Jacob and the now 18-year-old says he has grown along with the character."Jacob definitely matures quite a bit because he has been dealing with his new self now, he has come to know his new self and the situation he has been put in - romantic-wise and a lot of stuff," Lautner explains. "He deals with a lot. He becomes frustrated in this one a little bit because he gets this close all the time and then gets told 'no' over and over again. So it's quite a bummer碰撞, but he's persistent."Robert Pattinson is Edward and the English-born actor likes the freedom this latest film gives him to go deeper into the character and his predicament.困境"His flaws, I think, in the first two movies …earlier on the story …were caused by his dislocation from reality," Pattinson says. "So when he finds one thing to hold onto, that's。
英语考试作文-2016考研英语作文必背高分句：医生道德
英语考试作文2016考研英语作文必背高分句：医生道德考研英语词汇和语法是复习考研英语的基础，建议大家通过阅读、背诵英语句子记单词，并熟悉语法的各种运用法则，从而对后期的考研英语作文奠定基础。
考研整理分享各种高分句，希望这些有趣的句子能帮助你全面提高考研英语复习效率。
2016考研英语作文必背高分句：医生道德the full import may take a while to sink in. the ntrights of the terminally i’ll law has left physicians andcitizens alike trying to deal with its moral andpractical implications.译文：要充分理解这一法案的深刻意义可能需要一段时间。
《北领地末期病人权利法》促使医生和公民一起去努力探索其道德及实际方面的意义。
点睛：第一句是个简单句。
第二句稍微复杂一些，其主干为：the nt rights of the terminally ill law has leftphysicians andcitizens…。
分词短语trying to deal withits moral and practical implications作宾语physicians and citizens的补足语。
考点归纳：注意本句中出现的单词import和短语sink in、deal with。
*import作名词和动词的不同用法：1)作名词时，常用的意思为“进口，输入;进口商品”，而本句中意为“意义;重要性”。
the import of his remarks was that we should work harder.他的演讲的意义是我们应更加努力工作。
this is a question of great import.这是一个十分重要的问题。
2)作动词时，意为“含有…意思，意味着”。
2016年阅读理解
2016考研英语阅读理解 Text 1
7 Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.
2016考研英语阅读理解: Text 1, new words
innovator: n.
innovate: v. innovation: n
innovate: v. to start to use new ideas, methods, or inventions 革新，创新，改革 (常与in或on连用) innovation: n. (1)[C] a new idea, method, or invention 新观念；新方法；新发明[+ in] (2)[U] the introduction of new ideas or methods 革新，创新 [+ in]
2016考研英语阅读理解 Text 1
2 Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. That's a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health—as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.
2016年英语二真题和参考解析(专硕)
2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）（科目代码：204）☆考生注意事项☆1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。
不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。
超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Directions:Section IUse of EnglishRead the followin g text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (lOpoints)Happ y people work differentl y . The y 're more productive, more creative, and willin g to take greater risks. And new research su gg ests that happiness mi g ht influence 1 firms work, too.Companies located in places with happier people invest more, accordin g to a recent research paper. 2 , 伍ms in happ y places spend more on R&D (research and development). That's because happiness is linked to the kind of lon g er-term thinkin g 3 for makin g investments for the future.The researchers wanted to know if the 4 and inclination for risk-takin g that come with happiness would 5 the wa y companies invested. So the y compared U.S. cities'avera g e happiness 6 b y Gallup pollin g with the investment activit y of publicl y traded firms in those areas.7 enou g h, fim函investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which the y were 8 . But is it reall y happiness that's linked to investment, or could somethin g else about happier cities 9 wh y 伍ms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researchers controlled for various 10 that mi g ht make 伍ms more likel y to invest like size, industry, and sales and for indicators that a place was 11 to live in, like growth in wa g es or population. The link between happiness and investment g enerall y 12 even after accountin g for these thin g s.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularl y stron g fory oun g er firms, which the authors 13to "less codified decision makin g process" and the possible presence of ''y oun g er and less 14 mana g ers who are more likel y to be influenced b y sentiment." The relationship was 15 stron g er in places where happiness was spread more 16 . Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relativel y happ y , rather than in places with happiness inequality.17 this doesn't prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a lon g er-term view, the authors believe it at least 18 at that possibility. It's not hard to ima g ine that local culture and sentiment would help 19 how executives think about the future. "It surel y seems plausible that happ y people would be more forward-thinkin g and creative and 20 R&D more than the avera g e," said one researcher.1.[A]wh y[B]how[C]where[D]when2.[A] In return[B]In particular[C]In contrast[D]In conclusion3.[A] necessary[B]famous[C]perfect[D]sufficient4.[A] individualism [B] realism[C]o p ti m ism[D]modernism5.[A] miss[B]echo[C]spoil[D]c ha n ge6.[A] imagined[B]measured[C]assumed[D]invented7.[A] Sure[B]O dd[C]Unfortunate [D] Often8.[A] divided[B]advertised[C]overtaxed[D]headquartered9.[A] summarize[B]overstate[C]ex pl ain[D]emphasize10.[A] factors[B]st a ge s[C]levels[D]methods11.[A] desirable[B]sociable[C]reliable[D]reputable12.[A] resumed[B]emerged[C]held[D]broke13. [A] ass ign [B]attribute[C]transfer[D]compare14.[A] serious[B]civilized[C]a m bitious[D]experienced15.[A] instead[B]thus[C]also[D]never16.[A] r ap idly[B]di r ec t ly[C]re g ul arly[D]e qu a ll y17.[A] While[B]Until[C]After[D]Since18.[A] arrives[B]jump s[C]hints[D]strikes19.[A] share[B]rediscover[C]simplify[D]sha p e20.[A] pray for[B]lean towards[C]send out[D]gi ve awaySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1It's true that hi g h-school codin g classes aren't essential for learnin g computer science in colle g e. Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carne g ie Mellon's School of Computer Science.However, Cortina said, earl y exposure is beneficial. When y oun g er kids learn computer science, the y learn that it's not just a confusin g, endless strin g of letters and numbers—but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses. It's not as hard for them to transform their thou g ht processes as it is for older students. Breakin g down problems into bite-sized chunks and usin g code to solve them becomes normal. Givin g more children this trainin g could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs g ap, Cortina said.Students also benefit from learnin g somethin g about codin g before the y g et to colle g e, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or -determined students away.The Flatiron School, where people pa y to learn pro g rammin g, started as one of the man y codin g bootcamps that's become popular for adults lookin g for a career chan g e. The hi g h-schoolers g et the same curriculum, but "we try to g ear lessons toward thin g s the y're interested in," said Victoria Friedman, an instructor. For instance, one of the apps the students are developin g su gg ests movies based on y our mood.The students in the Flatiron class probabl y won't drop out of hi g h school and build the next Facebook. Programmin g langua g es have a quick turnover, so the "Rub y on Rails" langua g e the y learned ma y not even be relevant b y the time the y enter the job market. But the skills the y learn how to think lo g icall y through a problem and or g anize the results appl y to an y codin g langua g e, said D eborah Seehom, an education consultant for the state of N orth Carolina.Indeed, the Flatiron students mi g ht not g o into IT at all. But creatin g a future arm y of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. These kids are g oin g to be surrounded b y computers in their pockets, in their offices, in their homes for the rest of their lives. The y oun g er the y learn how computers think, how to凶埜the machine into producin g what the y want the earlier the y learn that the y have the power to do that the better.21.Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes 1t easier to.[A]co mp lete future job training[B]remodel the way of thinking[C]formulate logical hypotheses[D]perfect artwork production22.In delivering lessons for high-schoolers, Flatiron has considered their.[A]expenence[B]interest[C]career prospects[D]academic backgrounds23.Deborah Seehom believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will[A]help students learn other computer languages[B]have to be upgraded when new technologies come[C]need i mp roving when students look for jobs[D]enable students to make big quick money24. According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to.[A]bring forth innovative computer technologies[B]stay longer in the information technology industry[C]become better prepared for the digitalized world[D]co mp ete with a future army of programmers25.The word "coax" (Line 4, Para. 6) is closest in meaning to.[A]pers u ade[B]fri g ht en[C]m isguide[D]challengeText2Biologists estimate that as man y as 2 million lesser prairie chickens—a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands—once lent red to the often gre y landscape of the midwestem and southwestern United States. But just some 22,000 birds remain toda y, occup y ing about 16% of the species'historic range.The crash was a major reason the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) decided to formall y list the bird as threatened. "The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation," said USFWS D irector D aniel Ashe. Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed. The y had pushed the agenc y to designate the bird as "endangered," a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats. But Ashe and others argued that the "threatened" tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentiall y less confrontational conservation approaches. In particular, the y called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments, which are often uneas y with federal action, and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken's habitat.Under the plan, for example, the agenc y said it would not prosecute landowners or businesses that unintentionall y kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as the y had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat. Negotiated b y USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pa y into a fund to replace every acre destro y ed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat. The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat. USFWS also set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of 67,000 birds over the next 10 y ears. And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (W A FW A), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress. Overall, the idea is to let "states remain in the driver's seat for managing the species," Ashe said.Not everyone bu y s the win-win rhetoric. Some Congress members are trying to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups, four states, and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court. Not surprisingl y, industry groups and states generall y argue it goes too far; enviromnentalists sa y it doesn't go far enough. "The federal government is giving responsibilit y for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction," sa y s biologist Ja y Lininger.26.The major reason for listing the lesser p rairie chicken as threatened is.[A]its drastically decreased population[B]the underestimate of the grassland acreage[C]a desperate appeal from some biologists[D]the insistence of private landowners27.The "threatened" tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it.[A]was a give-in to governmental pressure[B]would involve fewer agencies in action[C]granted less federal regulatory power[D]went against conservation policies28.It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that unintentional harm-doers will not beprosecuted if they[A]agree to pay a sum for compensation[B]volunteer to set up an equally big habitat[C]offer to support the W AFW A monitoringjob[D]promise to raise funds for USFWS operations29. According to Ashe, the leading role in managing the species is.[A]the federal government[B]the wildlife agencies[C]the landowners[D]the states30.Jay Lininger would most likely support.[A]industry groups[B]the win-win rhetoric[C]environmental groups[D]the plan under challengeText3That everyone's too bus y these da y s is a cliche. But one specific complaint is made especiall y mournfull y: There's never an y time to read.What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-mana g ement techni q ues don't seem sufficient. The web's full of articles offerin g tips on makin g time to read: "Give up TV" or "Carry a book with y ou at all times." But in m y experience, usin g such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn't work. Sit down to read and the fl yw heel of work-related thou g hts keeps spinnin g or else ou're so exhausted that a challen g in g book's the last thin g y ou need. The modem ymind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, "is overwhelmin g l y inclined toward con皿unication…It is not simpl y that one is interrupted; it is that one is actuall y inclined to interruption." D eep readin g re q uires not just time, but a special kind of time which can't be obtained merel y b y becomin g more efficient.In fact, "becomin g more efficient" is part of the problem. Thinkin g of time as a resource to be maximised means y ou approach it instnunentall y, jud g in g an yiven moment as well spent onl y in so far as it advances pro g ress toward some g oal. gImmersive readin g, b y contrast, depends on bein g willin g to risk inefficienc y,oallessness, even time-wastin g. Try to slot it in as a to-do list item and y ou'll gmana g e onl y g oal-focused readin g useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfillin g kind. "The future comes at us like empt y bottles alon g an unstoppable and nearl y infinite conve y or belt," writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and''we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (da y s, hours, minutes) as the y pass, for if the y g et b y without bein g filled, we will have wasted them." No mind-set could be worse for losin g y ourself in a book.So what does work? Perhaps surprisin g l y, schedulin g re g ular times for readin g. You'd think this mi g ht fuel the efficienc y mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us "step outside time's flow" into "soul time." You could limit distractions b y readin g onl y ph y sical books, or on sin g le-purpose e-readers. "Carry a book with y ou at all times" can actuall y work, too providin g y ou dip in often enou g h, so that readin g becomes the default state from which y ou temporaril y surface to take care of business, before droppin g back down. On a reall y g ood da y, it no lon g er feels as if y ou're "makin g time to read," but just readin g, and makin g time for everythin g else.31.The usual time-management techniques don't work because.[A]what they can offer does not ease the modem mind[B]what challenging books demand is repetitive reading[C]what people often forget is carrying a book with them[D]what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed32.The "empty bottles" metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to.[A]update their to-do lists[B]make passing time fulfilling[C]carry their plans through[D]pursue carefree reading33.Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps.[A]encourage the efficiency mind-set[B]develop online reading habits[C]promote ritualistic reading[D]achieve immersive reading34."Carry a book with you at all times" can work if.[A]reading becomes your primary business of the day[B]all the daily business has been promptly dealt with[C]you are able to drop back to business after reading[D]time can be evenly split for reading and business35.The best title for this text could be[A]How to Enjoy Easy Reading[B]How to Find Time to Read[C]How to Set Reading Goals[D]How to Read ExtensivelyText4Against a backdro p of drastic changes in econom y and p o p ulation structure, y ounger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road ma p to success, a latest p oll has found.Across generational lines, Americans continue to p rize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties. But while y oung and old mostl y agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, the y off er strikingl y different p aths for reaching it.Young p eo p le who are still getting started in life were more likel y than older adults to p rioritize p ersonal fulfillment in their work, to believe the y will advance their careers most b y regularl y changing jobs, to favor communities with more p ublic services and a faster p ace of life, to agree that cou p les should be financiall y secure before getting married or having children, and to maintain that children are best served b y two p arents working outside the home, the surve y found.From career to community and famil y , these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are definingp riorities and ex p ectations that will increasingl y s p read through virtuall y all as p ects of American life, from consumer p references to housing p atterns to p olitics.Young and old converge on one ke y p oint: Overwhelming majorities of both grou p s said the y believe it is harder for y oung p eo p le today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. While y ounger p eo p le are somewhat more o p timistic than their elders about the p ros p ects for those starting out toda y , big majorities in both grou p s believe those "just getting started in life" face a tougher climb than earlier generations in reaching such si gnp ost achievements as securing a good-p a y ing job, starting a famil y , managing debt, and finding affordable housing.Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher toda y . Schneider, a 27-y ear-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs, sa y s he struggled to find a job after graduating from college. Even now that he is working steadil y , he said, "I can't afford to p a y m y monthl y mortgage p ayments on m y own, so I have to rent rooms out to p eo p le to make that ha pp en." Looking back, he is struck that his p arents could p rovide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was y oung. "I still grew u p in an u pp er middle-class home with p arents who didn't have college degrees," Schneider said. "I don't think p eo p le are ca p able of that anymore."36.One cross-generation mark of a successful life is.[A]trying out different lifestyles[B]having a family with children[C]working beyond retirement age[D]setting up a profitable business37.It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to.[A]favor a slower life pace[B]hold an occupation longer[C]attach importance to pre-marital finance[D]give priority to childcare outside the home38.The priorities and expectations defined by the young will.[A]become increasingly clear[B]focus on materialistic issues[C]depend largely on political preferences[D]reach almost all aspects of A merican life39.Both young and old agree that.[A]good-p aying j obs are less availab le[B]the old made more life achievements[C]housing loans today are easy to obtain[D]getting established is harder for the young40.Which of the following is true about Schneider?[A]He found a dream job after graduating from college.[B]His parents believe working steadily is a must for success.[C]His parents'good life has little to do with a college degree.[D]He thinks his job as a technician quite challenging.PartBDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions b y choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which y ou do not need to use. Mark y our answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]Be sill y[B]Have fun[C]Ask for help[D]Express y our emotions[E]D on't overthink it[F]Be easil y pleased[G]Notice thingsAct Your Shoe Size, Not Your AgeAs adults, it seems that we are constantl y pursuing happiness, often with mixed results. Yet children appear to have it down to an art and for the most part the y don't need self-help books or therap y. Instead, the y look after their wellbeing instinctivel y, and usuall y more effectivel y than we do as grownups. Perhaps it's time to learn a few lessons from them.41.What does a child do when he's sad? He cries. When he's angry? He shouts. Scared? Probabl y a bit of both. As we grow up, we learn to control our emotions so the y are manageable and don't dictate our behaviours, which is in many wa y s a good thing. But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions, especiall y negative ones. That's about as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill. What we need to do is find a wa y to acknowledge and express what we feel appropriatel y, and then again, like children move on.42.A couple of Christmases ago, m y y oungest stepdaughter, who was nine y ears old at the time, got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas. It cost less than a fiver but she was overjo y ed, and couldn't stop talking about it. Too often we believe that a new job, bigger house or better car will be the magic silver bullet that will allow us to finall y be content, but the reality is these things have very little lasting impact on our happiness levels. Instead, being grateful for small things every da yis a much better wa y to improve wellbein g.43.Have y ou ever noticed how much children lau g h? If we adults could indul g e in a bit of silliness and g i gg lin g, we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies, increase g ood hormones like endorphins, improve blood flow to our hearts and even have a greater chance of fi g htin g off infection. All of which would, of course, havea positive effect on our happiness levels.44.The problem with bein g a grownup is that there's an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with work, mort g a g e payments, fi g urin g out what to cook for dinner. But as adults we also have the luxury of bein g able to control our own diaries and it's important that we schedule in time to enjo y the thin g s we love. Those thin g s mi g ht be social, sportin g, creative or completel y random (dancin g around the livin g room, an y one?) it doesn't matter, so lon g as the y're enjo y able, and not likel y to have ne g ative side effects, such as drinkin g too much alcohol or g oin g ona wild spendin g spree if y ou're on a ti g ht bud g et.45.Havin g said all of the above, it's important to add that we shouldn't try too hard to be happ y. Scientists tell us this can backfire and actuall y have a ne g ative i mp act on our wellbein g. As the Chinese philosopher Chuan g Tzu is reported to have said: "Happiness is the absence of strivin g for happiness." And in that, once more, we need to look to the example of our children, to whom happiness is not a oal but a natural byproduct of the wa y the y live.gSection III Translation46.DirectionsTranslate the following text into Chinese. Write y our translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors. The reason for this is simple: The longer y ou sta y in the store, the more stuff y ou'll see, and the more stuff y ou see, the more y ou'll bu y. And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff. The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and man y carry tens of thousands more. The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload. According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickl y become too much for us. After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationall y selective, and instead begin shopping emotionall y which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended bu y ing.Section IV WritingPartA47.Directions:Suppose you won a translation contest and your friend, Jack, wrote an email to congratulate you and ask for advice on translation. Write h im a reply to1)thank him, and2)give your advice.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" insteadDo not write your address. (10 points)PartB48.Directions:Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)其他培养独立能力6务广交朋友9%缓解压力33%某高校学生旅游目的调查2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I: Use of English (10 points)1 - 5: BBACD6 - 10: BADCA11-15: ACBDC16-20: DACDBSection II: Reading Comprehension (50 points)21-25: BBACA26-30: ACADC31-35: DBDAB36-40: BCDDC41-45: DFABESection III :Translation (15 Points)超市旨在吸引消费者在店里停留尽可能长的时间。
2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二考研真题及答案（完整版）
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Happy people work differently. They’re more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence__1__firm’s work, too.Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper.__2__, firms in happy places spend more on R&D (research and development). That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking__3__for making investments for the future. The researchers wanted to know if the__4__and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would__5__the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities’ average happiness __6__by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas. __7__enough, firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were__8__.But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment, or could something else about happier .But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities__9__why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researchers controlled for various__10__that might make firms more likely to invest – like size, industry, and sales – and for indicators that a place was__11__to live in, like growth in wages or population. The link between happiness and investment generally__12__even after accounting for these things. The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors__13__to “less codified decision making process” and the possible presence of “younger and less__14__managers who are more lik ely to be influenced by sentiment.” The relationship was __15__stronger in places where happiness was spread more__16__.Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality. __17__ this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer s doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer -term view, the authors believe it at least__18__at that possibility. It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help__19__how executives think about the fut ure. “It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and__20__R&D more than the average,” said one researcher. 1. [A] why [B] where [C] how [D] when 2. [A] In return [B] In particular [C] In contrast [D] In conclusion 3. [A] sufficient [B] famous [C] perfect [D] necessary 4. [A] individualism [B] modernism [C] optimism [D] realism 5. [A] echo [B] miss [C] spoil [D] change 6. [A] imagined [B] measured [C] invented [D] assumed 7. [A] Sure [B] Odd [C] Unfortunate [D] Often 8. [A] advertised [B] divided [C] overtaxed [D] headquartered 9. [A] explain [B] overstate [C] summarize [D] emphasize 第 1 页 共 18 页2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二考研真题及答案（完整版）Section 1 Use of English 第2 页 共18 页10. [A] stages [B] factors [C] levels [D] methods 11. [A] desirable [B] sociable [C] reputable [D] reliable 12. [A] resumed [B] held [C]emerged [D] broke 13. [A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D]compare 14. [A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D]experienced 15. [A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never 16. [A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally 17. [A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since 18. [A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes 19. [A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share 20. [A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send out 1. [标准答案] [C]how [考点分析] 连词辨析连词辨析[选项分析] 根据语境，“新发现表明：快乐可能会影响工作__的稳定。
英语六级巅峰阅读-医疗消费
英语六级巅峰阅读:医疗消费1.Whats the authors main purpose in writingthis passage?A) To criticize doctors for exercising too muchcontrol over patients.B) To analyze some important economic factors inhealth-care.C) To urge hospitals to reclaim their decision making authority.D) To inform potential patients of their health-care rights.2.In the health-care industry, the patientsA) perform the role of being "providers”B) decide which physician to consultC) never raise questions about priceD) never consult with the doctors3.According to the author, when a doctor tells a patient to "return next Wednesday",the doctor is in effect___________,A) instructing the patient to buy more medical servicesB) warning the patient that a hospital stay might be necessaryC) advising the patient to seek a second opinionD) admitting that the initial visit, was ineffective4.Doctors are able to determine hospital policies most probably because_______.A) it is doctors who generate income for the hospitalB) a doctor is ultimately responsible for a patients healthC) most of the patients dont challenge the doctors decisionsD) the administration doesnt know about medicine as much as doctors5.The author is most probably leading up to_________.A) an analysis of the role of the hospital administrationB) a study of lawsuits against doctors malpracticeC) a discussion of a new medical treatmentD) a proposal to control medical costs1.作者写这篇*的主要目的是什么?A)谴责医生对病人的控制太多。
消费医疗 英语
消费医疗英语Consumer HealthcareIn recent years, there has been a growing trend towards consumer healthcare, which refers to individuals taking a more active role in managing their own health and well-being. With the rising costs of medical treatments and the increasing focus on preventive care, consumers are seeking ways to control their healthcare expenses and make informed decisions about their health.One of the key factors driving the growth of consumer healthcare is the availability of information and technology. The internet and mobile applications have made it easier for consumers to access medical information, track their health conditions, and find affordable healthcare options. With just a few clicks, consumers can compare prices, read reviews, and make appointments with healthcare providers.Another important aspect of consumer healthcare is the rise of telemedicine. Telemedicine allows patients to consult with healthcare professionals remotely, saving time and money on travel and waiting rooms. Through video calls oronline chats, patients can receive medical advice, refill prescriptions, and even have certain medical procedures done from the comfort of their own homes. This not only improves access to healthcare services in rural or underserved areas but also provides convenience for busy individuals.Furthermore, the availability of over-the-counter (OTC) medications and health products has empowered consumers to self-manage certain health conditions. Instead of visiting a doctor for minor ailments like colds, allergies, or headaches, consumers can simply purchase OTC medications from pharmacies or online platforms. This not only saves money on doctor visits but also allows individuals to quickly alleviate their symptoms and get back to their daily routines.In addition to self-care, consumers are also taking more proactive steps towards preventive care. They are adopting healthier lifestyles, engaging in regular exercise, and paying attention to their diet and nutrition. This shift towards preventive care not only helps individuals maintain good health but also reduces the need for expensive medicaltreatments in the future.However, it is important to note that consumer healthcare does have its limitations. While it is suitable for managing minor health issues and preventive care, it is not a substitute for professional medical advice and treatment. Serious or chronic health conditions still require the expertise of healthcare professionals and proper medical interventions.In conclusion, consumer healthcare is a growing trend that empowers individuals to take control of their own health and well-being. Through the use of information and technology, consumers can access medical information, consult with healthcare professionals remotely, and self-manage certain health conditions. However, it is crucial to remember that consumer healthcare should complement, not replace, professional medical care. By combining personal responsibility with professional expertise, individuals can make informed decisions and optimize their healthcare experiences.。
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2016考研进入复习冲刺期，每天阅读一篇英语时文，保持阅读的感觉，对考研人来说是不错的选择。
今天给大家推荐一篇“医疗消费”，话题有深度且涉及社会热点，希望能对你的2016考研英语复习有所帮助。
The health-care economy is filled with unusual and even unique economic relationships. One of the least understood involves the peculiar roles of producer or "provider" and purchaser or "consumer" in the typical doctor-patient relationship. In most sectors of the economy, it is the seller who attempts to attract a potential buyer with various inducements of price, quality, and utility, and it is the buyer who makes the decision, Such condition, however, does not prevail in most of the health-care industry.
卫生保健行业存在着许多不同寻常的、甚至是独一无二的经济关系。
其中人们了解最少的，包括在典型的医患关系中扮演生产者或“供应者”与购买者或“消费者”之间的奇特的角色关系。
在大部分经济领域，是销售者努力用价格、质量、用途等各种诱惑来吸引潜在的购买者，而做决定的是购买者。
然而，在卫生保健行业，多数情况下并不是这样的。
In the health-care industry, the doctor-patient relationship is the mirror image of the ordinary relationship between producer and consumer. Once an individual has chosen to see a physician-and even then there may be no real choice-it is the physician who usually makes all significant purchasing decisions: whether the patient should return "next Wednesday", whether X-rays are needed, whether drugs should be prescribed, etc. It is a rare and sophisticated patient who will challenge such professional decisions or raise in advance questions about price, especially when the disease is regarded as serious. 卫生保健行业中的医患关系与一般的生产者-消费者之间的关系刚好相反。
一旦某人选择了请某个医生看病——即使在那时可能并没有真正的选择余地——通常是由医生做出所有重要的购买决定：病人是否应该“下个星期三”来复诊，是否需要拍X光片，是否需要开些药，等等。
很少有精明的病人会质疑这些专业人员的决定，或者提前询问价钱，尤其是当其病情非常严重的时候。
This is particularly significant in relation to hospital care. The physician must certify the need for hospitalization, determine what procedures will be performed, and announce when the patient may be discharged. The patient may be consulted about some of these decisions, but in the main it is the
doctor's judgments that are final. Little wonder then that in the eye of the hospital it is the physician who is the real "consumer." As a consequence, the medical staff represents the "power center" in hospital policy and decision-making, not the administration.
当需要住院治疗时，这种关系尤为明显。
医生必须证明住院的必要性，决定需要哪些治疗过程，宣布病人何时可以出院。
其中某些决定可能会征求病人的意见，但一般情况下，医生的决定才具有决定性。
难怪在医院看来，医生才是真正的“消费者”。
这样做的结果是，代表医院“权力中心”来制定政策及决策的是医护人员，而不是行政人员。
Although usually there are in this situation four identifiable participants-the physician, the hospital, the patient, and the payer (generally an insurance carrier or government)-the physician makes the essential decisions for all of them. The hospital becomes an extension of the physician; the payer generally meets most of the bills generated by the physician/hospital, and for t/he most part the
patient plays a passive role. We estimate that about 75-80 percent of health-care expenditures are determined by physicians, not patients. For this reason, the economy directed at patients or t.he general is relatively ineffective.
虽然在这种情况下通常有四方可识别的参与者——医生、医院、病人及付款者(一般为保险公司或政府)——但是医生替各方做最重要的决定。
医院成了医生的延伸：付款者通常支付医生/医院开出的大部分费用，而在很大程度上病人都是一个被动的角色。
据估计，卫生保健费用的75%-80%是由医生而不是病人决定的。
因此，这种针对病人或普通老百姓的经济体制相对而言是无效的。
希望大家都能把文章读懂吃透，搞定其中的生词和长难句，2016考研英语成功通关!。