陕西师范大学2012年考博英语真题

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陕西师范大学2015年考博英语历年试题

华慧考博—考博高端品牌华慧网咨询电话/QQ ：4006224468 华慧考博针对2015年陕西师范大学考博英语历年试题特点分析综述：陕西师范大学2015年考博英语试题题量不多，分为词汇题、阅读理解题、翻译（A 部分为5个句子的英译中；B 部分为一段中文的中译英）和写作四个部分。

除阅读理解部分试题和翻译的中译英部分有些地方有一定的难度外，其它试题整体难度不大。

词汇题主要考察词义辨析，也涉及少量词组辨析、固定搭配题和语法题，考生需要掌握一定的词汇量和英语语法知识；阅读部分有4篇文章，文章内容涉及太多使用权的弊端、对美国人生活的新影响、交流中的言外之意、第二语言习得的未来；主要考察细节事实题和推理判断题；也涉及少量主旨大意题和词汇题。

翻译的英译中部分句子结构和内容不复杂，翻译起来应该不难；翻译的中译英部分除个别地方句子结构比较复杂外，整体上较容易翻译。

写作部分属于根据话题来表达个人观点，对考生而言应该不难。

一、词汇题（总分为30分）1. 分值+题量：30分=30题2. 难度：大学英语六级水平3. 题型：选词填空4. 考点：需考生掌握一定的词汇量和英语语法知识二、阅读题（总分为20分）1. 分值+题量：20分=4篇（每篇5道题，共20道题）2. 难度：大学英语六级水平（127-485字）3. 题型：阅读文章后做选择题4. 特点：文章内容涉及太多使用权的弊端、对美国人生活的新影响、交流中的言外之意、第二语言习得的未来；除个别试题外，试题难度整体不大。

5. 考点：侧重于细节事实题和推理判断题，也涉及少量主旨大意题和词汇题。

三、翻译（总分为30分）A 部分（总分为15分）1. 题型：5个句子的英译中2. 难度：大学英语六级水平3. 考点：考察对that 引导宾语从句、because 引导原因状语从句、that 引导后置定语从句、but 引导转折句、who 引导宾语从句、when 引导时间状语从句、which 引导后置定语从句等的翻译能力B 部分（总分为15分）1. 题型：一段中文的中译英2. 难度：大学英语六级水平3. 考点：考察对现在完成时态、that 引导宾语从句、一般将来时态、分词短语充当后置定语等的翻译能力四、写作（总分为20分）1. 题型：属于根据话题来表达个人观点的作文2. 难度：大学英语六级水平3. 考点：需要考生掌握表达观点类作文写作的方法和套路以上内容为华慧考博网独家分析整理，如有转载请说明来源。

2012年吉大考博英语真题Word版

Part I Vocabulary and Structure (30%)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. Language, culture, and personality may be considered of each other in thought, butthey are inseparable in fact.A. indistinctlyB. separatelyC. inelevantlyD. independently2. The work was done in the of reforms in the economic, social and cultural spheres.A. contextB. contestC. pretextD. texture3. The dean tried to retain control of the situation on campus, but his attempt was by the board of trustees.A. approvedB. frustratedC. disclosedD. justified4. Some journalists are found of overstating the situation so that their news may create agreat .A. explosionB. sensationC. exaggeratingD. stimulation5. There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip and, there was little to disprove it.A. by the same tokenB. under the same conditionC. at the same stageD. for the same purpose6. Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change, or causes energy to be in some form.A. given offB. put outC. set offD. used up7. The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind.A. unanimousB. abstractC. autonomousD. almighty8. This growth in the of diabetes is due, in part, to an increase in obesity.A. inferenceB. incidenceC. regulationD. repetition9. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around ＄110 billion, the ＄160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.A. in proportion toB. in reply toC. in relation toD. in contrast to10. France’s of nuclear testing in the South Pacitic last month triggered polltical debates and mass demonstrations.A. assumptionB. consumptionC. presumptionD. resumption11. The of a oultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.A. implementationB. demonstcationC. manifestationD. expedition12. Reading the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that makes what we read our.A. rectitiesB. prolongsC. minimizesD. furnishes13. Previous studies provoked because the used patients whose diagnosis was questionable.A. contrlbutionB. contractionC. controversyD. convergence14. Although the model looks good on the surface, it will not bear close .A. temperamentB. contaminationC. scrutinyD. symmetry15. I never said anything like that at all You are purposely my ideas to prove your points.A. revisingB. contradictingC. distortingD. distracting16. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, companies must the qualities and varieties of their products to the world-market demand.A. forfeitB. enhanceC. guaranteeD. gear17.I was unaware of the critical points invoived, so my choice was quite .A. arbitraryB. rationalC. mechanicalD. unpredictable18. An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to further research and further thinking about a particular topic.A. stimulateB. renovateC. arouseD. advocate19. All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read letters from their families.A. affectionateB. sentimentalC. intimateD. sensitive20. Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just and needs proving.A. spontaneousB. hypotheticalC. intuitiveD. empirical21.The ceremony will as soon as the president arrives.A. commendB. complyC. confrontD. commence22. The barbarous aggressors grew more and more in slaughtering people and burning down their houses.A. amorphousB. ferociousC. audaciousD. egregious23. Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works have become and are no longer used in the present days.A. obsoleteB. obsceneC. obviousD. oblique24. Because of the economic slowdown, the government changed its policy to revenue by limiting commerce.A. disregardB. challengeC. diminishD. reject25. The spectators in the stadium cheered up when they saw hundreds of colorful balloons slowly into the sky.A. descendingB. ascendingC. escalatingD. elevating26. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advancedmedical , will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.A. interferenceB. interruptionC. interventionD. interaction27. Several intemational events in the early 1990s seem likely to , or at least weaken,the trends that emerged in the 1980s.A. revoltB. revolveC. reverseD. revive28. Foreign disinvestments and the of South Africa from world capital markets after 1985 further weakened its economy.A. displacementB. eliminationC. exclusionD. exception29. We are moving towards a more and cooperative society ,which is getting better and better.A fraternalB emotionalC exclusionD illegal30. The student were about who their new teacher would be when thebell rang for their first class in the new semester.A. foreseeingB. speculatingC. fabricatingD. ponderingPart III Reading Comprehension (60%)Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.The process of vaccination allows the pat ient’s body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can fight it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his body’s immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease’s defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient’s immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10,000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America In the event of a re-introduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a blessing, may indeed hide some hidden cures.51. How do vaccines protect humans from diseases according to paragraph two?A. By passing information on how to fight the disease to the disease.B. By passing information on how to fight the disease to the immune system.C. By weakening the disease so that the immune system can defeat it.D. Introducing the disease to the body, so that survivors have already fought it.52. What does the example of the smallpox vaccine illustrate?A. The way that vaccines protect people from diseases.B. The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain diseases.C. The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic disease.D. The possible negative outcome of administering vaccines.53. The author argues that vaccinations are both a blessing and a curse because .A. saving the many would not necessarily justify the death of the few.B. some vaccines, such as the smallpox vaccine, have negative side effects.C. they don’t always work.D. while many lives are saved, SOME ARE ACTUALLY KILLED BY THE VACCINT.54. The best title for the passage would be .A. “The Smallpox Vaccine: An Analysis”.B. “How Vaccines Work”.C. “Vaccines: Methods and Implications”.D. “A Warning on the Negative Side Effects of Vaccines”.55. The main purpose of the passage is to .A. convince the reader that vaccines are not as safe as many think.B. educate the reader on how vaccines are used and some of their dangers.C. educate the reader on the circumstances that would necessitate widespread vaccinations.D. present the method by which vaccines are used through the case of the smallpox vaccine. Passage TwoQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.Few natural dangers are more feared than avalanches. Avalanches are a familiar part of European history, Particularly in the Swiss and French Alps. This is where the direction of wars has turned almost instantly because of avalanches wiping out invading armies.In North America, avalanches are limited almost entirely to the Rocky Mountains and the lower ranges to the west, the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades. Avalanches have occurred in the mountains of New England but not with the regularity and intensity seen in the western mountains.Several methods are used in explaining and predicting avalanches. Scientists and learning about them using research methods. So many of the factors that create avalanches are hidden beneath the snow’s surface that predictions are still largely guesswork. Therefore, winter travelers must assume the worst of conditions when the traverse the slopes.An avalanche occurs when a given amount of snow becomes too heavy for whatever is holding it in place. It then breaks loose and slides downhill.Avalanches are divided into two general categories, loose snow and slab. A loose snow avalanche usually starts at a single point, such as a skier’s track, and spreads out like a fan or a pyramid in a chain reaction. One crystal breaks another free, which multiples as the loose snow moves downhill. Sometimes these avalanches stop after only a few feet. Sometimes they move thousands of tons of snow downhill in speeds up to 300 miles per hour. This creates a shock wave that can flatten parts of a forest that are not even touched by the actual avalanche.Slab avalanches are those that have a wide area of snow which breaks loose in a large piece. These can range in size from just a few square feel to thousands of square feet of snow. The most dangerous and common type of avalanche for skiers is the so-called “soft slab” avalanche. This type occurs most often during, or just after a heavy snowfall. The snow hasn’t yet had a chance to settle and adhere to the temperature, the less likely the new snow will form a bond with the existing snow.56. What would be the best title for this passage?A. AvalanchesB. The History of AvalanchesC. Skiers BewareD. Avalanches Can Kill57. According to the passage, how did avalanches affect wars?A. They hid the armies approaching the city aiding in the attack.B. They killed the armies approaching the city.C. They blocked paths into the city.D. They snowblinded the approaching armies.58. According to the passage, what must skiers assume about avalanches when skiing?A. They only have to worry after a heavy snowfall.B. Avalanches only occur in the Swiss or French Alps.C. They should always expect that an avalanche will occur.D. When skiing in New England, they will never have to worry about an avalanche.59. According to the passage, when is the most dangerous time for skiers?A. When the temperature is below 20 degrees F.B. Right before a snowstorm.C. During a snowstorm.D. In the winter.60. According to the passage, which factor causes an avalanche?A. The slope of the mountain.B. The size of the snowfall.C. The amount and intensity of movement around the snowfall.D. The weight of the snow.Passage ThreeQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.Recent stories in the newspapers and magazines suggest that teaching and research contradict each other, that research plays too prominent a part in academic promotions, and that teaching is badly underemphasized. There is an element of truth in these statements, but they also ignore deeper and more important relationships.Research experience is an essential element of hiring and promotion at a research university because it is the emphasis on research that distinguishes such a university from an arts college. Some professors, however, neglect teaching for research and that presents s problem.Most research universities reward outstanding teaching, but the greatest recognition is usually given for achievements in research. Part of the reason is the difficulty of judging teaching.A highly responsible and tough professor is usually appreciated by top students who want to be challenged but disliked by those whose records are less impressive. The mild professor gets overall ratings that are usually high, but there is a sense of disappointment on the part of the best students, exactly those for whom the system should present the greatest challenges. Thus, a university trying to promote professors primarily on the basis of teaching qualities would have to confront this confusion.As modern science moves faster, two forces are exerted on professors: one is the time needed to keep up with the profession; the other is the time needed to teach. The training of new scientists requires outstanding teaching at the research university as well as the arts college.Althoughscientists are usually “made” in the elementary schools, scientists can be “lost” by poor teaching at the college and graduate school levels. The solution is not to separate teaching and research but to recognize that the combination is difficult but vital. The title of professor should be given only to those who profess and it is perhaps time for universities to reserve it for those who profess and it is perhaps time for universities to reserve it for those willing to be an earnest part of the community of scholars. Professors unwilling to teach can be called “distinguished research investigators” of something else.The pace of modern science makes it increasingly difficult to be a great researcher and a great teacher. Yet many are described in just those terms. Those who say we can separate teaching and research simply do not understand the system, but those who say the problem will disappear are not fulfilling their responsibilities.61. What idea does the author want to convey in the first paragraph?A. The relationship between teaching and research should not be simplified.B. Teaching and research are contradictory.C. Research can never be emphasized too much.D. It is wrong to overestimate the importance of teaching.62. In academic promotions research universities still attach more importance to research partly because .A. research improves the quality of teaching.B. students who want to be challenged appreciate research professors.C. professors with achievements in research are usually responsible and tough.D. it is difficult to evaluate teaching quality objectively.63. According to the fourth paragraph, which of the following will the author probably agree with?A. Distinguished professors at research universities should concentrate on research only.B. It is of utmost importance to improve teaching in elementary schools in order to train newscientists.C. The separation of teaching from research can lower the quality of future scientists.D. The rapid development of modern science makes it impossible to combine teaching withresearch.64. The title of professor should be given only to those who first and foremost do .A. scientific researchB. teachingC. field workD. investigation65. The phrase “the problem” (Line 4, Para. 5) refers to.A. raising the status of teaching.B. the separation of teaching from research.C. the combination of teaching with research.D. improving the status of research..Passage FourQuestions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage.Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create newjobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through The Stock Exchange. By doing so, they can put into circulation the savings of individuals and institutions, both at home and overseas.When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money.Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function. All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The Government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently needed to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to The Stock Exchange.There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another, this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.66. Almost all companies involved in new production and development must .A. rely on their financial resources.B. persuade the banks to provide long-term finance.C. borrow large sums of money from friends and people we know.D. depend on the population as a whole for finance.67. The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is .A. repaid to its original owners as soon as possible.B. raised by the selling of shares in the companies.C. exchanges for part ownership in The Stock Exchange.D. invested in different companies on The Stock Exchange.68. When the savers want their money back they .A. ask another company to obtain their money for them.B. look for other people to borrow money from.C. put their shares in the company back on the market.D. transfer their money to a more successful company.69. All the essential services on which we depend are .A. run by the Government or our local authorities.B. in constant need of financial support.C. financed wholly by rates and taxes.D. unable to provide for the needs of the population.70. The Stock Exchange makes it possible for the Government, local authorities and nationalized industries .A. to borrow as much money as they wish.B. to make certain everybody saves money.C. to raise money to finance new developments.D. to make certain everybody lends money to them.Passage FiveQuestions 71 to 75 are based on the following passage.The producers of instant coffee found their product strongly resisted in the market places despite their manifest advantages. Furthermore, the advertising expenditure for instant coffee was far greater than that for regular coffee. Efforts were made to find the cause of the consumers’seemingly unreasonable resistance to the product. The reason given by most people was dislike for the taste. The producers suspected that there might be deeper reasons, however. This was confirmed by one of motivation research’s classic studies, one often cited in the trade. Mason Haire, of the University of California, constructed two shopping lists that were identical except for one item. There were six items common to both lists: hamburger, carrots, baking powder, bread, canned peaches and potatoes, with the brands or amounts specified. The seventh item, in the fifth place on both lists, read “I lb. Maxwell House coffee” on one list and “Nescafe instant coffee” on the other. One list was given to each person in a group of fifty women, and the other list to those in another group of the same size. The women were asked to study their lists and then to describe, as far as they could, the kind of woman ( “personality and character”) who would draw up that shopping list. Nearly half of those who had received the list including instant coffee described a housewife who was lazy and a poor planner. On the other hand, only one woman in the other group described the housewife, who had included regular coffee on her list, as lazy, only six of that group suggested that she was a poor planner. Eight women felt that the instant-coffee user was probably not a good wife! No one in the other group drew such a conclusion about the housewife who intended to buy regular coffee.71. The fact that producers found resistance to their product despite the fact that they spent more advertising money on instant than regular coffee shows that .A. advertising does not assure favorable sales results.B. companies spent more money on advertising than they should.C. people pay little attention to advertising.D. the more one advertises the better the sales picture.72. In this instance, the purpose of motivation research was to discover .A. why people drink coffee.B. why instant coffee did not taste good.C. why regular coffee was successful.D. the real reason why people would not buy instant coffee.73. This investigation indicated that .A. 50 per cent of housewives are lazy.B. housewives who use instant coffee are lazy.C. many women believe that wives who use instant coffee are lazy.D. wives who use regular coffee are good planners.74. On the results of this test, the producers probably revised their advertising to showa .A. lazy housewife using regular coffee.B. hard-working housewife using instant coffee.C. lazy housewife using instant coffee.D. man obviously enjoying the taste of instant coffee.75. Implied but not stated.A. Despite its advantages, most people disliked instant coffee because of its taste.B. The advertising expenditure for instant coffee was greater than that for regular coffee.C. Very often we do not know the real reasons for doing things.D. Taste is the principal factor in determining what we buy.Passage SixQuestions 76 to 80 are based on the following passage.In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of the inadequacies of the judicial system in the United States. Costs are staggering both for the taxpayers and the litigants—and the litigants, of parties, have to wait sometimes many years before having their day in court. Many suggestions have been made concerning methods of ameliorating （改善）the situation, but as in most branches of government, changes come slowly.One suggestion that has been made in order to maximize the efficiency of the system is to allow districts that have an overabundance of pending cases to borrow judges from other districts that do not have such a backlog. Another suggestion is to use pretrial conferences, in which the judge meets in his chambers with the litigants and their attorneys in order to narrow the issues, limit the witnesses, and provide for a more orderly trial. The theory behind pretrial conferences is that judges will spend less time on each case and parties will more readily settle before trial when they realize the adequacy of their claims and their opponents’ evidence Unfo rtunately, at least one study has shown that pretrial conferences actually use more judicial time than they save, rarely result in pretrial settlements, and actually result in higher damage settlements.Many states have now established another method, small-claims courts, in which cases over small sums of money can be disposed of with considerable dispatch. Such proceedings cost the litigants almost nothing. In California, for example, the parties must appear before the judge without the assistance of counsel. The proceedings are quite informal and there is no pleading (辩护) —the litigants need to make only a one-sentence statement of their claim. By going to this type of court, the plaintiff (原告) waives (放弃) any right to a jury trial and the right to appeal the decision.76. The pretrial conference, in theory, is supposed to do all of the following except .A. narrow the issuesB. cause early settlementsC. save judicial timeD. increase settlement costs77. What is the main topic of the passage?A. A ll states should follow California’s example in using small-claims courts in order to freejudges for other work.B. The legislature needs to formulate fewer laws so that the judiciary can catch up on itsolder cases.C. Nobody seems to care enough to attempt to find methods for making the judicial systemmore efficient.。

2012年全国高考(陕西卷)英语试题及答案

2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（陕西卷）英语第一部分:英语知识运用（共四节,满分55分）第一节语音知识(共5小题;每小题1分,满分5分)从每小题的A、B、C、D四个选项中,找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。

1.regardA.designB.gentleC.collegeD.forget2.refuseA.discussB.rudeC.focusD.excuse3.chargeA.toothacheB.machine Csearch D.Christian4. fieldA.quietB.pieceC.friendD.experience5. tapesA.potatoesB.speechesC.cakesD.Bridges 第二节情景对话(共5小题;每小题1分，满分5分)根据对话情景和内容，从对话后所给的选项中选出能填人每一空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。

选项中有两个为多余选项。

Repairman:Goodafternoon.6Custom er:Hello.Mymobilephoneisn’tworking.Couldyourepai r,pleaseRepairman: 7Customer:Itworkedwellyesterday,butIsimplycouldn’ttumitonthismorn ing.Repairman:8Customer: Hereyouare.Repairman: Well，Ithinkwe，11beabletofixit.YoucanpickitupthisFriday.Customer:Oh,no.That’stoolong.9Ineeditassoonaspossible.Repairman: 10WhattimeCustomer: Letmesee.HowaboutWednesdayafternoonRepairman: Afterfiveo’clockCustomer: Ok.Thankyou.A.That’sgreat.B.IbegyourpardonC.Letmehavealook.D.What’stheproblemE.Pmsorrytohearthat.F.WhatcanIdoforyouG.Iwonderifyoucouldfixitearlier.第三节语法和词汇知识（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）从每小题的Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并填在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。

2012年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2012年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：M: Well, just keep your arm straight there. Fine, there will be a little prick like a mosquito bite. OK? There we go. Ok, I will send that sample off and we’ll check it. If the sample is ok, we won’t need to go on seeing you anymore. W: So you think I’m getting better? M: Absolutely. Q: What can be inferred from the conversation?1．A．The woman’s condition is critical.B．The woman has been picking up quite well.C．The woman’s illness was caused by a mosquito bite.D．The woman won’t see the doctor any more.正确答案：B解析：此题考点为细节信息再现。

女士问医生是不是好转了，医生回答说当然，故答案为B。

选项C是干扰项，医生让女病人伸直手臂，并说会有向蚊子叮咬的刺痛，prick的含义是“刺痛”。

听力原文：W: It’s Mr. Cong, isn’t it?M: That’s right. I saw you six months ago with a broken finger.W: Yes, of course. And is that all healing well?M: It’s fine.W: What can we do for you today?M: Well, I’ve been having these headaches in the front, about my eyes. It started two months ago.They seem to come on quite suddenly, and I get dizzy spell as well. Q: What is the trouble in the man now?2．A．A broken finger.B．A terrible cough.C．Frontal headaches.D．Eye problem.正确答案：C解析：此题考点为细节信息再现。

[精品]2012年英语高考试卷陕西及答案

英语第一部分:英语知识运用（共四节,满分55分）第一节语音知识(共5小题;每小题1分,满分5分)从每小题的A、B、C、D四个选项中,找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。

1. regardA. designB. gentleC. collegeD. forget2. refuseA. discussB. rudeC. focusD. excuse3. chargeA. toothacheB. machine C search D. Christian4. fieldA. quietB. pieceC. friendD. experience5. tapesA. potatoesB. speechesC. cakesD. Bridges第二节情景对话(共5小題;每小题1分，满分5分)根据对话情景和内容，从对话后所给的选项中选出能填人每一空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。

选项中有两个为多余选项。

Repairman: Good afternoon. 6Customer: Hello. My mobile phone isn’t working. Could you repair, pleaseRepairman: 7Customer: It worked well yesterday, but I simply couldn’t tum it on this morning.Repairman: 8Customer: Here you are.Repairman: Well，I think we，11 be able to fix it. You can pick it up this Friday.Customer: Oh, no. That’s too long. 9 I need it as soon as possible.Repairman: 10 What time?Customer: Let me see. How about Wednesday afternoon?Repairman: After fi ve o’clockCustomer: Ok. Thank you.A. That’s great.B. I beg your pardon?C. Let me have a look.D. What’s the problem?E. Pm sorry to hear that.F. What can I do for you?G. I wonder if you could fix it earlier.第三节语法和词汇知识（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）从每小题的Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并填在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。

2012年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

2012年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】2012年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解时间：180分钟Paper One注意：答案请做在答题卡上，做在试题上一律无效Part I Vocabulary and Structure(15%)Directions:There are30incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Thenmark the corresponding letter on Answer SheetⅠwith a single line through the center 1.The concept of vocational or professional identity differs______between the United Sates and Japan.A.clearB.markedlyC.outstandinglyD.greedily【答案】B【解析】句意：美国和日本在职业或专业身份的概念定义上存在明显差异。

markedly明显地；显著地。

clear清楚的；明显的。

outstanding杰出的；突出的。

greedily贪婪地；贪食地。

此处需要的是具有“明显，显著”含义的副词。

2.Now that her son was old enough to support the family,Mr.Williams decided to leave everything at his______.A.handB.advocacyC.tacklingD.disposal【答案】D【解析】句意：既然她的儿子已长大到足以支撑整个家庭，威廉姆斯先生决定将所有事都交给他来处理。

2012年陕西高考英语试题及答案

2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（陕西卷）英语试题第一部分：英语知识运用（共四节，满分55分）第一节语音知识（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）从每小题的A、B、C、D四个选项中，找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。

1. regardA. designB. gentleC. collegeD.forget2. refuseA. discussB. rudeC. focusD.excuse3. chargeA. toothacheB. machineC. searchD.Christian4. fieldA. quietB. pieceC. friendD.experience5. tapesA. potatoesB. speechesC. cakesD.bridges第二节情景对话（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）根据对话情境和内容，从对话后所给的选项中选出能填入每一空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。

选项中有两个为多余选项。

Repairman：Good afternoon. 6Customer: Hello. My mobile phone isn’t working. Could you repair it, please?Repairman: 7Customer: It worked well yesterday, but I simply couldn’t turn it on this morning. Repairman: 8Customer: Here you are.Repairman: Well, I think we’ll be able to fix it. You can pick it up this Friday.Customer: Oh, no. That’s too long. 9 I need it as soon as possible. Repairman: Let me see. How about Wednesday afternoon?Customer: 10 What time?Repairman: After five o’clock.Customer: Ok. Thank you.A. That’s great.B. I beg your pardon?C. Let me have a look.D. What’s the problem?E. I’m sorry to hear that.F. What can I do for you?G. I wonder if you could fix it earlier.第三节语法和词汇知识（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）从每小题的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。

陕师大12级免费师范教育硕士英语答案

陕西师范大学2012级免费师范教育硕士英语试题（答案）注意事项:一、本试题共10页，满分100分。

答案一律写在答题纸上，否则无效。

二、做选择题时，将所选答案书写在答题纸对应题号后的（）三、中英文尽可能做到字迹清晰、书写工整、疏密相间均匀、字体大小适当。

四、英文作文必须逐行书写不得隔行或跳行。

Part I Vocabulary and Structure (20%)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.1.My job varies between the extremely tedious and the annoyingly busy. ______ I think I am happier during the real busy times: no time to think about how bored I am.A. On balanceB. In additionC. FurthermoreD. Aside from2.We are all in favor of your proposal that the meeting ______.A. is called offB. should call offC. is to be called offD. be called off3.______, I walked my dear father.A. Exhausted and hungryB. Having been exhausted and hungryC. Being exhausted and hungryD. To be exhausted and hungry4.I stood still, trying to ______ a plausible excuse.A. createB. produceC. inventD. design5.A new technique ______ out, the output as a whole increased by 15 percent.A. workingB. having workedC. having been worked D to have been worked6.She thinks it‟s time we ______ free school meals.A. did forB. did withC. did withoutD. did away with7.He never regretted paying 300 Yuan for the bookcase. As a matter of fact he would gladly have paid ______ for it.A. as much twiceB. twice as muchC. much as twice D as twice much8.He was attending a meeting, ______ come to your birthday party then.A. unless he would haveB. or he wouldC. nevertheless he did not D or he would have9.He ______ the job ______ because it involved too much traveling.A. turned…downB. turned…awayC. turned off D turned…over10. They have made changes in their plans for a new science park as youA. suggestedB. have suggestedC. had suggestedD. suggest11．In some areas of northwest China, intensive farming has brought aboutsevere_____ of the land, which accounted for poor harvest in recent years.A. deforestationB. dejectionC. delectation D degeneration 12．The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always_____ the scientist‟s time-keeping methods.A. at the mercy ofB. in accordance with .C. under the guidance ofD. by means of13．Manufacturers raised the price of this product to ______ the increased cost of material.A. write offB. offsetC. make forD. abstain from14．Among other things was the discussion to reach a_______ trade agreement between the two countries.A. reciprocalB. mergedC. marketableD. mature15．Nowadays more Chinese would like to hold their reunion dinner in posh restaurants, despite the______ costs. They find it more enjoyable and physically less demanding.A. hyperbolicB. inexorableC. exorbitantD. protean16. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th_______the birth of Jesus Christ.A. in accordance withB. in terms ofC. in favor ofD. in honor of17. The _________ to overthrow the revolutionary regime was unearthed andpromptly smashed.A. conspiracyB. trickC. intrigueD. plot18. In the last couple of days, a number of areas in China were hit by heavy snowfalls,powerful winds or suffocating sandstorms. The extremely bad weather has ________ the transportation system in the areas.A. constrainedB. cussedC. crippledD. chucked19. My father is researching the spread of AIDs. And he is ________ in hispresentation of experiments.A. relevantB. sacredC. proteanD. meticulous20. Mr. John made a very wonderful after-dinner speech. His ________ mind,graceful manner and fluent words moved all the participants deeply.A. awesomeB. articulateC. agileD. arbitraryPart II Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage OneWhen your parents advise you to "get an education" in order to raise your income, they tell you only half the truth. What they really mean is to get just enough education to provide manpower for your society, but not so much that you prove an embarrassment to your society.Get a high school diploma, at least. Without that, you will be occupationally dead unless your name happens to be George Bernard Shaw or Thomas Alva Edison, and you can successfully dropout in grade school.Get a college degree, if possible. With a B.A., you are on the launching pad. Butnow you have to start to put on the brakes. If you go for a master's degree, make sure it is an M.B.A., and is famous.Do you know, for instance, that long-haul truck drivers earn more per year than full professors? Yes, the average 1977 salary for those truckers was $24000 while the full professors managed to earn just $23030.A Ph.D. is the highest degree you can get. Except for a few specialized fields such as physics or chemistry where the degree can quickly be turned to industrial or commercial purposes, if you pursue such a degree in any other field, you will face a dim future. There are more Ph.D.s unemployed or underemployed in this country than any other part of the world.If you become a doctor of philosophy in English or history or anthropology or political science or languages or worst of all in philosophy, you run the risk of becoming overeducated for our national demands. Not for our needs, mind you, but for our demands.Thousands of Ph.D.s are selling shoes, driving cars, waiting on table, and endlessly filling out applications month after month. They may also take a job in some high school or backwater college that pays much less than the janitor earns.You can equate the level of income with the level of education only so far. Far enough, that is, to make you useful to the gross national product, but not so far that nobody can turn much of a profit on you.21. According to the writer, what the society expects of education is to turn out peoplewho _____.A. will not be a disgrace to societyB. will become loyal citizensC. can take care of themselvesD. can meet the nation's demands as a sourceof manpower22. Many Ph.D.s are out of job because _____.A. they are improperly educatedB. they are of little commercial value to their societyC. there are fewer jobs in high schoolsD. they prefer easier jobs that make more money23. The nation is only interested in people _____.A. with diplomasB. who specialize in physics and chemistryC. who are valuable to the gross national productD. both A and C24. Which of the following is not true?______A. Bernard Shaw didn't finish high schools, nor did Edison.B. One must think carefully before pursuing a master degree.C. The higher your education level, the more money you will earn.D. If you are too well-educated, you'll be overeducated for society's demands.25. The writer sees education as _____.A. a means of providing job security and financial security and a means ofmeeting a country's demands for technical workersB. a way to broaden one's horizonsC. more important than finding a jobD. an opportunity that everyone should havePassage TwoIn the mid-nineteenth century, the United States had tremendous natural resources that could be exploited in order to develop heavy industry. Most of the raw materials that are valuable in the manufacture of machinery, transportation facilities, and consumer goods lay ready to be worked into wealth. Iron, coal, and oil —the basic ingredients of industrial growth —were plentiful and needed only the application of technical expertise, organizational skill, and labor.One crucial development in this movement toward industrialization was the growth of the railroads. The railway network expanded rapidly until the railroad map of the United States looked like a spider‟s web, with the steel filaments connecting all important sources of raw materials, their places of manufacture, and their centers of distribution. The railroads contributed to the industrial growth not only by connecting these major centers, but also by themselves consuming enormous amounts of fuel, iron, and coal.Many factors influenced emerging modes of production. For example, machine tools, the tools used to make goods, were steadily improved in the latter part of the nineteenth century — always with an eye to speedier production and lower unit costs. The products of the factories were rapidly absorbed by the growing cities that sheltered the workers and distributors. The increased urban population was nourished by the increased farm production that, in turn, was made more productive by the use of the new farm machinery. American agricultural production kept up with the urbandemand and still had surpluses for sale to the industrial centers of Europe.The labor that ran the factories and built the railways was recruited in part from American farm areas where people were being displaced by farm machinery, in part from Asia, and in part form Europe. Europe now began to send tides of immigrants from eastern and southern Europe — most of whom were originally poor farmers but who settled in American industrial cities. The money to finance this tremendous expansion of the American economy still came from European financiers for the most part, but the Americans were approaching the day when their expansion could be financed in their own “money market”.26. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The history of railroads in the United States.B. The major United States industrial centers.C. Factors that affected industrialization in the United States.D. The role of agriculture in the nineteenth century.27. Th e word “ingredients” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ________.A. mineralsB. productsC. methodsD. components28. According to the passage, all of the following were true of railroads in the UnitedStates in the nineteenth century EXCEPT that ________.A. they connected important industrial citiesB. they were necessary to the industrialization processC. they were expanded in a short timeD. they used relatively small quantities of natural resources29. According to the passage, what was one effect of the improvement of machine tools?A. Lower manufacturing costs.B. Better distribution of goods.C. More efficient transportation of natural resources.D. A reduction in industrial jobs.30. Which of the following is NOT true of the United States farmers in the nineteenthcentury?A. They lost some jobs because of mechanization.B. They were unable to produce sufficient food for urban areas.C. They raised their productivity by using new machinery.D. They sold food to European countries.Passage ThreeSince the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves -- goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can‟t yet give a robot enough …common sense‟ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain‟s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated —than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspiciousface in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can‟t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don‟t know quite how we do it.31. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ________.A. the use of machines to produce science fictionB. the wide use of machines in manufacturing industryC. the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous workD. the elite‟s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work32. The word “gizmos” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) most probably means________.A. programsB. expertsC. devicesD. creatures33. According to the text, what is beyond man‟s ability no w is to design a robot thatcan ________.A. fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgeryB. interact with human beings verballyC. have a little common senseD. respond independently to a changing world34 Besides reducing human labor, robots can also________.A. make a few decisions for themselvesB. deal with some errors with human interventionC. improve factory environmentsD. cultivate human creativity35. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are________.A. expected to copy human brain in internal structureB. able to perceive abnormalities immediatelyC. far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant informationD. best used in a controlled environmentPassage FourThough it is mere 1 to 3 percent of the population, the upper class possesses at least 25 percent of the nation‟s wealth. This class has two segments: upper-upper and lower-upper. Basically, the upper-upper class is “old rich” －families that have been wealthy for several generations －an aristocracy of birth and wealth. Their names are in the Social Register, a listing of acceptable members of high society. A few are known across the nations, such as the Rockefellers, Roosevelts, and Vanderbilts. Mostare not visible to the general public. They live in grand seclusion, drawing their income from the investment of their inherited wealth. In contrast, the lower-upper class is the “new rich”. Although they may be wealthier than some of the old rich, the new rich have hustled to make their money like everybody else beneath their class. Thus their prestige is generally lower than that of the old rich, who have not found it necessary to lift a finger to make their money, and who tend to look down upon the new rich.However its wealth is required, the upper class is very, very rich. They have enough money and leisure time to cultivate an interest in the arts and to collect rare books, paintings, and sculptures. They generally live in exclusive areas, belong to exclusive social club, communicate with each other, and marry their own kind －all of which keeps them so distant from the masses that they have been called the out-of-sight class. More than any other class, they tend to be conscious of being members of a class. They also command an enormous amount of power and influence here and abroad, as they hold many top government positions, run the Council on Foreign Relations, and control multinational corporations. Their actions affect the lives of millions.36 All the following statements are true EXCEPT that ______.A. the upper-upper class is of aristocratic originB. the “old rich” enjoy higher prestige than the “new rich”C. the “old rich” isolate themselves and lead a lonely lifeD. the upper class owns at least a quarter of the country‟s wealth37. According to the author, the “old rich” get richer ______.A. through the Social RegisterB. through their reputationC. by investing their inherited wealthD. by collecting paintings and sculptures38. The reason why the “old rich” look down upon the “new rich” is th at ___ ___.A. the former are wealthier than the latterB. the latter sweat themselves to make moneyC. the “new rich” have no interest in artsD. the “old rich” are conscious of being members of the upper class39. The upper class is also called the out-of-sight class because ______.A. they keep away from the general publicB. they spend most of their time abroadC. they don‟t communicate with any peopleD. they move frequently from place to place40 We can learn from the passage that ______.A .the upper class is powerful and influentialB. the upper class collects rare books to make moneyC. the upper class holds all top government positionsD. the “old rich” makes much more money than the “new rich”Part III Writing (40%)Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning, and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on your ANSWER SHEET. Remember to give a title to your writing.。

2012年考研英语真题及答案[1]

Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettesuncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once statefunding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especially after thecompany made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclearstation in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, andself-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claiminto a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on someaspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and completeeach other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominateleft-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a longway. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes frompublic-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode ofproduction, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy.(43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44) Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much ofthe world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’sgrammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)Section I: Use of English1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A 10.B 11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.D Section II: Reading ComprehensionPart A21.D 22.B 23.A 24.C 25.D 26.C 27.D 28.A 29.D 30.A 31.A 32.B 33.B 34.D 35.C36.C 37.D 38.B 39.C 40.APart B41. C 42.D 43. A 44.F 45.GPart C46. 物理学中的一个理论把这种归一的冲动发挥到了极致，它探寻一种万有理论——一个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式。

2012年陕西省英语高考试题和答案

2012年陕西省英语高考试题第一部分：英语知识运用（共四节，满分55分）第一节语音知识（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）从每小题的A、B、C、D四个选项中，找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。

1. regardA. designB. gentleC. collegeD. forget2. refuseA. discussB. rudeC. focusD. excuse3. chargeA. toothacheB. machineC. searchD. Christian4. fieldA. quietB. pieceC. friendD. experience5. tapesA. potatoesB. speechesC. cakesD. bridges第二节情景对话（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）根据对话情境和内容，从对话后所给的选项中选出能填入每一空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。

选项中有两个为多余选项。

Repairman：Good afternoon. 6Customer: Hello. My mobile phone isn’t working. Could you repair it, please?Repairman: 7Customer: It worked well yesterday, but I simply couldn’t turn it on this morning.Repairman: 8Customer: Here you are.Repairman: Well, I think we’ll be able to fix it. You can pick it up this Friday.Customer: Oh, no. That’s too long.9 I need it as soon as possible.Repairman: Let me see. How about Wednesday afternoon? Customer: 10 What time?Repairman: After five o’clock.Customer: Ok. Thank you.A. That’s great.B. I beg your pardon?C. Let me have a look.D. What’s the problem?E. I’m sorry to hear that.F. What can I do for you?G. I wonder if you could fix it earlier.第三节语法和词汇知识（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）从每小题的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。

陕西师范大学考博英语题型分析

2015陕西师范大学考博英语历年真题一、招考介绍从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。

攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。

二、陕西师范大学考博英语题型Part1:词汇和结构15分30题Part2:完型15分15道题Part3:阅读理解40分5篇20个小题Part4:翻译10分英译汉5个句子Part5:写作20分三、考博英语必备参考书育明考博教研部主编,河北大学出版社出版的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。

在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售，也可以联系我们直接购买。

四、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。

大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。

因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。

一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。

在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。

如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。

通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。

导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。

这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。

我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。

（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。

很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。

其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。

(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。

大学英语-陕西省专升本大学英语真题2012年

陕西省专升本大学英语真题2012年Ⅰ. Vocabulary and StructureDirections:In this part, there are 40 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1、 They didn't go home ______ they had finished the task.A. sinceB. unlessC. becauseD. until2、 It suddenly occurred to me that we could ______ the police for help.A. askB. lookC. tellD. meet3、 The manager often requires us never to ______ till tomorrow what we can do today.A. come upB. put offC. turn onD. give out4、 Having heard so much about Mr. Smith, they were ______ to meet him.A. eagerB. niceC. urgentD. earnest5、 All the traveling ______ are to be paid by the company if you travel on business.A. chargesB. moneyC. pricesD. expenses6、 It was the driver's carelessness that ______ the traffic accident.A. resulted atB. resulted withC. resulted inD. resulted from7、 The police are ______ the traffic accident that happened yesterday.A. looking down uponB. looking forward toC. looking intoD. looking after8、 At the sight of her long-lost friend, she could hardly ______ her tears.A. give inB. turn backC. hold backD. keep away from9、—Shall we invite Tim?—No, it's too late to invite any more people. ______, he hates parties, you know.A. ExceptB. BesideC. BesidesD. But10、 Surprisingly, the accident did very little ______ to either of the cars.A. damageB. dangerC. effectD. confusion11、 If you ______ your children well, you will be proud of them.A. catch upB. bring upC. take upD.grow up12、 The old-fashioned chair in the living room has been ______ from my great grandmother.A. handed overB. handed downC. handed outD. handed in13、 Whenever we planned our vacations, mother could always offer some ______ suggestions.A. carefulB. practicalC. effectiveD. efficient14、 It is not always reliable to make a conclusion on the ______ of the first impression.A. basicB. baseC. basementD. basis15、 He set off one hour earlier to ______ he could catch the 12 o'clock train.A. believeB. findC. make sureD. look16、 She finally decided to obtain a ______ from the bank in order to buy a house.A. financeB. capitalC. loanD. profit17、 The authority urged the rebellious party to ______ their arms and come back to the negotiating table.A. lay overB. lay offC. lay outD. lay down18、 His application for the position was ______ by the employer because of his qualifications.A. turned outB. turned onC. turned downD. turned up19、 The travelers ______ 300 miles a day by car when they were in Africa.A. passedB. tookC. coveredD. brought20、 There seemed to be no ______ to their financial problems.A. methodB. functionC. decisionD. solution21、 We don't doubt ______ he can do a good job, concerning his experience.A. whetherB. thatC. howD. why22、 There was nothing we could do ______ wait at that moment.A. butB. rather thanC. in spite ofD. besides23、 You've never told me why you didn't come to my birthday party, ______?A. don't youB. have youC. didn't youD. had you24、 Mary likes classical music ______ her brother likes pop music.A. andB. butC. whileD. however25、 Although ______ ten years ago, the machine is still in good condition.A. makeB. makesC. madeD. making26、 Ten minutes ______ an hour when one is expecting a phone call.A. seemsB. seemedC. seemD. to seem27、 I can't find the key to the door. I ______ have lost it on my way home.A. wouldB. shouldC. mustD. ought to28、 The Blacks are ______ people in the little town.A. possible the richestB. the much richestC. the richest by farD. by far the richest29、 When he awoke, he found himself ______ after by an old woman.A. lookedB. be lookedC. lookingD. being looked30、 Your e-mail is well written ______ some spelling mistakes.A. let aloneB. exceptC. except forD. besides31、 The traffic was very heavy, otherwise I ______ here 30 minutes ago.A. should beB. would beC. would have beenD. had been32、 Mum, I've been studying English since 8 o'clock. ______ I go out and play with Tom for a while?A. Can'tB. Wouldn'tC. May notD. Won't33、—Tell me something about your adventure last year.—We lost our way in the forest and ______ made matters worse was ______ it began to rain.A. what; thatB. it; thatC. it;because D. what; because34、 ______ the flood, the ship would have reached the destination on time.A. In case ofB. Because ofC. But forD. In spite of35、 You may keep the car ______ you need it.A. as far asB. as good asC. as long asD. as well as36、 John found ______ difficult to pass the entrance examination.A. itB. thisC. thatD. what37、 Every man, woman and child ______ love and understanding.A. needB. are neededC. is neededD. needs38、 We should do as much as we can ______ our country better and more beautiful.A. makeB. to makeC. makesD. making39、 ______ more time, he'll make a first-class tennis player sooner or later.A. GivingB. To giveC. GivenD. Be given40、 When I go out in the daytime I use the bike ______ the car if I can.A. rather thanB. regardless ofC. in spiteof D. more thanⅡ. Reading ComprehensionDirections:In this part there are 4 passages. Each passage is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneWhen young people get their first real jobs, they face a lot of new, confusing situations. They may find that everything is different from the way things were at school. It is also possible that they will feel uncomfortable and insecure in both professional and social situations. Eventually, they realize that university classes can't be the only preparation for all of the different situations that arise in the working world.41Perhaps the best way to learn how to behave in the working world is to identify a worker youadmire and observe his behavior. By doing so, you will be able to see what it is that you admire in this person. For example, you will observe how he act s in a crisis. Perhaps even more important, you will be able to see what his approach to day-to-day situations is.While you are observing your colleague, you should be asking yourself whether his behavior is like yours and how you can learn from his responses to a variety of situations. By watching and learning from a model, you will probably begin to identify and adopt good working habits.41、 The young people who just graduated from school may not behave well in the working world because ______.A. they were not well educated at schoolB. what they learn in university classes is not adequate for their new lifeC. the society is too complicated to adapt toD. they failed to work hard at school42、 The underlined word "arise" in Para. 1 means ______.A. come into beingB. bring aboutC. go upD. cause to happen43、 The best way to learn how to behave in the working world is ______.A. to find a worker and follow him closelyB. to find a person you respect and see how he acts in different situationsC. to find a person you admire and make friends with himD. to make the acquaintance of a model you admire44、 The purpose of this writing is ______.A. to offer career guide to young peopleB. to tell young people the importance of the first jobC. to instruct young people how to communicate with peopleD. to advise young people on good working habits45、 The passage could be best entitled ______.A. Learn, Learn and Learn AgainB. One Is Never Too Old to LearnC. Learn from a ModelD. Learn ForeverPassage TwoAirline companies are responsible for transporting your luggage. If you cannot recover it at the point of arrival, you must inform the airline immediately. They will carry out the necessary search. If the luggage is recovered, it will be delivered to your place of residence. If you wish to insure your luggage, you may do so at your own expense.Some airlines restrict luggage weight to 44 pounds (20kg); in other cases, there is no weight restriction, but you are not allowed more than two pieces of luggage. Inquire about luggage allowances from the airline with which you will be traveling. However, you must pay extra for excess luggage, which is not reimbursed (补偿) by Canadian International Development Agency(CIDA.. Each suitcase, bag or package must be clearly labeled with your name and destination. 46If you do not know the exact destination address at the time of your departure, label your luggage in care of(由……代收) the executing agency whose name appears in the Training Agreement, using the following model:Surname, first nameName of your countryAddress of the executing agencyCity, country, postal codeTelephone number of executing agencyIf you do not have this information, please label your luggage with the name and address of the institution you are to attend in Canada. If none of these details are available, you can use CIDA's address.46、 If you can't find your luggage at the point of arrival, airline companies will try to find it and ______.A. ask you to insure your luggageB. deliver it where you liveC. inform you about its recoveryD. ask you to pay some money for it47、 Before taking your air trip, you have to make sure ______.A. of the restrictions on luggageB. of the insurance for luggageC. who will pay for the excess luggageD. how much CIDA will pay for the excess luggage48、 The charge for the excess luggage should be paid by ______.A. CIDAB. the passengerC. the insurance companyD. the executing agency49、 In case you have no idea at all where to send your luggage, you can send it to the address of ______.A. the institution you are to attendB. the airline you travel withC. the Canadian International Development AgencyD. the executive agency given in the Training Agreement50、 The passage is mainly about CIDA's advice on ______.A. the charge of your luggageB. the handling of your luggageC. the insurance of your luggageD. the transportation of your luggagePassage ThreeSince we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our interpersonal relationships. One strength of human condition is our possibility to give and receive support from one another under stressful (有压力的)conditions. Social support makes up the exchanges of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties. Those of us with strong support systems appear better able to deal with major life changes and daily problems. People with strong social ties live longer and have better health than those without such ties. Studies over types of illnesses, from depression to heart disease, show that the presence of social support helps people defend themselves against illness, and the absence of such support makes poor health more likely. Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives and coworkers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others in spite of our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship supportive. 51Taking part in free-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental support—money aid, material resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and deal with our problems.51、 The author mainly talks about ______.A. how to improve our interpersonal relationshipsB. people's health conditionsC. how to deal with daily worries and problemsD. the importance of interpersonal relationships52、 Para. 2 is mainly about ______.A. ways to reduce stressB. informational supportC. instrumental supportD. social companionship53、 The word "cushion" in Para. 2 means ______.A. increase the effect ofB. reduce the effect ofC. a mat placed beneath the carpet of a sofaD. a rug placed on the floor54、 Lending money to a person in trouble belongs to ______.A. the strengthening of self-respectB. social companionshipC. instrumental supportD. informational support55、 According to the passage, which of the following is true?A. Playing chess with others in spare time is of informational support.B. Social support enables us to succeed in dealing with all kinds of problems.C. With social support, people will become perfect without any faults.D. It's possible that people who have fewer social ties are in poor health.Passage Four56One of the best known proverbs must be "Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise." The promises of health, wealth and wisdom to those who join the ranksof the early retires and risers must be particularly appealing to many people in our contemporary society. There is no doubt that one of the greatest concerns of modern man is his health. It is estimated that in the United States 200 billion dollars are spent on health care each year. The medical field has grown into such a big business that it employs 4.8 million people and it appears that in many places, more staff is needed to meet the demands of the people who are concerned about their physical well being.Much more interest has been shown in preventive (预防的)medicine in recent years. 57This is probably due in part to the increasing costs of medical treatment, but the writings of such people as Dr. Kenneth Cooper have also played an important role. In his book Aerobics, Dr. Cooper communicated his message of the benefits of exercise so effectively that many other authors have followed in his trail, and literally millions of readers have put on their sports shoes and taken to the highways and byways of America. A recent survey showed that over one million people are jogging. The last time I was in Honolulu, I was amazed to see hundreds of people, young and old, running for their lives, and I discovered many of them had run in the Hawaiian Marathon.Exercise has also become a major part of conversation. At a dinner party recently, the president of a bank asked me, "You look like a runner: how far do you run each day?" A few days later when I appeared on a national television show, the host suddenly asked me if I was a regular runner. On both occasions the conversation turned to the subject of exercise and I found, as I have found wherever I have traveled recently, that this is a subject on many people's minds. Of course, there are still many people who are less enthusiastic about exercise. They appreciate the philosophy of Robert M. Hutchins who said, "Whenever the thought of exercise occurs to me, I lie down till it passes."56、 The underlined word "retires" in Para. 1 probably refers to ______.A. people who go to bedB. people who live in quiet placesC. people who have a lot of free timeD. people who give up their work57、 The first paragraph indicates that medical workers ______.A. can make a lot of moneyB. like running sports more than ordinary peopleC. are more concerned with their own healthD. are in great demand58、 In the United States, medical treatment is ______.A. expensiveB. insufficientC. veryeffective D. cheap59、 The pronoun "it" in the last sentence of the passage means ______.A. exerciseB. the thought of exerciseC. meD. nothing60、 The examples of conversation in the last paragraph are used ______.A. to show the writer's love for travelB. to prove that the writer was a good runnerC. to show people's interest in exerciseD. to prove that people are tired of old conversation topicsⅢ. Cloze TestDirections:There are 20 blanks in each of the following 2 passages. For each blank, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Section A(非英语专业学生做)Shopping for clothes is not the same experience for a man 61 it is for a woman. A man goes shopping because he needs something definitely. His purpose is settled and decided in 62 He knows what he wants, and his 63 is to find it and get it. Almost all men simply walk into a shop and ask the assistant for their needs if they are not in a supermarket. If the shop has them in 64 , the deal can be made in less than five minutes, with 65 any chat and to everyone's satisfaction.For a man, slight problems may begin when the shop does not have 66 he wants. In that case, the salesman tries to sell the customer something 67 —he offers the nearest to the article required. Good salesman brings out such a substitute with 68 : "I know this is not the style you want, sir; but would you like to try it for size? It happens to 69 the color you told me." Few men 70 patience with this kind of treatment, and the usual response is: "This is the right color and maybe the right size, 71 I should be wasting my time and yours by trying it 72 ."For a woman, buying clothes is always clone in the opposite way. She goes 73 when she wants to wander on the streets. She has never been fully aware what she wants, and she is only "window shopping". She is always open 74 persuasion, willing to try on 75 number of things. Uppermost in her mind is the thought of finding 76 that everyone thinks suits her. Most women have an excellent sense of value and are always on the look-out for the unexpected 77 . Faced with a roomful of 78 , a woman may easily spend an hour going from one rail to another before selecting the dresses she wants to try on. 79 is a tiresome process, but apparently an enjoyable one. Most dress shops 80 chairs for the waiting husbands.61、 A. with B. as C. to D. than62、 A. detail B. advance C. hurry D. a way63、 A. objective B. reason C. dream D. choice64、 A. size B. color C. stock D. style65、 A. hard B. hardly C. not D. almost66、 A. that B. which C. when D. what67、 A. nice B. good C. else D. wonderful68、 A. care B. concern C. skill D. intention69、 A. be B. do C. make D. have70、 A. had B. have C. having D. to have71、 A. although B. why C. when D. but72、 A. in B. with C. on D. up73、 A. shopping B. to work C. to shop D. to walking74、 A. with B. to C. for D. up75、 A. a B. some C. any D. few76、 A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything77、 A. deal B. bargain C. surprise D.thing78、 A. dresses B. goods C. food D. looks79、 A. Who B. What C. It D. Which80、 A. sell B. rent C. give D. provideSection B(英语专业学生做)Shopping habits in the United States have changed greatly in the last quarter of the 20th century. 81 in the 1900s most American towns and cities had a Main Street. Main Street was always in the heart of a town. This street was 82 on both sides with 83 businesses. Here, shoppers walked into stores to look at all sorts of merchandise: clothing, furniture, hardware, groceries. 84 , some shops offered 85 . These shops included drugstores, restaurants, shoe-repair stores, and barber or hairdressing shops. 86 in the 1950s, a change began to 87 Too many automobiles had crowded into Main Street 88 too few parking places were 89 shoppers. Because the streets were crowded, merchants began to look with interest at the open spaces 90 the city limits. Open space is what their car-driving customers needed. And open space is what they got 91 the first shopping center was built. Shopping centers, or rather malls, 92 as a collection of small new stores 93 crowded city centers. 94 by hundreds of free parking space, customers were drawn away from 95 areas to outlying malls. And the growing 96 of shopping centers led 97 to the building of bigger and better stocked stores. 98 the late 1970s, many shopping malls had almost developed into small cities themselves. In addition to providing the 99 of one stop shopping, malls were transformed into landscaped parks, 100 benches, fountains, and outdoor entertainment.81、 A. Earliest B. Early C. Early as D. Earlier82、 A. built B. constructed C. intended D. lined83、 A. varied B. various C. sorted D. mixed84、 A. Apart from B. However C. In addition D. As well85、 A. medical care B. food C. cosmetics D. services86、 A. Since B. For C. Because D. But87、 A. be taking place B. take place C. be taken place D. have taken place88、 A. while B. yet C. though D. and then89、 A. available for B. available to C. used by D. ready for90、 A. over B. from C. out of D. outside91、 A. when B. while C. since D. then92、 A. started B. founded C. established D. organized93、 A. out of B. away from C. next to D. near94、 A. Attracted B. Surprised C. Delighted D. Enjoyed95、 A. inner B. surrounding C. shopping D.downtown96、 A. distinction B. fame C. popularity D. liking97、 A. on B. in turn C. by turns D. further98、 A. By B. During C. In D. Towards99、 A. cheapness B. readiness C. convenience D. handiness100、A. because of B. and C. with D. providedⅣ. TranslationSection A(非英语专业学生做)Directions:In this section, there are 5 items. You are required to translate them into Chinese. Each item consists of one or two sentences. These sentences are all taken from the reading passages you have just read in the Reading Comprehension part. You may refer back to the passages so as to identify their meanings in the context.101、(Para. 2, Passage 1)Perhaps the best way to learn how to behave in the working world is to identify a worker you admire and observe his behavior.102、(Para. 3, Passage 2)If you do not know the exact destination address at the time of your departure, label your luggage in care of(由……代收) the executing agency whose name appears in the Training Agreement.103、(Para. 2, Passage 3)Taking part in free time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting us from our worries and troubles. 104、(Para. 1, Passage 4)One of the best-known proverbs must be "Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise."105、(Para. 2, Passage 4)This is probably due in part to the increasing costs of medical treatment, but the writings of such people as Dr. Kenneth Cooper have also played an important role.Section B(英语专业学生做)Directions:In this section, there is a short passage in Chinese. Read it carefully and translate it into English.106、我打算用我从诺贝尔和平奖所获的奖金，为那些无家可归者建立家园。

陕西师范大学免费师范教育硕士英语试题及答案

陕西师范大学2012级免费师范教育硕士英语试题注意事项:一、本试题共10页，满分100分。

答案一律写在答题纸上，否则无效。

二、做选择题时，将所选答案书写在答题纸对应题号后的（）三、中英文尽可能做到字迹清晰、书写工整、疏密相间均匀、字体大小适当。

四、英文作文必须逐行书写不得隔行或跳行。

Part I Vocabulary and Structure (20%)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.1.My job varies between the extremely tedious and the annoyingly busy. ______ Ithink I am happier during the real busy times: no time to think about how bored I am.A. On balanceB. In additionC. FurthermoreD. Aside from2.We are all in favor of your proposal that the meeting ______.A. is called offB. should call offC. is to be called offD. be called off3.______, I walked my dear father.A. Exhausted and hungryB. Having been exhausted and hungryC. Being exhausted and hungryD. To be exhausted and hungry4.I stood still, trying to ______ a plausible excuse.A. createB. produceC. inventD. design5. A new technique ______ out, the output as a whole increased by 15 percent.A. workingB. having workedC. having been worked D to have been worked6.She thinks it’s time we ______ free school meals.A. did forB. did withC. did withoutD. did away with7.He never regretted paying 300 Yuan for the bookcase. As a matter of fact hewould gladly have paid ______ for it.A. as much twiceB. twice as muchC. much as twice D as twice much8.He was attending a meeting, ______ come to your birthday party then.A. unless he would haveB. or he wouldC. nevertheless he did not D or he would have9.He ______ the job ______ because it involved too much traveling.A. turned…downB. turned…awayC. turned off D turned…over10. They have made changes in their plans for a new science park as you .A. suggestedB. have suggestedC. had suggestedD. suggest 11．In some areas of northwest China, intensive farming has brought about severe_____ of the land, which accounted for poor harvest in recent years.A. deforestationB. dejectionC. delectation D degeneration12．The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always_____ the scientist’s time-keeping methods.A. at the mercy ofB. in accordance withC. under the guidance ofD. by means of 13．Manufacturers raised the price of this product to ______ the increased cost of material.A. write offB. offsetC. make forD. abstain from14．Among other things was the discussion to reach a_______ trade agreement between the two countries.A. reciprocalB. mergedC. marketableD. mature15．Nowadays more Chinese would like to hold their reunion dinner in posh restaurants, despite the______ costs. They find it more enjoyable and physically less demanding.A. hyperbolicB. inexorableC. exorbitantD. protean16. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th_______the birth of Jesus Christ.A. in accordance withB. in terms ofC. in favor ofD. in honor of17. The _________ to overthrow the revolutionary regime was unearthed andpromptly smashed.A. conspiracyB. trickC. intrigueD. plot18. In the last couple of days, a number of areas in China were hit by heavy snowfalls,powerful winds or suffocating sandstorms. The extremely bad weather has________ the transportation system in the areas.A. constrainedB. cussedC. crippledD. chucked19. My father is researching the spread of AIDs. And he is ________ in hispresentation of experiments.A. relevantB. sacredC. proteanD. meticulous20. Mr. John made a very wonderful after-dinner speech. His ________ mind,graceful manner and fluent words moved all the participants deeply.A. awesomeB. articulateC. agileD. arbitraryPart II Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage OneWhen your parents advise you to "get an education" in order to raise your income, they tell you only half the truth. What they really mean is to get just enough education to provide manpower for your society, but not so much that you prove an embarrassment to your society.Get a high school diploma, at least. Without that, you will be occupationally dead unless your name happens to be George Bernard Shaw or Thomas Alva Edison, and you can successfully dropout in grade school.Get a college degree, if possible. With a B.A., you are on the launching pad. But now you have to start to put on the brakes. If you go for a master's degree, make sure it is an M.B.A., and is famous.Do you know, for instance, that long-haul truck drivers earn more per year than full professors? Yes, the average 1977 salary for those truckers was $24000 while the full professors managed to earn just $23030.A Ph.D. is the highest degree you can get. Except for a few specialized fields such as physics or chemistry where the degree can quickly be turned to industrial or commercial purposes, if you pursue such a degree in any other field, you will face a dim future. There are more Ph.D.s unemployed or underemployed in this country than any other part of the world.If you become a doctor of philosophy in English or history or anthropology or political science or languages or worst of all in philosophy, you run the risk of becoming overeducated for our national demands. Not for our needs, mind you, but for our demands.Thousands of Ph.D.s are selling shoes, driving cars, waiting on table, and endlessly filling out applications month after month. They may also take a job in some high school or backwater college that pays much less than the janitor earns.You can equate the level of income with the level of education only so far. Far enough, that is, to make you useful to the gross national product, but not so far that nobody can turn much of a profit on you.21. According to the writer, what the society expects of education is to turn out peoplewho _____.A. will not be a disgrace to societyB. will become loyal citizensC. can take care of themselvesD. can meet the nation's demands as a sourceof manpower22. Many Ph.D.s are out of job because _____.A. they are improperly educatedB. they are of little commercial value to their societyC. there are fewer jobs in high schoolsD. they prefer easier jobs that make more money23. The nation is only interested in people _____.A. with diplomasB. who specialize in physics and chemistryC. who are valuable to the gross national productD. both A and C24. Which of the following is not true?______A. Bernard Shaw didn't finish high schools, nor did Edison.B. One must think carefully before pursuing a master degree.C. The higher your education level, the more money you will earn.D. If you are too well-educated, you'll be overeducated for society's demands.25. The writer sees education as _____.A. a means of providing job security and financial security and a means ofmeeting a country's demands for technical workersB. a way to broaden one's horizonsC. more important than finding a jobD. an opportunity that everyone should havePassage TwoIn the mid-nineteenth century, the United States had tremendous natural resources that could be exploited in order to develop heavy industry. Most of the raw materials that are valuable in the manufacture of machinery, transportation facilities, and consumer goods lay ready to be worked into wealth. Iron, coal, and oil —the basic ingredients of industrial growth —were plentiful and needed only the application of technical expertise, organizational skill, and labor.One crucial development in this movement toward industrialization was the growth of the railroads. The railway network expanded rapidly until the railroad map of the United States looked like a spider’s web, with the steel filaments connecting all important sources of raw materials, their places of manufacture, and their centers of distribution. The railroads contributed to the industrial growth not only by connecting these major centers, but also by themselves consuming enormous amounts of fuel, iron, and coal.Many factors influenced emerging modes of production. For example, machine tools, the tools used to make goods, were steadily improved in the latter part of the nineteenth century — always with an eye to speedier production and lower unit costs. The products of the factories were rapidly absorbed by the growing cities that sheltered the workers and distributors. The increased urban population was nourished by the increased farm production that, in turn, was made more productive by the use of the new farm machinery. American agricultural production kept up with the urban demand and still had surpluses for sale to the industrial centers of Europe.The labor that ran the factories and built the railways was recruited in part from American farm areas where people were being displaced by farm machinery, in part from Asia, and in part form Europe. Europe now began to send tides of immigrants from eastern and southern Europe — most of whom were originally poor farmers but who settled in American industrial cities. The money to finance this tremendous expansion of the American economy still came from European financiers for the most part, but the Americans were approaching the day when their expansion could be financed in their own “money market”.26. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The history of railroads in the United States.B. The major United States industrial centers.C. Factors that affected industrialization in the United States.D. The role of agriculture in the nineteenth century.27. The word “ingredients” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ________.A. mineralsB. productsC. methodsD. components28. According to the passage, all of the following were true of railroads in the UnitedStates in the nineteenth century EXCEPT that ________.A. they connected important industrial citiesB. they were necessary to the industrialization processC. they were expanded in a short timeD. they used relatively small quantities of natural resources29. According to the passage, what was one effect of the improvement of machine tools?A. Lower manufacturing costs.B. Better distribution of goods.C. More efficient transportation of natural resources.D. A reduction in industrial jobs.30. Which of the following is NOT true of the United States farmers in the nineteenthcentury?A. They lost some jobs because of mechanization.B. They were unable to produce sufficient food for urban areas.C. They raised their productivity by using new machinery.D. They sold food to European countries.Passage ThreeSince the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves -- goals that pose a real challenge. “While w e know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can’t yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated —than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspiciousface in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can’t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.31. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ________.A. the use of machines to produce science fictionB. the wide use of machines in manufacturing industryC. t he invention of tools for difficult and dangerous workD. the elite’s cunning tackl ing of dangerous and boring work32. The word “gizmos” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) most probably means________.A. programsB. expertsC. devicesD. creatures33. According to the text, what is beyond man’s ability now is to design a robot thatcan ________.A. fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgeryB. interact with human beings verballyC. have a little common senseD. respond independently to a changing world34 Besides reducing human labor, robots can also________.A. make a few decisions for themselvesB. deal with some errors with human interventionC. improve factory environmentsD. cultivate human creativity35. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are________.A. expected to copy human brain in internal structureB. able to perceive abnormalities immediatelyC. far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant informationD. best used in a controlled environmentPassage FourThough it is mere 1 to 3 percent of the population, the upper class possesses at least 25 percent of the nation’s wealth. This class has two segments: upper-upper and lower-upper. Basically, the upper-upper class is “old rich” －families that have been wealthy for several generations －an aristocracy of birth and wealth. Their names are in the Social Register, a listing of acceptable members of high society. A few are known across the nations, such as the Rockefellers, Roosevelts, and Vanderbilts. Mostare not visible to the general public. They live in grand seclusion, drawing their income from the investment of their inherited wealth. In contrast, the lower-upper class is the “new rich”. Although they may be wealthier than some of the old rich, the new rich have hustled to make their money like everybody else beneath their class. Thus their prestige is generally lower than that of the old rich, who have not found it necessary to lift a finger to make their money, and who tend to look down upon the new rich.However its wealth is required, the upper class is very, very rich. They have enough money and leisure time to cultivate an interest in the arts and to collect rare books, paintings, and sculptures. They generally live in exclusive areas, belong to exclusive social club, communicate with each other, and marry their own kind －all of which keeps them so distant from the masses that they have been called the out-of-sight class. More than any other class, they tend to be conscious of being members of a class. They also command an enormous amount of power and influence here and abroad, as they hold many top government positions, run the Council on Foreign Relations, and control multinational corporations. Their actions affect the lives of millions.36 All the following statements are true EXCEPT that ______.A. the upper-upper class is of aristocratic originB. the “old rich” enjoy higher prestige than the “new rich”C. t he “old rich” isolate themselves and lead a lonely lifeD. the upper class owns at least a quarter of the country’s wealth37. According to the author, th e “old rich” get richer ______.A. through the Social RegisterB. through their reputationC. by investing their inherited wealthD. by collecting paintings and sculptures38. The reason why the “old rich” look down upon the “new rich” is that ______.A. the former are wealthier than the latterB. the latter sweat themselves to make moneyC. the “new rich” have no interest in artsD. the “old rich” are conscious of being members of the upper class39. The upper class is also called the out-of-sight class because ______.A. they keep away from the general publicB. they spend most of their time abroadC. they don’t communicate with any peopleD. they move frequently from place to place40 We can learn from the passage that ______.A .the upper class is powerful and influentialB. the upper class collects rare books to make moneyC. the upper class holds all top government positionsD. the “old rich” makes much more money than the “new rich”Part III Writing (40%)Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning, and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on your ANSWER SHEET. Remember to give a title to your writing.Penguins Need Room to SurviveAs is vividly depicted in the drawing, Antarctica is being exploited by a series of countries, like the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. The poor penuins,the original residents, have no way but to flee away. By depicting this image, the drawer attempts to expose the current living situation of penguins there and admonish people to leave room for penguins to live in.As known to all, Antarctica is the home of penguins. It is also widely described as the last true wilderness on our planet. However, Antarctica has more recently been playing host to adventurers seeking excitement, scientists interested in experimenting, and companies looking to exploit this wild terrain for profit. Yet, Antarctica's fragile and complicated eco-system is threatened by its human visitors. Damage to the environment occurs as people come looking for resources beneath the ice. What human beings have done there is threatening the survival of penguins. Experts say as many as ten of the seventeen kinds of penguins may be in danger of disappearing. In addition, widespread fishing, exploration for oil and oil leaks also threaten penguins.All in all, people have to take action to help the birds with concentrated attention, then penguins may have chance to live on with us. People from all countries have to ensure that the damage to Antarctica's environment is minimized, and that the last wilderness on earth will remain an unspoiled place. Thus, penguins will have room to survive.2012级免费师范教育硕士英语试题答题纸学院_________________ 学号____________________姓名_________________ 成绩_____________________注意事项一、本试题共10页，满分100分。

2012年陕西师范大学考研教育硕士(Ed.M)教育综合真题试卷(题后含答

2012年陕西师范大学考研教育硕士（Ed.M）教育综合真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 名词解释题 2. 填空题 3. 简答题 4. 论述题1．最近发展区正确答案：维果茨基在自己的文化历史发展理论中提出，儿童有两种发展水平：一是儿童现有的发展水平，二是儿童即将达到的发展水平，这两种水平之间的差异，就是最近发展区。

最近发展区是指儿童在有指导的情况下，借助成人帮助所能达到的解决问题的水平与独自解决问题所达到的水平之间的差异，实际上是两个邻近发展阶段间的过渡状态。

从教学内容到教学方法不仅要考虑到儿童现有的发展水平，而且要根据儿童的最近发展区给儿童提出更高的发展要求，这将更有利于儿童的发展。

2．学制正确答案：学校教育制度简称学制，是指一个国家各级各类学校的系统及其管理规则的总称，它规定着各级各类学校的性质、任务、入学条件、修业年限，以及它们之间的关系。

学制是教育制度的核心内容。

目前，学制主要有双轨学制、单轨学制和分支型学制三种类型，当代双轨制逐渐向单轨制方向发展，综合中学是实现并轨的一个好方法。

3．研究性学习正确答案：研究性学习是指学生基于自身兴趣，在教师的指导下，从学习生活和社会生活、自然中选择和确定研究专题，用类似科学研究的方式，主动地获取知识并应用知识去解决问题的学习活动。

研究性学习是指学习者以问题解决为主要内容，以发展研究能力为主要目的的一种新型学习方式。

研究性学习的目标是：(1)获得参与探索的经验。

研究性学习关注的重点是学生的学习过程，关注学生在学习过程中由亲身经历或心理移情而获得的内在感受。

因而，小学生开展研究性学习，要激发其观察生活、发现和探究问题的兴趣，通过对身边的自然现象和社会现象的初步思考与分析，并通过简单的操作实践，获得自己动手动脑探究问题的喜悦以及解决问题的初步经验。

(2)提高发现问题、探索问题和解决问题的能力。

研究性学习作为一种学习方式，渗透在学生的所有学科中、所有学习活动中。

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