水域生态学课件外来种和生物入侵
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• Native mollusk populations tend to crash within four years of zebra mussel colonization
Impact of zebra mussel on aquatic ecosystem
Crayfish covered with Zebra mussel
• Water hyacinth, a South American floating plant, is clogging 2 million acres of lakes and waterways, and displacing native vegetation. Florida, Louisiana and Texas spend $11 million each year trying to restrict its growth. Manatees help by feeding on it.
外来种
• 外来种（植物或动物）是指由于近期人类 活动而被引入到以前没有该物种存在的地 区的物种，也叫引进种或非土著种。An exotic species of plant or animal is one that was introduced into an area where it did not previously occur through relatively
➢ 许多外来种对本地动植物会造成灾难性的危害 • 在本土，它们受到与其一起进化的因子和控制其种
群和扩散的因子影响，而到了新生境，因为缺少捕 食者或病原，种群失去了控制
• 被食者可能没有进化出有效的防御机制，土著种可 能不能成功地竞争空间或食物，因而经常被推向灭 绝
• 由于外来种自我长久维持，它们对生物多样性的威 胁可能比过度捕捞和生境丧失更持久
– 改变生境 e.g. common carp – 竞争 – 捕食 e.g. Nile perch, sea lamprey – 引入病原体和寄生虫 – 遗传效应 genetic effects, caused by
interbreeding with native species.
• 在自然生态系统中，入侵种通常与本地种竞 争，取代本地种
Beach covered with zebra mussels
七鳃鳗 Sea Lamprey
Sea lampreys are native to the Atlantic Ocean. For many centuries, the lamprey's access to the Great Lakes was blocked by Niagara Falls. Then the Welland Canal was built in 1883, allowing the lamprey to enter Lake Erie. During the period from 1921 to 1940 it spread through the remainder of the lakes, feeding on several kinds of fish including the lake trout which had been the basis of a multi-million dollar fishing industry. The lamprey destroyed 97% of the trout population in the Great Lakes in this period. After many years of research, a poison was discovered (TFM or 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) that killed lamprey larvae but was not toxic to other fish. Over a two-year period (1960-62) the lamprey population was reduced by 85% but not eliminated. About 250 Great Lakes tributaries are now treated at regular intervals with the lampricide, and this method is being supplemented with barriers across streams to prevent the lampreys reaching their spawning grounds, and with release of sterilized males that reduce the number of fertile eggs laid by the females.
➢ shuting down electrical utilities by clogging water intake pipes, causing $5 billion in damages by the year 2002
➢ causing large-scale ecosystem changes and hastening the decline of our native freshwater mussels (50% decline in species in a decade)
• arrived by transatlantic ship-an undetected stowaway in ballast water first (1985 or 1986) in Lake St. Clair, between Lakes Huron and Erie
• spread rapidly throughout lakes and waterways of the eastern United States and Canada, from the Great Lakes through the Mississippi River drainage.
– Exotics are a factor contributing to the endangered or threatened status of 42% of animals and plants on the U.S. endangered species list.
水生态系统中的入侵种－水葫芦
regularity--that about 10% (5%~20%) of introduced species become established and 10% of these become pests (Williamson & Fitter 1996)
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
外来种对生态系统健康的影响
• 外来种对生态系统造成危害的机制:
• 但并不是所有外来种都有害：
– 事实上，有些种可以完成以前由已经稀有或灭 绝的土著种所担当的作用，这种情况下，清除 它们的理由不足
– 一些外来种引进了几个世纪，已归化，因此作 为外来种有争议
– 另外一些种类在全新世时期对气候的反应迁入 和迁出该地区，因此不能被认为是外来种
入侵种 Invasive species
• Two species of goby(鰕虎鱼 ) from the Caspian Sea have been introduced to feed on the mussels. But may itself cause further biological problems if it is widely distributed.
• They gorge on phytoplankton, outcompeting zooplankton for this essential food and disrupting natural food webs.
• They adhere to the shells of our freshwater mussels-sometimes in numbers exceeding 10,000 zebra mussels to a single native mussel
• Invasion of water systems by water hyacinth is a global problem. Enormous mats of the plant are growing along the shores of Africa's Lake Victoria, where the vegetation blocks the intakes of water treatment facilities and power plants, and interferes with access to boat docks. Kenya's government is contracting with an American company to try to remove the weed. The same weed is overwhelming Lake Malawi, home to the greatest number of fish species of any lake in the world.
recent human activities, also called alien, introduced or nonindigenous species
• 美国, 自哥伦布踏上美洲大陆，估计有超过 30,000 中非本土物种被引进 (Pimentel et al., 2000)，
• 超过 4500 外来种在美国成功定居
• It has caused major changes in water chemistry and increased transparency. In the western basin of Lake Erie, It has reduced phytoplankton crop by 80% and doubled the transparency. These might seem desirable consequences, but, in switching the predominant energy flows in this part of the lake to the benthos instead of the plankton, it may disturb the recruitment of fish dependent on the plankton
Zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha
• History of invasion:
• Native to the Caspian and Black Seas, over the past 200 years, it has spread into northern Europe and is common in rivers, was discovered in North America in 1988
–2000 多种植物
–2000 多种昆虫
–239 植物病原
–142 陆生脊椎动物
–91 淡水贝类
–70 种鱼类 (Office of Technology Assessment, 1993).
• 一些外来种已造成严重的经济损失和环境危害， 而大多数其影响尚不清楚
• The tens rule describes the statistical
水生态系统中的入侵种－ "杀手藻"
• An invasive strain of the marine alga Caulerpa taxifolia ("killer algae") appeared in the
Mediterranean Sea in 1984, and is now rapidly covering thousands of acres of sea bed. It smothers and kills all native vegetation, and the animals that depended on that vegetation are displaced or die off. In the summer of 2000, the alga was discovered in Agua Hedionda Lagoon (San Diego County) and Huntington Harbor (Orange County). This plant could have a disastrous impact on the local ecology if it is not quickly eradicated. Legislation is being introduced to ban importation of the plant, which is used as a saltwater aquarium ornamental.
• It remains unchecked by predators or parasites.
Zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, a small (2-2.5 cm) strikingly coloured animal
❖Hazard and damage:
Impact of zebra mussel on aquatic ecosystem
Crayfish covered with Zebra mussel
• Water hyacinth, a South American floating plant, is clogging 2 million acres of lakes and waterways, and displacing native vegetation. Florida, Louisiana and Texas spend $11 million each year trying to restrict its growth. Manatees help by feeding on it.
外来种
• 外来种（植物或动物）是指由于近期人类 活动而被引入到以前没有该物种存在的地 区的物种，也叫引进种或非土著种。An exotic species of plant or animal is one that was introduced into an area where it did not previously occur through relatively
➢ 许多外来种对本地动植物会造成灾难性的危害 • 在本土，它们受到与其一起进化的因子和控制其种
群和扩散的因子影响，而到了新生境，因为缺少捕 食者或病原，种群失去了控制
• 被食者可能没有进化出有效的防御机制，土著种可 能不能成功地竞争空间或食物，因而经常被推向灭 绝
• 由于外来种自我长久维持，它们对生物多样性的威 胁可能比过度捕捞和生境丧失更持久
– 改变生境 e.g. common carp – 竞争 – 捕食 e.g. Nile perch, sea lamprey – 引入病原体和寄生虫 – 遗传效应 genetic effects, caused by
interbreeding with native species.
• 在自然生态系统中，入侵种通常与本地种竞 争，取代本地种
Beach covered with zebra mussels
七鳃鳗 Sea Lamprey
Sea lampreys are native to the Atlantic Ocean. For many centuries, the lamprey's access to the Great Lakes was blocked by Niagara Falls. Then the Welland Canal was built in 1883, allowing the lamprey to enter Lake Erie. During the period from 1921 to 1940 it spread through the remainder of the lakes, feeding on several kinds of fish including the lake trout which had been the basis of a multi-million dollar fishing industry. The lamprey destroyed 97% of the trout population in the Great Lakes in this period. After many years of research, a poison was discovered (TFM or 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) that killed lamprey larvae but was not toxic to other fish. Over a two-year period (1960-62) the lamprey population was reduced by 85% but not eliminated. About 250 Great Lakes tributaries are now treated at regular intervals with the lampricide, and this method is being supplemented with barriers across streams to prevent the lampreys reaching their spawning grounds, and with release of sterilized males that reduce the number of fertile eggs laid by the females.
➢ shuting down electrical utilities by clogging water intake pipes, causing $5 billion in damages by the year 2002
➢ causing large-scale ecosystem changes and hastening the decline of our native freshwater mussels (50% decline in species in a decade)
• arrived by transatlantic ship-an undetected stowaway in ballast water first (1985 or 1986) in Lake St. Clair, between Lakes Huron and Erie
• spread rapidly throughout lakes and waterways of the eastern United States and Canada, from the Great Lakes through the Mississippi River drainage.
– Exotics are a factor contributing to the endangered or threatened status of 42% of animals and plants on the U.S. endangered species list.
水生态系统中的入侵种－水葫芦
regularity--that about 10% (5%~20%) of introduced species become established and 10% of these become pests (Williamson & Fitter 1996)
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
外来种对生态系统健康的影响
• 外来种对生态系统造成危害的机制:
• 但并不是所有外来种都有害：
– 事实上，有些种可以完成以前由已经稀有或灭 绝的土著种所担当的作用，这种情况下，清除 它们的理由不足
– 一些外来种引进了几个世纪，已归化，因此作 为外来种有争议
– 另外一些种类在全新世时期对气候的反应迁入 和迁出该地区，因此不能被认为是外来种
入侵种 Invasive species
• Two species of goby(鰕虎鱼 ) from the Caspian Sea have been introduced to feed on the mussels. But may itself cause further biological problems if it is widely distributed.
• They gorge on phytoplankton, outcompeting zooplankton for this essential food and disrupting natural food webs.
• They adhere to the shells of our freshwater mussels-sometimes in numbers exceeding 10,000 zebra mussels to a single native mussel
• Invasion of water systems by water hyacinth is a global problem. Enormous mats of the plant are growing along the shores of Africa's Lake Victoria, where the vegetation blocks the intakes of water treatment facilities and power plants, and interferes with access to boat docks. Kenya's government is contracting with an American company to try to remove the weed. The same weed is overwhelming Lake Malawi, home to the greatest number of fish species of any lake in the world.
recent human activities, also called alien, introduced or nonindigenous species
• 美国, 自哥伦布踏上美洲大陆，估计有超过 30,000 中非本土物种被引进 (Pimentel et al., 2000)，
• 超过 4500 外来种在美国成功定居
• It has caused major changes in water chemistry and increased transparency. In the western basin of Lake Erie, It has reduced phytoplankton crop by 80% and doubled the transparency. These might seem desirable consequences, but, in switching the predominant energy flows in this part of the lake to the benthos instead of the plankton, it may disturb the recruitment of fish dependent on the plankton
Zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha
• History of invasion:
• Native to the Caspian and Black Seas, over the past 200 years, it has spread into northern Europe and is common in rivers, was discovered in North America in 1988
–2000 多种植物
–2000 多种昆虫
–239 植物病原
–142 陆生脊椎动物
–91 淡水贝类
–70 种鱼类 (Office of Technology Assessment, 1993).
• 一些外来种已造成严重的经济损失和环境危害， 而大多数其影响尚不清楚
• The tens rule describes the statistical
水生态系统中的入侵种－ "杀手藻"
• An invasive strain of the marine alga Caulerpa taxifolia ("killer algae") appeared in the
Mediterranean Sea in 1984, and is now rapidly covering thousands of acres of sea bed. It smothers and kills all native vegetation, and the animals that depended on that vegetation are displaced or die off. In the summer of 2000, the alga was discovered in Agua Hedionda Lagoon (San Diego County) and Huntington Harbor (Orange County). This plant could have a disastrous impact on the local ecology if it is not quickly eradicated. Legislation is being introduced to ban importation of the plant, which is used as a saltwater aquarium ornamental.
• It remains unchecked by predators or parasites.
Zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, a small (2-2.5 cm) strikingly coloured animal
❖Hazard and damage: