泌尿系统科普文章英语
泌尿外科英文介绍范文
泌尿外科英文介绍范文英文回答：Introduction to Urology.Urology is a medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of conditions related to theurinary system in both males and females, as well as the male reproductive system. As a urologist, my role is to provide comprehensive care for patients with urological conditions, ranging from kidney stones and urinary tract infections to prostate cancer and erectile dysfunction.One common condition that urologists often encounter is urinary incontinence, which refers to the involuntary leakage of urine. This can be a distressing problem for patients, as it affects their quality of life and can lead to embarrassment and social isolation. As a urologist, I help patients manage their urinary incontinence through a combination of lifestyle modifications, pelvic floorexercises, medications, and in some cases, surgical interventions.Another condition that urologists frequently treat is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which is the enlargement of the prostate gland. This can cause urinary symptoms such as frequent urination, weak urine flow, and difficulty in emptying the bladder completely. Treatment options for BPH include medications to relax the prostate muscles and surgery to remove or reduce the size of the prostate gland.Urologists also play a crucial role in the diagnosis and treatment of urological cancers, such as prostate, bladder, kidney, and testicular cancers. Early detection is key in improving treatment outcomes, and urologists utilize various diagnostic tools, such as imaging studies and biopsies, to accurately diagnose these cancers. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these modalities.In addition to these conditions, urologists also treatmale infertility, perform vasectomies and vasectomy reversals, and manage conditions such as kidney stones and urinary tract infections. We work closely with other healthcare professionals, such as nephrologists, gynecologists, and oncologists, to provide comprehensive and multidisciplinary care to our patients.中文回答：泌尿外科简介。
医学英语 泌尿系统
• Renal pelvis • Renal column肾柱
The kidney
• The unit of the kidney:
– Each kidney consists of approximately 1 million nephrons肾单位, which span the cortex and medulla.
How is the urine formed in kidney?
• Reabsorption is the movement of substances (water, glucose，other nutrients, Na+ and other ions) out of the renal tubules back into the blood. • Secretion is the process by which substances (H+, K+, ammonia, and certain drugs) move into the distal and collecting tubules from blood. • Urea, together with water and other waste substances, forms the urine as it passes through the nephrons and out of the kidney.
a glomerulus
• nephron
a renal corpuscle 肾小体 a Bowman’s
capsule
泌尿系统疾病英文
Glomerulus bowman’s capsule (capsular Space)
proximal convoluted tubule renal tubules distal convoluted tubule
C. Ultrastructure of glomerulus
c. mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I and III) d. crescentic glomerulonephritis e. IgA nephropathy C. sclerosing glomerulonephritis (4)unclassified glomerulonephritis
shortened form
B. Mechanisms of glomerular damage
It is clear that GN can be readily induced by antigen-antibody reactions.
1. Antigens
Endogenous antigen (intrinsic)
Proteinuria, cast (+) Hematuria
diuretic agent
Edema (sodium, water retention)
Hypertension (blood v, olume↑) →heart failure hypertensive encephalopathy
Glomerule filtration →azotemia→ renal failure
Urinary System泌尿系统全英文
New words aboout urinary bladder
General English Root Vesic/o Eg. Intravesical vesicoureteral
Urinary bladder
Cyst/o
Cystitis Cystography Cystoptosis cystostomy
glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) renal corpuscle nephron
肾单位 肾小体
glomerulus
肾小球
renal tubule afferent arteriole efferent arteriole
Working mechanism of the kidneys: Blood is brought to the kidney via the renal artery. The kidneys filter the blood and then reabsorb useful materials such as glucose.
远端小管
Nephrons
近端小管
The functional unit of the kidney Responsible for the actual purification and filtration of the blood About one million nephrons are in the cortex of each kidney Consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule The renal tubule consists of the convoluted tubule and the loop Urine formation proceeds through 3 major processes in the kidney: of Henle
泌尿外科英文介绍范文
泌尿外科英文介绍范文英文回答：Introduction to Urology.Urology is a branch of medicine that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the urinary system in both males and females, as well as the male reproductive system. As a urologist, I specialize in providing medical and surgical care for conditions such as kidney stones, urinary tract infections, bladder andprostate problems, erectile dysfunction, and infertility.In my practice, I often see patients with kidney stones, which are hard deposits that form in the kidneys and can cause severe pain when they pass through the urinary tract.I use a variety of treatments, including medication, minimally invasive procedures, and surgery, to helppatients manage their kidney stones and prevent future occurrences.Bladder problems, such as urinary incontinence and overactive bladder, are also common conditions that I treat. These conditions can greatly impact a person's quality oflife and can be embarrassing to discuss. However, it's important to remember that these are medical conditionsthat can be effectively managed with the right treatment. I work closely with my patients to develop personalized treatment plans that may include lifestyle changes, medication, or even surgery.Prostate problems, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer, are more commonly seen in older men. BPH is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that can cause urinary symptoms such as frequent urination and weak urine flow. Prostate cancer, on theother hand, is a malignant growth of the prostate gland and requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. I work closelywith my patients to determine the most appropriatetreatment options based on their individual needs and preferences.In addition to these conditions, I also provide carefor male reproductive health issues, such as erectile dysfunction and infertility. These conditions can have a significant impact on a man's self-esteem and relationships, and it's important to approach them with sensitivity and understanding. I offer a range of treatment options, including medication, lifestyle changes, and assisted reproductive techniques, to help my patients achieve their reproductive goals.中文回答：泌尿外科介绍。
urology and nephroloy泌尿生殖系统(英文带解释)
• Nephrosis –nephropathy nephroptosis肾下垂 nephroblast成肾细胞 • Glomerulonephritis血管球性肾炎 inflammation of the kidney primarily involving the glomeruli,肾小球，血管小 球 • Hydronephrosis肾盂积水 collection of urine in the renal pelvis caused by obstruction • Pyelonephritis肾盂肾炎 pyeloplasty肾盂成形术 pyelocystitis肾盂膀胱炎，膀胱肾盂肾炎 pyelogram肾盂X线（照）片，肾盂造影照片 pyelonephritis 肾盂肾炎 pyeloureteroplasty肾盂输尿管成 形术
Reproduction related
• Hyster-uter-womb • Hysteroscopy hysterotomy • Vagina阴道
ureter --Ureterocelectomy输尿管膨出切除术 intraureteral输尿管内的ureterostenosis输尿管狭 窄 ureteroscope ureterohydronephrosis输尿管肾盂积水 Cyst--Cystorrhaphy膀胱缝合术 cystorrhagia膀胱 出血 cystostaxis膀胱渗血 Cystotomy enterocystocele肠膀胱疝 Urethra—urethroscopy urethragraph ,urethralgia 尿道痛 ,urethrameter尿道测量器
disease
• • • • • • • Auresis lack of urination anuresis无尿 Dysuria painful or difficult urination排尿困难 Enuresis involuntary urination ;bet-wetting遗尿 Hematuria presence of blood in urine Oliguria small amounts of urine尿过少，少尿（症） Polyuria elimination of large amounts of U多尿（症） Proteinuria presence of protein ,mainl albumin 清蛋白，白蛋白 in the urine 蛋白尿（症） • Pyuria presence of pus in the urine脓尿
泌尿外科专业英语写作范文
泌尿外科专业英语写作范文Urology, a specialized branch of medicine, focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of diseases and conditions affecting the urinary tract and male reproductive system. It is a field that requires a deep understanding of both the anatomical and physiological aspects of these systems. Here is a sample essay on the subject:The Evolution of Urological PracticeThe field of urology has seen significant advancements in recent years, transforming the way urological conditions are managed. Technological innovations, coupled with a deeper understanding of urological diseases, have led to more effective treatments and improved patient outcomes.Early Detection and Diagnostic TechniquesOne of the most significant developments in urology is the early detection of diseases. With the advent of imaging technologies such as ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI,urologists can now identify abnormalities with greater precision. These non-invasive diagnostic tools have revolutionized the way urological conditions are diagnosed, allowing for more targeted and effective treatment plans.Minimally Invasive Surgical ProceduresThe introduction of minimally invasive surgical techniques has been a game-changer in urology. Procedures such as laparoscopic and robotic-assisted surgeries have reduced the need for open surgery, leading to fewer complications, shorter hospital stays, and quicker recovery times for patients. Robotic surgery, in particular, offers enhanced precision and control, which is especiallybeneficial in complex urological surgeries.Advancements in Prostate Cancer ManagementProstate cancer is one of the most common urological cancers affecting men. Advances in screening methods, such as the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test, have improved early detection rates. Additionally, new treatment modalities like focal therapy, which targets only the cancerous tissue, have been developed to minimize the impact on the patient'squality of life.Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic Floor DysfunctionThe management of urinary incontinence and pelvic floor dysfunction has also seen significant progress. Newersurgical techniques and devices, such as artificial urinary sphincters and male slings, offer more effective solutionsfor patients suffering from these conditions. Behavioral therapies and pelvic floor exercises are also increasingly recognized as important components of treatment.The Role of Telemedicine in Urological CareThe integration of telemedicine in urological practice has been another notable development. Patients can now consult with urologists remotely, which is particularly beneficial for those living in rural areas or those with limited mobility. Telemedicine also allows for the remote monitoring of patients with chronic urological conditions, ensuring they receive timely care.ConclusionThe future of urology looks promising with ongoing research into new treatments and technologies. As the field continues to evolve, the focus remains on improving patient care, enhancing the quality of life for those affected by urological conditions, and ensuring that urological care is accessible to all.This essay provides an overview of the current state and recent advancements in the field of urology, highlighting the importance of innovation in improving patient care.。
泌尿系统专业英语
Crystals
结晶
Yeasts
酵母
Casts
管型
Bacteria
细菌
Parasites
真菌
Mucous
黏液丝
21:03:06
pH
Protein
Glucose
Ketone body 酮体
Bilirubin
尿胆红素
Urobilinogen 尿胆原
Nitrite
亚硝酸盐
21:03:06
汉语意义
尿
英语意义
输尿管的
Ureteroenteric 输尿管肠的
Ureterocele 输尿管膨出
21:03:06
汉语意义 膀胱
英语意义
bladder
Vesicoureteral Intravesical Rectovesical 直肠膀胱的 Cystitis Cystoscope
21:03:06
词根
vesic(o)-, cyst(o)-
Urine volume
尿量
21:03:06
21:03:06
Cast
21:03:06
Crystals
21:03:06
Examination of Urinary Sediments
（沉渣 Microscopy ）
Erythrocyte 红细胞
Leucocyte
白细胞
Epithelial cell 上皮细胞
• acid load test 酸负荷试验
21:03:06
• Urine sediment 尿沉渣 granular cast 颗粒管型 waxy cast 蜡样管型 fatty cast 脂肪管型 mucous strand 粘液丝
泌尿系统(英文版)课件
Superior segment
Superior anterior segment
Inferior anterior segment
Inferior segment
Coverings
Fibrous capsule 纤
维囊 －a strong fibrous capsule which strips easily from a normal kidney surface but adheres firmly to an organ that has been inflamed
Order of structures in the renal pedicle from anterior to posterior－V. A. P.; from superior to inferior－A. V. P.
Renal sinus 肾窦
－which is the renkidney, the rental sinus is occupied by the renal vessels, minor renal calices, major renal calices, renal pelvis and some adipose tissue
The Urinary System
Composition Two kidney－form urine Two ureter－conduct
urine from kidneys to bladder Bladder－receives and stores urine Urethra－conducts urine from bladder to exterior of body (discharged)
怎样预防泌尿疾病英语作文
怎样预防泌尿疾病英语作文Preventing Urological Diseases.Urological diseases are a broad category of conditions that affect the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These diseases can rangefrom minor infections to chronic and debilitatingconditions that significantly impact a person's quality of life. While some urological diseases may be hereditary or unpreventable, many can be avoided through lifestylechoices and proactive health measures.Maintaining a Healthy Lifestyle.A healthy lifestyle is crucial in preventing urological diseases. Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help maintain the health of theurinary system. Drinking plenty of water is also essentialto flush out bacteria and toxins, keeping the urinary tract clean. Regular exercise can improve overall health andreduce the risk of developing urological conditions such as kidney stones or urinary tract infections (UTIs).Practicing Good Hygiene.Proper hygiene is another key factor in preventing urological diseases. It is essential to maintain cleanliness in and around the genital area to prevent infections. Men should practice regular testicular self-examinations to detect any abnormalities early. Women should wipe from front to back after using the toilet to prevent bacteria from entering the urethra. Additionally, avoiding the use of harsh chemicals or soaps in the genital area can help maintain the natural balance of bacteria.Regular Screening and Check-ups.Regular screenings and check-ups are crucial for early detection and prevention of urological diseases. Men and women should schedule routine visits with their healthcare providers to check for any abnormalities or risk factors. Screenings for conditions like prostate cancer, kidneydisease, and bladder cancer can help catch these diseases early, when they are most treatable.Managing Chronic Conditions.Chronic conditions like diabetes and hypertension can increase the risk of developing urological diseases. Managing these conditions through lifestyle changes, medication, and regular monitoring can help reduce the risk of complications. For example, keeping blood sugar levels under control in diabetes can help prevent kidney damage, and controlling blood pressure can reduce the risk of stroke or heart attack, which can affect kidney function.Sexual Health.Sexual health is also important in preventingurological diseases. Practicing safe sex can help prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that can affect the urinary system. Using protection during sexual activity, limiting the number of sexual partners, and being aware of potential STI symptoms are all important steps inmaintaining sexual health.In conclusion, preventing urological diseases requiresa comprehensive approach that includes maintaining ahealthy lifestyle, practicing good hygiene, regular screenings and check-ups, managing chronic conditions, and promoting sexual health. By taking these proactive measures, individuals can reduce their risk of developing urological diseases and maintain a healthy urinary system. Remember, prevention is always the best medicine, so it's importantto stay informed and take action to protect your urological health.。
怎样预防泌尿疾病英语作文
怎样预防泌尿疾病英语作文English:To prevent urinary tract infections and other urinary diseases, it is important to maintain good hygiene practices. This includes staying well-hydrated by drinking plenty of water, and also practicing regular urination to ensure that the bladder is emptied fully. It is also important to maintain good personal hygiene, especially for women, by wiping from front to back after using the bathroom to prevent bacteria from entering the urinary tract. Additionally, practicing safe sex and using protection can also help prevent sexually transmitted urinary infections. Another important aspect of preventing urinary diseases is to maintain a balanced and healthy diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and to avoid excessive consumption of caffeine and alcohol. Regular physical exercise can also help in preventing urinary problems by promoting better circulation and overall health. It is also important to avoid holding urine for too long as this can increase the risk of urinary tract infections. Lastly, it is essential to seek medical attention promptly if any symptoms of urinary diseases are experienced, to prevent it from developing into a more serious condition.Translated content:为了预防泌尿感染以及其他泌尿疾病，保持良好的卫生习惯至关重要。
如何保持尿液健康英语作文
如何保持尿液健康英语作文Title: Maintaining Urinary Health: A Comprehensive Guide。
Introduction:Maintaining urinary health is crucial for overall well-being. A healthy urinary system ensures the proper elimination of waste and toxins from the body, regulates fluid balance, and supports various bodily functions. In this essay, we will delve into the essential practices and habits to uphold urinary health.1. Stay Hydrated:Adequate hydration is fundamental for urinary health. Drinking plenty of water helps to dilute urine, preventing the formation of kidney stones and urinary tract infections (UTIs). Aim to drink at least 8-10 glasses of water daily. Herbal teas and diluted fruit juices can also contribute tohydration.2. Balanced Diet:A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins supports urinary health. Foods high in fiber promote regular bowel movements, reducing pressure on the bladder and preventing constipation-related issues. Limiting the intake of processed foods, excessive salt, and sugar is advisable, as they can contribute to inflammation and urinary problems.3. Monitor Fluid Intake:While hydration is crucial, excessive consumption of caffeine and alcohol can irritate the bladder and exacerbate urinary issues. Limit intake of caffeinated beverages like coffee, tea, and soda, and moderate alcohol consumption to maintain urinary health.4. Practice Good Hygiene:Maintaining good hygiene practices in the genital area is essential to prevent the spread of bacteria and reduce the risk of UTIs. Always wipe from front to back after using the toilet to avoid transferring bacteria from the rectal area to the urinary tract. Additionally, practicing safe sex and regular genital hygiene can help prevent infections.5. Urinate Regularly:Do not hold urine for prolonged periods as it can increase the risk of urinary tract infections and bladder problems. Urinate when you feel the urge to do so, and ensure complete emptying of the bladder each time.6. Exercise Regularly:Regular physical activity promotes overall health, including urinary health. Exercise helps maintain a healthy weight and reduces the risk of conditions like obesity and diabetes, which can contribute to urinary issues. Kegel exercises, which strengthen the pelvic floor muscles, areparticularly beneficial for urinary incontinence and bladder control.7. Maintain a Healthy Weight:Obesity and overweight can strain the urinary system, leading to various complications such as urinary incontinence and increased risk of UTIs. Adopting a healthy diet and regular exercise routine can help achieve and maintain a healthy weight, thereby supporting urinary health.8. Manage Chronic Conditions:Chronic conditions like diabetes and hypertension can adversely affect urinary health if not properly managed. Follow medical advice, take prescribed medications regularly, and monitor blood sugar and blood pressurelevels to prevent complications that may impact the urinary system.9. Avoid Smoking:Smoking can increase the risk of bladder cancer and other urinary tract disorders. Quitting smoking or avoiding exposure to secondhand smoke is crucial for maintaining urinary health and overall well-being.10. Regular Health Check-ups:Regular visits to healthcare professionals allow for early detection and management of any urinary issues or underlying conditions. Routine screenings, such as urine tests and physical examinations, can help identifypotential problems before they escalate.Conclusion:In conclusion, maintaining urinary health requires adopting a holistic approach that encompasses hydration, diet, hygiene, lifestyle habits, and regular medical care. By incorporating these practices into daily life, individuals can support the optimal functioning of their urinary system and promote overall health and well-being.。
泌尿系统的英文作文
泌尿系统的英文作文The urinary system, also known as the renal system, plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. It consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, all working together to remove waste products and regulate the body's fluid balance.The kidneys are the main organs of the urinary system and are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood to form urine. The urine then travels through the ureters to the bladder, where it is stored until it is expelled from the body through the urethra.In addition to waste removal, the urinary system also helps regulate blood pressure, electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance in the body. The kidneys play a vital role in controlling the concentration of electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and calcium in the blood, as well as maintaining the body's pH level.Overall, the urinary system plays a critical role in maintaining the body's internal environment and ensuring proper functioning of various organ systems. It is essential for overall health and well-being.中文翻译：泌尿系统，也被称为肾系统，在维持人体内稳态中扮演着至关重要的角色。
泌尿系统英文作文
泌尿系统英文作文The urinary system is a vital part of the human body, responsible for the elimination of waste and the maintenance of balance in the body's water and electrolyte levels.It comprises the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, each playing a crucial role in filtering blood, producing urine, and expelling it from the body.Kidneys are the workhorses of this system, filtering out waste products and excess substances from the blood, which are then transported to the bladder via the ureters.The bladder serves as a temporary storage for urine, expanding as it fills and contracting to release its contents during urination.Finally, the urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder and out of the body, ensuring a smooth and efficient excretion process.Understanding the urinary system is essential for maintaining good health, as issues within this system can lead to a range of health problems, from kidney stones to urinary tract infections.In conclusion, the urinary system is a complex and efficient network that works tirelessly to keep our bodiesfunctioning optimally. Its proper functioning is integral to our overall well-being.。
09泌尿系统ying
Three constrictions At the pelviureteral肾盂输尿管 的junction Where it crosses the pelvic inlet and iliac vessels Where it pierces the bladder wall obliquely (at intramural part)
Left kidney lies at the level from the inferior border of T11 to the intervertebral discs of L2~L3; the 12th rib is behind its middle part of the post surface Right kidney lies slightly lower than the left kidney, at the level from the superior borderof T12 to L3; the 12th rib is behind its upper part of the post surface. Renal hilum at the level of L1, is about 5cm from the median line Renal region肾区－the area between 12th rib and the lateral margin of erector spinae
Urethra 尿道
Female urethra Relatively short (about 5cm long), wide and straight Opens into vaginal vestibule阴 道前庭
1.Master the composition of the urinary system. 2.Master the position, features and structures of the kidneys, and understand the coverings of the kidneys. 3.Master the portions of the ureter, the position of each part of the ureter, the position of the constricted parts of the ureter. 4.Master the features and portions of the urinary bladder, the location and relationship of the bladder, the location and the mucosal characteristics of the trigone of the bladder. 5.Master the features and opening of the female urethra.
泌尿系统运动与健康
The Urinary System泌尿系统•Kidney 肾－form urine •Ureter输尿管－conduct urine from kidneys to bladder•Bladder 膀胱－receives and stores urine•Urethra 尿道－conducts urine from bladder to exterior of body (discharged)Kidney 肾1.General features•Bean shaped, reddish-brown organs•Superior extremity－broad and thin•Inferior extremity－narrow and thick•Anterior surface－convex •Posterior surface－flat •Lateral border－convex•Medial border－concave•Renal hilum肾门－a vertical sliton the medial border of kidney,the structures which enter andleave the renal hilum is calledrenal pedicle 肾蒂,including therenal vein, renal artery, renalpelvis, lymphatic vessels andnerves•Order of structures in therenal pedicle from anterior toposterior－V. A. P.; fromsuperior to inferior－A. V. P.•Renal sinus 肾窦－which is the renal hilum leads into a space within the kidney, the rental sinus is occupied by the：renal vessels 肾血管minor renal calices 肾小盏major renal calices 肾大盏renal pelvis 肾盂lymphatic vessels 淋巴管nerves 神经adipose tissue 脂肪组织2.Structure of the kidney 肾的构造•Renal cortex 肾皮质•Renal columns 肾柱•Renal medulla 肾髓质•Renal pyramids 肾锥体: 15～20•Renal papilla 肾乳头•Papillary foramina 乳头孔•Minor renal calices 肾小盏(7－8)•Major real calices 肾大盏(2～3)•Renal pelvis 肾盂3.Coverings被膜•（1）Fibrous capsule•纤维囊•a strong fibrous capsule which strips easily from a normal kidney surface but adheres firmly to an organ that has been inflamed（2）Fatty renal capsule 肾脂肪囊－a thick adipose connective tissue capsule, surrounds the fibrous capsule. It acts as a shock absorber to protect the kidney from jolting and jarring（3）Renal fascia 肾筋膜－on outside, surrounds both the kidney and suprarenal gland, holding these organs in place4. Position 位置•Lie behind peritoneum one on each side of the vertebral column high up on the post abdominal wall, upper pole nearer to media plan than lower pole•Left kidney—lies at the level from T11 to L2; the 12th rib is behind its middle part of the post surface•Right kidney —lies at the level from T12 to L3; the 12th rib is behind its upper part of the post surface•Renal hilum at the level of L1, is about 5cm from the posterior median line•Renal region 肾区－the area between 12th rib and the lateral margin of erector spinae5.Relationships 毗邻（作为了解内容）•Superiorly－superarenal gland •Posteriorly•Three muscles•Diaphragm (pleural cavity),•Psoas major•Quadratus lumborum•Three nerves•Subcostal n.•Iliohypogastric n.•Ilioinguinal n.•Medial•Left kidney－abdominal aorta•Right kidney－inferior vena cava•Anteriorly•Left kidney•Stomach (superior),•Pancreas (middle),•Loops of intestineand left colicflexure (inferiorly) •Right kidney•Right lobe of liver(superior)•Right colic flexure(inferior)•Descending part ofduodenum (medially)6.Renal segments 肾段•The kidney is divided into five vascular segments and each is supplied by abranch of the renal artery; betweenthe segments there is no anastomosis.肾可以分为5段：①Superior segment 上段②Superior anterior segment 上前段③Inferior anterior segment 下前段④Inferior segment 下段⑤Posterior segment 后段肾的管道铸型Ureters输尿管输尿管分为三部分：☐腹部Abdominal part－descend on the psoas major behind the peritoneum☐盆部Pelvic part－in females, passes 2cm lateral to the neck of uterus and lies below the uterine artery☐壁内部Intramural part－passes obliquely through the bladder wall for 2cm long三个狭窄（constrictions）☐At the pelvouretericjunction☐Where it crosses thepelvic inlet and iliac vessels☐Where it pierces thebladder wall obliquely (atintramural part)Stone in ureter 输尿管结石a hollow muscular organ that collects and stores urine from the kidneys before disposal by urination.on the pelvic floor. Urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits viathe urethra.300 and500 mLAnatomists divide the bladder into: a broad fundusa bodyan apexa neckThe trigone is a smooth triangular : the two ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice.Clinically important because infections (trigonitis) tend to persist in this region.Embryologically, the trigone of the bladder is derived from the caudal end of mesonephric ducts, which is of mesodermal origin (the rest of the bladder is endodermal).a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the urinary meatus for the removal of urine from the body.。
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泌尿系统科普文章英语
I t is an important excretion route of human metabolites, and can also regulate water and salt metabolism and acid-base balance, and produce a variety of bioactive substances, which plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the environment in the body.The urinary system consists of one pair of kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and one urethra.Urine produced by the kidney flows into the bladder through the ureter for temporary storage. When it reaches a certain amount, it is excreted through the urethra.So it can also be said that the urinary system is the general term of urination, urination, urine storage, urination organs.The ureter is a pair of slender pipes, the length of which is ~ 20~30cm, upper connected to the renal pelvis, down into the bladder, there are three strictures in the middle, is the stone retention site.The bladder is a urinary storage organ, the size and shape change with the urine, the bladder triangle between the two ureter port and the ureal port three connection, empty also smooth, here is a good site for tumor and tuberculosis.The urination reflex of the bladder is controlled by the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord urination center, and the pudendal nerve is transmitted to the somatic nerve, so the urination can be controlled by the
consciousness, and these structures are damaged and can cause urinary incontinence.If the urine can not be discharged from the bladder and stored in the bladder, called urinary retention.It is normal for infants to develop enuresis due to incomplete cerebral cortex development. Generally, this phenomenon of 2 to 3 years old can gradually disappear, and children with normal urination function can not control their own urination when sleep is called enuresis.。