标准培训教材ppt

$2 Indebtedness
6 Seconds
of the Books in a Small
per $1 Billion in Assets
per Century
Library
6 is Several Orders of Magnitude Better Than 3!!!
6 Overview
Where Does “Six Sigma” Come From?
Sigma Level
2 3 4 5 6
Defects per Million of Opportunity
PPM
308,537 66,807 6,210 233 3.4
Convert DPMO to Sigma
• Use the SIGMA TABLE
Arrive at DPMO
• Defects Per Million Opportunities
Average Company in 3 to 4Range
6 Overview
Measurement System
A Graphic/Quantitative Perspective on Variation
Number of People Arriving at CRD
7:00 7:15 7:30 7:45 8:00 8:15 8:30 8:45 9:00 9:15
6 Overview
What Does “Sigma” Mean?
Sigma is a Measure of the Consistency of a Process
It (is Also the 18th Letter in the Greek Alphabet!
6 Overview
Why Does GE Need A Quality Initiative?
LSL
USL
“Upper Specification Limit”
Less Variation Means Fewer Defects & Higher Process Yields
6 Overview
Problem Solving Approach
Key Components of “BREAKTHROUGH STRATEGY”
A Mix of Concepts and Tools
Measure
Analyze
Improve
Control
• Identify CTQ & CTP (Critical to Process) Variables
• Do Process Mapping
• Develop and Validate Measurement Systems
So...What is Six Sigma?
• A Measurement System • A Problem-Solving Approach • A Disciplined Change Process
Measure
Analyze
Improve
Control
“THE SIX SIGMA BREAKTHROUGH STRATEGY”
Deployment and Application of Six Sigma Concepts & Tools
Learning from Those Who Have had Success With 6Will Accelerate its Implementation at GE
6 Overview
GE Raising The Bar
– New Goal to be “Best in the World” vs. #1 or #2
– Customers are Expecting More, we Must Deliver
– “Ship-and-fix” Approach no Longer Tolerated in the Market
6 Overview
Measurement System How Do We Arrive at Sigma?
Identify the CTQs
• “Critical to Quality” Characteristics or the Customer Requirements for a Product or Service
Unpredictable
X
X
XX X
X
X XX
X X
X
X X
Reduce Spread
6 Helps us Identify and Reduce VARIATION due to: - Insufficient Process Capability - Unstable Parts & Materials - Inadequate Design Margin
6 Overview
Why Does GE Need A Quality Initiative?
Cost of Failure (% of Sales)
40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10%
5%
Defects per Million 3.4 Sigma 6
233 6210 66,807 308,537 500,000
time it would have taken to climb the learning curve on our own.”
John F. Welch, Jr. 1995 GE Annual Report
A Rigorous Method for Measuring & Controlling Our Quality
• Mikel J. Harry one of the Original Architects • Previously Headed Quality Function at ABB and Motorola • Now President/CEO of Six Sigma Academy in Phoenix, Arizona • Has Consulted for Texas Instruments, Allied Signal (and others) • Currently Retained by GE to Teach the Implementation,
Time
Average Value
Many Data Sets Have a Normal or Bell Shape
6 Overview
Problem Solving Approach
Off-Target
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Center Process
On-Target
XXXXXXXXXXXXXX
– Aim to Speed Past Traditional Competitors in 5 Years
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PPM
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308,537
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3
66,807
{ GE Average Company
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6,210
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233
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标准培训教材ppt
2020年5月24日星期日
6 Overview
“Six Sigma”
• If we can’t express what we know in the form of numbers, we really don’t know much about it.
• If we don’t know much about it, we can’t control it.
6 Overview
Problem Solving Approach
Off-Target
Target
Unpredictable
Target
LSL Defects
USL
Center Process
On-Target
Target
LSL
USL
Reduce Spread
“Lower Specification Limit”
per 30 Pages in a Book
Money
$2.7 Million Indebtedness per $1 Billion in Assets
Time
3 1/2 Months per Century
$63,000 Indebtedness per $1 Billion in Assets
• Benchmark and Baseline Processes
• Calculate Yield and Sigma
• Target Opportunities and Establish Improvement Goals
• Use of Pareto Chart & Fishbone Diagrams
5
4
3
2
1
Estimated Cost of Failure in US Industry is 15% of Sales; Taking GE From a 3 to a 6 Company Will Save ~ $10.5 Billion per Year!
Why “Six Sigma”?
• Proven Successful in “Quality-Demanding” Industries e.g., Motorola, Texas Instruments (many process steps in series)
• Proven Method to Reduce Costs
• Highly Quantitative Method – Science and Logic Instead of Gut Feel
• Includes Manufacturing & Service (close to customer) and Provides Bridge to Design for Quality Concepts It Works!!!
Measuring & Eliminating Defects is the “Core” of Six Sigma
6 Overview
Measurement System
Some Sigma “Benchmarks”
SIGMA LEVEL
DEFECTS per MILLION
OPPORTUNITY
• If we can’t control it, we are at the mercy of chance.
Mikel J. Harry President & CEO Six Sigma Academy, Inc.
“...will bring GE to a whole new level of quality in a fraction of the
• Use Design of Experiments
wenku.baidu.com
• Set up Control Mechanisms
Define Defect Opportunities
• Any step in the process where a Defect could occur in a CTQ
Look for Defects in Products or Services
• Count Defects or failures to meet CTQ requirements in all process steps
• Has Support and Commitment of Top Management
6 Overview
Sigma: A Measure of Quality
Sigma 3
Spelling
1.5 Misspelled Words per Page in a Book
4
1 Misspelled Word
2 1/2 Days per Century
5
1 Misspelled Word in
a set of Encyclopedias
$570 Indebtedness per $1 Billion in Assets
30 Minutes per Century
6
1 Misspelled Word in all