医学英语术语学及应用

• The earliest influence of Latin language on English may date back to the Roman Empire. With the expansion, the Romans brought their language to other parts of the entire Empire. Greater influence was exerted after the Norman Conquest.
tumor
Words Borrowed from French
• After the Norman Conquest, the conquerors ruled the country for a long period of time and left a deep influence on the English language. A great number of French words, including those used in medical works, took their roots in English. Borrowing from French has continued till present time.
surgeon
palpitation
prostate
rehabilitation
Words Borrowed from German
aspirin barbiturate biology
chemotherapy
chromosome
gene
genome
leukemia
neuron
psychoanalysis
The Norman Conquest and Middle English (1100 -1500)
• William the Conqueror, invaded and conquered England and the Anglo-Saxons in 1066. They spoke a dialect of Old French known as Anglo-Norman. The Normans were also of Germanic stock and Anglo-Norman was a French dialect that had considerable Germanic influences in addition to the basic Latin roots.
schizophrenia
testosterone
Words Borrowed from Itቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱlian
Influenza malaria quarantine
Words Borrowed from Spanish
Mosquito
quinine
Words from Direct Coinage
医学英语术语学及应用
2008年9月
Chapter One
An Etymological Study of English Language
Indo-European and Germanic Influences
• English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages, a very broad language family including most of the European languages spoken today. • The word for “father” ,vater (in German), pater (in Greek), pedar (in Persian), pater (in Latin), and pitr (in Sanskrit)
Words Borrowed from French
hospital benign anatomy chronic faint disease artery lymph jaundice mortuary ambulance malaise doctor embolism antibiotic pathology
Anatomic Words
ankle back bladder blood
chest gum
lip organ
ear hair
liver throat
eye hand
lung tongue
foot knee
neck
Words Denoting Concepts
ache
blind
breath
bruise
Chapter Two
• An Etymological Study of Medical English
– Based on their origin, medical terms can be divided into two large categories: native and borrowed.
Early Modern English (1500 -1800)
• The next wave of innovation in English came with the Renaissance. Many classical Latin and Greek words were brought into the Language: grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music • William Shakespeare
fever
heal
mind
cold
Words Originated from Greek
• From Greek, Early Modern English received grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. And medical terminology is one of the areas that have been influenced by Greek.
Late Modern English (1800 - Present)
• The principal distinction between Early Modern English and Late modern English is vocabulary. • Two historical factors: Industrial Revolution and the British Empire • Neologism :oxygen, protein, nuclear, vaccine (Latin /Greek roots)
Words Originated from Latin
abscess autopsy acute bacteria aorta cell
clinic
hydrophobia muscle
cortex
inflame obstetrics
dystrophy
medicine placebo
panacea
prognosis
Late Modern English (1800 Present)
• Horsepower, airplane, typewriter (English roots) • This burst of neologism continues today, visible in the field of electronics and computers: cyber-, bios, hard-drive, and microchip
Indo-European and Germanic Influences
• In case of the word “brother”, it is of similar nature. In Greek it is phrater, in Latin frater, in Sanskrit bhratar, in French frere and in German bruder • the Germanic and the Romance. English is in the Germanic group of languages.
Acupuncture
antacid
2.Medical Terminology
One word in three forms.
汉语 体 手 树 金 肾 脐 心 肠
英语
拉丁源
希腊源
body hand tree gold
kidney navel heart bowel
The Norman Conquest and Middle English (1100 -1500)
• The influence of the Normans: beef and cow • Beef → Anglo-Norman • Cow → German • The mixture of the two languages: Middle English
Old English (450 -1100)
• the original, Celtic-speaking inhabitants → out of what is now England → Scotland, Wales, Cornwall and Ireland, leaving behind a few Celtic words.
Late Modern English (1800 Present)
• In addition, the rise of the British Empire and the growth of global trade served not only to introduce English to the world but to introduce words into English. • Finally, the 20th century saw two world wars, and the military influence on the language
Words Evolved from Old English
• Old English is believed to have essentially developed from dialect spoken by the Anglo-Saxons. Most medical words from old English denote anatomic structures, organs, substances, and basic concepts of human activities.
Old English (450 -1100)
• The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes from northern Germany, Denmark and northern Holland invaded British Isles and began to populate those areas. • Anglo-Saxons
Words Originated from Greek
acme anorexia colon
coma glaucoma
pandemic psychology
diagnosis metastasis
paralysis
dyspeptic necrosis
pneumonia
Words Originated from Latin
Old English (450 -1100)
• The invader’s language , Anglo-Saxon, developed into what we know as Old English • water, stone, foot, fire, sheep, and strong derive from Old English roots