康熙理学思想初论

康熙理学思想初论

河北师范大学

硕士学位论文

康熙理学思想初论

姓名：季勇

申请学位级别：硕士专业：中国古代史指导教师：王俊才

20100328

摘要

明清之际，社会“天崩地解”。一个文明悠久而辉煌的大帝国被一个落后的小民族所取代，这一事实引起了社会的震惊。因此，士大夫开始对明朝以及自身展开了反省批判。黄宗羲、顾炎武、王夫之等人从不同角度对理学进行反思，思想界出现了理学批判总结的潮流。这是康熙学习理学、实践理学的思想文化背景。康熙学习理学的另一背景是当时满汉的冲突与融合。康熙作为满族贵族政权定鼎中原的第二代君主，在统治的过程中逐渐坚信在思想意识形态领域全面汉化对稳固政权的重要性。所以他努力学习理学，并将理学用以治国。

康熙作为热爱汉文化的顺治帝的继承者，效法乃父，苦学儒经。作为自幼失去双亲的人，康熙的祖母孝庄无疑在对他倾心汉文化这一点上有引导作用。康熙亲政以后，在日讲官熊赐履、汤斌、孙在丰等尽心启沃下，学问益进，并倾心理学，服膺程朱，进而开始寻求真理学的标准。

康熙把理当成世界的本体和伦理的源头，主张从经验世界中格物穷理。他既注重阴阳生化，又宣扬圣人教化，形成敬天威、尽人事的天命观。康熙遵循理学内圣外王的思路进行修身和治国。他用程朱理学的内外兼修的方法修养身心，尤其提倡读书。作为一个信奉理学信条的人，康熙对圣人的崇敬和对臣民的爱护是皇帝中少有的。他把自己看成是一个现实而真实的人，拒绝尊号的奉承。康熙把理学用于治国实践的一个伟大成就，是用真理学的标准改善吏治。同时以身作则，把孝、节俭、勤劳作为美德在全社会提倡，使清初道德沦丧的混乱社

会局面得以改观。康熙推崇理学家，但不排斥佛道，并且还允许基督教在中国传播。这是康熙实践理学而具有包容心胸的表现。

我们说康熙是一位具有理学思想的君主，而不是理学家，像理学家斥佛道为异端，反对事功主义，追求崇高的精神境界，在康熙的思想中很难找到。康熙学习理学、实践理学，目的是治理好国家，稳定自己对汉族的统治。由此，康熙理学最大的特点就是实践性，正是这一特点与康熙的帝王身份的结合，使康熙的理

学发挥出巨大的作用。康熙理学的实践性不仅体现在对伦理道德的践履上，而且也反映在对政治、经济的实践中。康熙的理学实践对于清初政权的稳定，以及康乾盛世的出现具有决定性作用。

关键词：康熙理学思想，天道观，主敬，经世致用

Abstract

Content：The late Ming and early Qing society had been known as the "days of de-collapse" era .When the civilized and splendid country was occupied by a small and slow tribe ,it is causing people's shock .As a result, the literati started to launch a heart-searching and critique of China's invasion .Zongxi Huang、Yanwu Gu、Fuzhi Wang and others conducted a reflection to Science from a different point. People started to criticize and summarize about Science. On this basis, Emperor Kangxi study and practice the Neo-Confucianism. The other background of Emperor Kangxi’s learning Science was conflict and integration between the Manchu culture and Chinese culture. As the second generation of the Aristocratic political power of minorities after Manchu’s invita tion, Emperor Kangxi convinced that Chinese-Manchu would make the regime more stability in the process of domination. So, Emperor Kangxi study hard Science and practice it.

As the heir of Emperor Shun Zhi, who loves Chinese culture, Emperor Kangxi follows his father, and assiduously studies the

Confucian classics. When Emperor Kangxi is a child, he lost his parents. Kangxi’s grandmot her brings up him, and guides him to Chinese culture. After Emperor Kangxi’s chikamasa , his teachers Cilv Xiong、Bin Tang、Zaifeng Sun and others instructed hard him .So Kangxi make a progressive, love Science, convince Neo-Confucianism and began to seek the standard of the true Science.

Emperor Kangxi makes atural science as the world's ontological and the source of ethics .He advocates from the world of experience to look for discipline. Emperor Kangxi emphasizes Yin and Yang, and publicizes sage’s great. The destiny view of respecting nature and doing human affairs has been formed.Emperor Kangxi slims and governs the country by science’s way. Emperor Kangxi trains his bosom and diathesis with the Neo-Confucianism cultivation of physical. In particular, Emperor Kangxi promotes reading. As a person who believes in Neo-Confucianism, Emperor Kangxi respects sage and loves his person, who is the best in this field. He could see himself as a real person, and refuse pleasing of the appellation.Emperor Kangxi’s practice of Neo-Confucianism make a great achievement, which is to improve the official management by the truth science. Emperor Kangxi sets an example in filial piety、thrift、hard-working, and encourage them in the whole society. So that the chaotic early Qing immoral society had een made any difference. Emperor Kangxi respects Neo-Confucian who excludes Buddhism and Taoism, but Emperor Kangxi thinks that is not feasible. He also allows the free dissemination of Christianity in China. This is the result of the practice of Emperor Kangxi of Science and tolerant mind.

We say that Emperor Kangxi was the monarch of Neo-