14 C#设计模式-享元模式
放射性同位素C-14的应用
放射性同位素C-14的应用自然界中碳元素有三种同位素,即稳定同位素12C、13C和放射性同位素14C,14C的半衰期为5730年,14C的应用主要有两个方面:一是在考古学中测定生物死亡年代,即放射性测年法;二是以14C标记化合物为示踪剂,探索化学和生命科学中的微观运动。
一、14C测年法自然界中的14C是宇宙射线与大气中的氮通过核反应产生的。
碳-14不仅存在于大气中,随着生物体的吸收代谢,经过食物链进入活的动物或人体等一切生物体中。
由于碳-14一面在生成,一面又以一定的速率在衰变,致使碳-14在自然界中(包括一切生物体内)的含量与稳定同位素碳-12的含量的相对比值基本保持不变。
当生物体死亡后,新陈代谢停止,由于碳-14的不断衰变减少,因此体内碳-14和碳-12含量的相对比值相应不断减少。
通过对生物体出土化石中碳-14和碳-12含量的测定,就可以准确算出生物体死亡(即生存)的年代。
例如某一生物体出土化石,经测定含碳量为M克(或碳-12的质量),按自然界碳的各种同位素含量的相对比值可计算出,生物体活着时,体内碳-14的质量应为 m克。
但实际测得体内碳-14的质量内只有m克的八分之一,根据半衰期可知生物死亡已有了3个5730年了,即已死亡了一万七千二百九十年了。
美国放射化学家W.F.利比因发明了放射性测年代的方法,为考古学做出了杰出贡献而荣获1960年诺贝尔化学奖。
由于碳-14含量极低,而且半衰期很长,所以用碳-14只能准确测出5~6万年以内的出土文物,对于年代更久远的出土文物,如生活在五十万年以前的周口店北京猿人,利用碳-14测年法是无法测定出来的。
二、碳-14标记化合物的应用碳-14标记化合物是指用放射性14C取代化合物中它的稳定同位素碳-12,并以碳-14作为标记的放射性标记化合物。
它与未标记的相应化合物具有相同的化学与生物学性质,不同的只是它们带有放射性,可以利用放射性探测技术来追踪。
自 20世纪 40年代,就开始了碳-14标记化合物的研制、生产和应用。
c6h14的所有构造异构体的构造式
c6h14的所有构造异构体的构造式文章标题:深度探究C6H14的所有构造异构体的构造式目录1. 引言2. C6H14的构造异构体概述3. 探索正构烷的构造式4. 研究异构体的构造式5. 总结与回顾6. 个人观点与理解引言C6H14是己烷的分子式,它是一个有趣和重要的化学化合物。
在本文中,我们将深入探讨C6H14的所有构造异构体的构造式,从简到繁地探讨这一主题,让我们一起开始这次精彩的化学之旅。
C6H14的构造异构体概述C6H14是己烷的简单化合物,但是它却有多种构造异构体。
构造异构体是指分子式相同但结构不同的化合物。
对于C6H14来说,它有多种构造异构体,包括正构烷和异构烷。
接下来,我们将分别探讨这些构造异构体的构造式。
探索正构烷的构造式正构烷是一类结构简单的构造异构体,它的分子式为CnH2n+2。
对于C6H14来说,它的正构烷包括正己烷和异戊烷。
在化学结构上,正己烷的分子式为CH3(CH2)4CH3,而异戊烷的分子式为CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3。
通过这些构造式,我们能够清晰地了解它们的化学结构和分子构型。
研究异构体的构造式除了正构烷,C6H14还有许多其他异构体,它们的构造式更加复杂和多样化。
其中包括立体异构体和链式异构体。
立体异构体的构造式常常涉及立体化学和手性分子,它们的空间结构对于化学性质和反应有着重要影响。
而链式异构体的构造式则涉及碳骨架的连接方式和分支位置,这也对化合物的性质产生深远影响。
通过对这些异构体构造式的研究,我们可以更加全面地了解C6H14的多样化结构和化学性质。
总结与回顾在本文中,我们深入探讨了C6H14的构造异构体的构造式。
从简到繁地探讨了正构烷和异构烷的构造式,以及立体异构体和链式异构体的构造式。
通过这次探究,我们对C6H14的多样化结构有了更深入的理解,也对化学中构造异构体的研究有了更加全面的认识。
个人观点与理解对于C6H14的构造异构体的研究,我深切体会到化学世界的复杂和多样化。
2014届各区二模英语试卷阅读理解 (C篇 14套)
2014届各区二模英语试卷阅读理解(C篇14套)Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words:(1)We are now living in the modern city. Most of the energy which we are using for heating lighting, transportation and manufacturing (工业生产) is from fossil fuels (化石燃料). These are carbon-based (碳基燃料) fuels from oils, coal and natural gas. When we burn these fuels we release (释放) heat which p___1____ the energy.There are three major disadvantages to using these fuels. Firstly, they are causing climate problems because of the g___2____ effect. When we burn fossil fuels they produce carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) which causes global warming. Secondly, when we have used up all our coal, oil and natural gas, we will have n___3____ left to burn. Thirdly, they are not very efficient. The internal combustion engine that we use in most cars, trucks and buses, for example, is only about 14% efficient.Scientists are working on an alternative (替代的) fuel—hydrogen (氢). There are a number of advantages to using hydrogen as a fuel. Firstly, because two thirds of the e___4____surface is water and water is made of hydrogen and oxygen (氧). There is an almost unlimited (无限的) supply of hydrogen. Secondly, burning hydrogen does not cause global warming. Thirdly it is much more efficient than carbon-based fuels.Unfortunately there are problems with hydrogen at the present time: there is the problem of separating it from water c___5____, if it is too expensive, we can not afford to use it; and there is the difficulty of storing it. It can be stored under pressure but high pressure tanks are far from sage. It can also be stored as a liquid but only at extremely(非常)low temperatures. It seems likely, therefore, that there will have to be completely new technologies before hydrogen replaces fossil fuels. S___6____ these problems is an urgent matter. Although China, India and Australia have huge quantities(大量)of cheap coal, and there are still l___7____ oil and gas reserves(储备)elsewhere, the e ffects on the planet’s climate will be catastrophic(灾难性的)if they are used.1. p______________2. g________________3. n_____________4. e_____________5. c____________6. S_____________7. l________________Key :1. p rovides / p roduces2. g reenhouse3. n othing4. e arth’s5. c heaply6. S olving7. l argeRead the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words: (2)Who makes movies?Actors and directors, of course. But if you watch the credits (字幕) at the end of a movie, you’ll find hundreds of other names. Some of them are not f____1___, but they play the most important roles in filmmaking. Here are three important jobs behind the scenes.Makeup artist: Making characters look believableThe makeup artist’s work sounds simple. But it’s more than just making the lead actress look beautiful. If the hero gets a cut on his face, the makeup artist creates that cut, and it has to look e____2____ the same tomorrow. And the special makeup for a monster or a space alien can take six hours! Sometimes makeup artists have only fifteen minutes to p____3____ twenty actors for a crowd scene. Their work must always be careful and good, so you don’t notice it when you watch the movie.Special effects coordinator (协调人): Making impossible things look realAfter a movie, people often ask, ―How did they do that?‖In films, people can fly, dinosaurs walk through cities, and spaceships travel to other p____4_____ in outer space. These are all the work of the special effects coordinator. Some special effects, especially in science fiction movies, are made with computers. O___5____ are made by machines, which can make a rainy day or a snowy night at any time of the year. Fires and explosions in movies are all created with special effects.Foley artist: Creating the sounds of the cinemaThink of your favourite scary movie and its sounds – footsteps, loud rain, and creaking doors. All of these are the work of Foley artist. Many sounds can’t be recorded d_____6____ the filming of a movie, so Foley artists p___7____ them in their studios (工作室). They create the wounds of a fight scene, and the wind, rain, and thunder in the background. In a Foley artist’s studio, there are even special floor recording different kinds of footsteps.Next time you see a movie, look for these names in the credits.1. f______________2. e____________3. p___________4. p____________5. ___________6. d_____________7. p_____________Key:1. f amous2. e xactly3. p repare4. p lanets5. O thers6. d uring7. p roduceC. Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words: (3)Last spring I was walking in a park. A short distance ahead of me was a mom and her three-year-old daughter. The little girl was holding a string that was attached to a helium balloon(氢气球).All of a sudden, a strong w 1 took the balloon from the little girl. I thought she would scream and c 2 .But, no! As the little girl turned to watch her balloon rise into the sky, she h 3 shouted: ―Wow!‖I didn’t realize it at that moment, but that little girl had taught me something.Later that day, I r 4 a phone call from a person with news of an unexpected problem. I felt like saying:―Oh no, what should we do?‖ But thinking of that little girl, I found myself saying: ―Wow, that’s interesti ng! How can I help you?‖ One thing is for sure---life is always going to put us off balance with things we don’t expect. However, how we respond(反应) to them is our c 5 . We can choose to be frustrated(沮丧的) or fascinated.No matter what the situation, a fascinated ―Wow!’ will always b 6 a frustrated ―Oh, no.‖ So the next time you experience one of life’s unexpected guests, think of that little girl and make it a ―Wow!‖i____7_____ of an ―oh, no.‖ The ―Wow!‖ response always works.1. w_____________2. c___________3. h_____________4. r___________5. c_____________6. b_____________7. i______________Key:1. wind2. cry3. happily4.received5. choice6. beat7. insteadComplete the following sentences as required: (4)Have you ever seen an exhibition of rare Mexican grey wolves? There are five young male wolves in Brookfield Zoo now. The exhibition is d____1____ into two areas, an indoor room and a peaceful outdoor viewing or playing area. In the indoor area of the exhibition, which is small and can e____2____ become crowded, you can see the wolves t____3____ one-way glass and also enjoy a few different activities.One of these activities is very interesting. You stand in a dark room, listening to recorded wolf howls (长嚎). You can really get an idea of what it feels like to be in a dark and d___4___ forest. After about a minute and a half, some wolves in the woods a____5____ on the wall in front of you. It is a great experience for n____6____ lovers.In the outdoor area of the exhibition, there is a small river, ponds, fallen trees and a wetland. Visitors can walk among lifelike models of wolf prey(猎物), learning about different hunting s____7____ the wolves use, how they store their food and how they communicate, while watching the wolves from behind an electric fence.After a tour of the exhibition, you can read Wolf Brother written by Paver. It was made into a movie by director Ridley Scott.Welcome to our exhibition of rare Mexican grey wolves!1. d___________2. e__________3. t___________4. d_________5. a_____________6. n____________7. s____________Key:1.divided2. easily3. through4. dangerous5. appear6. nature7. skillsWhen I was at university, I studied very hard. But a lot of my friends did very l 1 work. Some just did enough to pass the exam. Others didn’t do quite enough. Fred Braines was such a student. He spent more time drinking in the T 2 House than working in the library.Once at the end of the term, we had to take an important test in Chinese. The test had 100 questions. Beside each question we had to write ―True‖ or ―False‖. While I was studying in my room, Fred was watching TV. Fred usually worried a lot the night before a test. But on that night he looked very e 3__ . Then he told me of his idea.―It’s very simple. There are 100 questions and I have to get 50 right to pass the test. I will take a coin into the examination room. I haven’t studied a Chinese book for months, so I will toss the coin. In this way, I’m sure I’ll get h 4 of the questions right.‖The next day, Fred came happily into the examination room. As he sat tossing a coin for half an hour, he wrote down his answers. Then he left, half an hour b 5 the rest of us.The next day, Fred met his Chinese teacher at the school gate. ―Oh, good,‖ he said. ―I am sure you have got the r 6 of the test. Did I pass the test?‖The teacher looked at him and smiled, ―Ah, it’s you, Braines. Just a minute.‖ Then the teacher reached his pocket and took out a coin. He threw it into the air, caught in his hand and looked at it. ― I am sorry, Braines, you f 7 !‖1. l______________2. T______________3. e_____________4. h_______________5. b_____________6. r_______________7. f_____________Key:1. little2. Tea3. easy4. half5. before6. result7. failedA pearl necklace(项链)Penny was a five-year-old girl. One day when she and her mother were at a grocery store, Penny saw a plastic pearl necklace. What a b 1 necklace! She wanted it very much, so she begged her mother to buy it for her. The mother said, ―Well, I can buy you the necklace, but when we get home, we should discuss what you can do to pay for it. Can we do that?‖ Penny agreed with much h 2 , and she got the plastic necklace she liked.How much Penny loved the necklace! She w 3 it everywhere and every minute. Penny also did part time jobs to earn pocket money and she worked very hard. Soon she managed to pay off the price for the necklace.Penny’s daddy knew all her e 4 and knew how much Penny cared about the necklace. One night, he asked Penny, ―Penny, do you love me?‖―Sure, Daddy, ‖ the little girl said.―Then how about giving me your necklace?‖―Oh, no , Daddy! N 5 my necklace!‖ Penny cried.―Oh, dear, it’s fine,‖ her father gave her a kiss.Several days l 86 , Penny went to her daddy, with her lips(嘴唇) trembling(颤抖). ―Here, Daddy. I love you.‖ She held out her hand. Inside it was her beloved plastic pearl necklace.Seeing this, Penny’s father smiled with surprise. He then pulled a cute box out of his pocket. Inside the box was a r 7 and colourful pearl necklace, which was waiting for Penny for so long.1. b______________2. h_______________3. w_____________4. e _____________5. N_____________6. l_____________7. r_____________Key:1. beautiful2. happiness3. wore4. effort(s)5. Not6. later7. realRead the passage and fill the blanks with proper words. (7)The big Town Hall clock was striking midnight when Frank began to cross the bridge. The dark night air was cold and slightly wet, and he could see nobody walking on the street.Frank was anxious to get home and his footsteps rang loudly on the pavement. When he reached the middle of the bridge, he thought he could hear someone coming near b 1 him. He looked back but could see no one. However, the sound continued and Frank began to walk more quickly. Then he slowed down again, feeling ashamed at having acted so foolishly. There was n 2 to fear in a town as quiet as this.Just then, he heard short, quick steps. By the time he reached the other side of the bridge, he could almost feel someone at his heels. He turned round and there stood a man dressed in a large overcoat. A hat was pulled down over his eyes and very l 3 of his face could be seen. Frank said something about the weather, trying to sound friendly and c 4 . The man did not answer but asked rudely where Oakfield House was. Frank pointed to a big house in the distance and the stranger continued his way.Then Frank w 5 why the stranger had wanted to find Oakfield House at such an hour. He knew that the people who lived there were very rich. Almost without realizing what he was, he began following the stranger q 6 . The man didn’t notice him at all. Soon the man was outside the house and Frank saw him look up at the windows. A l 7 was still on and the man waited until it went out. When about half an hour had passed, Frank saw him climb noiselessly over the wall and heard him drop onto the ground at the other side.Now Frank realized what was going to happen. He walked quickly and silently across the street towards a telephone box on the corner.1. b_______________2. n______________3. l____________4. c______________5. w______________6. q_______________7. l_______________Key:1.behind2. nothing3. little4. calm5. wondered6. quietly7. light/lampHave you seen the latest Hollywood movie Sherlock Holmes?Holmes is a character created by British writer Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. His books were so popular that Holmes s___1___ became ―the most famous detective in the world‖. What do you need to be a good detective?Holmes is back! In the movie Sherlock Holmes this great detective faces a dangerous man, Lord Blackwood. Together with his best friend Dr Watson, Holmes stops Blackw ood’s plan to c____2___ the world with black ―magic‖.Most of us are not as clever as Holmes. But we can also work out mysteries (谜案) on our own. All we have to do is to follow some simple rules.Rule No 1: Justice (正义) is most important.No matter how smart he or she is, the most important quality for a detective is being good. In the movie, Lord Blackwood and Sherlock Holmes are both very clever. The difference is that Lord Blackwood is a bad man and he does bad things. Holmes can b___3____ him on the side of justice.Rule No 2: Have sharp eyes.Every bad man tries to cover up what he did. But not all things can be covered up easily. A good detective can discover clues hidden at crime scenes with sharp eyes. For example, Holmes can find out a man’s p___4____ information like age and habits simply by looking at his footprints.Rule No 3: A good a___5____ is a great help.Even though Holmes has knowledge about many subjects, such as chemistry, botany (植物学) and anatomy (解剖学), he still needs Dr Watson’s help to fight with him. You should also have s___6___ as your helper, especially if you don’t know as much as Holmes.Rule No 4: Logic (逻辑) is the key.When all the necessary clues are put together, you’d better think carefully. If you can’t work it out i___7___, don’t be worried or anxious. Just take a deep breath and focus on thinking. Logic can help you discover missing clues.1. s____________2. c______________3. b______________4. p_______________5. a______________6. s ____________7. i______________Key:1. soon2. control/change3. beat4. personal/private5. assistant6. someone/somebody7. immediatelyPositive (积极的) people are usually happy. They often have a lot of friends. When they have a problem, they try to change the problem i 1 a chance .They believe things always work out. But can positive thinking really make someone’s life better? Many scientists are s tudying positive thinking. They are finding out some very interesting information.Your HealthThe Mayo Clinic is a famous medical organization in the United States. It studies many things, including positive thinking. Their research proves that positive think has many advantage. First, positive think s __2 good health. Positive people don’t worry about the bad events in life, so they stay healthy. Positive people ate a 3 likely to exercise and eat healthy foods. Because of this, they don’t usuall y get sick and don’t have many health problems.At workDr, Michael is a professor in Germany. His research shows that positive people do well in jobs. There ate several reasons for this. Positive people are creative. They don’t expect o 4 to help then with problem. They solve problems themselves. And positive people don’t five up. They keep trying to learn new things.Becoming PositiveIn the past, scientists thought attitude n 5 changed, Now, many psychologists thing people can become more positive. There are many different ways to change. Here are some examples. First, think about gook vents in your life. At the end of a day, ask,‖ What good things happened to me today?‖ Think about these things for a few minutes. Second, find interesting a 6 to do. Laugh at a funny movie or read a good book. Finally, always try new things. For example, you can talk to people you don’t know or shop in a different store. Do different things every day.A good lifeLife can be d 7 some things. Don’t give up or be negative. Take action. Think about the future and make a plan. You can learn to be positive.1. i______________2. s_____________3. a_____________4. o______________5. n_______________6. a_____________7. d_____________Key:1. into2. suggests3. always4. others5. never6. activities7. difficultRead the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words: (10)If you go to visit Stevening, you can stay in a simple but comfortable family home or a small guesthouse, or try the international dining room and luxurious bedrooms at the Grand Hotel. You canb___1____ a room by phoning or e-mailing the owner. You can get a list from the Tourist Information Office which is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on weekdays.There is also campsite near the town. Usually there is space for small teams of tourists, but largeg___2___ should call the manager in advance (提前) to check if there is space big enough for them.Stevening has two main shopping areas, the new Stevening Mall and the t___3____ market area which has a history of over 50 years. Please note that cars are only allowed into the Square between 7 a.m. and 9 a.m. The Mall has over forty shops, i___4___ a department store, clothes shops for all ages, sports and a supermarket.For sports, visit the Stevening Leisure Center. It o___5___ indoor tennis, volleyball and a fitness center. You can pay for a half day, or join the Sports Clubs, which allows you to use the facilities(设施) all day for free and at a special price in the evenings.The swimming pool is open from May to September. Classes are held in the pool between 3 and 5 every afternoon except Sundays. There are courses for different l___6____, so don’t worry if you’re a beginner.From Stevening, it is easy to visit a number of places of interest. The peace of the Kerrow Hills is a short free bus ride from the town center. People who love walking may climb up Kerrow Mountain, but less a___7___ visitors can also enjoy the wonderful views by taking the little train. It stops just below the top of the mountain. You only need to walk the last few meters.1. b_____________2. g______________3. t________________4. i______________5. o_____________6. l____________7. a_______________Key:1. book2. groups3. traditional4. including5. offers6. levels7. ActiveThe sports utility vehicle (SUV多用途车辆) was invented in the early 1990s. It quickly became very popular in the United States. There are several r 1 for this. It is larger than most of cars. It can carry lots of people, bicycles, toys, dogs and other things. This makes it popular with families. It also has four doors and a big back door, so getting in or out is e 2 . Since an SUV is taller than most cars, the driver can see above other cars and have a better sight of the road. With a lot more p 3 , an SUV can go faster than most cars. It can also go on very rough roads where other cars cannot go.The SUV is popular with many people, but other people do not like these cars. First, they are larger than most other cars. This means that drivers of other cars may not be able to see the road w 4 . Also, SUVs are very heavy. If an SUV gets into an accident with a small car, the small car may be in s 5 trouble. Another problem with SUVs is that they are very expensive. They are expensive to buy --- about 50 percent more expensive than an average small car. They are also expensive to use, since they use a lot more gasoline (汽油) than smaller cars.There are two ways to solve these problems. One way is to change the way we think about them. Now they are sold as large cars. In the future, maybe they should be sold as trucks. Then people with just a car license could not d 6 them. They would have to get a truck license. These licenses are more expensive and difficult to get, so p 7 fewer people would buy SUVs. The other way to solve SUV problems is to make them differently. Some people think that car companies should make big SUVs smaller and less dangerous. They should also make SUVs with less powerful engines. Then they would not use so much gasoline.1. r_____________2. e_______________3. p______________4. w____________5. s_______________6. d_____________7. p______________Key:1. reasons2. easier/easy3. power4. well5. serious6. drive7. probably/perhapsLibraries give kids a quiet and safe place to read and to learn. For more than 100 years, libraries have played an important role in Americans’ e 1 . But how are these book-filled buildings changing with the times? You may be surprised to find out.Benjamin Franklin famously founded America’s first lending library in 1731. But the public library system got its b 2 development in the American history in the late 1800’s. Businessman Andrew Carnegie donated (捐赠) millions of dollars to help build free public libraries across the country. Between 1886 and 1919, Carnegie’s donations helped build 1,679 new libraries.Carnegie believed in the chances that libraries could o 3 Americans, young and old. He knew that the more libraries there were, the more people would have access(接触的机会)to books, lectures, news and more.Chances are that there is a public library in or near your c 4 . You can easily find one close to your home. After all, the United States has 9,225 public libraries. Today, libraries keep growing. Seven out of ten libraries have free Internet. This opens many doors for people who cannot go online at home,i 5 the opportunity to apply for jobs online.Libraries are also teaching kids about the fun of reading. The new program Read! Build! Play! adds reading into playtime. As kids listen to a book being read aloud, they use Legos (乐高积木) to build images from the story h 6 . Today’s libraries are always looking for creative programs to bring people into the library.Benjamin Franklin once said, ―The doors of wisdom are never s7 .‖ As long as the doors of public libraries are open, what he said is most certainly correct!1. e_____________2. b_______________3. o______________4. c____________5. i_______________6. h_____________7. s______________Key:1. education2.biggest3.offer4. community5. including6.happily7. shutI didn’t think I had a passion (激情). I would sit in front of the TV all day, thinking about nothing but the next show.It was not long ago that I first learned how important having a passion is to life.On that day I went with my mum to drive my sister to the gym. I was bored. Then, as my mum stopped at a red light, s 1 on the side of the road caught my eye. It was a man dressed in rags (衣衫褴褛). He was homeless. That didn’t interest me, for I had seen many like him b 2 .But in some ways he was d 3 . This man was not sitting down with a sad expression. He had a radio in his hand and was dancing h 4 to the music. The radio seemed to be the most precious (珍贵)thing he had.― Mum, why does that man have a radio even thought he’s homeless?‖ I asked.―He bought it,‖ she replied.―But if he’s homeless, why doesn’t he use the money to buy food or clothes? He w 5 it on something he doesn’t need.‖―Well, Sarah, sometimes food and clothes aren’t the most important things. We need happiness, too.‖That man must c 6 enough music to buy a radio instead of food or clothes. I soon realized that happiness is the k 7 to life.Without it, there’s nothing to look forward to. A passion gives a person the happiness they need to keep going.1. s________________2. b______________3. d____________4. h______________5. w_____________6. c________________7. k______________Key:1. s omeone / s omebody2. b efore3. d ifferent4. h appily5. w asted6. c are7. k eyA Student Budget (预算)College is an exciting time to learn and to make friends that will last alifetime. Many students do not like to worry about money, and they wouldrather not think about it. But, it doesn’t matter whether a student’s parentspay for everything, or whether the students works part-time to help pay forhis or her education. All students can get into money t___1___ if they’re not careful.The cost of a college education can be quite expensive. In English-speaking countries, the a___2___ cost per student per year is well over US$10,000. Students must also pay for books, paper, pens, and etc. T__3__ can cost $500 to $1,000 per year. Students who live in university housing pay thousand more per year for room and board. Add money for clothes, travel, and other personal expenses, and the cost of one year at a university can be $20, 000 to $30,000 or more.Students need to spend their money c__4__. At most universities, advisors can give students advice on how to budget their money. They s__5__ this: at the start of a school term, write down your income; for example, money you will get from your family or a part-time job. Then, list all of your expenses. Put your expenses into two groups: those that change (food, phone, books, travel), and those that will stay the s__6__ (tuition, room and board). Add together all of your expenses. Are they more than your income? Do you have enough money, or do you need more?Learning not to spend more money than you have is not always easy. But for many, it is e__7__ than borrowing money from family or friends.1. t_________________2. a__________________3. T__________________4. c___________________5. s_________________6. s__________________7. e____________________Key:1. trouble2. average3. They4. carefully5. suggest6. same7. easier。
博图TIA14与G120C变频器调试方法
博图TIA14与G120C变频器调试方法
(1)打开博图TIA14软件,在左侧菜单栏里的“在线访问”中选择电脑所连接的
网卡,双击“更新可访问的设备”。
软件将自动检索出所连接的物理设备,如无法找到设备,请检测网线和交换机电源;
(2)选择需要更改的设备,点击“在线并诊断”,通过右边状态栏的“LED闪烁”
确认所需要更改的变频器与电气设计文件相匹配;
(3)选择“分配IP地址”功能,按设备参数填入到地址栏中,点击“分配IP地
址”;
(4)选择“分配名称”功能,按设备参数填入到设备名称栏中,点击“分配名称”;
(5)完成设置后,重新点击“更新可访问的设备”,如设备设置成功,菜单栏中
将出现设置的名称与IP地址,如未显示,请重新设置;
(6)展开设备名称,选择“调试”中的“调试向导”,设备将弹出“调试向导-(在
线)”对话框,根据设备参数,将其填入对话框中,直至完结,点击“保存复位”菜单中的保存按钮;
(7)完成参数设定后,在变频器上切换至手动状态,点击运行,变频器将显示
“MOD ID”,如字体消失且LED全部亮绿灯代表电机优化成功,通过面板查看需要调整的参数,将P971改为1保存参数。
照片尺寸对照表
照片尺寸对照表照片尺寸对照表(寸-厘米)2010-01-24 01:55 P.M.照片尺寸对照表(寸-厘米)5寸8.9cm×12.7cm6寸10.2cm×15.2cm7寸12.7cm×17.8cm8寸15.2cm×20.3cm10寸20.3cm×25.4cm12寸25.4cm×30.5cm8×12 20.3cm×30.5cm10×15 25.4cm×38.1cm14寸25cm×35cm16寸30cm×40cm18寸30cm×45cm20寸35cm×50cm22寸40cm×50cm24(1) 44cm×61cm24(2) 51cm×60cm32寸51cm×75cm38寸61cm×75cm48寸61cm×95cm常见照片尺寸对照表1寸(是指英寸)=2.54cm比如,5寸照片的尺寸是12.7cm×8.9cm,折合成英寸,即5寸×3.5寸国内的叫法就是5寸(取长边),国际叫法就是3R(取短边)。
下面是常见照片的尺寸对照表:规格[英寸] 尺寸(cm)3R[5寸] 8.9×12.74R[6寸] 15.2×10.25R[7寸] 12.7×17.86R[8寸] 15.2×208R[10寸] 20.3×25.410R[12寸] 30.5×25.410RW[15寸] 25.4×38.18K[1寸] 2.54×3.81护照[1.5寸] 3.4×4.94K[2寸] 3.6×5.5照片尺寸(英寸) 打印尺寸(厘米)5寸:5*3.5(5寸/3R) 12.70*8.896寸:6*4(6寸/4R) 15.24*10.167寸:7*5(7寸/5R) 17.78*12.708寸:8*6(8寸/6R) 20.32*15.2410寸:10*8(10寸/8R) 25.40*20.3212寸:10*12(12寸) 25.40*30.4814寸:12*14(14寸) 30.48*35.5616寸:12*16(16寸) 30.48*40.6418寸:14*18(18寸) 35.56*45.7220寸:16*20(20寸) 40.64*50.8024寸:20*24(24寸) 50.80*60.9630寸:24*30(30寸) 60.96*76.2036寸:24*36(36寸) 60.96*91.44ps:分辨率:300dpi 1inch=2.54cm以英寸为单位,以长边为标准。
第十四届蓝桥杯大赛省赛CC++大学A组
第十四届蓝桥杯大赛软件赛省赛C/C++大学A组【考生须知】考试开始后,选手首先下载题目,并使用考场现场公布的解压密码解压试题。
考试时间为4小时。
考试期间选手可浏览自己已经提交的答案,被浏览的答案允许拷贝。
时间截止后,将无法继续提交或浏览答案。
对同一题目,选手可多次提交答案,以最后一次提交的答案为准。
选手必须通过浏览器方式提交自己的答案。
选手在其它位置的作答或其它方式提交的答案无效。
试题包含“结果填空”和“程序设计”两种题型。
结果填空题:要求选手根据题目描述直接填写结果。
求解方式不限。
不要求源代码。
把结果填空的答案直接通过网页提交即可,不要书写多余的内容。
程序设计题:要求选手设计的程序对于给定的输入能给出正确的输出结果。
考生的程序只有能运行出正确结果才有机会得分。
注意:在评卷时使用的输入数据与试卷中给出的示例数据可能是不同的。
选手的程序必须是通用的,不能只对试卷中给定的数据有效。
对于编程题目,要求选手给出的解答完全符合GNU C/C++标准,不能使用诸如绘图、Win32API、中断调用、硬件操作或与操作系统相关的API。
代码中允许使用STL类库。
注意:main函数结束必须返回0。
注意:所有依赖的函数必须明确地在源文件中#include<xxx>,不能通过工程设置而省略常用头文件。
所有源码必须在同一文件中。
调试通过后,拷贝提交。
提交时,注意选择所期望的编译器类型。
第十四届蓝桥杯大赛软件赛省赛1试题A:幸运数本题总分:5分【问题描述】小蓝认为如果一个数含有偶数个数位,并且前面一半的数位之和等于后面一半的数位之和,则这个数是他的幸运数字。
例如2314是一个幸运数字,因为它有4个数位,并且2+3=1+4。
现在请你帮他计算从1至100000000之间共有多少个不同的幸运数字。
【答案提交】这是一道结果填空的题,你只需要算出结果后提交即可。
本题的结果为一个整数,在提交答案时只填写这个整数,填写多余的内容将无法得分。
Lesson14 L.C Amendments 修改信用证
that the date of shipment is not extended as we have
agreed.
分析:on doing sth= after doing sth 在...之后
go over 仔细检查
terms and conditions 条款
date of shipment 船期
翻译:在仔细查看条款之后,我们发现船期没有像我们已 经同意的那样延展。
Page 5
step3:要求修改L/C
While we will certainly do our best to expedite the
shipment, we find it impossible to advance the
Lesson 14 L/C Amendments 信用证修改
Rokey
重点: 本课主要介绍信用证修改、展期的表达方式。 1.信用证的修改 信用证是一份独立于贸易合同的文件,在收到L/C后,出
口商要对其进行审核,看条款是否与合同一致,否则应立 即提出修改。装运期要重点考虑。 2.修改信用证的布局 这类信息属于要求类信息,采取平铺直叙布局。
consign:v发货 consignor:发货人 consignee:收货人
翻译:我们预定了船舱的货船已经离港,上面没有装运贵
方货物。
Without your L/C, we did not know how to supply all
the shipping particulars.
order of 10000 metric tons of metallurgical coke. 分析:cover:v涉及;关于 翻译:感谢贵方10000公吨冶金焦订单的信用证,编号为
c-14同位素释放的能量
c-14同位素释放的能量
C-14同位素释放的能量主要是通过放射性衰变来释放的。
C-14
同位素(碳-14)是一种放射性同位素,它的衰变会释放出能量。
C-14的主要衰变方式是β衰变,即它会释放出一个β粒子(一个电子)和一个反电子中微子。
这个过程中,一部分原子核的质量被转
化为能量,根据质能方程E=mc^2,其中E代表能量,m代表质量,c
代表光速,质量的转化会产生相应的能量。
C-14同位素的β衰变释放的能量约为156 keV。
这个能量是很
微小的,但在核物理和放射性测量中都有重要的应用。
例如,放射
性碳测年法就是利用C-14的衰变来测定古代生物遗骸和文物的年代。
除了β衰变释放的能量,C-14同位素在衰变过程中还会释放
出γ射线,这也是一种能量形式。
γ射线是高能电磁辐射,它的
能量取决于C-14的能级结构和核子排布,释放的γ射线能量也会
对放射性元素的性质和测量产生影响。
总的来说,C-14同位素的能量释放主要是通过β衰变和γ射
线释放的,这些能量形式在科学研究和应用中都具有重要意义。
希
望这些信息能够全面回答你的问题。
GPQ12C、13C、14C型无气喷涂机使用说明书
GPQ12C 、GPQ13C、GPQ14C及其系列型无气喷涂机1概述GPQ12C、GPQ12CB、GPQ12CS、GPQ13C、GPQ13CB、GPQ13CS、GPQ14C、GPQ14CB、GPQ14CS、GPQ14CBX型无气喷涂机,是我厂自行研制的第三代喷涂设备,适用于船舶、汽车、铁道车辆、重型机械、钢铁冶金、地质矿山、海上石油钻井平台、石油化工、水利电力、桥梁公路、集装箱、电器仪表、医药食品、建筑建材、广播电视、轻纺家具以及航空、航天等工业领域。
1.1适用范围该系列机型能够喷涂绝大部分难以施工的新型高性能涂料、厚膜型涂料、特种涂料,以及全部传统型常规涂料。
1.1.1GPQ12C、GPQ12CB、GPQ13C、GPQ13CB型属高压力、中等流量型无气喷涂设备,适宜高粘度、难于雾化的涂料喷涂,也适宜于全部传统型常规涂料喷涂。
1.1.2 GPQ14C、GPQ14B、GPQ14CBX(不锈钢)型压力稍低、流量较大,是喷涂粘度稍低些的绝大部分传统型常规涂料的理想设备。
1.1.3 GPQ12CS、GPQ13CS、GPQ14CS型带自动升降装置的小车移动式喷涂设备,自动升降装置为气动。
喷涂机吸入口直接插入涂料桶内,有利于提高厚膜型高粘度涂料的自吸能力。
2主要技术参数及结构原理2.1主要技术参数 (见表1)表12.2 结构原理(见图1)图1气动液压原理图喷涂机的主要工作部位为双作用式气动液压增压泵,换向机构为特殊形式的先导式全气控配气换向装置。
进入压缩空气后,活塞移动到气缸上或下端部时,使上或下先导阀动作,控制气流瞬间推动配气换向装置换向,从而使气动马达的活塞作稳定连续地往复运动。
由于活塞与涂料液压泵中的柱塞刚性连接,并且,活塞的面积比柱塞的面积大,因而使吸入的涂料增压。
被增压的涂料,经高压软管输送至无气喷枪,最后在无气喷嘴处释放液压、瞬时雾化后喷向被涂物表面,形成涂膜层。
3安装为便于运输,高压软管、手工无气喷枪没有连接好,并且,小车式的把手已从车架上拆了下来,因此,开箱后应首先进行安装。
c14年代测定法
c14年代测定法一、C14的生成和衰变机制C14,即放射性碳-14,是碳的一种放射性同位素。
在大气中,C14由宇宙射线与大气中的氮-14反应生成。
生成后,C14在空气中的浓度保持不变,因此,植物在光合作用中吸收C14,动物食用植物或其它含有C14的生物,从而在生物圈中形成一个碳-14的封闭系统。
当生物死亡后,它体内的C14开始以固定的半衰期衰变,约为5730年。
因此,通过测量生物遗骸中C14的剩余量,可以推算出该生物的死亡年代。
二、样品收集和处理进行C14测年,需要采集含碳样品,如木材、骨头、有机土壤等。
采集后,需将样品磨碎,以去除外部污染。
然后,将样品中的碳提取出来,以供测量。
提取过程中需注意避免交叉污染。
三、年代测定流程1.收集样品:选择具有年代意义的样品进行采集。
2.样品处理:清洁并研磨样品至适当粒度。
3.碳的提取:利用化学方法将碳从样品中分离出来。
4.C14测量:利用放射性计数器测量样品的C14浓度。
5.数据处理:根据C14浓度和半衰期计算出样品的年代。
四、数据处理与校正由于测量过程中存在误差,因此需要对数据进行处理和校正。
常用的数据处理方法有:校准曲线法、内插法等。
此外,由于大气中C14浓度随时间发生变化,因此需要进行校正以得到准确的年代数据。
五、误差分析与校正误差可能来源于样品本身、测量设备、数据处理等多个环节。
为保证测年结果的准确性,需要对误差进行分析和校正。
常见的误差校正方法有:统计校正法、系统误差校正法等。
六、环境影响考虑环境因素如气候变化、土壤类型、水文条件等可能对测年结果产生影响。
因此,在分析测年结果时,需要考虑环境因素的影响并进行校正。
七、C14法在地质历史中的运用C14法广泛应用于考古学、地质学等领域,为研究古生物、古气候、古地理等方面提供了重要依据。
通过对不同地层和古生物化石的测年分析,可以推断出地质历史时期的气候变化、海平面变化等信息,有助于更好地理解地球的自然历史和人类文明的发展历程。
Exam15_C作业与实验14
Exam15_C作业与实验14学号3150101239 姓名周翔1. 2.k=33(1) **q(2). language 4.(1) GetMax(score, 10)A(2) pos⼀.选择题1.设有如下定义,则对data中的a成员的正确引⽤是____A__。
struct sk{int a;float b;}data,*p=&dataA.(*p).data.a B.(*p).a C.p->data.a D.p.data.a2.对于以下结构定义,(*p)->str++中的++加在__C____。
struct {int len;char *str;}*p;A. 指针str上B.指针p上C.str指向的内容上D.语法错误3. 对于以下递归函数f,调⽤f(4),其返回值为___B___。
int f(int n){ if (n) return f(n-1)+n;else return n;}A.10 B.4 C.0 D.以上均不是4. 执⾏下列程序后,变量i的值应为___B___。
#define MA(x,y) (x*y)i=5;i=MA(i,i+1)-7;A.30 B.19 C.23 D.15. 宏定义“#define DIV(a,b) a/b”经DIV(x+5,y-5)引⽤,替换展开后是___A___。
A.x+5/y-5 B.(x+5/y-5) C.(x+5)/(y-5) D.(x+5)/(y-5); 6.定义带参数的宏“#define JH(a,b,t) t=a;a=b;b=t”,对两个参数a、b 的值进⾏交换。
在main()中使⽤JH(a,b,t);,下列表述中正确的是___D___。
A.在main()中不定义参数a和b将导致编译错误B.在main()中不定义参数a、b、t将导致编译错误C.在main()中不定义参数t将导致运⾏错误D.在main()中不需要定义参数a、b、t的类型7.执⾏下⾯程序,正确的输出是_A_____。
氧化燃烧法测量生物介质中有机3 H和14 C的活度
氧化燃烧法测量生物介质中有机3 H和14 C的活度石敏【摘要】随着核能的快速发展,氚(3 H)和14 C已成为向环境排放的主要放射性核素,并愈来愈受到人们的关注。
对环境生物介质中有机3 H 和14 C 的监测技术也已成为环境监测工作的重点,而如何提取生物样品中的有机3H 和14C是监测分析工作中的关键。
本工作采用氧化燃烧法同时提取松针生物中的3H 和14C 并进行测量,测量结果表明,其装置空白回收率分别可达到87.1%和96.4%,加标回收率分别为84.8%和95.7%。
测得松针生物样品中有机3H、14C的比活度分别为(8.89±0.54)Bq/kg(鲜重,3.19 Bq/L,n=3)、(22.2±1.90)Bq/kg(鲜重,0.150Bq/g(以碳计),n=3);探测下限分别为4.04 Bq/kg(鲜重,1.29 Bq/L)、14.3 Bq/kg (鲜重,0.096 Bq/g(以碳计));该分析方法的扩展不确定度分别为25.6%、39.4%(k=2)。
分析结果与同类生物样品为同一水平,分析结果可靠。
%With the development of nuclear energy,tritium and 14C have become the main radionuclide emissions to the environment,and get more and more attention of people. Therefore,the monitoring technique about organic tritium and 14C in environmental biologi-cal medium becomes the key point for the monitoring work,and how to extract organic tritium and 14C in biological samples is the key for monitoring and analysis work.This article provides the method to extract and measure the organic tritium and 14C by oxidation combus-tion,then to measure.The measured results show that the device blank recovery rate can reach 87.1% and 96.4%;the standard addition recovery rate can reach 84.8% and95.7%respectively.The specific activity of organic tritium and 14C inbiological samples of pine nee-dles are (8.89±0.54)Bq/kg (freshweight,3.19 Bq/L,n=3)and (22.2±1.90)Bq/kg (fresh weight,0.150 Bq/g (carbon),n=3);and the detection lower limits of organic triti-um and 14Care 4.04 Bq/kg (fresh weight,1.29 Bq/L)and 14.3 Bq/kg (fresh weight, 0.096 Bq/g (carbon));and the expanded uncertainty of this analysis method of organic tritium and 14C are 25.6% and 39.4%(k=2)respectively.Analysis results have the same level with similar biological samples,and the analysis results are reliable.【期刊名称】《核化学与放射化学》【年(卷),期】2016(038)004【总页数】6页(P207-212)【关键词】生物介质;氧化燃烧法;有机3H;14C【作者】石敏【作者单位】辽宁省核与辐射监测中心,辽宁沈阳 110161【正文语种】中文【中图分类】X835;X837随着国内核能的快速发展,人们对排放至环境中的放射性核素愈来愈关注,而3H 和14C是排放至环境中的主要核素之一。
c语言实验报告心得总结(精选14篇)
c语言实验报告心得总结(精选14篇)(经典版)编制人:__________________审核人:__________________审批人:__________________编制单位:__________________编制时间:____年____月____日序言下载提示:该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的,希望大家下载后,能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
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我跟妈妈上班去日记(通用14篇)
我跟妈妈上班去日记我跟妈妈上班去日记(通用14篇)我跟妈妈上班去日记 1今天我跟妈妈上班,终于知道妈妈的工作有多么辛苦。
我的妈妈和爸爸一样,也是保卫祖国安全的特警,她个子很高,长得年轻,很漂亮。
她的脾气有时好,有时差。
妈妈从早上一直忙到晚上。
早上9点妈妈就去吃饭,她快快地吃完饭,就去给别人安排任务,同时妈妈也在干上级邻导给安排的事情。
到了中午,妈妈已经干的汗流浃背,但她没停下,她让我吃饭,吃完饭再回来写作业,我答应了,只见妈妈又去办事了。
我吃完饭回到妈妈办公室,就看见妈妈不见了,我给妈妈打电话,她说她出去有事,就让我写完作业去睡觉。
我一觉醒来,就看见妈妈在看公安网,手里还拿着资料,这时,已经7点了。
8点时,开饭了,妈妈和我去吃饭,吃完饭,妈妈的`工作就结束了,妈妈和我就睡了。
妈妈虽然非常忙,但我可以感受到她还是爱我的!我跟妈妈上班去日记 2早晨,阳光明媚、风和日丽,妈妈早早起床,而我还在床上做着香甜美梦,口水顺着脸夹流到了床上。
妈妈拉起我说:“你一个人在家,跟我上班去。
”“真是的,上班是你的事,我上完了学,正过暑假呢。
”说着说着我又趴了下去。
可妈妈还不肯善罢甘休,“哎,这觉折腾成这样,还怎么睡啊!”我小声嘀咕道“算了,去就去。
”走进妈妈工作的邮局,映入眼帘的是一箱又一箱的`信,那些叔叔、阿姨都忙得不可开交。
“好!我也出马。
”说干就干。
我利索的拿起信飞快的盖上邮章,不一会儿便弄好一捆了。
我沾沾自喜,其实搞好了这里还有电脑呢!我问妈妈:“好了吧!”可是出忽意料的是妈妈说:“还没呢,你看!”说着指了指旁边的箱子。
我探头一看,大吃一惊,还有这么多!那我什么时候才能碰到电脑啊。
于是我迫不及待的映了起来。
心急——吃不了热豆腐,哎,映反了。
还好没事,虚惊一场。
真希望快点,快点,再快点。
旁边的叔叔说:“要不要休息一下。
”天哪,这位叔叔真是我的救星啊!我欣喜若狂连声说好。
跑到了妈妈的办公室里。
嘻嘻,打开电脑,休息一下,一下,就一下。
升c小调第十四钢琴奏鸣曲
升c小调第十四钢琴奏鸣曲(月光奏鸣曲)Ludwig van Beethoven:Piano Sonata No.14 in C sharp minor, Op.27 No.2 -"Moonlight"- 1. Adagio sostenuto升c小调第十四钢琴奏鸣曲,又名"月光奏鸣曲",分为三个乐章。
为德国作曲家路德维希·凡·贝多芬作于1802年。
基本信息∙中文名称:升c小调第十四钢琴奏鸣曲∙别名:月光奏鸣曲∙创作时间:1802年∙创作人:路德维希·凡·贝多芬乐曲概述升c小调第十四钢琴奏鸣曲,又名“月光奏鸣曲”,德国作曲家贝多芬作于1801年。
几乎没有一首名曲像这首奏鸣曲一样,因“月光”这一俗称而名满天下、家喻户晓。
《月光》这一名称据说是源于德国诗人路德维希·雷尔施塔布(1799-1860)形容这首乐曲的第一乐章为“如在瑞士琉森湖那月光闪耀的湖面上,一只摇荡的小舟一样”。
其实,贝多芬自己曾提到过,本曲是“幻想曲式的奏鸣曲”。
创作背景贝多芬的这首曲子作于1801年,当时他正和朱丽法塔·贵恰尔第(1784—1856)相爱,这首曲子是献给她的。
这一年的11月16日,贝多芬写给和勒的信中提到她时还说:“她爱我,我也爱她。
”但到1802年初,她已另外爱上了罗伯尔·哈伦堡伯爵,并于1803年和他结了婚。
罗曼·罗兰把此曲和贝多芬的失恋联系起来,说“幻想维持得不久,奏鸣曲里的痛苦和悲愤已经多于爱情了。
” 罗曼·罗兰把第一乐章解释为忧郁、哀诉和痛苦。
俄国音乐学家奥立比舍夫(1794—1858)认为第一乐章是失恋的“沉痛的悲哀”,好比“垂之火”。
但1801年正是贝多芬和贵恰尔第热恋的时候,说这个作品是写失恋的痛苦,也和事实不符。
对于这个作品的解释,也许俄国艺术批评家斯塔索夫(1824—1906)的见解是比较合理的。
升c小调第十四钢琴奏鸣曲
升c小调第十四钢琴奏鸣曲(月光奏鸣曲)Ludwig van Beethoven:Piano Sonata No.14 in C sharp minor, Op.27 No.2 -"Moonlight"- 1. Adagio sostenuto升c小调第十四钢琴奏鸣曲,又名"月光奏鸣曲",分为三个乐章。
为德国作曲家路德维希·凡·贝多芬作于1802年。
基本信息∙中文名称:升c小调第十四钢琴奏鸣曲∙别名:月光奏鸣曲∙创作时间:1802年∙创作人:路德维希·凡·贝多芬乐曲概述升c小调第十四钢琴奏鸣曲,又名“月光奏鸣曲”,德国作曲家贝多芬作于1801年。
几乎没有一首名曲像这首奏鸣曲一样,因“月光”这一俗称而名满天下、家喻户晓。
《月光》这一名称据说是源于德国诗人路德维希·雷尔施塔布(1799-1860)形容这首乐曲的第一乐章为“如在瑞士琉森湖那月光闪耀的湖面上,一只摇荡的小舟一样”。
其实,贝多芬自己曾提到过,本曲是“幻想曲式的奏鸣曲”。
创作背景贝多芬的这首曲子作于1801年,当时他正和朱丽法塔·贵恰尔第(1784—1856)相爱,这首曲子是献给她的。
这一年的11月16日,贝多芬写给和勒的信中提到她时还说:“她爱我,我也爱她。
”但到1802年初,她已另外爱上了罗伯尔·哈伦堡伯爵,并于1803年和他结了婚。
罗曼·罗兰把此曲和贝多芬的失恋联系起来,说“幻想维持得不久,奏鸣曲里的痛苦和悲愤已经多于爱情了。
” 罗曼·罗兰把第一乐章解释为忧郁、哀诉和痛苦。
俄国音乐学家奥立比舍夫(1794—1858)认为第一乐章是失恋的“沉痛的悲哀”,好比“垂之火”。
但1801年正是贝多芬和贵恰尔第热恋的时候,说这个作品是写失恋的痛苦,也和事实不符。
对于这个作品的解释,也许俄国艺术批评家斯塔索夫(1824—1906)的见解是比较合理的。
c12-c14烷基缩水甘油醚
c12-c14烷基縮水甘油醚一、概述C12-C14烷基缩水甘油醚是一种有机化合物,具有广泛的应用于表面活性剂、分散剂、乳化剂和增稠剂等领域。
本文将对该化合物的分子结构、性质、应用、生产工艺、安全与环保以及发展趋势进行详细阐述。
二、分子结构与性质1.结构特点C12-C14烷基缩水甘油醚分子中含有醚键和羟基,其结构式为ROCH2CH2O。
其中,R代表C12-C14烷基。
2.物理性质C12-C14烷基缩水甘油醚为无色或微黄色液体,密度约为0.92g/mL,沸点范围为115-125℃。
3.化学性质C12-C14烷基缩水甘油醚具有较好的化学稳定性,不易水解,但对碱敏感,可发生酯化、醚化等反应。
三、应用领域1.表面活性剂C12-C14烷基缩水甘油醚作为表面活性剂,具有良好的发泡性能和稳泡性能,广泛应用于洗涤剂、清洁剂等领域。
2.分散剂由于C12-C14烷基缩水甘油醚具有较好的分散性能,可用作涂料、油墨等行业的分散剂。
3.乳化剂C12-C14烷基缩水甘油醚作为乳化剂,可用于制备乳液、膏体等产品。
4.增稠剂在化妆品、食品等行业中,C12-C14烷基缩水甘油醚可用作增稠剂。
四、生产工艺与方法1.合成路线C12-C14烷基缩水甘油醚的生产通常采用以下合成路线:(1)醇解法:以甘油和C12-C14醇为原料,在催化剂作用下进行醇解反应。
(2)醚化法:以甘油和环氧乙烷为原料,在催化剂作用下进行醚化反应。
2.制备方法以醇解法为例,将甘油和C12-C14醇加入反应釜中,加热至一定温度,加入催化剂,维持反应一段时间,然后冷却、过滤,得到产品。
3.工艺优化为提高C12-C14烷基缩水甘油醚的产率和纯度,可通过优化催化剂、反应条件等工艺参数进行改进。
五、安全与环保1.毒性评价C12-C14烷基缩水甘油醚的毒性较低,大鼠经口LD50约为2000mg/kg。
2.生态毒性该化合物对环境生物的影响较小,降解较快,对水生生物的影响半衰期约为2.6天。
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享元模式的实现
using System.Collections; class FlyweightFactory { //定义一个Hashtable用于存储享元对象,实现享元池 private Hashtable flyweights = new Hashtable(); public Flyweight GetFlyweight(string key) { 典型的享元工厂类代码: //如果对象存在,则直接从享元池获取 if (flyweights.ContainsKey(key)) { return (Flyweight)flyweights[key]; } //如果对象不存在,先创建一个新的对象添加到享元池中,然后返回 else { Flyweight fw = new ConcreteFlyweight("state"); flyweights.Add(key,fw); return fw; } } }
享元模式的结构与实现
享元模式的实现
典型的非共享具体享元类代码:
class UnsharedConcreteFlyweight : Flyweight { public override void Operation(string extrinsicState) { //实现业务方法 } }
(3) WhiteIgoChessman:白色棋子类,充当具体享元类
(4) IgoChessmanFactory:围棋棋子工厂类,充当享元工厂类 (5) Program:客户端测试类
演示……
参考代码 (DesignPattern\FlyweightSample)
有外部状态的享元模式
结构
+ + + + + + + Coordinates <<PropertyImplementation>> x : int <<PropertyImplementation>> y : int <<Property>> X : int <<Property>> Y : int Coordinates (int x, int y) <<Setter>> set_X (int value) <<Getter>> get_X () <<Setter>> set_Y (int value) <<Getter>> get_Y () ... IgoChessman {abstract} + GetColor () : string + Display (Coordinates coord) : void ... : void : int : void : int
Design Patterns
享元模式
刘
伟 (Sunny)
weiliu_china@
大纲
享元模式概述
享元模式的结构与实现 享元模式的应用实例 有外部状态的享元模式 单纯享元模式和复合享元模式 享元模式的优缺点与适用环境
IgoChessmanFactory - instance : IgoChessmanFactory - ht : Hashtable - IgoChessmanFactory () + GetInstance () : IgoChessmanFactory + GetIgoChessman (string color) : IgoChessman ...
享元模式的结构与实现
享元模式的实现
典型的抽象享元类代码:
abstract class Flyweight { public abstract void Operation(string extrinsicState); }
享元模式的结构与实现
享元模式的实现 class ConcreteFlyweight : Flyweight
享元模式的结构与实现
享元模式的结构
享元模式包含以下4个角色: • Flyweight(抽象享元类) • ConcreteFlyweight(具体享元类) • UnsharedConcreteFlyweight(非共享具体享元类)
• FlyweightFactory(享元工厂类)
典型的具体享元类代码:
//外部状态extrinsicState在使用时由外部设置,不保存在享元对象中,即使是 同一个对象,在每一次调用时可以传入不同的外部状态 public override void Operation(string extrinsicState) { //实现业务方法 } }
享元模式的应用实例
实例类图
IgoChessmanFactory - instance : IgoChessmanFactory - ht : Hashtable - IgoChessmanFactory () + GetInstance () : IgoChessmanFactory + GetIgoChessman (string color) : IgoChessman ... IgoChessman {abstract} + GetColor () : string + Display () : void ...
享元模式概述
享元模式的定义
享元模式:运用共享技术有效地支持大量细粒度对象的复 用。 Flyweight Pattern: Use sharing to support large numbers of fine-grained objects efficiently. 对象行为型模式
ConcreteFlyweight - intrinsicState : + Operation ( extrinsicState) ...
UnsharedConcreteFlyweight - allState : + Operation ( extrinsicState) ...
享元模式概述
字符享元对象示意图
享元模式概述
分析
享元模式:通过共享技术实现相同或相似对象的重用 享元池(Flyweight Pool):存储共享实例对象的地方
享元模式概述
分析
内部状态(Intrinsic State):存储在享元对象内部并 且不会随环境改变而改变的状态,内部状态可以共享 (例如:字符的内容) 外部状态(Extrinsic State):随环境改变而改变的、 不可以共享的状态。享元对象的外部状态通常由客户 端保存,并在享元对象被创建之后,需要使用的时候 再传入到享元对象内部。一个外部状态与另一个外部 状态之间是相互独立的(例如:字符的颜色和大小)
享元模式的应用实例
结果及分析
在实现享元工厂类时使用了单例模式和简单工厂模式, 确保了享元工厂对象的唯一性,并提供了工厂方法向 客户端返回享元对象
有外部状态的享元模式
动机
如何让相同的黑子或者白子能够多次重复显示但位于 一个棋盘的不同地方? 解决方案:将棋子的位置定义为棋子的一个外部状态, 在需要时再进行设置
Байду номын сангаас
享元模式概述
享元模式的定义
又称为轻量级模式 要求能够被共享的对象必须是细粒度对象
享元模式的结构与实现
享元模式的结构
FlyweightFactory
flyweights
Flyweight + Operation ( extrinsicState) ...
+ GetFlyweight (int key) ...
if (flyweights[key] exists) { return existing flyweight; } else { create new flyweight; add to pool of flyweights; return new flyweight; }
享元模式概述
动机
如果一个软件系统在运行时所创建的相同或相似对象 数量太多,将导致运行代价过高,带来系统资源浪费、 性能下降等问题 如何避免系统中出现大量相同或相似的对象,同时又 不影响客户端程序通过面向对象的方式对这些对象进 行操作呢?
享元模式
享元模式的结构与实现
某软件公司要开发一个围棋软件,其界面效果如下图所示:
享元模式的应用实例
实例说明
围棋软件界面效果图
该软件公司开发人员通过对围棋软件进行分析发现,在图中,围棋棋 盘中包含大量的黑子和白子,它们的形状、大小都一模一样,只是出现 的位置不同而已。如果将每一个棋子都作为一个独立的对象存储在内存 中,将导致该围棋软件在运行时所需内存空间较大,如何降低运行代价、 提高系统性能是需要解决的一个问题。为了解决该问题,现使用享元模 式来设计该围棋软件的棋子对象。
BlackIgoChessman + GetColor () : string ...
WhiteIgoChessman + GetColor () : string ...
引入外部状态之后的围棋棋子结构图
实现
//Coordinates.cs namespace FlyweightSample { class Coordinates { private int x; //IgoChessman.cs private int y; using System; public Coordinates(int x, int y) namespace FlyweightSample { { this.x = x; abstract class IgoChessman this.y = y; { } public abstract string GetColor(); public int X public void Display(Coordinates coord) { { get { return x; } Console.WriteLine(" 棋 子 颜 色 : {0} , 棋 子 位 置 : {1} , {2}", set { x = value; } this.GetColor(),coord.X,coord.Y); } } public int Y } { } get { return y; } set { y = value; } } } }