语篇结构知识

语段结构知识
英语语段有多种发展模式，其中最为常见的有因果型、转折型、举例型、列举型、
对比型、递进型、综合型等。

英语行文重视形式逻辑和思维分析，因此衔接在语段写作中至关重要。

有时英语语段中没有逻辑衔接语，句间衔接是借助其他衔接手段实现的，其中最常见的是主语重复、代词指称和平型结构。

一、因果型语段
提出问题---分析问题果---因
因---果
果—因---果
Example:
The two-day weekend is sincerely popular with college students. It offers students more
leisure time for their hobbies and entertainments, which help them relax completely
after five-day hard work. It also relieves the pressure on them from too many courses
and assignments. Therefore, many students try to enjoy themselves in many interesting
ways such as going camping and having a potluck party.
用于因果性语段的逻辑连接词主要有：
--For one thing, …For another,….
Therefore, thus, as a result, consequently, for this reason
The first reason is that….the second one is….,the third one is….
It is mainly(partly) because…
It is not that…, but that…it is not because….but because…..
This is why…
二、转折型语段：
在对主题句展开论述的过程中，经常会转到问题的另一个方面或相反的方面进行深入论证。

用于“转折型语段”的逻辑连接语有but, however, nevertheless, whereas, on the other hand 等。

There are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization.
You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching. But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in a great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field. There is, in other words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the tree, of making general judgments.
三、举例型语段：
英语举例型的逻辑衔接语，除了最常用的for example, for instance 外，还有namely,
a case in point, such as, take something for example. 注意：for example, for instance 是用,
一个句子做例子，而such as 是并列两个以上的名词（或动名词）短语作例子。

I have many hobbies. For example, I like playing badminton very much.
I have many hobbies such as playing badminton, collecting stamps and going camping.
Example:
Women can work as well as man in many fields. For example, many female scientists have greatly contributed to the development of human civilization. Most important of all, they have made such achievements while working as wives and mothers. In this case, they are more successful and respectable because they have to take on too much pressure in
society and in family.
四、列举型语段
当作这需要从几个方面论述“主题”时，而且这几个方面是并列关系，而不是对立关系时，比如有几个原因，几个问题，几个方法时，就可以采用列举型语段。

“列举型语段”的逻辑衔接与一般应成组出现，如first, second(ly), finally; The first reason is that…,the second reason is that….; In the first position,…in the second position…
Sample:
We have three-part mission for the present. First, we must continue to press for improvements in the quality of life that people can make for themselves. Second, we must investigate and understand the link between environment and health. Third, we must be able to communicate technical information in a form that citizens can understand. If we can accomplish these three goals in this decade, maybe we can finally stop environmental degradation(恶化），and not merely hold it back.
五、对比型语段
对比型语段分为一般性队逼和说明性对比，逻辑衔接语有：while, but, however, on the contrary, in（by contrast）,for some people (for others…)等，如果比较三个以上的观点，常用的逻辑衔接语组合有：
1) Some people think that…Others maintain that…As far as I am concerned,…
2) Some people argue that…Others insist that …Still others maintain that….
Sample 1:
People have different choices of where to live. Some people choose to live in the city because they can acquire many conveniences in life and entertainment. Others like to settle down
in the country, for they can’t endure the noise pollution and the crowded streets as well. As far as I am concerned, I prefer to live in the city only because of much more opportunities to achieve myself.
Sample 2:
The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of your body temperature is at its risk. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so.
六、递进型语段：
在论述过程中，有时要对“观点”层层剖析，由表及里，由末逐本地挖掘问题的实质，探讨事物的本源，这是就常常采用“递进法”发展语段。

用于“递进型语段”的逻辑衔接语有：moreover, further, and, also, furthermore, besides, in addition，what’s more, moreover, and what’s worse, worst of all 等
Sample:
It is, however, presumptuous(自以为是)to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many businessmen, so many scientists, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations..。