四川大学《宗教学专业》考博真题(05至14年)

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2007-2014年四川大学考博试题专业课一资本论》研究与市场经济

2007-2014年四川大学考博试题专业课一《资本论》研究与市场经济2007年考题1、马克思的商品理论及其现实意义2、马克思的扩大再生产理论3、马克思的收入分配理论与西方经济学的收入分配理论比较2008年考题1、马克思的货币理论及其现实意义？（30分）2、马克思的资本循环和周转理论及其现实意义？（30分）3、马克思经济危机理论和西方经济危机理论的比较？（40分）2009年考题1、论马克思经济危机理论及其2008年的全球金融危机？（40分）2、论马克思的地租理论及其现实意义？（30分）3、论劳动力价格是如何形成的？（30分）2010年考题1、比较马克思劳动价值论和效用价值论？（40分）2、马克思的平均利润及其生产价格理论及其现实意义。

（30分）3、论马克思的社会资本再生产理论。

（30分）2011年考题1、比较马克思通货膨胀理论和西方通货膨胀理论。

（40分）2、马克思工资理论及其现实意义。

（30分）3、论马克思虚拟资本理论及其现实意义。

（30分）2012年考题1、论马克思价格理论以及应用2、论马克思地租理论及其现实意义3、试比较马克思失业理论与西方经济学失业理论2013年考题1、论马克思通货膨胀理论与西方货币主义学派通货膨胀理论的异同2、论马克思价值生产与分配理论及其现实意义3、论马克思资本循环与周转理论及其现实意义2014年考题1、论马克思劳动力再生产理论及其现实意义2、试比较马克思土地所有权理论和西方经济产权理论的不同3、论社会总产品实现与中国经济结构调整四川大学博士入学考试参考书：专业课一《资本论》研究与市场经济1、《资本运行论——资本论与市场经济》弓孟谦北京大学出版社2、《经济理论比较研究》洪远朋复旦大学出版社3、《资本论》的现代解析洪银兴经济科学出版社3、《资本论》教程简编洪远朋复旦大学出版社。

四川大学宗教学专业考博真题(精华版---05至13年)

四川大学宗教学专业历年考博真题（2005—2013年）2005年宗教学原理一、简论宗教的本质（25分）二、论宗教与社会主义相适应（25分）三、简说宗教与其他意识形态的关系（25分）四、从“神道设教”谈中国宗教的特色（25分）2007年宗教学原理一、简论宗教产生的社会历史条件。

（25分）二、试论宗教与文艺的关系。

（25分）三、论宗教与邪教的原则区别。

（25分）四、你怎样理解宗教在“和谐社会建设”中的作用。

（25分）2008年宗教学原理一、试析宗教的本质。

（25分）二、简析宗教与封建迷信的主要区别。

（25分）三、试论宗教道德的基本特征及其社会意义。

（25分）四、简述宗教的文化功能。

（25分）2009年宗教学原理一、简答题（每题15分）1、宗教的基本要素2、宗教与科学的关系3、宗教的主要心理功能4、古代原始宗教的主要表现形态二、问答题（每题20分）1、宗教研究的基本方法有哪些？谈谈你的认识。

2、为什么说：“宗教是文化”？谈谈你对这一命题的理解与认识。

2010年宗教学原理一、简答题（每小题10分，共40分）1、简析宗教人造说与宗教神启论对立的思想根源。

2、简述宗教观念与宗教其它构成要素之间的关系。

3、简述当代世界主要宗教发展的总体趋势及其成因。

4、如何理解“宗教的改革是社会关系的变化在宗教上的反映”？二、论述题（每小题30分，共60分）1、试述科学与宗教在认识方法上的区别及其对人类社会生活的影响。

2、如何发挥宗教在构建社会主义和谐社会中的积极作用？2011年宗教学原理一、简答题1、简述自然宗教与人为宗教的异同；2、为什么说宗教意识既是理性的又是非理性的;3、简述宗教礼仪在信徒生活中的作用；4、简述现代宗教世俗化趋势主要特征及成因；二、论述题1、试述宗教道德的基本特征及其对目前我国社会生活的影响；2、试述宗教与政治的关系；2012年宗教学原理一、试述宗教的文化属性。

二、试述有神论与无神论对立的认识根源。

三、试述理性与信仰的特点及其社会功能。

四川大学考博B中国文学典籍真题与答案

四川大学2005年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题B考试科目：中国文学典籍科目代码：205选用专业：文艺学、语言学及应用语言学、汉语言文字学、中国古代文学、中国现当代文学、比较文学与世界文学、文艺与传媒、文化批评、文学人类学、佛教语言文学、广播影视文艺学一.填空（每题2分，共10分）1.请写出《尔雅》各篇篇名：。

释诂，释言，释训，释亲，释宫，释器，释乐，释天，释地，释丘，释山，释水，释草，释木，释虫，释鱼，释鸟，释兽，释畜。

2.请写出《文心雕龙》的十篇篇名：。

原道第一，征圣第二，宗经第三，正纬第四，辨骚第五，明诗第六，乐府第七，诠赋第八，颂赞第九，祝盟第十，序志第五十。

3.请写出《十三经》各经经名：。

《易经》、《尚书》、《诗经》、《周礼》、《仪礼》、《礼记》、《春秋左传》、《春秋公羊传》、《春秋谷粱传》、《论语》、《孝经》、《尔雅》、《孟子》十三部儒家的经典4.请写出《二十五史》各史书名：。

二十五史是中国历代官修的二十五部纪传体史书的总称。

它包括《史记》、《汉书》、《后汉书》、《三国志》、《晋书》、《宋书》、《南齐书》、《梁书》、《陈书》、《魏书》、《北齐书》、《周书》、《隋书》、《南史》、《北史》、《旧唐书》、《新唐书》、《旧五代史》、《新五代史》、《宋史》、《辽史》、《金史》、《元史》、《明史》、《清史稿》等二十五部史书。

它上起传说中的黄帝（前2550年），止于清朝宣统四年（1912年），用本纪、列传、表、志等统一的体裁的编写。

二十五史之中，除第一部《史记》是通史之外，其余皆为断代史。

5.《庄子》共多少篇＿？其中内篇是哪七篇。

33；《庄子·内篇·逍遥游第一》，《庄子·内篇·齐物论第二》，《庄子·内篇·养生主第三》，《庄子·内篇·人间世第四》，《庄子·内篇·德充符第五》，《庄子·内篇·大宗师第六》，《庄子·内篇·应帝王第七》。

考研宝典之四川大学宗教学考研学习方法、考研经验、参考书籍、专业指导、真题分享

考研宝典之四川大学宗教学考研学习方法、考研经验、参考书籍、专业指导、真题分享先谈一下准备考研前的几个问题：1是否对自己有清楚的认识：真的喜欢宗教学吗？（文科类可是会枯燥的哦）是为了找工作考宗教学吗？（死心吧，找到对口工作的不多）你以为考上宗教学就会有女朋友了吗？（哈哈哈，你总是爱多想，单身狗去了四川只会变成很能吃辣的单身狗而已）是为了逃避数学吗？（是的，你的确可以逃避）万一考研考不上有二手准备吗？（哦豁，flag了哦）等等一些涉及实际的问题自己想清楚，和家人沟通了再考。

2要不要报班：个人建议对于有意志力的、有明确计划的同学，不需要。

（若你意志力不强，而且本人对于每日学习以及长期备考没有大致安排，那还是报个班吧，毕竟考研是个长时间跨度的工作，而且没有日积月累绝对不可能跟大学考试一样靠考前突击成功。

关于报哪个教育机构的，我不推荐，因为各地情况不同，你可以问问自己学校的考研前辈）许多人报班就是为了提升英语和政治成绩，而这两门都是只要自己努力就可以提升的（我后面讲方法），没必要浪费精力去参加辅导班，送钱。

3宗教学要选哪个学校？这个要自己上网查，先查大学宗教学排名，（虽然排名不一定准，但你最起码要知道哪些学校有宗教学。

佛教推荐南大，道教川大不错。

当然别的学校也挺好，人大啦~等等）然后点进大学研究生院官网看看老师，看看分数线，报录比。

以及参考用书！！！参考用书！！！参考用书！！！记住了，参考用书各个学校不一定相同！4决定好学校后，怎么套资料：逛贴吧，逛豆瓣，逛知乎，等等社交网站，以大学名+宗教学为关键词搜索，找到一些同好前辈，加他（她）qq、微信，问问路。

然后再加同好群（比如以“x大学宗教学”为关键字搜索qq群，加进去，一般这里面有可能有相关资料）5英语四六级没过会不会影响考研：如果你是听力不好，那就没事，考研不考听力。

四六级没过也不要紧，在考研准备的一年中，努力学习就能考好。

我身边就有四六级没过的朋友考研英语成绩比过了的好，所以安啦。

川大历年考博分数线

0703 化学
68
70
0710 生物学（不含071009）
55
60
071009 细胞生物学
70
75
0801 力学
58
63
0802 机械工程 0804 仪器科学与技术
55
63
0803 光学工程 0810信息与通信工程
62
67
0805 材料科学与工程（不含080501 080521）
60
61
080501材料物理与化学
少数民族高层次骨干人才计划（汉族）
55
70
少数民族高层次骨干人才计划（少数民族）
45
60
政治理论（同等学力加试） 60
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窗体顶端
四川大学2014年博士入学考试初试合格分数线
发表时间：【2014-4-29 17:36:18】浏览次数：36214次
窗体底端
0831 生物医学工程
69
74
0904 植物保护
60
70
1001基础医学1009特种医学
1072生物医学工程
60
68
1002 临床医学 1051 临床医学博士
62
67
1003 口腔医学 1052 口腔医学博士
65
75
1004 公共卫生与预防医学
65
70
1006 中西医结合
64
68
1007 药学
65
69
60
65
100602 中西医结合临床
64
68
1007 药学
64
68
1201 管理科学与工程
59
65
1202 工商管理(不含120203)

中国社会科学院世界宗教研究系宗教学专业考博真题导师分数线内部资料

资料来源育明教育官网：（考博分校）考博考试信息、辅导课程可咨询育明教育考博分校
育明考博分校资料来源：考博资料、辅导课程咨询育明考博刘老师
版社，2009 年。魏道儒，宗教学系博士生导师，1955 年 10 月出生于河北景县。中国社会科学院世
资料来源育明教育官网：（考博分校）考博考试信息、辅导课程可咨询育明教育考博分校
育明考博分校资料来源：考博资料、辅导课程咨询育明考博刘老师
③3120 道教史
06 当代宗教
①1001 英语、1002 日语、1003 俄语、 1004 德语、1005 法语选一邱永辉 ②2062 宗教学原理
邱永辉:宗教系博士生导师。1961 年 4 月出生于四川省资阳市。1984 年毕业于四川大学历史系，获中国社会科学院研究生院史学硕士学位。任中国社会科学院世界宗教研究所研究员、当代宗教研究室主任、中国南亚学会副会长等。宗教学。
当代（中国和印度）宗教研究方向。主要专著《现代印度的种姓制度》（1996 年）、《印度世俗化研究》（2003 年）、《印度宗教多元文化》（2009 年）、《印度教教报告》（宗教蓝皮书）。已经发表相关研究论文百余篇。独立完成三项国家社会科学基金项目，主持完成一项中国社会科学院重大课题（A 类）项目，2011－2014 年任中国社会科学院创新工程 “当代宗教发展态势研究”项目首席研究员。
资料来源育明教育官网：（考博分校）考博考试信息、辅导课程可咨询育明教育考博分校
育明考博分校资料来源：考博资料、辅导课程咨询育明考博刘老师
运用基础理论知识来解决现实热点问题的能力，这一点在初试和复试中都有体现。近几年的真题中都会有联系实际的热点分析。所以考生在复习备考时就应单多阅读一些本专业本学科的最新研究方向研究成果，权威的期刊上面“大牛们”都在关心、探讨什么话题，以及一些时事热点问题能不能运用本专业的知识来加以解释解决。四、社科院考博英语

2014年四川大学博士入学考试英语真题及答案

2014年四川大学博士入学考试英语真题及答案I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet allthis oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or tofall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those ____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion [D] susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated withlocust-killing chemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion” for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for the courts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press” has been made to wands many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they’re not going to do it through renewable energy,” said McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, butquite frankly they just haven’t done it.”11. Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission’s role[B] Commission’s achievements[C] Commission’s complaints[D] Commission’s defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row”(Para. 1)?[A] line [B] argument[C] boating [D] course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.[D] IOC’s review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering, activists are seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women’s rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fan activity on the site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it’s bad for business”. Arelated campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “seven white men: That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, whichlists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was notoriginally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization forfemale corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking is flawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on theboard who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook’s board all have the same skills-they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketed to women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came toreturn on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment on clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations likeFacebook” through the Internet.[C] It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’s board of directors.[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’s establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____.[A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with [D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as your board members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her ownspecialties and can contribute different skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members.[B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not havefemale board members.[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’s richest country, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, finding work that pays a living wage and offers some sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burden it entails, most high school graduates without college degrees said they believe they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.Getting it is challenging, though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and her husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She said she tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressful with such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skillshigh schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor’s degrees. The margin of sampling error was plus or minus 5 percentage points.21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help [D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for this generation compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not as successful as their parents.[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a oneparty police-sate presided over by an all-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures of the nasty world described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went by the name of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by different people today, with similar effects. In all areas of public administration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replace by the word “partner”, althoughthe words are subtly but substantially different in meaning, and conveydifferent realities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he” must not be used,and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. Theword “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is now being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seen most obviously aroundsocial issues, it is also being used systematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is thatthe new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution” at all, but rather with emissions of the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in everyliving plant and creature. By the government’s own admission, it will notlead to any reduction in CO2 levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who seethis as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage has already normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such terms are used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in the future.[B] One of the features in the novel is the misuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in the world.[D] It was written in the 20th century.27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defend conventionalunderstanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy” is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen in social issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated in the age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to a certain extent.29. The underlined word “credible” in Para. 3 means ______.[A] reliable [B] correct[C] beneficial [D] provable30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to _______.[A] make people sound fashionable[B] change the way people think and act[C] eliminate discrimination against minorities[D] None of the aboveII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make it worse, thestorm _____ outside.[A] raided [B]ragged [C] raged [D]reaped32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than my old computer.[A] proceed [B] precede [C] produce [D] process33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____ in all newspapers.[A] announced [B] denounced [C] renounced [D] trounced34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-million dollar organization.[A] evolved [B] revolved [C] involved [D] devolved35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possible service.[A] assure [B] ensure [C] insure [D] ensue36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergency food aid tohelp ______ the famine in this region.[A] release [B] relate [C] reveal [D]relieve37. The course _____ two years’ training into six intensive months.[A] impresses [B] compresses [C] depresses [D] represses38. Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.[A] splitting [B] spilling [C] spinning [D] spitting39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the established standard of that culture.[A] confine [B] conform [C] confront [D] confirm40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____ people continued to improve.[A] remote [B] municipal [C] rural [D] provincial41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spain combined.[A] dwell [B] settle [C] reside [D] inhabit42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ to the skin![A] dipped [B] soaked [C] immersed [D] submerged43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____ his nextmove in the game.[A] limit [B] cut [C] curb [D] keep44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____ his next move in the game.[A] think [B] ponder [C] reflect [D] dwell45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students by reading.[A] cultivate [B] instruct [C] teach [D] coach46. Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.[A] criticize [B] object [C] oppose [D] frown47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of all the furniture?[A] disapprove [B] discard [C] dispose [D] disregard48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracy andprosperity in their country.[A] hinder [B] foster [C] linger [D] quote49. Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.[A] dissented [B] crawled [C] whispered [D] redeemed50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance if necessary.[A] dazzle [B] sanction [C] accommodate [D] terminateIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)The term “quality of life” is difficult to define. It (51) a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) speaking, the quality of life, especially (53) seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree (54) which these various areas of life are available or provide (55) for the individual.As activity carried (56) as one thinks fit during one’s spare time, leisure has the following (57): relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and。

四川大学真题2006年

四川大学真题2006年(总分：105.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension{{/B}}(总题数：2，分数：10.00){{B}}Passage One{{/B}}Superstition is a biased word. Look up almost any dictionary definition and you will see that it implies that every religion not based on reason or knowledge is called a superstition. Even the word knowledge is a two-faced word. Presumably, it is used as a synonym for reason. What it all comes down to is that people designate as superstitious what they do not think reasonable in someone else's religion.It is true that a person's religion must be based on some kind of knowledge. But what kind of knowledge is meant? Scientific, experimental, rational? Such knowledge is natural and maybe ethical and then it is natural religious knowledge. A person may quite easily conclude from observing the universe that only God could have produced it. That knowledge is not religion, not even if a person is bound to recognize a creator of the universe. It is natural knowledge such as Confucius, Socrates or Zoroaster possessed. Natural religious knowledge, as is evident in the history of the human race, although it helps to make a malt good, hardly, suffices to keep him good, especially in times of crisis. Will such natural knowledge, for instance, sustain a man when he has suddenly lost all his money and even his wife and children? Will it offer the hope of ever seeing them again? Will it influence him gladly to sacrifice his life for his family, his country, his religion? Only a strong sense of supernatural religion, a reliance upon God, will provide the necessary courage for right action.All the great religions of the world--Christianity, Hinduism, Chinese Buddhism and Islam--have shown men the way to such courage and its resulting peace of mind and heart and peace with all men. They point to a better sort of life, mostly a life somewhere else, or, at least, an end to the troubles of this life.Christianity and Islam direct men to look up, hope for and strive after an eternal life of happiness in the possession of God. Hinduism also encourages its adherents to achieve successively higher incarnations until they achieve unity, become one with Brahman-God. The agnostic or the atheist thinks of all of these creeds as religious superstition. Are the agnostic and the atheist free of superstition? Hardly. Every thinking man has a natural bent for religion, for ideals above and beyond earthly ones. If he crushes his natural inclination, which is God-inspired ideals, he most likely will substitute a series of self-inspired ideals or some fad like astrology, which will become a religion for him. There is a linebetween religion and superstition which everyone must learn to identify, of forfeit a true direction in his life.（分数：5.00）(1).According to the passage, people define superstition as ______.（分数：1.00）A.some religious knowledge not based on reasonB.anything that seems unreasonable to themC.anything that seems unreasonable in another person's religion √D.any natural knowledge of a religion that is two-faced and totally different from another 解析：文中第1段结尾部分，作者对superstition做了诠释：...people designate as superstitious what they do not think reasonable in someone else's religion. 人们认为在其他宗教中讲不通的就是迷信。

四川大学考博真题-生物学综合2005-2014

《生物学综合》《生物学综合2014》1、请简述在你的研究领域或你感兴趣遏领域中最让你感到振奋的两个突破性进展，并说明其对生物科学研究的作用和影响。

在此领域中，哪些科学问题你愿以毕生精力去解决？为什么？（20分）答：2、在你亲自参加的研究课题中，请叙述一组令你特别兴奋或者标志性的实验（可用简图帮助说明），包括：1）实验目的/要回答的问题，2）实验设计和手段，3）实验中所遇到的具体问题和解决办法，4）实验结果和对该领域的贡献，5）下一步实验设计和想法。

（20分）答：3、阐述宏基因组学在什么领域的研究策略与应用。

（20分）答：4、阐述如何医用微生物生产生物柴油，以及微生物生产生物柴油的优点和可能存在的问题。

（20分）答：5、论述引种与生物入侵的关系及其现实指导意义。

（20分）答：6、对于转基因的争论，谈谈你的看法或感悟。

（20分）答：7、2013年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的获奖内容是细胞内蛋白质分选的膜泡运输调节机制。

请回答细胞内蛋白质分选的主要路径有哪些？（20分）答：8、植物激素在调节生长发育过程中发挥着重要作用，列举一种激素，详细阐明其生理功能及其作用机制。

（20分）答：9、论述植物抗病的生理和生子生物学基础。

答：10、物质循环是生态系统的基本功能之一，简述碳循环过程，并阐述其余全球气候变化有什么重要联系，以及提倡低碳的重要意义。

（20分）答：11、比较原核与真核细胞基因表达及调控在那些水平上存在着差异。

（20分）答：一、原核生物基因表达调控的特点：（1）基因表达一般以操纵子为单位；（2）只有一种RNA聚合酶，识别原核细胞的启动子，催化所有RNA的合成；（3）无核膜，转录和翻译过程是偶联的；（4）基因一般不含内含子，在原核细胞中缺乏真核细胞和转录后加工系统；（5）基因表达的调控主要在转录水平，这种调控比对基因产物的直接调控要慢。

二、真核生物基因表达调控的特点：（1）基因组DNA的存在形式可影响基因表达；（2）真核基因的转录和翻译不是偶联在一起的，基因转录在细胞核中进行，翻译在细胞质中进行；（3）真核基因表达的调控是多层次的；（4）基因表达具有组织和细胞类型特异性；（5）不同的真核细胞在基因表达调控中对信号分子的反应不同。

四川大学2014年博士研究生入学考试参考书目汇总

四川大学2014年博士研究生入学考试参考书目汇总招生单位名称:经济学院学科专业名称考试科目名称参考书目备注政治经济学 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3001 政治经济学研究洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社朱方明:《政治经济学》四川大学出版社经济思想史 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3002 经济思想史洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社胡寄窗:《中国经济思想史》，上海财经大学出版社裴小革:《外国经济思想史》，中国财政经济出版社，2000年版1经济史 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3003 经济史洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社樊亢、宋则行:《外国经济史》(近代、现代1、2、3)，人民出版社，1984年版高德步、王珏:《世界经济史》，人民大学出版社，2005年版朱伯康施正康:《中国经济史》(1-2)，复旦大学出版社，2005年版西方经济学 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3004 现代西方经济学洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社曼昆:《经济学原理》，清华大学出版社萨缪尔森:《经济学》，商务印书馆2世界经济 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3005 世界经济研究洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社李天德:《世界经济学》，四川大学出版社，2008年版人口、资源与环境经济学 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3006 人口、资源与环境经济学洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社邓宏兵、张毅:《人口、资源与环境经济学》，科学出版社，2007年版张帆、李东:《环境与自然资源经济学》，上海人民出版社组织经济学 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3007 组织经济学洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社科斯:《制度、契约与组织》，经济科学出版社，20033年版杜马:《组织经济学》，华夏出版社，2005年版朱方明:《企业经济学》经济科学出版社，2009法经济学 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3008 法经济学洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社卢现祥:《法经济学》，北京大学出版社，2007年版宏观经济学 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3009 宏观经济学洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社谭崇台:《发展经济学》，上海人民出版社，高鸿业:《西方经济学》第五版，中国人民大学出版社金融经济学马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语42001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3010金融经济学洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社李天德:《国际金融学》，四川大学出版社，2008年版统计学1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语高鸿业主编:《西方经济学》第五版，中国人民大学出2073 经济学理论版社3011 统计学贾俊平、何晓群:《统计学》，中国人民大学出版社，2000年版5。

2005-2012年四川大学历史学考博试题

2005-2012年四川大学历史学考博试题2005-2012年四川大学历史学考博试题2005年四川大学历史学考博试题史学通论缺中国近现代社会与文化专题一，必做题试论20世纪前期的地方自治二，选做题1，以个案分析新式交通的兴起对城市发展的影响（城市史方向考生必做）2，晚清废除科举制的意义与影响（中国近代经济与社会方向必做）1，论南京国民政府的文化取向（中国近现代文化史必做）2，评民国时期关于西化问题的论战（中国近现代思想与学术必做）3，戊戌之后三十年中中国传统士绅与知识分子社会角色的转化（中国近现代区域经济与社会必做）4，民国时期各约法（或宪法）之制宪背景与内容异同（中国近现代政制研究必做）2006年四川大学历史学考博试题史学通论一，论历史比较研究及其意义二，对以下评论加以评说程颐：唐太宗，后人只知是英主，元不曾有人识其恶，至如杀兄取位，若以功业言，不过只做得个功臣，岂可夺元良之位。

朱熹：唐太宗一切假仁借义以行其私。

中国近现代社会与文化一，必做题民国初期国家政治制度演变述论（1912-1927）二，研究方向题1，论严复（中国文化史方向必做）2，评“中国前途”与现代化问题的讨论（中国近现代思想与学术方向必做）3，清代省会城市的地位与作用（中国城市发展研究方向必做）4，清末民初中国城市社会生活的变化（中国近现代经济与社会方向必做）三，中国近现代区域经济与社会研究方向必做题1，名词解释库平银常关昭信股票大比点石斋画报2，问答题庚子之后的中英商约谈判述论四，中国近现代政制研究方向必做题1，名词解释捐纳教谕赵烈文张国淦战国策派2，问答题南京国民政府制宪活动述论2007年四川大学历史学考博试题史学通论一，论历史主义二，评柯文著《在中国发现历史》中国近现代社会与文化专题一，必做题南京临时政府的社会经济改革述评二，选做题1，论19世纪末20世纪初中国文化人对进化论认识的演变及其原因（专门史中国近现代文化史方向必做）2，评20世纪三四十年代蒋介石的社会改良思想与实践（中国近现代史专业中国近现代思想与学术研究方向必做）3，试析近代中国城乡关系的特点（专门史中国城市发展与研究方向必做）4，试析近代中国票号业的发展变化（中国近现代史专业中国近现代经济与社会研究方向必做）5，近代中国人口流动的主要流向、规模、成因及其对中国社会经济文化的作用于影响（专门史中国近现代区域经济与社会方向必做）6，王寄生教授是怎样阐述第一次国共合作时期国共关系的？你是否赞同他的见解？为什么？（中国近现代史中国近现代政制研究方向必做）2008年四川大学历史学考博试题史学通论一，结合本专业实际论历史记忆与历史书写之关系二，如何认识历史领域后现代主义的当代挑战中国近现代社会与文化专题一，论甲午战争对中国政治、经济、社会、社会、思想文化的影响（政治、经济、社会、思想文化四个方面，限选择一个方面展开论述（专门史、中国近现代史各方向必做）二，试评19世纪70至90年代中国社会思想文化的演变（专门史中国近现代文化史方向必做）三，近代中国教案之文化与社会学分析(专门史中国近现代区域经济与社会方向必做)四，试析城市出现衰落的原因（专门史中国城市发展研究方向必做）五，评五四运动以后各派的救国方案（中国近现代史中国近现代思想与学术研究方向必做）六，试析近代中国城市大众文化的兴起（中国近现代史中国近现代经济与社会研究方向必做）七，论段祺瑞临时执政府对北洋军政体系的整合（中国近现代史中国近现代政制研究方向必做）2009年四川大学历史学考博试题史学通论一，结合实例说明历史学的社会功能二，史学领域的后现代主义思潮评述中国近现代社会与文化专题一，报考罗志田教授的考生从以下三题中任选二题作答1，在1820-1950年间选择一个你认为特别重要的史事，简述相关的人与事及其过程，从文化发展的层面讨论其在历史上的作用与影响（述事可以尽量简明，请侧重后面的讨论部分）2，你是怎样认识近代中国的革命（包括言论和行动）的？尽量用事例支持你的看法，请勿空论）3，今年是五四运动90周年，如果让你进一步研究五四新文化运动，你会怎样进行？请具体说明，并解释为什么要这样进行？二，报考其他导师考生选做题1，必做题评民国初年的政党政治2，选做题论南京国民政府立国的文化理论（专门史中国近现代文化史方向必做）评黄宗智的《华北的小农经济与社会变迁》（专门史中国区域经济与社会研究方向必做）比较分析宋末元初与明末清初城市的破坏与重建（专门史中国城市发展研究方向必做）中国现代自由主义评述（中国近现代史中国近现代思想与学术方向必做）比较分析太平天国的妇女解放与清末的妇女解放（中国近现代史中国近现代经济与社会方向必做）庚款办学述论（中国近现代史中国近现代政制研究方向必做）结合史例，谈谈近年来中国近代区域社会经济史领域研究的新特点，并作评述（中国近现代史中国近现代区域研究方向必做）2010年四川大学历史学考博试题史学通论一，论历史思维的方法二，结合史学理论与实践谈谈你对史学即史料学这一观点的认识中国近现代社会与文化专题一。

2004-2014哲学通论考研真题(整理)

2004-—2014年哲学通论考研真题四川大学2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题(回忆版）一、理解与解释费尔巴哈对感性世界的“理解”一方面仅仅局限于对这一世界的单纯的直观，另一方面仅仅局限于单纯的感觉……他没有看到，他周围的感性世界决不是某种开天辟地以来就直接存在的、始终如一的东西，而是工业和社会状况的产物，是历史的产物,是世世代代活动的结果，其中每一代都立足于前一代所达到的基础上，继续发展前一代的工业和交往，并随着需要的改变而改变它的社会制度.甚至连最简单的“可靠的感性”的对象也只是由于社会发展、由于工业和商业交往才提供给他的。

大家知道，樱桃树和几乎所有的果树一样,只是在数世纪以前由于商业才移植到我们这个地区。

由此可见，樱桃树只是由于一定的社会在一定时期的这种活动才为费尔巴哈的“可靠的感性"所感知。

—- 马克思《德意志意识形态》1、理解：“他没有看到,他周围的感性世界决不是某种开天辟地以来就直接存在的、始终如一的东西,而是工业和社会状况的产物,是历史的产物,是世世代代活动的结果”这段话是什么意思？2、解释:为什么“连最简单的‘可靠的感性’的对象也只是由于社会发展、由于工业和商业交往才提供给他的"?二、证明或反驳与理解 (30分）1、你是否相信上帝存在,你认为理解这个问题的关键在哪里，给出回答并对你的观点进行论证。

2、如果你不信仰上帝，那么什么能够说服你相信他的确存在？（PS：这道题记得不太清楚了,大概意思是这样的，表述你的观点并论证上帝存在或不存在）三、评述与阐扬虽然我们应当承认,一切哲学都曾被推翻了，但我们同时也需坚持，没有一个哲学是被推翻了的，甚至没有一个哲学是可以推翻的——哲学的主要内容并不涉及过去，而是涉及永恒及真正现在的东西，而且哲学史的结果，不可与人类理智活动的错误陈迹的展览相比拟，而只可与众神像的庙堂相比拟.1、评述：一切哲学都曾被推翻了，但我们同时也需坚持，没有一个哲学是被推翻了的，甚至没有一个哲学是可以推翻的。